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TOPIC 2
TRANSFORMER
LEARNING
OUTCOMES
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3
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How to
transfer the
electrical
energy? Circuit 1 Circuit 2
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static device
ubah alternatif current
satu nilai voltage ke nilai voltage yg lain
Transformer is a device that changes AC electrical
power at one voltage level into AC electrical power
at another voltage level through the action of
magnetic field, without a change in frequency.
medan magnet
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bahagian utama dlm binaan asa
binaan asas
Basic Construction of cover
Transformer
§ A simple transformer consists of TWO
separate windings on an iron core.
gegelong / coil terpisah antara teras besi teras besi
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Basic Construction of Transformer
iron core laluan
Provides a path for the magnetic lines
Transformer core of flux fluks magnet
Primary winding
Two windings
Secondary winding
of Transformer iron
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KEPINGAN KELULI BERLAPIS DIEBAT ELAKKAN SUPAYA BERKARAT
LAMINA = BERLAPIS-LAPIS
Basic Construction of
Transformer
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Working Principle
ARUHAN SALING
Types of
Transformer
Voltage
Core Phase
Value
Single Three
Core type Shell type Step-up Step-down
phase phase
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According to core
LIMBS /LENGAN
CORE TYPE – IT HAS A HOLLOW RECTANGLE SHELL TYPE - IT HAS DOUBLE MAGNETIC
WITH TWO LIMBS. THE WINDINGS SURROUND CIRCUIT AND THREE LIMBS. BOTH WINDINGS
THE CORE. ARE PLACED ON THE CENTRAL LIMBS.
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Single phase transformer only one coil at primary
side and one coil at secondary side. These types
of transformer are mostly used in the household
devices.
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MENURUNKAN VOLT MENAIKAN VOLT
Step down transformer - when it is used to decrease Step up transformer - when a transformer is used to
the voltage on the secondary winding with respect to increase the voltage on its secondary winding with
the primary. respect to the primary.
Ideal Transformer
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e.m.f. Equation
of Transformer
§ The induced e.m.f. in primary winding,
…(1)
voltan teraruh
maximum fluks
…(2)
V1
unit V
V2
unit TURNS
unit A
unit HZ
WB
…(1)
…(2)
§ We get,
…(3)
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Transformation Ratio
§ Thus, …(4)
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Transformation Ratio
and
§ Thus,
…(5)
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Transformation Ratio
…(6)
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Exercise 1
A transformer has 330 primary turns and 1240
secondary turns. The input voltage is 120 V
and the output current is 15.0 A. Calculate:
a. output voltage [451V]
b. input current [56.4A]
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Exercise 2
A 2000/200V, 20kVA transformer has 66
turns in the secondary. Calculate:
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Exercise 3
A single phase 2200/250V, 50Hz transformer has
a maximum core flux of 0.0216Wb. Calculate:
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Exercise 4
A single phase transformer has 350 primary and
1050 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional
area of the core is 55 cm2. If the primary winding
be connected to a 400 V, 50 Hz single phase
supply, calculate the maximum value of flux
density in the core.
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Losses in a Transformer
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Losses in a Transformer
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Copper loss is the loss of power caused by the
resistance of the copper windings.
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Calculate copper
loss at half-load.
Given,
Pcu = 6400W
These losses occur in the core
of the transformer.
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Losses in a Transformer
§ Both losses are power losses and results in the form of heat.
§ It increases the temperature of the machine.
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Cooling of
Transformers
§ Cooling of a transformer is the process
of dissipation of heat developed in the
transformer to the surroundings.
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Transformer cooling methods
Cooling
Methods
Oil Natural Air Oil Natural Air Oil Forced Air Oil Forced
Air Natural Air Forced
Natural Forced Forced Water Forced
(A.N.) (A.F.)
(O.N.A.N.) (O.N.A.F.) (O.F.A.F.) (O.F.W.F)
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Air Forced
§ In this method, the heat generated is cooled by the forced air
(AF) circulation method.
§ With the help of fans and blowers, high velocity of air is forced
on the core and the windings of the transformer.
§ As the temperature inside the transformer goes beyond the
standard safe level, an alarm is activated, and the fans and
blowers are switched ON automatically.
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Oil Natural
Air Forced
(O.N.A.F) § Fans are mounted near the radiator
§ Provided with an automatic starting arrangement,
which turns on when temperature increases beyond
certain value.
§ This transformer cooling method is generally used for
large transformers up to about 60MVA.
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Oil Forced
Air Forced
(O.F.A.F) § Circulation of oil inside the tank is accelerated by
using pump.
§ Compressed air is forced to flow on the heat
exchanger with the help of fans.
§ This method of cooling is used for large power
transformers above 60MVA.
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Oil Forced
Water Forced
§ This method is similar to OFAF method, but here
(O.F.W.F) forced water flow is used.
§ This type of cooling is provided for very large
transformers which have ratings of some hundreds of
MVA.
§ Used in large substations and power plants.
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Auto-transformer
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Efficiency of a
Transformer
…(7)
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Efficiency of a Transformer
…(9)
§ At half load efficiency
…(10)
§ At ¾ load efficiency
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Exercise 5
A 40kVA transformer has iron loss of 450W and
full-load copper loss of 850W. If the power
factor of the load is 0.8, calculate:
a. Full-load efficiency
b. Half-load efficiency
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All Day Efficiency of a Transformer
For distribution transformer used for supplying lighting loads have their primary energized for the
whole day (24 hours) but the secondary supply little or no load during major portion of the day.
It means that iron losses occur for the whole day but copper losses occur only when the
transformer delivers load current.
Under such conditions, the efficiency of the transformer is computed on 24 hours basis.
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§ This efficiency is defined as the ratio of
the output in kilowatt hours (or watt
hours) to the input in kilowatt hours (or
watt hours) of a transformer over 24
hours.
All Day Efficiency of a § To find this all-day efficiency, we have to
know the load cycle of the transformer;
Transformer how much and how long the transformer
is loaded during 24 hours.
…(11)
…(12)
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Exercise 6
A 40kVA distribution trnasformer has iron loss
of 500W and full-load copper loss is 500W.
The transformer is supplying a lighting load,
unity power factor (p.f. = 1). The load cycle is
as follows:
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Solution 6
§ Transformer rating: __________
§ Pi: __________
§ Pcu: __________
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Solution 6
(2) Iron loss, Pi during 24 hours, Iron loss occurs
during the whole day
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A 20kVA, 2000/200V transformer has an iron loss
of 300W and full-load copper loss of 400W.
During the day it is loaded as follows:
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An ideal 25kVA transformer has 500 turns on the
primary winding and 40 turns on the secondary
winding. The primary is connected to 3000V, 50Hz
supply. Calculate:
a. Primary and secondary full-load currents.
[8.33A, 104.2A]
b. Secondary e.m.f. [240V]
c. The maximum core flux [27mWb]
Problem 8
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A 60kVA single-phase transformer consists of
primary and secondary windings having 850 and
60 of turns respectively. If the primary is
connected across 3500V supply, calculate:
Problem 9
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A 300kVA, 11000/440V, 50Hz single-phase
transformer has 100 turns on the secondary.
Calculate:
a. Primary and secondary currents [27.273A,
681.82A]
Problem 10
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A 100kVA lighting transformer has a full-load loss
of 3kW, the losses being equally divided between
iron and copper. During a day, the transformer
operates on full-load for 3 hours, half-load for 4
hours and no-load for 17 hours. Calculate the all-
day efficiency. [92.25%]
Problem 11
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