INDEXK

>INTRODUCTION

PRINCIPLE
>CONSTRUCTION

THEORYAND WORING

EFFICIENCY

ENERGY LOSS

>USES

>BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION
one the most common devices
A
transformer is of
electrical system that links the circuits which
found in are
are operating at different voltages. These a
there is need
commonly used in applications where one level to
of
voltage conversion
AC from voltage
another.
or increase the
Itis possible either to decrease
use of transformer in AC
voltage and currents by the
electrical
circuits based on the requirements of the use
equipment or device or load. Various applications
transformers including power,
wide variety of
instrumentation and pulse transformers.
In a broad, transformers are categorized into tw
power
types, namely, electronic transformers and
transformers. Electronic transformers operating
voltages are very low and are rated at low power
levels. These are used in
consumer electronic
equipmnent like televisions, personal computers,
CD/DVD players, and other devices.
to
The term power transformer is referred the
transformers with high power and voltage ratings.
These are extensively used in power generation,
transmission, distribution and utility systems to
increase or decrease the voltage levels. However, the
operation involved in these two types of transformers
is samne.
 PRINCIPLEOF TRANSFORMERS
transformer is based on
the principle of mutual induction,
i.e., whenever the amount of
magnetic flux liked withacoil
changes, an emf is induced in the
neighbouring coil
Transformer Core

Np
Turns
Ne
Turns
Primary
Current l
Secndary
Current

Secondary
Primary
V2

Leakage
Flux

Secondary
Primary
Winding
Winding Magnetic Flux = om www.elactricaltechnology.org
CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of primary and secondary coils
insulated from each other, wound on a soft iron core.
To minimize eddy current a laminated iron core is
Used. The a.c. input is applied across the primary coil.
The continuously varying current in the primary coil
produces a varying magnetic flux in the primary coil,
which in turn produces a varying magnetic flux in the
secondary. Hence, an induced emf is produced across
the secondary.
Let EP and ES be the induced emf in the primary and
secondary coils and NP and NS be the number of
turns in the primary and secondary coils respectively.
Since same flux links with the primary and secondary,
the emf induced per turn of the two coils must be the
Same.

Soft Iron Core

Input
R3 Output
A.C.
S
THEORY AND WORKING
The working of the transformer is explained below.
The transformer consists of two separate windings
placed over the laminated silicon steel core.

Primary Secondary
winding winding
Npturns Ng turns
Primary Magnetic
current p Flux.
Secondary
Current
Primary
voltage
V'p Secondary
voltage
's
Transformer
Core

The winding to which AC supply is connected is called

prímary winding and to which load is connected is
called secondary winding as shown in the fig. below.
It works on the alternating current only because an
alternating flux is required for mutual induction
between the two windings.
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When the AC supply is given to the primary winding

with a voltage of vl, an alternating flux sets up in
the core of the transformer, which links with the
secondary winding and as a result of it, an emf is
induced in it called Mutually induced emf. The
direction of this induced emf is opposite to the
applied voltage vl, this is because of Lenz's law.

Metal core

Primary 111 1 Secondary

Coil
Coil

Pover
5upply

Physically, there is no electrical connection between

the two windings, but they are magnetically
connected. Therefore, the electrical power is
transferred from the primary circuit to the secondary
circuit through mutual inductance. The induced emf in
the primary and secondary coil depends upon the
rate of change of flux linkage i.e., (Ndo/dt).
 do/dt is the changeof flux and is same for both the
primary and secondary coils. The induced emf in the
primary winding is directly proportional to the
number of turns of primary coil. Similarly, induced
emf the secondary coil directly proportional to the
number of turns in the secondary coil.

TRANSFORMER ON DC SUPPLY:

As discuSsed above, the transformer works on AC

supply, and it can not work on DCsupply. If the
rated dc voltage is applied across the primary coil, a
constant magnitude fluX will set up in the core of the
transformer and hence there will be no self-indUced
emf generation, and as for the linkage of flux with
the secondary coil there must be alternating flux not
a
constant flux.
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-
According to OHM's Law:

PRIMARY CURRENT DG APPLIED VOLTAGE

RESISTANCE OF PRIIMMARY COIL

The resistance of the primary coil is very low, and the

primary current is high. So, this current is much higher
than the rated ful loaded primary coil current.
Hence, as a result, the amount of heat produced will
be greater and therefore eddy current loss will be
more. Because of this, the insulations of the primary
coil will get burnt, and the transformer will be
damaged.
Turn ratio: -
It isdefined as the ratio of no of turns in the primary
coil to that of the secondary coil.
Turn ratio = Ni/N2
If N2> the transformer is called step up
transformer.
If N2<Ni the transformer is called step down
transformer.
Transformer Efficiency
The Efficiency of the transformer is defined as the
ratio of useful output power to the input power. The
input and output power are measured in the same
unit. lIts unit is either in Watts (W) or
KW. Transformer efficiency is denoted by n.

output power output power

input power output power + losses

output power
= output power + iron losses + copper losses

V,Cosgs

Where.

•Vy-Secondary terninal voltage

• h-Full load secondary Current
• Cost,-power factor of the load

•P-Iron losses = hysteresis losses + eddy current losses

• P-Fulad copper losses = lR
Energy losses in a transformer
Even though transformers are very efficient machines,
they do result in small energy losses due to four main
Causes:

The resistance of windings - The low resistance

copper cable used for the windings remains resistant
and thus leads to heat loss. In order to minimize this
loss thick wires with considerably low resistance are
Used.
Leakage of flux- If the core design is not good then
the flux produced by the primary coil may not all be
connected to the secondary coil. This can be reduced
by considering the core of shell type.
Eddy currents loss - The varying magnetic field not
only induces secondary coil currents but also iron core
currents themselves. In the iron core, these currents
flow in small circles and are termed as eddy currents.
The eddy current loss can be minimized by
considering the laminated core.
Hysteresis - This is becaUse of the repeated iron
core magnetization and demagnetization induced by
the alternating input current. By using alloys such as
silicon steel, this can be reduced.
USES OF TRANSFORMER

Power Transformers: These kinds of transformers

are used for high voltage power transfer
applications (more than 33 KV). They are usually
bigger in size and can occupy larger space.
Distribution Transformers: These types of
transformers are used to distribute the generated
power to distant locations. It is used for distributing
electricity at low voltage that is less than 33 KV in
industry or 220-440 V for household purposes.
Measurement Transformers: This kind of uses of
transformer helps in measuring voltage, current, and
power, etc.
According to the place of use, transformers are
classified into:
Indoor Transformers: These are covered with roofs
and shelters just like the industry types.
Qutdoor Transformers: These are mainly kept
outside and are Used as distribution type
transformers.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.wikipedia.com
ii.www.vedantu.com
ii. www.byjuys.com
iv. www.brainly.com
V. www.meritnation.com

vi. www.guora.com
vi. www.jagaranjosh.com
vii. wwW.sciencehub.com
ix. www.sciencevilla.com
X. wwW.phy12.com