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 Unit 14
Electromagnetic
Induction
➢Electromagnetic induction
➢Faraday’s Law
➢Lenz’s Law
➢ Lenz’s Law and conservation of energy
➢Generating electricity-Alternating
Current Generator
➢Transformers

ELECTROMAGNETISM
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 Electromagnetic Induction
Michael Faraday observed that electric current could be produced in a conductor
under the influence of a varying magnetic field. This phenomenon is called
electromagnetic induction and the current produced in this way is termed as induced
current.
Faraday's Law and Induced Emf:
“The average emf induced in a conducting • Lenz’s law is in accordance with
coil of N loops is equal to the negative of the law of conservation of energy.
rate at which the magnetic flux through the • Lenz’s law refers to induced
coil is changing with time.” current and not to induce emf.

Mathematical Form:
𝛥𝜑
𝜀 = −𝑁
𝛥𝑡
The negative sign gives the direction of emf which is such that it opposes the change
of flux.

Lenz’s Law
Emil Lenz, a German scientist gave the following simple
rule to find the direction of induced current. Note:
The direction of the induced current is always so as to Lenz’s law is reflected
oppose the change which causes the current. mathematically in minus
Δ𝜑 sign on the R.H.S of
𝜀 = −𝑁
Δ𝑡 Faraday’s law.
The negative sign reminds us that the induced
current opposes the changing magnetic field that cause
the induced current. The negative sign has no other
meaning.
In 1834, a Russian scientist named Heinrich Lenz
established the above general law, known as Lenz’s Law,
which gives the direction of induced current.

Induced emf
When a loop of wire is moved across a magnetic field, an emf and a current are
produced, these are known as induced emf and induced current. This phenomenon is
known as electromagnetic induction.
1- By dragging loop and keeping magnet at rest.

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 2- By dragging magnet and keeping the loop at rest.
3- By keeping the magnet and loop at rest and changing the current in the loop,
due to change of voltage.
The induced current depends upon the speed of loop and resistance of loop, if the
change the resistance of loop by adding different resistors in the loop ad move it with
same speed every time we find that the product of induced current I and resistance R of
loop remains constant.
IR = Constant
This constant is called induced emf. The current produced due to induced emf is called
induced current. The current can be increased by:
(i) Using strong magnetic field
(ii) Moving the loop faster
(iii) Replacing the loop by a coil of many turns

Cause of emf Induced:

Relative motion changes the magnetic flux through the loop. This change in flux induces
an emf. Greater the rate of change of flux, the larger is the induced emf.
Alternating Current:
Alternating voltage/ current is produced by an A.C. GENERATOR. Now a day’s most
of the electrical energy is produced by A.C. generators using huge steal turbines or
water power. The main reason for the world-wide use of A.C. is that it can be
transmitted to long distances easily and at a very low rate.
Definition:
“The current which its direction several times per second is called an Alternating
Current.”
OR
“A current which is produced by a voltage source whose polarity keeps on reversing
with time is called alternating current.”
Time Period:
“The time interval T during which voltage source changes its polarity once is known as
Time Period T of the A.C. current or voltage”.

Frequency:
“The frequency of cycles completed in one second is called frequency”.
The time period and frequency are related as:

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 1
f=
T
Source of A.C. Voltage:
The most common source of A.C. voltage is an A.C. generator. The output voltage of
A.C. generator at any instant is given by:
V = Vo𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
OR V = Vo𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
2
OR V = Vo sin ×t
T

OR V = Vo sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑡

Peak Value:
“The highest value reached by the voltage or current in one cycle is called peak value.”
It is denoted by Vo.
Peak to Peak Value:
“The sum of the positive and negative peak values of voltage is called peak to peak value
of voltage.”
The P – P value of the voltage wave form is 2Vo.
Root Mean Square (rms) Value:
“The square root of the average values of V2 and I2 is called Root Mean Square value or
effective value.”
Mathematically, Vrms = 0.7 Vo
Irms = 0.7Io

Transformer:
A transformer is a static device used either to raise or lower the voltage of an AC supply
with a corresponding decrease or increase in current.

Principle:
It is based on the principle of mutual induction i.e. an e.m.f is induced in a circuit due to
a current in a neighboring circuit.

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 Power from primary coil is transferred to secondary coil through magnetic flux.
In transformer turns ratio is given as
Vs Ns
=
Vp Np
Where Vp = primary voltage
Np = number of turns of primary coil
Vs = secondary voltage
Ns = number of turns of secondary coil

Case I – Step up Transformer:

If Ns > Np then Vs > Vp Points to Ponder

In a step-up transformer
A transformer in which voltage across secondary is increases the voltage and
greater then, that primary is called step up reduces the current so that it
transformer. can be transmitted over long
distances without much power
Case II – Step Down Transformer:
loss. This is the principle
behind its use in the electric
If NS < Np then VS < VP supply network
A transformer in which voltage across secondary is
less than that against primary is called step down Power loss due to heating
transformer. effect is I2R.

Power of Transformer:
The electrical power in a transformer is transformed
form its primary to the secondary coil by means of changing flux. For an ideal case the
power input to the primary is nearly equal to the power output from the secondary i.e.
Power input = Power output

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 VpIp = VsIs
Vs Ip
=
Vp Is
Ip is the current in the primary and Is in the secondary. The currents are inversely
proportional to the respective voltage.
Efficiency:
Its output power is always less than its input power. The efficiency of a transformer is
defined as:
output power
E= × 100
input power

Power Losses/Copper Losses:

Windings consist of copper conductor and have winding resistance, so there will be
power loss. As core is usually wound with copper so it is
termed as copper losses.
Note: In transformer,
Eddy Current Loss: frequency of primary
It is due to current induced in the core and it is reduced by and secondary coils is
taking laminated iron sheets core. same. So, it can’t
change frequency.
Hysteresis Loss:
It is due to friction between the domains of iron core
during magnetization and de-magnetization. It is reduced
by taking soft iron core having small hysteresis loop area
(less hysteresis loss).

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 Assessment 01
1. The loss of energy over each A.C cycle magnetization and demagnetization of
transformer, is called__________
a) Magnetization loss
b) Hysteresis loss
c) Demagnetization loss
d) energy loss
2. The principle of AC generator is:
a) Self-induction
b) mutual induction
c) electromagnetic induction
d) all
3. A transformer steps down 220V to 40 volts. If the secondary turns are 40 then primary
turns will be:
a) 40
b) 100
c) 150
d) 220
4. The induced current in transformer which produced in the direction perpendicular to
flux,is known as:
a) Conventional current
b) electronic current
c) Perpendicular current
d) Eddy current
5. The core of transformer is made of iron because of:
a) Magnetic material
b) Good conductor of electricity
c) Good conductor of heat
d) all
6. Lenz law is actually the law of conservation of:
a) energy
b) charge
c) Mass
d) momentum
7. which of the following converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy?
a) DC motor
b) AC generator
c) Galvanometer
d) All
8. Transformer is used to:
a) Increase alternating current
b) Increase D.C voltage
c) Increase or decrease alternating emf
9. Which of the following is the most suitable as the core of transformer?
a) Steel

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b) Alinco
c) Soft-iron
d) All
10. The frequency of AC main in Pakistan is:
a) 30Hz
b) 50Hz
c) 70Hz
d) 90Hz

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 Assessment 02
1. Transformer is used to increase or decrease emf. The quantity that
remains unchanged in transformer is:
a) Voltage
b) Frequency of voltage
c) Current
d) None
2. The number of turns in a secondary coil is twice the number of turns in primary coil. An
A.C source of 200 V is connected across the primary. The voltage across secondary is:
a) 100V
b) 200V
c) 400V
d) 440V
3. Which one of the following is also referred as
electrical inertia?
a) Magnetic flux
b) Flux density
c) Mutual inductance
d) Self-inductance
4. Volt-second are the units of
a) Potential gradient
b) Magnetic field strength
c) Rate of change of flux
d) Magnetic flux
5. During the rotation of coil of A.C generator in a uniform magnetic field,
when the plane of coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field then at this
instant
a) Induced current is zero but flux passing through coil and motor effect are maximum
b) Induced current is maximum but flux passing through the coil and motor effect are zero
c) Induced current and motor effect are zero but flux passing through the coil is maximum
d) Induced current and motor effect are maximum but flux passing through the coil is zero
6. In AC generator, if both number of turns and angular velocity of coil
are doubled then induced emf is:
a) Doubled
b) Unchanged
c) Halved
d) Increases four times
7. For transformer if Ns/Np=2:1 then Ip/Is=
a) 1:2
b) 4:1
c) 2:1
d) 1: 1
8. If a step-up transformer were 100% efficient, the primary and secondary windings
would have same:

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a) Current
b) power
c) voltage
d) charge
9. Heater operates on the principle of:
a) Electrostatic Induction
b) Electromagnetic induction
c) conduction
d) resistance
10. When constant current flows in primary of transformer then emf induced across
secondary is:
a) zero
b) minimum
c) maximum
d) constant

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 Assessment 03
1. Which of the following is correct step up transformer?
a) Np>Ns
b) Np<Ns
c) Np=Ns
d) None
2. When a loop of wire is moved across a magnetic field. The current produced in it which
is called_________
a) Eddy current
b) Induced current
c) Photoelectric current
d) Alternating current
3. A metal rod of length 1m is moving at a speed of 1m/s in a direction making an angle of
30˚with 0.5T the emf produced:
a) 0.25V
b) 2V
c) 4V
d) 6V
4. AC generator uses:
a) split rings
b) Solenoid rings
c) slip rings
d) all
5. If we make the magnetic field stronger then value of induced current is :
a) Increased
b) Decreases
c) remains same
d) vanishes
6. To construct a step-down transformer:
a) Ns<Np
b) Ns>Np
c) Ns=Np
d) None
7. Step down transformer:
a) Increases current
b) Increases power
c) Decreases current
d) Decreases power
8. Line losses are reduced by using
a) Step down transformer
b) Step up transformer
c) Motor
d) Generator

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9. Air-core coils are practically free from:
a) Hysteresis loss
b) Eddy current loss
c) both a & b
d) none
10. A laminated iron core has reduced eddy-current losses because:
a) More wire can be used with less D.C. resistance in coil
b) The laminations are insulated from each other
c) The magnetic flux is concentrated in the air gap of the core
d) The laminations are stacked vertically

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 Key
Assessment 01
1. c
2. b
3. d
4. d
5. a
6. a
7. b
8. c
9. c
10. b

Assessment 02
1. b
2. c
3. d
4. d
5. c
6. d
7. a
8. b
9. b
10. a

Assessment 03
1. b
2. a
3. a
4. c
5. a
6. a
7. a
8. b
9. c
10. b

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