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2008-GM Tutorial 4a Dufournet PDF
2008-GM Tutorial 4a Dufournet PDF
Denis Dufournet
IEEE Fellow
Chairman IEC TC17
Senior Expert Areva T&D
Calgary, October 16th 2008
Introduction
X Importance of TRV
Content
X General considerations on TRVs, types of TRV, current
asymmetry and circuit-breaker influence on TRV
X Terminal fault
General considerations on
Transient Recovery Voltages (TRVs)
Xs
Current
Recovery
voltage
Recovery voltage
Transient recovery
voltage
Power frequency
recovery voltage
TRV
X During the first microseconds after current zero, the TRV withstand is
function of the energy balance in the arc: thermal phase of interruption.
X Later, the voltage withstand is function of the dielectric withstand
between contacts: dielectric phase of interruption.
X The breaking operation is successful if the circuit breaker is able to
withstand the TRV and the power frequency recovery voltage.
X The TRV is the difference between the voltages on the source side and
on the load side of the circuit breaker.
7
If the gas blast is not sufficient, the arc resistance stop increasing
after current zero, it decreases to a low value, as a consequence
the interval between contacts becomes conductive again.
Arc model:
dRarc
Rarc
U arc I
=
1
dt
Ploss
I = current
8
1
2
LC
L = short-circuit inductance
C = supply capacitance.
CURRENT
Supply voltage
TRANSIENT RECOVERY
VOLTAGE
Current and TRV waveforms during interruption of inductive current
10
10
CAPACITIVE
CIRCUIT
1
0,5
0
0
0,005
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
0,03
0,035
-0,5
-1
-1,5
-2
RESISTIVE
CIRCUIT
INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT
(with stray capacitance)
11
11
12
12
13
14
14
L
R
1
L/C
2
The TRV in the parallel RLC circuit is exponential (overdamped) if
R
1
R
L/C
2
15
15
1,8
0.5
= 10
4
1,6
2
1,4
1
1,2
0.75
1
0,8
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0
0
t / RC
16
SYSTEM TRV
700
600
500
400
300
200
REFLECTED WAVE
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
TIME (s)
17
17
18
18
Types of TRVs
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
SYSTEM TRV
700
600
500
400
300
200
REFLECTED WAVE
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
TIME (s)
23
24
24
Ceq
terminal fault test duties T10 and T30 for circuit breakers in
25
line
Circuit breaker
26
26
27
27
Effects on TRV
Effect of asymmetry on TRV
X The TRVs that occur when interrupting asymmetrical currents
are less severe (lower RRRV and TRV peak) than when
interrupting the related symmetrical current because the
instantaneous value of the supply voltage at the time of
interruption is less than the peak value.
SUPPLY VOLTAGE
CURRENT
TIME
28
28
Effects on TRV
Effect of asymmetry on TRV
X IEEE C37.081 and IEC 62271-100 give the reduction factors of
the TRV peak and rate of rise of recovery voltage (RRRV)
when interrupting asymmetrical currents.
29
29
Effects on TRV
Effect of a circuit breaker on TRV
X The circuit TRV can be modified by a circuit breaker. The TRV
measured across the terminals of two different types of circuit
breakers under identical conditions can be different.
X To simplify both rating and application, the power system TRV
is defined / calculated ignoring the effect of the circuit breaker.
An ideal circuit breaker has no modifying effects on the
electrical characteristics of a system, when conducting its
impedance is zero, at current zero its impedance changes
from zero to infinity.
30
30
Effects on TRV
Effect of a circuit breaker on TRV
X When a circuit breaker is fitted with grading capacitors or with
line-to-ground capacitors, these capacitors can reduce
significantly the rate-of-rise of TRV during short-line faults.
X In the past, opening resistors (R) were used to assist interruption
by air blast circuit breakers.
R
RRRV is reduced by this factor:
R+Z
where Z is the surge impedance
of the system.
31
Terminal fault
32
32
33
33
TRANSIENT RECOVERY
VOLTAGE
RECOVERY
VOLTAGE
34
kpp =
RV
Ur
35
35
Ur
kpp
3
Ur
3
ER
ES
ET
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
39
3X 0
k pp =
X1 + 2X 0
where
X0 is the zero sequence reactance of the system,
X1 the positive sequence reactance of the system.
If X0 >> X1,
40
40
ER
ES
ES - ET
ET
41
I
41
k pp =
3
= 0.87
2
k pp =
3 X 02 + X 0 X 1 + X 12
X 0 + 2X1
TRVs
Currents
43
43
k pp = 1
I3
V3
I2
V2
I1
44
V1
44
X0/X1
first pole
2nd pole
3rd pole
isolated
infinite
1.5
0.87
0.87
effectively
grounded
3.0
1.3
1.27
1.0
see note
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Note
Values of the pole-to-clear factor are given for X0/X1 = 1.0 to
indicate the trend in the special case of networks with a ratio
X0/X1 of less than 3.0.
kpp= 1.5 is taken for all systems that are not effectively grounded,
it includes (but is not limited to) systems with isolated neutral (it is
also taken for three-phase ungrounded faults).
45
45
Terminal fault
TRV Ratings
46
46
CURRENT
TRANSIENT RECOVERY
VOLTAGE
47
47
48
48
49
49
50
50
51
51
time
52
52
uc
u1
Reference line of specified TRV
u'
Delay line of specified TRV
0
td
t'
t1
t2
t (s)
53
53
U c = k af k pp 2
Ur
3
where
kpp
54
54
0.1 I
0.3 I
0.6 I
1.0 I
TIME
55
55
1,8
1,7
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
T10
10% I
56
T30
T60
30% I
60% I
T100
100% I
56
57
57
1,8
1,7
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
T10
58
T30
T60
T100
58
RRRV (kV/s)
T10
59
T30
T60
T100
59
60
Terminal fault
TRV & Arcing times
61
61
1,5
Contacts separation
1
Interruption at 2nd
passage through zero
Current
0,5
Arcing time = 13 ms
0
0,005
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
0,03
0,035
0,04
0,045
0,05
Time
-0,5
1st passage
through zero
-1
-1,5
62
62
Arcing time
1st pole
Arcing time
last poles
Contacts
separation
1st pole
clears
last poles
clear
63
0,5
10 ms
For a system frequency of
50 Hz, the duration of one
current loop is 10 ms, it
corresponds to 180 el. It
follows that 18 el. = 1 ms
0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,01 0,012 0,014 0,016 0,018 0,02
-0,5
-1
-1,5
Example with f = 50 Hz
64
64
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
20000
Tmin = 12 ms
Three-phase faults in
non-effectively grounded
systems or three-phase
ungrounded faults
15000
current [A]
10000
5000
Iarc
Contact
separation
-5000
Contact separation
delayed by 18 el.
(or 0.83 ms)
-10000
-15000
18 el.
-20000
time [ms]
0
10
15
20
25
30
20000
15000
current [A]
10000
5000
Iarc
40
-5000
-10000
-15000
Contact
separation
T max = 18.1 ms
-20000
65
35
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
20000
Tmin = 12 ms
Three-phase faults in
non-effectively grounded
systems or three-phase
ungrounded faults
15000
10000
current [A]
Iarc
5000
Contact
separation
-5000
-10000
Contact separation
delayed by 18 el.
(or 1 ms)
18 el.
-15000
-20000
time [ms]
0
10
15
20
25
30
20000
15000
current [A]
10000
5000
Iarc
40
-5000
-10000
Contact
separation
-15000
T max = 19.33 ms
-20000
66
35
0.87
90
0.87
1.5
Currents
TRVs
Three-phase faults in
effectively grounded
systems
1.27
120
1.0
67
el.
Reference: Minimum arcing time
68
Increased
stress
el.
Reference: Minimum arcing time
69
Terminal fault
Generator Circuit breakers
70
70
Generator Circuit-Breakers
Terminal fault breaking
Special case of Generator circuit breakers
X Special TRV requirements are applicable for generator circuit
breakers installed between a generator and a transformer.
Two types of faults need to be considered
A1
71
System-source fault
B1 Generator-source fault
71
Generator Circuit-Breakers
Terminal fault breaking
For the two types of fault, the TRV has an oscillatory waveshape
and the first pole to clear factor is 1.5 in order to cover threephase ungrounded faults. TRV parameters, i.e. peak voltage uc,
rate-of-rise (RRRV) and time delay, are listed in ANSI/IEEE
C37.013.
72
72
Generator Circuit-Breakers
Terminal fault breaking
X TRV parameters for System Source Faults
Table 5a TRV parameters for system - source faults
Inherent TRV
73
Transformer
Rating
T2 -Time to - Peak
E2 -Peak Voltage
TRV Rate
(MVA)
(s)
(kV)
(kV / s)
Line
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
Column 4
10 - 50
0.68 V
1.84 V
3.2
51 - 100
0.62 V
1.84 V
3.5
101 - 200
0.54 V
1.84 V
4.0
201 - 400
0.48 V
1.84 V
4.5
401 - 600
0.43 V
1.84 V
5.0
601 - 1000
0.39 V
1.84 V
5.5
1001 or more
0.36 V
1.84 V
6.0
73
Generator Circuit-Breakers
Terminal fault breaking
TRV for system-source faults
X The RRRV can be significantly reduced if a capacitor is installed
between the circuit breaker and the transformer. It is also
reduced in the special cases where the connection between the
circuit breaker and the transformer(s) is made by cable(s). This
is covered in amendment 1 to ANSI/IEEE C37.013 (2007).
TRV RATE FOR SYSTEM FED FAULTS TRANSFORMER 50MVA<<=100MVA
3,6
3,4
3,2
81MVA
100MVA
2,8
2,6
65,5MVA
2,4
2,2
2
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
74
74
Generator Circuit-Breakers
Terminal fault breaking
TRV for generator-source faults
X RRRV for generator-source faults is roughly 2 times the values
specified for distribution or sub-transmission circuit breakers.
Asymmetrical currents
X Due to the large time constants of generators and transformers
(high X/R), generator circuit breakers are required to interrupt
currents with a high percentage of dc component (high
asymmetry).
X The rate-of rise and peak value of TRV during interruption of
currents with large asymmetry are significantly reduced.
75
75
Short-line-fault (SLF)
76
76
Short-line-fault (SLF)
X Short-line faults occur from a few hundred meters up to several
kilometers down the line.
X After current interruption, the line side voltage exhibits a
characteristic triangular waveshape.
line
Circuit breaker
77
77
Short-line-fault (SLF)
X The line side voltage oscillates as travelling waves are
transmitted with positive and negative reflections at the open
breaker and at the fault, respectively. The supply voltage rises
much more slowly.
LLSS
V
line
LL
V = (LS + LL ) di/dt
Supply side
voltage
Line side
voltage
78
78
Short-line-fault (SLF)
TL = Travel time for wave to travel from one end of line to the other and back.
Short-line-fault (SLF)
Voltage on Circuit Breaker line-side terminal
Line side Voltage
(p.u.)
1,5
0,5
0
0
0,25
0,5
0,75
1,25
1,5
1,75
-0,5
-1
-1,5
Time / TL
80
80
Short-line-fault (SLF)
Short-line Fault TRV
TRV
Supply voltage
Voltage (kV)
Line voltage
Time (s)
81
81
Short-line-fault (SLF)
X The rate of rise of voltage on the line side is function of the
slope of current before interruption and of the surge
impedance of the line:
du
di
= Z
= ZI 2 = sI
dt
dt
Z=
L
C
(= s M I sc )
du/dt
pulsation
82
Short-line-fault (SLF)
X Percentage of SLF (or M)
IS =
83
VLG
XS
IL =
VLG
XS + XL
83
Short-line-fault (SLF)
X The transmission line parameters are given in terms of the
effective surge impedance ( Z) of the faulted line and a peak
factor (d)
d=
VCDo + VCDp
VCDo
d = 2
Z eff
XL v
84
84
Short-line-fault (SLF)
X The rated values for the line surge impedance Z and the peak
factor d are defined in IEEE C37-04 and IEC 62271-100 as
follows:
Z = 450
d = 1.6
U L = 1.6 (1 M )
2
Ur
3
di
du / dt = Z ( ) =
dt
2 ZM I
85
Short-line-fault (SLF)
X The TRV seen by the circuit breaker is the sum of a
contribution from the line side (eL) and a contribution from the
supply side (eS):
e = e L + eS
with (in a first approximation)
e S = 2 M (TL t d )
where
86
TL
td
86
Short-line-fault (SLF)
X Example of calculation of SLF TRV : L90 245 kV 50 kA 50 Hz
Fault current = 0.9 x 50 = 45 kA
U (kV)
Source side voltage
245 2
3
0.1 = 20
0.9 x 2 kV/s
2.8 kV
td= 2s
1.55 s
34.8 kV
1.6 x 20
= 32 kV
0.2 x 45
= 9 kV/s
TL=3.55 s
32 kV
t (s)
0
Line side voltage
-12
87
Short-line-fault (SLF)
X This rate-of-rise of TRV during SLF is much higher than the
values that are met during terminal fault interruption:
Test duty
RRRV
(kV/s)
I
(kA)
F
(Hz)
SLF
L90 50 kA
10.8
45
60
SLF
L90 50 kA
45
50
SLF
L90 40 kA
8.64
36
60
Terminal fault
T60
30
50/60
Terminal fault
T100
50
50/60
For SLF, this table gives the RRRV of the line side voltage
88
88
Short-line-fault (SLF)
X The high rate-of-rise of SLF associated with high fault currents
(e.g. 57 kA at 60 Hz) can be difficult to withstand by circuit
breakers.
In order to assist the circuit breaker during the interruption, a
phase to ground capacitor, or a capacitor(s) in parallel to the
interrupting chamber(s), may be used to reduce the rate-of-rise
of recovery voltage (RRRV).
89
89
Short-line-fault (SLF)
Possible Connections of Capacitors
XS
XL
C.B.
VLG
90
90
Short-line-fault (SLF)
Reduction of TRV slope by Capacitors
60
[ kV]
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
4
(file t rv2.pl4; x- var t ) v:P00
v:P1
v:P4
8
v:P10
12
16
[ us]
20
91
ITRV
(Initial transient recovery voltage)
92
92
ITRV
X Due to travelling waves on the
busbar and their reflections, a highfrequency oscillation occurs which
is similar to the one observed on a
faulted line under short -line fault
conditions.
X As the busbar is usually on the
supply side of the circuit-breaker,
this oscillation, which is called
Initial
Transient
Recovery
Voltage (ITRV) is superimposed
to the very beginning of the
terminal fault TRV.
X Compared with the short-line fault,
the first voltage peak is much
lower, and the time to the first peak
is
shorter,
within
the
first
microseconds after current zero.
93
93
ITRV
X If a circuit breaker has a short-line fault rating and SLF
tests are performed with a line having an insignificant time
delay (zero time delay), the ITRV requirements are
considered to be covered.
X Since the ITRV is proportional to the busbar surge impedance
and to the current, the ITRV requirements can be neglected for
all circuit-breakers with a rated short-circuit breaking current of
less than 25 kA and for circuit-breakers with a rated voltage
below 100 kV.
X In addition the ITRV requirements can be neglected for circuitbreakers installed in metal enclosed gas insulated switchgear
(GIS) because of the low surge impedance.
94
94
ITRV
3
2,5
TRV (kV)
1,5
0,5
0
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
T(s)
Comparison of TRV for SLF with time delay (0.2 s) and ITRV (solid line)
and TRV for SLF with insignificant time delay and without ITRV (dotted line).
95
95
Out-of-Phase
96
96
Out-of-Phase
Some circuit-breakers may
have to interrupt faults that
occur when two systems are
connected in out-of-phase
conditions.
At current interruption, the
voltage on each side of the
circuit-breaker meets the
voltage of the supply, with a
transient voltage similar to
that of terminal fault. The
resulting peak TRV is 37% to
48% higher than for terminal
fault T100.
However the current is only
25% of the rated short-circuit
breaking current.
97
97
Out-of-Phase
Voltages during Out-of-Phase Interruption
U (p.u.)
3
TRV
2
-1
-3
0,005
0,007
0,009
0,011
0,013
0,015
0,017
0,019
0,021
0,023
0,025
Time (s)
98
98
Out-of-Phase
Out-of-Phase Factor for 3-phase faults
In standards the out-ofphase factor for interruption
tests performed singlephase is
2.0 for effectively earthed
systems
2.5 for non-effectively
earthed systems
The factor for making
operations is 2.0
99
99
100
100
101
101
L10
(10% rated breaking current)
1400
1400
1200
1200
1000
1000
800
TRV (kV)
TRV (kV)
800
600
600
400
400
200
200
200
400
600
t (us)
800
1000
1200
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
t (us)
Comparison of first (dotted blue) and last (dotted red) clearing pole
TRVs for three-phase L30 and L10, with total TRV for first pole (blue)
Note: the standard 2 parameter TRV with kpp=1.3 is shown in green. In
edition 2.0 of IEC 62271-100 and the draft revision of IEEE C37.06, kpp
has been increased to 1.5 for test duty T10.
102
102
3phL30_1st
3phL30_3rd
1000
3phL10_1st
3phL10_3rd
900
OP
800
T30
3phL10_1st
T10
700
T30
T10
OP
3phL30_1st
kV
600
3phL30_3rd
500
3phL10_3rd
400
300
200
100
0
0
200
400
600
800
us
1000
1200
1400
1600
103
3phL30_1st
3phL30_3rd
600
3phL10_1st
3phL10_3rd
500
T30
OP
T10
T10
OP
kV
400
T30
3phL10_1st
300
3phL30_1st
200
3phL10_3rd
3phL10_3rd
3phL30_3rd
100
0
0
200
400
600
800
us
1000
1200
1400
1600
104
Application Considerations
105
105
VOLTAGE (kV)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
TIME (s)
106
106
VOLTAGE (kV)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
TIME (s)
107
107
400
350
VOLTAGE (kV)
300
250
200
150
100
SYSTEM TRV CURVE
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
TIME (s)
108
108
109
109
110
110
111
111
References
112
112
Main References
X ANSI/IEEE C37.04, IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC HighVoltage Circuit Breakers.
X IEEE Std C37.06-200x, Draft AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis-Preferred Ratings and
Related Required Capabilities
X ANSI/IEEE Std C37.09-1999, IEEE Standard Test Procedure for AC
High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
X IEEE C37.011 Application Guide for TRV for AC High-Voltage Circuit
Breakers (2005).
X IEEE C37.013, IEEE Standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit
Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
X A.Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems. (book) 2nd
edition, John Wiley & Sons (1991).
X R.Alexander, D.Dufournet, IEEE Tutorial on TRVs :
www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/switchgear/TRVTutorial (2005).
113
113
114
115
116
116
117
117
118
118
119
119