2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference (ITEC-India)
LC filter Design Method for Pulse Width
Modulated Inverter Fed Induction Motor Drive
Prasun Mishra
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
New Delhi, India
prasun210@gmail.com
Abstract— High voltage stress, harmonic as well as sub-
harmonic distortions are observed in the pulse width modulated
voltage source inverter fed squirrel cage induction motor drive.
It result losses in the motor, damages the winding insulation,
and create electromagnetic interferences etc. As a result, it
reduces the efficiency of the motor drive and shortens the life of
the motor. Generally, sinusoidal LC filters are placed in between
the inverter and the induction motor to smoothen the non-
sinusoidal waveform to address these issues. This paper
proposes a new method of designing sinusoidal LC filter based
on the filter, inductor ripple current and the reactive power
compensation of the induction, which basically reduces the volt-
ampere rating of the inverter and effectively improve the overall
efficiency of the drive. The newly designed filter and the filters
designed by the standard methods, have been tested with the
rotor flux oriented controlled induction motor and its
performance have been compared.
Keywords—sinusoidal LC filter; reactive power; ripple
current; high switching frequency; resonance frequency;
induction motor.
I. INTRODUCTION
Different pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques, used
in adjustable speed drive (ASD) application, introduce
harmonic as well as sub-harmonic distortions in the current
and the voltage profile of the squirrel cage induction motor
(SQIM) [1]-[2]. The high dv/dt and high di/dt in the motor
terminals, due to higher switching frequency, also lead to
high bearing current [3] and severe electromagnetic
interference (EMI) problems [4]. To mitigate these problems
different kind of filter configurations have been proposed in
the literature [5]-[6]. Among these configurations, three
phase second order low pass sine wave filters or sinusoidal
filters are generally used to smoothen the non-sinusoidal
voltage and current waveform of the motor as closer to
sinusoidal waveform by reducing the magnitude of switching
ripples as well as reducing the voltage surges across the
motor terminals [7]-[8]. There are a number of sinusoidal LC
filter design procedures available in the literature [8]-[14] to
find out the appropriate value of the series filter inductor and
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Ramkrishan Maheshwari, Member, IEEE
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
New Delhi, India
rkmahesh@ee.iitd.ac.in
the shunt filter capacitor, realizing the sinusoidal filter. All of
these design methods mainly focused on the design factors
like the voltage drop across the filter inductor, ripple in the
current through filter inductor, ripple in the voltage across
filter capacitor, core losses as well as temperature rise in the
filter inductor, size and cost of the filter elements, magnitude
of common mode voltage, magnitude of differential mode
voltage and common mode current, losses in the damping
resistor, controller bandwidth and modulation index of the
VSI etc.
The general conception of designing LC filter, also
mentioned in [14], is that the current through filter inductor
or the inverter current increases with the increment in the
value of filter capacitor as it is composed of the motor current
and filter capacitor current. So the inverter volt-ampere (VA)
rating especially the current rating has to be increased to use
it with the filter in ASD application. But the resulting reactive
current expression, as derived in [7], shows that the inverter
current initially decreases and then increases with the gradual
increment in the value of filter capacitor keeping the value of
filter inductor and the magnitude of the motor current
constant. If the value of filter capacitor can be chosen in such
a way to meet the reactive power demand by the SQIM as
well as meeting the filtering requirements, the power factor of
the motor can be improved, and it basically yields the lower
VA rating of the VSI. In this paper, authors have proposed a
new generalized design methodology which basically
combines the selection of filter capacitor based on the
reactive power demand by the SQIM as discussed and the
selection of filter inductor based on the ripple [17] in the
current through filter inductor. The applicability of the design
methodology has been discussed for low as well as high
switching frequency SQIM drive applications.
The overall discussion of this paper is divided in the
following sections. Section I explains the need of sinusoidal
LC filter for SQIM drive and gives an overview of the
reported methodologies of designing LC filters for both low
 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference (ITEC-India)

and high switching frequency application. It also reveals the
basis of the proposed LC filter design method. Section II
describes the overall system and its single phase equivalent
circuit for further analysis. The proposed method of
designing sinusoidal filter is discussed in details in section
III. In Section IV, the simulation results obtained by standard
methods and the proposed method have been shown and
compared thoroughly. The results have been analyzed in
section V followed by the conclusion in Section VI.
II. DESCRIPTION OF VSI FED IM DRIVE WITH FILTER
III. PROPOSED METHOD OF LC FILTER DESIGN
The basic philosophy of this design methodology is that
the demanded reactive power of the SQIM has to be fully
supplied by the filter capacitor and only the active power has
to be supplied from the inverter end. Reactive power is
basically responsible for energizing the magnetic core of the
induction motor to develop required air-gap flux.
iinvq = 0 ismq

ic
Lf
iinv1 ism1 vinv ismq = ic
iinv2 Cf ism2
ism3
Cf Lm
iinv3

Fig.1. Three phase SQIM drive with sinusoidal LC filter Fig.3. Three phase SQIM drive with sinusoidal LC filter

The effective impedance of the parallel branch of filter

Lf Leq capacitor and the magnetizing inductance (Lm) of the SQIM
vinv vinveq
Cf Ll as shown in Fig.3 can be expressed as
Cf

(a) (b) 1
jωs Lm ×
jωs Cf
Fig.2. (a) Single phase equivalent circuit of SQIM with LC filter (b) Ze = ≈∞ (4)
Thevenin equivalent circuit of SQIM with filter 1
jωs Lm +
jωs Cf
The three phase second order low pass sinusoidal LC
filters are connected in between the three phase VSI and three The reactive component of inverter current will be zero
phase SQIM as shown in Fig.1., Lf, Cf, Ll represent the per when the effective impedance of the parallel branch becomes
phase effective resistance of the filter inductor, the infinite as shown is equation (4). The same value of filter
inductance of the filter inductor, ac resistance of the filter capacitor can be obtained when the resultant reactive
capacitor, the capacitance of the filter capacitor and the component of inverter current, as shown in equation (5), is
leakage inductance of the SQIM including stator as well as equal to zero.
rotor leakage inductance respectively. The single phase
equivalent circuit and the corresponding thevenin equivalent
⎛ Q ⎞ ⎛ 2π f s Cf vsm ⎞
circuit of SQIM drive with the filter are shown in Fig. 2(a) ( )
iinvq = ismq − ic = ⎜ m
⎜ 3v
−
⎟⎟ ⎜⎝ ⎟ (5)
and Fig. 2(b) respectively. For the ease of analysis, the ⎝ sm ⎠ 3 ⎠
effective resistance and ac resistance of the filter components
have been neglected in further discussion. The thevenin Where, iinvq is the reactive component of inverter current;
equivalent inductance and the thevenin equivalent voltage ismq is the reactive component of motor current; ic is the filter
can be written as capacitor current; Qm is the motor reactive power demand;
Ll vsm is the motor voltage; fs is the rated motor fundamental
vinveq = vinv × (1)
Lf + Ll frequency. Both the conditions will result in the same value
of filter capacitor. Thus the value of filter capacitor has been
Lf × Ll calculated as
Leq = (2)
Lf + Ll
1
Cf = (6)
The resonance frequency (fres) of the system can be written as 4π 2 f s 2 Lm

1 For other values of the filter capacitor, the inverter current

f res = (3) will be always greater than the obtained minimum value
2π Leq Cf obtained from (6), either it is increasing or decreasing from

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 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference (ITEC-India)

its previous value as shown in Fig.4. The maximum ripple
current in the filter inductor current [17] can be expressed as
VDC
ΔiLf (max) =
8 × f sw × Lf
Where VDC is the DC bus voltage; fsw is the switching
frequency of the VSI. The value of maximum ripple current
is generally considered up to 20 % of the peak of the motor
phase current. The value of the filter inductor can be
calculated from (7) knowing the prescribed ripple current.
Filter Inductor or Inverter Current (A)
methods, the value of the filter inductor was basically chosen
on the basis of maximum ripple in the filter inductor current
[17] or fundamental voltage drop across the filter inductor
[16] and the value of filter capacitor was decided based on
(7) the resonance frequency. The MATLAB simulation was done
for 5 kHz and 50 kHz switching frequency keeping the motor
fundamental frequency as 50 Hz. The performances of the
filters have been compared at no load and full load operation
of the motor in rotor flux oriented control of the drive.
The calculated values of filter inductors, filter capacitors,
resonance frequencies for the proposed as well as standard
methods in 5 kHz and 50 kHz switching frequency, have

5 been tabulated in Table I and II.

TABLE I
4.8 COMPARISON AT 5 kHz
4.6 Method fsw (Hz) fres (Hz) Lf (mH) Cf (uF)
SM-01 5000 500 0.8619 121.26
4.4
SM-02 5000 500 11.26 12.26
4.2 PM 5000 288 11.26 37.87

4 TABLE II
COMPARISON AT 50 kHz
3.8
Method fsw (Hz) fres (Hz) Lf (mH) Cf (uF)
3.6 SM-01 50000 5000 0.8619 1.122
0 20 40 60 80
Value of Filter Capacitor (uF) SM-02 50000 5000 1.126 0.9366
PM 50000 786.28 1.126 37.87
Fig.4. Profile of inverter current or filter inductor current in VSI fed SQIM
TABLE III
Once the value of filter inductor (Lf) and the value of PERFORMANCE COMPARISON AT NO LAOD AT 5 kHz
filter capacitor (Cf) are decided, the resonance frequency (fres)
of the LC filter has been calculated using standard equation as Magnitude of fundamental (RMS) and % THD
mentioned in [16]. In order to avoid resonance frequency Method iinv (A) ism (A) vinv (V) vsm (V)
oscillations, it is advisable to select the resonance frequency No filter ---- 2.76 ---- 212.16
of the LC filter is either below the lowest possible harmonic (3.75%) (3.25%)
frequency of the inverter voltage resulting from pulse width SM-01 5.483 2.59 212.45 213.50
modulation or well above the fundamental frequency of the (57.17%) (0.59%) (6.38%) (0.45%)
inverter voltage [18]. The calculated resonance frequency SM-02 3.478 2.58 220.86 213.58
using the proposed method has to be checked either it is (10.30%) (1.11%) (6.58%) (1.98%)
within the advisable range of frequency as discussed. If it is PM 0.863 2.59 213.44 213.48
out of the range, the maximum ripple current limit or the (27.60%) (0.33%) (4.23%) (0.22%)
value of filter capacitor have to be adjusted accordingly to
TABLE IV
have the favorable performance of the sinusoidal filter.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON AT FULL LAOD AT 5 kHZ

IV. COMPARISON WITH STANDARD METHODS Magnitude of fundamental (RMS) and % THD
Method iinv (A) ism (A) vinv (V) vsm (V)
The proposed method (PM) and the two standard methods
No filter ---- 4.66 ---- 230.27
named as SM-01 proposed in [16] and SM-02 proposed in (4.06%) (4.60%)
[17], have been applied to the rotor flux oriented control of
SQIM with LC filter as proposed in [19]. The parameter of SM-01 7.031 4.709 225.25 233.59
(47.87%) (0.21%) (6.27%) (0.43%)
the motor, are given in the appendix below. The results of the
SM-02 4.621 4.709 243.98 233.66
proposed method have been compared with two standard
(5.99%) (0.95%) (6.48%) (2.09%)
methods of designing sinusoidal LC filter for motor drive PM 3.758 4.708 234.44 233.73
application as discussed in [15]-[17]. In these standard (6.85%) (0.11%) (4.15%) (0.15%)

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All the results have been taken in steady state. The inverter at 50 kHz at no load and full load have been
performance of the filters, designed by three methods at 5 tabulated in table VII and VIII. Similar analysis can be done
kHz in no load and full load have been compared in Table III for 5 kHz also.
and IV.
TABLE V
A. Comparison of different current profiles
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON AT NO LAOD AT 50 kHZ The current through filter inductor, filter capacitor,
induction motor and the resultant reactive component of the
Magnitude of fundamental (RMS) and % THD inverter current have been shown in Fig. 5, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.
Method iinv (A) ism (A) vinv (V) vsm (V)
Filter Inductor Current (A), Filter Capacitor Current (A), Motor Current (A), Resulting Reactive Current (A)
No filter ---- 2.759 ---- 212.16 6

(3.75%) (3.22%) 5

SM-01 2.512 2.586 214.28 213.44 4

(12.56%) (0.51%) (6.40%) (0.61%) 3

SM-02 2.539 2.586 214.57 213.58 2

(9.54%) (0.51%) (6.39%) (0.61%) 1
PM 0.863 2.599 213.72 213.44 0
(28.80%) (0.30%) (1.37%) (0.20%)
-1

-2
TABLE VI
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON AT FULL LAOD AT 50 kHZ -3
0 10 20 30 40 50
Value of Filter Capacitor (uF)
60 70 80

Fig.5. Different current profiles in PM

Magnitude of fundamental (RMS) and % THD
Method iinv (A) ism (A) vinv (V) vsm (V) Filter Inductor Current (A), Filter Capacitor Current (A), Motor Current (A), Resulting Reactive Current (A)
5
No filter ---- 4.662 ---- 229.42
4.5
(2.22%) (3.16%)
4

SM-01 4.656 4.708 234.51 233.66 3.5

(7.29%) (0.30%) (6.31%) (0.60%) 3

SM-02 4.668 4.708 234.79 233.66 2.5

(5.58%) (0.33%) (6.32%) (0.62%) 2

PM 3.757 4.708 233.87 233.66 1.5

(6.95%) (0.13%) (1.29%) (0.13%) 1

0.5

The performance of the filters, designed by three methods 0

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
at 50 kHz in no load and full load have been compared in Value of Filter Inductor (mH)

Table V and VI. Fig.6. Different current profiles in SM-01 [16]

TABLE VII Filter Inductor Current (A), Filter Capacitor Current (A), Motor Current (A), Resulting Reactive Current (A)
5
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON AT NO LAOD AT 50 kHZ 4.5

Harmonic Currents and Voltages 3.5

Method iinv (A) ism (A) vinv (V) vsm (V) 3

No filter ---- 0.1034 ---- 6.83 2.5

SM-01 0.3155 0.0132 13.713 1.302 2

1.5
SM-02 0.2422 0.0132 13.711 1.302
1
PM 0.2485 0.0078 2.927 0.427 0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TABLE VIII Value of Filter Inductor (mH)

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON AT FULL LAOD AT 50 kHZ

Fig.7. Different current profiles in SM-02 [17]
Harmonic Currents and Voltages
Method iinv (A) ism (A) vinv (V) vsm (V)
B. Comparison of different voltage profiles
No filter ---- 0.1034 ---- 7.249
The output line to line voltage of the inverter and the
SM-01 0.339 0.0141 14.79 1.402
input line to line voltage of the induction motor have been
SM-02 0.2604 0.0157 14.83 1.448 shown in Fig. 8, Fig. 9 and Fig. 10.
PM 0.2611 0.00612 2.0169 0.3037

The harmonic current and voltage of the motor and

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Inverter Line-Line Voltage (V), Motor Line-Line Voltage (V)

Total Loss in one MOSFET & one Anti-parallel Diode (watt)

417 14

416.5 13.8

416 13.6

415.5 13.4

415
13.2

414.5
13

414
12.8

413.5
12.6

413
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 12.4
Value of Filter Capacitor (uF) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Value of Filter Inductor (mH)

Fig.12. Power losses of VSI in SM-01 [16]

Fig.8. Voltage profiles of VSI and SQIM in PM

Total Loss in one MOSFET & one Anti-parallel Diode (watt)

Inverter Line-Line Voltage (V), Motor Line-Line Voltage (V) 14
416.4
13.95
416.2

13.9
416

13.85
415.8

13.8
415.6

13.75
415.4

13.7
415.2

415 13.65
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Value of Filter Inductor (mH) Value of Filter Inductor (mH)

Fig.13. Power losses of VSI in SM-02 [17]

Fig.9. Voltage profiles of VSI and SQIM in SM-01 [16]
V. ANALYSIS OF SIMULATION RESULTS
424
Inverter Line-Line Voltage (V), Motor Line-Line Voltage (V)
From the tabulated fundamental rms values and % THD of
423
voltage and current waveforms in Table III - VI, it is clear
422 that in the proposed method the magnitude of the
421 fundamental of the inverter current has been reduced as
420 compared to the other methods and at the same time the THD
419 is also increased. But interestingly the harmonic content of
418 the inverter current as tabulated in Table VII-VIII, in all the
417 methods where the value of filter inductor are same. So the
416 losses due to harmonics will be same in all the cases but the
415
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
losses like conduction losses due to fundamental current will
Value of Filter Inductor (mH)
be reduced. It also results in higher efficiency of the inverter
and the volt-ampere rating of the inverter will be reduced.
Fig.10. Voltage profiles of VSI and SQIM in SM-02 [17] Though the size of the capacitor is increased in the proposed
C. Comparison of power losses method but the increased cost of the capacitor can be
compensated by the cost of cooling requirement, lower rating
Total Loss in one MOSFET & one-Antiparallel Diode (watt)

14.4
of the inverter and greater efficiency. The overall impedance
14.2

14
of a LC filter at the switching frequency as shown in (8) is
13.8
lesser in the proposed method as compared to the standard
13.6
methods as the value of the capacitor is higher in the
13.4 proposed method.
13.2 1
Z (ωsw ) = jωsw Lf + (8)
jωsw Cf
13

12.8

12.6 ω sw = 2π f sw (9)
12.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Value of Filter Capacitor (uF)

Fig.11. Power losses of VSI in PM The % THD in the inverter current is higher in the
proposed method due to the reduced value of the overall
The power losses, including conduction loss and impedance of the LC filter but the magnitude of the
switching loss in the MOSFET and the antiparallel diode, fundamental inverter current is lesser than the other methods
have been shown in Fig. 11, Fig. 12 and Fig. 13. because no reactive power component of motor current is

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fully supplied by filter capacitor rather from the inverter. APPENDIX

The magnitude of the inverter current in the first standard Rated Power = 2.2 kW, Star Connected, Rated Line-Line Voltage
method at 5 kHz switching frequency as tabulated in Table = 415 V, Rated Speed =1430 rpm, Rated Frequency = 50 Hz, No
III and IV, is higher as compared to the second standard of poles = 4
method because of the very higher value of filter
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