The Current Transformer Model with ATP-

EMTP for Transient Response Characteristic

and Its Effect on Differential Relays Performnce

A. Nawikavatan C. Thammart T. Niyomsat M. Leelajindakrairerk

Abstract-- This paper presents the analysis of current II. INTRODUCTION

transformer transients. The model is constructed on EMTP
(Electromagnetic Transients Program). In the current
transformer model, the secondary winding is connected in
parallel with a magnetizing branch with non-linear
characterestics of the inductor. Type-96 pseudo non-linear
hysteristic inductor with saturation and hysteresis charecteristics
is used incorporated with the sub-programs “SATURA” and
“HYSDAT”. These programs are employed in data of saturation
and for input data of the inductor . The analysis is taken into
account effect of , burdens, accuracy classes on current
transformer performances. Data protection system of 20 MVA
and 75 MVA power transformers are used in the study. The
results can be used for the programma model Freja 300 relay
testing machine system for operating performances of the relay.
In addition, appropriate current transformer and protection
relays can be selected based on the results.
Index Terms---current transformer, saturation, hysteresis,
protection relays
T he protection systems must meet the reliability standard .
The reliability depends on the correct relay operation .
The Current Transformers (CTs) are critical components
for electrical protection relaying systems.
Under short circuit current or Transient condition , the
iron core of current transformer will get into a fully saturated
state .The CTs was used in 3 types : CT200,CT400 and
CT800. And their characteristics effected to the
performance of protection Relay too. The output current
waveform may distort or CTs go to deep saturation state ,
so the protection relay will operate improperly or get
longer time on than time on while normal operation .
The protection relay performance testing in
transient condition can be performed with Electro
Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP) and Programma Freja-
300 , relay testing equipment.

I. NOMENCLATURE II. PROBLEM FORMULATION

Instructors of King Mongkut's Institute of Technology A. The current and flux of current transformer
Ladkrabang and South–East Asia University when the Analysis
report was prepared as follow:.
In Transient Response Analysis, the equivalent circuit
- for the shorted circuit current transformer is presented in Fig 1

A. Nawikavatan is with Electrical Engineering Department , South –East

Asia University ,Thailand.
Tel. +66-2812-3886 E-mail : auttarat@hotmail.com

C. Thammart is with Electrical Engineering Department , South –East

Asia University ,Thailand .

T. Niyomsat is with Electrical Engineering Department , King Mongkut's

Institute of Technology Ladkrabang ,Thailand .

M. Leelajindakrairerk is with Electrical Engineering Department , King

Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Thailand.

Fig. 1 : The equivalent circuit for the shorted circuit current transformer

The primary current and secondary current response ,with

the transient and steady state components ,are presented in
(1,2) . And the transient components will influence the iron
core of current transformer to saturation condition .
 š š
i1 I 1 sin( Zt  E  I )  I 1 sin( E  I )e  R1t / L1 (1)
š Vm
And I 1
R1  ( Z L1 )2
2

I tan 1 ( ZL1 / R1 )
where
i1 = The instantaneous primary current
š
1 2 3 4
I1 = The Peak primary current
I = The primary current phase angle Fig. 2 : The CTs model in ATPDraw Program
š š
i2 I 2 sin( Zt  E  I )  I 2 sin( E  I )e  R1t / L1 (2)
š
And I 2 I 1 / N
š
Assume that there are 2 faults at F1 and F2 . The location
of F1 is at the lower side of 20MVA 230/6.9 KV transformer
where
equipped with 2000:5-CT type C400 and C800 to
i2 = The instantaneous secondary current
š
implement the CT model.
I 2 = The peak secondary current The location of F2 is at the higher side of 75 MVA
N = The turn ratio 11.5/230KV transformer equipped with 400:5-CT type
C200 and C800 to implement the CT model.
B. Saturation Factor
The CT model in section 2 is implemented from the tested
The Saturation Factor (KS) defines as the ratio of The data , Vrms and Irms ,as in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.
3
knee point voltage (Vx ) to the short circuit secondary 1 10

voltage . The Saturation Factor (KS) is presented in (3).

KS
Vx ª ZT1T2
( e t / T2  e t / T1 ) 
1 º
sin( Zt  T )»
(3) 100
«
T2 R 2 ¬ ( T2  T1 ) cos( T ) ¼ v1
voltage

v2

10
C. The Implement of CTs Model

Using ATP Draw, the single phase CTs model is

implemented with reference data from transformers and 1 3
1 10 0.01 0.1 1 10
protection relay existing at Khanom Electricity Power Plant i1  i2
current
Substation, Nakornsritummarat ,Thailand. These two
CT2000:5
transformers are 20MVA 230/6.9 KV and 75 MVA
Fig. 3 : Vrms, Irms for CT Testing data
11.5/230KV and protection relay is 87T Relay. v1 - i1 for CT 2000:5 C400 50Hz
v2 - i2 for CT 2000:5 C800 50Hz
The CTs Test model as in Fig. 2 consists of 4 sections as 3
1 10
following:

Section 1 : The Z- system and X/R ratio

Section 2 : The current transformer model v1

voltage

100
v2
Section 3 : The Type-96 pseudo non-linear

hysteristic inductor

Section 4 : The Z bunden 10

0.01 0.1 1 10

Fig. 4 : Vrms, Irms for CT Testing data

v1 - i1 for CT 400:5 C200 50Hz
v2 - i2 for CT 400:5 C800 50Hz
 The simulation model is shown in block as Fig. 5 conditions. The last digit is mean type of CTs , example A154
using C400 and A458 using C800.

Primary
In Z- system section ,the IF1 and IF2 are current from 3-
Symmetry Fault Z-system & X/R Ratio Phase faults calculation and X/R ratio was measured from
primary section of CTs , at Kanom Power plant sub station .
Vrms-Irms from CTs data sheet The current transformer model, is performed using
Saturable Transformer Program with data sheet of CTs
typeC200, C400 and C800

CT MODEL
Using Sub program “SATURA” ,saturation characteristic ,
SATURA Program Vrms,Irms of CTs are converted to Ȝ, Ipeak (flux-current
peak) to get the .PCH file . Then the Ȝ, Ipeak at maximum
.pch saturation is selected for input to Sub program “HYSDAT” ,
file
HYSDAT Program hysteresis characteristic , to get the .LIB file.
The Type-96 pseudo non-linear hysteristic
.lib inductor ,paralleled with secondary side of CTs, is to perform
file the saturation , hysteresis and residual flux characteristic
by .PCH file and .LIB file.
magnetizing branchType 96 Section 4 : The Z bunden , CT load , is as protection relay
CT Model

Model Pseudo - nonlinear impedance . The 4- Z bundens are to study as in Table I and
hyteretic inductor Table II

IV. RESULTS
Secondary

Burden Adjustment A. The output current waveform by ATP-EMTP

Fig. 6-9, the transient response of current waveform,
current waveform -1 is the non- saturation and non-
Fig. 5: Simulation Model hysteresis current waveform. and current waveform -2 is
the saturation and hysteresis current waveform. There are 16
TABLE I
Fault names at Fault –F1 for CT 2000 : 5 50Hz
fault conditions in study case.

IF1 sym X/R Burden 50Hz

(Arms) (ȍ) C400 C800
4 A154 A158
8 A254 A258
12885 10 4+j7 A354 A358
8+j14 A454 A458
Fig. 6 : Current response for CT 2000:5 C400 ,Case A154, IFSYM =12885
Arms,X/R=10,Burden=4 ȍ
TABLE II
Fault names at Fault –F2 for CT 400 : 5 50Hz

IF2 sym X/R Burden 50Hz

(Arms) (ȍ) C200 C800
4 B152 B158
8 B252 B258
913 15 4+j7 B352 B358
8+j14 B452 B458

Fig. 7 : Current response for CT 2000:5 C400 ,Case A154, IFSYM =12885
The simulation process is performed using the model in
Arms,X/R=10,Burden=4 ȍ And with no offset dc current and non
Fig 5 . In Table I shows the data and fault names at Fault CTs saturation case .
F1 . And Table II shows the data and fault names at Fault
F2 .
Fault names (A154…..A458,B458….B152) at Fault –F1
and F2 , in Table I and Table II are assigned as 16 - fault
 X = Sampling Frequency
of PL4 File

X = Sampling Frequency
X ” 4100 Hz
of SDF File

Fig. 8 : Current response for CT 2000:5 C800 ,Case A158, IFSYM =12885
Arms,X/R=10,Burden = 4 ȍ
X/2 End

Fig. 11 : Flow Chart for Sampling Frequency to use with Freja Sim300
Disturbance Simulator

By the Freja Sim300 Disturbance Simulator Version 2.15

Program , the output file (.PL4 file) from ATP –EMTP
Program is converted to .SDF (Simple Data File) .
And the .SDF (Simple Data File) is loaded as input of
Programma Tester model Freja-300 to test the performance
of Differential Relay , SEL-587 . The test procedure with 2
conditions are the following:
1. Compare the pure sinusoidal steady state current
Fig. 9 : Current response for CT 2000:5 C800 ,Case A158, IFSYM =12885 waveform with the saturation and hysteresis current
Arms,X/R=10,Burden=4 ȍ And with no offset dc current and non waveform
CTs saturation case.
2. Compare the pure sinusoidal steady state current
waveform with the non- saturation and non-hysteresis
B. Protection Relay Testing
current waveform.
The file that input to Freja Sim300 Disturbance Simulator
Version 2.15 Program is .PL4 file as in Fig 10.

Fig. 10 : CTs waveform on .PL4 file for case A154

There are 2 considerations for .PL4 file converting

to .SDF file in the following :

1.The Freja Sim300 Program can compatible

with .PL4 file type FORMATTED which is ASCII
File ,set up in startup file.
2. To compatible with Freja Sim300 Program , The
Sampling Frequency in ATP -EMTP Program must not
exceed 4,100 Hz as in Fig 11.
Fig. 12 : Waveform of .SDF file in Program Freja Sim300 Disturbance
Simulator.
C. The Results for Relay Testing
The Test operation based on tripping time is perform on
Differential Relay SEL-587, with Programma Tester model
Freja-300. Using input file , .SDF (Simple Data File) , from
Freja Sim300 Disturbance Simulator Version 2.15 Program 160
is loaded into Programma Tester model Freja-300 and the
results show on Fig 13-16. B452

Relay Operating Time (ms)

120
All case studys , the tripping time for non- saturation and B252 B352 B458
B152
non-hysteresis current waveform are shorter than the tripping
80
time for saturation and hysteresis current waveform .And the
tripping time of CTs type C800 are shorter than the tripping B358
B158 B258
time of CTs type C400 too. 40

0
A458
Case Name
A454
C200 C800
A358
Case Name

A354 no saturation
Fig. 16 : 8-Case study for tripping time of Differential Relay SEL-587 , with
A258 saturation
saturation condition on CTs 400 : 5 type C200 and C800
A254

A158

A154
V.DISCUSSIONS
0 40 80 120
Relay Operating Time (ms)
The types of CT affect the performance of relay such as
C800 type is more response time than C200 type.
The setup method on ATP -EMTP Program for
Fig. 13 : The tripping time of Differential Relay SEL- 587 , with non- converting the .PL4 file to the .SDF file are to select the
saturation and saturation condition on CTs 2000 : 5 type C400 ASCII File in startup file with type FORMATTED and to
and C800
select the Sampling Frequency not exceed 4,100 Hz .
And Differential Relay , SEL-587 was operated with
B458 the .SDF (Simple Data File) running on Freja Sim300
B452 Disturbance Simulator Version 2.15 Program .
B358
Case Name

B352 no saturation
VI. CONCLUSIONS
B258 saturation

B252
For transient response simulation of CTs by EMTP
Program , it revealed that the factors that effect the CTs
B158
Characteristic are saturation - hysteresis condition , X/R
B152
ratio , accuracy class of CTs and burden load too. If X/R
0 40 80 120 160 ratio is high ,the more saturation is effected. The high
Relay Operating Time (ms) number accuracy class will effect less saturation condition .
From the performance test of Differential Relay SEL-587 ,
the tripping time at more saturation condition is longer than
Fig. 14 : The tripping time of Differential Relay SEL-587 , with non- the tripping time at less saturation condition .And accuracy
saturation and saturation condition on CTs 400 : 5 type C200 class of CTs is a factor for tripping time too. From fig. 9-10 ,
and C800
the tripping time while using C800 is shorter than the
tripping time while using C400 and C200.
120
This procedure is the better choice to test the performance
Relay Operting Time (ms)

A354 A454
A254
A154
A358 A458 of Differential Relay with the effect of saturation - hysteresis
80 A258 condition , X/R ratio , accuracy class of CTs and burden load.
A158
40
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

0 Funding for this report was provided by Electrical

Case Name Engineering Department , King Mongkut's Institute of
C400 C800
Technology Ladkrabang . and Electrical Engineering
Department, South–East Asia University , Thailand were
Fig. 15 : 8-Case study for tripping time of Differential Relay SEL-587 , with
saturation condition on CTs 2000 : 5 type C400 and C800 provided the writing works and other facilities.
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