1 28-Apr-16

High tension source

The power obtained from the main

supply is not enough to produce x-
ray. Therefore , a device is required
to meet the need of the x-ray tube
which is high tension source

2 28-Apr-16
 Cont!

the anode of the tube requires a large voltage supply

to maintain a high positive charge for acceleration of
the electrons.

Commercial power is commonly available as 110
volts, 220, or 440 volts. X-ray systems require very
high voltages commonly in the range from 5 kilovolts
(Kv) to as much as 400 Kv or more

3 28-Apr-16
 Cont!.

So how can we supply low voltage to the filament, and

high voltage to the anode? This is accomplished by using
a transformer.

A transformer will allow us to supply the proper voltages
to the filament and anode.

Transformer is required to achieve x-ray
production

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 What is a transformer?

Transformers are electromagnetic devices that allow a

voltage of alternating current to be changed; the voltage
may be increased or decreased.

A transformer is a device that has no moving parts and
that transfers energy from one circuit to another by
electromagnetic induction. The energy is always
transferred without a change in frequency, but usually
with changes in voltage and current

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 Types of transformers

Transformers can be classified into two

according to the purpose of transformation for
which they are employed

Two common types of transformers which are of
importance to x-ray generation are
– step-up
– step-down.

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 Cont!

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 step-up transformer

A step-up transformer receives electrical energy at one

voltage and delivers it at a higher voltage

a constant-voltage transformer so connected that the
delivered voltage greater than the supplied voltage.

The voltage coming from the autotransformer next
passes through the step-up transformer, where it is
dramatically increased. The ultimate voltage coming from
the step-up transformer is roughly a thousand times more
than the entering voltage

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 step-down transformer

A step-down transformer receives energy at one

voltage and delivers at a lower voltage

transformer is one so connected that the
delivered voltage is less than that supplied.

The step-down transformer reduces the incoming
voltage to about 10 volts, which results in a
current of 4-5 amps flowing through the filament.

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10 28-Apr-16
 Cont!

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 Law of Transformers

1.The voltage in the two circuits is proportional to

the number of turns in the two coils.

Np = VP Np-No of turns in primary coil

Ns Vs Ns-No of turns in secondary coil
VP –Voltage in primary circuit
Vs – Voltage in secondary circuit

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 Cont!

2.An increase in voltage must be accompanied by

a correspondingly large decrease in current
3.The product of voltage and current in the two
circuits must be equal.

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 The Turns Ratio

The high voltage source which drive electrons

fast across the x-ray tube is a transformer called
High tension Generator. It transforms the voltage
of main supply up to the thousands of volts
required to operate the x-ray tube.

The transformer provides voltages from 20,000-
150, 000 volts.

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 Cont!

In step-up transformer, there are many turns in

its secondary windings than in its primary
windings

In step-down transformer, there are many turns
in its primary windings than in its secondary
windings

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 Cont!

Transformers are comprised of two sets of

windings (coiled conductors) that are electrically
isolated from each other.

One set of windings is connected to a power
supply and is known as the primaries.

The other set of windings is connected to a load
(in this case the x-ray tube) and is referred to as
the secondary windings.

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 Cont!

The principle operation of a transformer is based

on induction.

when you pass current through a conductor, a
magnetic field is established in and around the
conductor. This magnetic field can be used to
induce a voltage and current flows in a
conductive material that is placed close by.

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 Cont!

A transformer consists of two wire coils wound

around the opposite side of an iron ring.

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19 28-Apr-16
 THE CORE

The core of high tension generators is

rectangular in shape.

The core is laminates. It is made of then
separate sheets insulted from each other

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 Cont!

The purpose of lamination is to reduce eddy current in the

core.

Layer of insulting varnish is used for insulation.

Eddy currents are currents induced in the core by the
changing magnetic field of the transformer windings.

Eddy currents are appeared as heat in the core of a
transformer and they are wasteful of power.

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 Cont!

The core is made of special irons alloys like

silicon iron, nickel iron and these help to reduce
eddy currents.

The core of high tension transformer is earthed.

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 Cont!

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 THE WINDINGS

The transformer has two windings. These are

 Primary windings.
 Secondary windings.

Two windings are differ in length & thickness

The primary winding consists of fewer turns of thicker
wire.

The secondary winding consists of many more turns of
very thin wire.

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 Oil immersion

The high tension transformer is oil immersed in

an earthed metal tank.

The oil is there to insulate the transformer and to
cool it because when it operates, it becomes
warm because of the power it consumes.

In small x-ray units, the insulation may take the
form of a plastic dip instead of the oil.

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 Transformer Losses

Ideal transformers VS Real transformer

Transformer has two sorts of circuits These are:
– The electrical circuits- These are the windings
– The magnetic circuits- These are the core.

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 Cont!

The power losses which occur in a transformer

are divided into two
– losses in the electrical circuits, that is in the windings
– Losses in the magnetic circuits, that is in the core.

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 Losses in the windings

Power losses occur both in primary and secondary

windings because the windings have resistance.

Power losses as heat when current flows against this
resistance. These power losses are called copper losses.

Copper losses are kept as small as possible by choosing
materials for the windings with low specific resistance and
by paying attention on the length and thickness of the
windings.

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 Cont!

When the transformer is doing work, electric current flows

through both its windings. This current is called load
current and the transformer is on the load.

Copper loss in a transformer is proportional to the square
of the current.

In each windings, the copper loss in watts equal I2R

The total copper lost is I12R1 + I22R2.

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 Losses in the Core

The power lose which arise in the iron core of a

transformer is called Iron lose. They arise
through the magnetization of the core

Hysteresis

Eddy current

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 Transformer Regulation

Percentage regulation = nvl-FLV x 100,

FLV
where: Nvl= No voltage load
Flv= Full load voltage

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 Transformer efficiency

In ideal transformer, the power input and output

are equal.

In practical transformer, a power input is some
what greater than the power output

Efficiency = power output in watts x 100

Power input in watts

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 Cont!

If a transformer is 100% efficient, the power

produced in the secondary coil should equal the
power input of the primary coil.

In practice, the efficiency is closer to 98% due to
eddy currents.

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 Cont!

Highest efficiency is obtained in very large transformer

and the lowest in very small transformer.

Transformer Rating
 The highest kilovoltage (no load) which the
transformer can provide.
 The maximum current which the transference can
give a continuous running.
 The maximum current for a period not exceeding
1sec

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 THANK YOU
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