Chapter- 6

Transformer

-By MILAN SUBEDI 1

-by MILAN SUBEDI 2
-by MILAN SUBEDI 3
Transformer
• A transformer can be defined as a static device which used either for
raising or lowering the voltage of an ac supply with corresponding
decrease or increase in current .
• Transformer is an ac machine that,
1. Transfers electrical energy from one electric circuit to another.
2. Does so without a change in frequency.
3. Does so by principle of electromagnetic induction.
4. Has electric circuits that are linked by a common magnetic circuit.

-by MILAN SUBEDI 4

 Construction of Transformer-

The transformer construction is divided into two parts-

1.Core
2.Winding

Core-
The core is generally made up of iron material in which
magnetic field is produced .Iron core is made of thin laminated
silicon steel.
The horizontal portion of core is called yoke and vertical
portion is called limb.

Winding-
The winding is made of copper or aluminum conductor
insulated with paper or synthetic insulating material .
The are two types of winding
1.Primary winding
2.Secondary winding

-by MILAN SUBEDI 5

Working principle of Transformer-

The principle of operation of transformer is based on the faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction .
When a coils are placed nearer to each other , then current in one coils produces emf in other coils.
The emf induced is given by,
𝑑φ
E= -N* ,
𝑑𝑡
where,
N= no of turns of coils where emf is induced
φ=flux link with the coil where emf is induced

-by MILAN SUBEDI 6

Working principle of Transformer-(cont…)-

• When the primary winding is connected to an ac supply mains, a current flows

through it.
• Since, this winding links with an iron core ,current flowing through this winding
produces an alternating flux in the core .
• The core provides necessary path for the primary flux to link with the secondary
winding .
• This flux is alternating and links with the secondary winding also, induces an emf E2
in the secondary winding.

-by MILAN SUBEDI 7

Working principle of Transformer-(cont…)-

• The frequency of induced emf in secondary winding is same as that of

the flux or that of the supply voltage .
• The induced emf in the secondary winding enables it to delivers current
to an external load connected across it Thus the energy is transferred
from primary winding to secondary winding by means of electro-
magnetic induction.
• The flux of the iron core links not only with the secondary winding but
also change with the primary winding . So produce self induced emf in
the primary winding .This induced emf in the primary winding opposes
the applied voltage and therefore it is called back emf.

-by MILAN SUBEDI 8

EMF Equation of Transformer-

N1 – number of turns in primary.

N2 – number of turns in secondary.
Φm – maximum flux in weber (Wb).
T – time period. Time is taken for 1 cycle.

The flux formed is a sinusoidal wave. It rises to a maximum value Φm and decreases to
negative maximum Φm. So, flux reaches a maximum in one-quarter of a cycle. The time
taken is equal to T/4
.
Average rate of change of flux =N( Φm/(T/4)) = 4*f*N*Φm
Where f = frequency
T = 1/f
Induced emf per turn = rate of change of flux per turn
Form factor = rms value / average value
Rms value = 1.11 * (4*f*NΦm) = 4.44 f*N*Φm [As,form factor of sine wave is 1.11]

Rms value of induced emf in primary winding = E1 = 4.44 fΦm * N1………..(1)

Rms value of induced emf in secondary winding = E2 = 4.44 fΦm * N2……….(2)

-by MILAN SUBEDI 9

Similarly, dividing eq.(1) by eq.(2) yields,
𝐸1 𝑁1
= =K
𝐸2 𝑁2
Where , K is the turns ratio of a transformer.
In case of N2 > N1, The transformer is called a step-up transformer,
whereas for N1>N2, the transformer is called a step-down transformer.

-by MILAN SUBEDI 10

Step-up Transformer
A transformer in which the output (secondary) voltage is
greater than its input (primary) voltage is called a step-up
transformer. The step-up transformer decreases the output
current for keeping the input and output power of the system
equal.

Considered a step-up transformer shown in the figure below. The E1 and

E2 are the voltages, and T1 and T2 are the number of turns on the primary and
secondary winding of the transformer.

The number of turns on the secondary of the transformer is greater than that of the primary, i.e., T2 > T1.
As,E α No. of turn.voltage of secondary side is higher.

Applications – Step-up transformer is used in transmission lines for transforming the high voltage produced by the
generator.The power loss of the transmission line is directly proportional to the square of the current flows through
it.
Power = I2R
The output current of the step-up transformer is less, and hence it is used for reducing the power loss.
The step-up transformer is also used for starting the electrical motor, in the microwave oven, X-rays machines, etc.

-by MILAN SUBEDI 11

Step-down Transformer
A transformer in which the output (secondary) voltage is less
than its input (primary) voltage is called a step-down
transformer.
The number of turns on the primary of the transformer is
greater than the turn on the secondary of the transformer, i.e.,
T2 < T1. The step-down transformer is shown in the figure
below.

Applications – It is used for electrical isolation, in a power

distribution network, for controlling the home appliances, in a
doorbell, etc.

-by MILAN SUBEDI 12

-by MILAN SUBEDI 13