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© Ncert Not To Be Republished: Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
© Ncert Not To Be Republished: Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
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5.1 Introduction
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W. R. Hamilton
(1805-1865)
1
complex number. For example, 2 + i3, ( 1) + i 3 , 4 + i are complex numbers.
11
For the complex number z = a + ib, a is called the real part, denoted by Re z and
b is called the imaginary part denoted by Im z of the complex number z. For example,
if z = 2 + i5, then Re z = 2 and Im z = 5.
Two complex numbers z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id are equal if a = c and b = d.
98
MATHEMATICS
Example 1 If 4x + i(3x y) = 3 + i ( 6), where x and y are real numbers, then find
the values of x and y.
Solution We have
3
33
and y = .
4
4
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... (1)
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4x + i (3x y) = 3 + i (6)
Equating the real and the imaginary parts of (1), we get
4x = 3, 3x y = 6,
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(i) The closure law The sum of two complex numbers is a complex
number, i.e., z1 + z2 is a complex number for all complex numbers
z1 and z2.
(ii) The commutative law For any two complex numbers z 1 and z 2 ,
z1 + z2 = z2 + z1
(iii) The associative law For any three complex numbers z 1 , z 2 , z 3 ,
(z1 + z2) + z3 = z1 + (z2 + z3).
(iv) The existence of additive identity There exists the complex number
0 + i 0 (denoted as 0), called the additive identity or the zero complex
number, such that, for every complex number z, z + 0 = z.
(v) The existence of additive inverse To every complex number
z = a + ib, we have the complex number a + i( b) (denoted as z),
called the additive inverse or negative of z. We observe that z + (z) = 0
(the additive identity).
5.3.2 Difference of two complex numbers Given any two complex numbers z1 and
z2, the difference z1 z2 is defined as follows:
z1 z2 = z1 + ( z2).
For example,
(6 + 3i) (2 i) = (6 + 3i) + ( 2 + i ) = 4 + 4i
and
(2 i) (6 + 3i) = (2 i) + ( 6 3i) = 4 4i
99
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1
z. = 1 (the multiplicative identity).
z
(vi) The distributive law For any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3,
(a) z1 (z2 + z3) = z1 z2 + z1 z3
(b) (z1 + z2) z3 = z1 z3 + z2 z3
5.3.4 Division of two complex numbers Given any two complex numbers z1 and z2,
z1
z1 = 6 + 3i and z2 = 2 i
Then
z1
1
= (6 + 3i )
= 6 + 3i )
z2
2i (
( 1)
2
+i
2
2
2
22 + ( 1)
2
+
1
(
)
100
MATHEMATICS
2+i 1
1
= ( 6 + 3i )
= 12 3 + i ( 6 + 6 ) = ( 9 + 12i )
5
5 5
5.3.5 Power of i we know that
i = ( 1) i = i ,
2
( )
i6 = i2
= ( 1) = 1
= ( 1) = 1 , etc.
1 i i
= i,
i 1 = =
i i 1
Also, we have
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( )
i5 = i 2
i4 = i2
i 2 =
1
1
=
= 1,
2
1
i
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( )
i 3 = i 2i = ( 1) i = i ,
1 1 i i
1 1
= = = i, i 4 = 4 = = 1
3
i i 1
1
i
i
4k
4k + 1
4k + 2
4k + 3
In general, for any integer k, i = 1, i
= i, i
= 1, i
=i
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i 3 =
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( 3 i) = ( 3)
2
i2 = 3 ( 1) = 3
( 3 i) = ( 3)
2
i2 = 3
3 i and 3 i .
3 is meant to represent
a =
3 i only, i.e.,
a
1 =
3 =
3i .
a i,
result also holds true when either a > 0, b < 0 or a < 0, b > 0. What if a < 0, b < 0?
Let us examine.
Note that
( 1) ( 1)
i 2 = 1 1 =
(by assuming
a b =
101
a b = ab = 0.
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Therefore,
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Proof We have,
(Distributive law)
z22
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= z12 + z1 z2 + z1 z2 + z22
(Distributive law)
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z12
= z12 + 2 z1 z2 + z22
( z1 z2 )2 = z12 2 z1 z2 + z22
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
z12 z22 = ( z1 + z2 ) ( z1 z2 )
In fact, many other identities which are true for all real numbers, can be proved
to be true for all complex numbers.
Example 2 Express the following in the form of a + bi:
1
(i) ( 5i ) i
8
Solution
(i)
(ii)
( i ) ( 2i )
1
i
8
( 5i )
1
5 2 5
5 5
i =
i =
1) = = + i 0
(
8
8
8 8
8
3
1
1 2
1
i5 =
i
(ii) ( i ) ( 2i ) i = 2
888
256
8
( )
i=
1
i.
256
102
MATHEMATICS
)(
) (2
) = ( 3 + 2 i) (2 3 i)
2 i = ( 6 + 2 ) + 3 (1 + 2 2 ) i
3 i
= 6 + 3i + 2 6i
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Solution We have, 3 + 2
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For example,
2 5i = 22 + ( 5) 2 = 29 ,
3 + i = 3 i , 2 5 i = 2 + 5 i , 3i 5 = 3i 5
Observe that the multiplicative inverse of the non-zero complex number z is
given by
and
z1 =
a
b
a ib
1
+i 2
= 2
=
2
2 =
a +b
a +b
a 2 + b2
a + ib
z z= z
or
(i)
(iii)
z1 z2 = z1 z2
z1 z2 = z1 z2
(ii)
(iv)
z
z1
= 1 provided z 0
2
z2
z2
z1 z1
z1 z2 = z1 z2 (v) z = z provided z2 0.
2
2
103
Let z = 2 3i
Then
z = 2 + 3i and
= 22 + ( 3)2 = 13
z1 =
2 + 3i 2 3
= + i
13
13 13
2 + 3i
2 + 3i 2 3
=
= + i
2
13
13 13
2 (3i )
2
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1
2 + 3i
=
2 3i (2 3i) (2 + 3i)
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z1 =
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5 + 2i
1 2i
(ii) i35
5 + 2i 5 + 2i 1 + 2i
=
1 2i 1 2i 1 + 2i
35
(ii) i =
35
5 + 5 2i + 2i 2
1
( 2i )
3 + 6 2i 3(1 + 2 2i )
=
= 1 + 2 2i .
1+ 2
3
(i )
2 17
i
1 i
= 2 =i
i
i i
EXERCISE 5.1
( 5i )
3
i
5
2. i 9 + i 19
3. i 39
MATHEMATICS
5. (1 i) ( 1 + i6)
5
1 2
+ i 4 +i
2
5 5
8. (1 i)
1 7
1 4
7. + i + 4 + i + i
3 3
3 3
1
9. + 3i
3
10. 2 i
3
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104
13. i
5 + 3i
14. Express the following expression in the form of a + ib :
12.
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(3 + i 5 ) (3 i 5 )
( 3 + 2 i) ( 3 i 2 )
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11. 4 3i
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Find the multiplicative inverse of each of the complex numbers given in the
Exercises 11 to 13.
105
x 2 + y 2 is the distance between the point P(x, y) and the origin O (0, 0)
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(Fig 5.2). The points on the x-axis corresponds to the complex numbers of the form
a + i 0 and the points on the y-axis corresponds to the complex numbers of the form
Fig 5.2
0 + i b. The x-axis and y-axis in the Argand plane are called, respectively, the real axis
and the imaginary axis.
The representation of a complex number z = x + iy and its conjugate
z = x iy in the Argand plane are, respectively, the points P (x, y) and Q (x, y).
Geometrically, the point (x, y) is the mirror image of the point (x, y) on the real
axis (Fig 5.3).
Fig 5.3
106
MATHEMATICS
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modulus of z and is called the argument (or amplitude) of z which is denoted by arg z.
For any complex number z 0, there corresponds only one value of in
0 < 2. However, any other interval of length 2, for example < , can be
such an interval.We shall take the value of such that < , called principal
argument of z and is denoted by arg z, unless specified otherwise. (Figs. 5.5 and 5.6)
107
i.e.,
r = 4 = 2 (conventionally, r >0)
Therefore,
cos =
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r 2 cos 2 + sin 2 = 4
Fig 5.7
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1
3
, sin =
, which gives =
2
3
2
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16
1+ i 3
16 1 i 3
1+ i 3 1 i 3
(
) = 16 (1 i 3 ) 4 1 i 3 = 4 + i4
=
(
)
1+ 3
1 (i 3 )
16 1 i 3
3 (Fig 5.8).
Let
4 = r cos , 4 3 = r sin
By squaring and adding, we get
2
2
2
16 + 48 = r cos + sin
which gives
Hence
r = 64, i.e., r = 8
2
cos = , sin =
2
=
3 3
2
2
+ i sin
Thus, the required polar form is 8 cos
3
3
Fig 5.8
108
MATHEMATICS
EXERCISE 5.2
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Find the modulus and the arguments of each of the complex numbers in
Exercises 1 to 2.
1. z = 1 i 3
2. z = 3 + i
Convert each of the complex numbers given in Exercises 3 to 8 in the polar form:
3. 1 i
4. 1 + i
5. 1 i
6. 3
7. 3 + i
8. i
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We are already familiar with the quadratic equations and have solved them in the set
of real numbers in the cases where discriminant is non-negative, i.e., 0,
Let us consider the following quadratic equation:
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b b 2 4ac b 4ac b 2 i
=
2a
2a
Note At this point of time, some would be interested to know as to how many
roots does an equation have? In this regard, the following theorem known as the
Fundamental theorem of Algebra is stated below (without proof).
A polynomial equation has at least one root.
Example 9 Solve x2 + 2 = 0
Solution We have, x2 + 2 = 0
or
x2 = 2 i.e., x = 2 = 2 i
Example 10 Solve x2 + x + 1= 0
Solution Here,
b2 4ac = 12 4 1 1 = 1 4 = 3
1 3 1 3i
=
2 1
2
109
5x2 + x + 5 = 0
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12 4 5 5 = 1 20 = 19
Therefore, the solutions are
3. x2 + 3x + 9 = 0
6. x2 x + 2 = 0
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EXERCISE 5.3
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1 19 1 19i
=
.
2 5
2 5
7.
9.
2x2 + x + 2 = 0
x2 + x +
=0
3x 2 2 x + 3 3 = 0
8.
10.
x2 +
+1 = 0
Miscellaneous Examples
(3 2i)(2 + 3i)
Example 12 Find the conjugate of (1 + 2i )(2 i) .
Solution We have ,
(3 2i)(2 + 3i)
(1 + 2i )(2 i)
6 + 9i 4i + 6 12 + 5i 4 3i
=
2 i + 4i + 2
4 + 3i 4 3i
63 16
48 36i + 20i +15 63 16i
i
=
=
25 25
16 + 9
25
(3 2i )(2 + 3i ) 63 16
Therefore, conjugate of (1 + 2i )(2 i ) is 25 + 25 i .
110
MATHEMATICS
1+ i
,
1 i
(ii)
1
1+ i
1+ i 1+ i 1+ i 1 1 + 2i
=
=i= 0 + i
=
1 i 1 i 1+ i
1+1
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(i)
1 = r sin
1+ i
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Therefore, =
is
cos = 0, sin = 1
(ii) We have
1
1 i
1 i 1 i
=
=
=
1 + i (1 + i ) (1 i) 1 + 1 2 2
Let
1
1
= r cos ,
= r sin
2
2
Therefore
1
1
1
; cos =
, sin =
2
2
2
1
1
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, argument is
.
2
1+ i
4
a + ib
Example 14 If x + iy = a ib , prove that x2 + y2 = 1.
Solution We have,
(a + ib)(a + ib)
a 2 b 2 + 2abi
a 2 b2
2ab
+ 2 2i
x + iy = (a ib)(a + ib) =
=
2
2
2
2
a +b
a +b
a +b
So that, x iy =
111
a2 b2
2ab
2 2i
2
2
a +b a +b
Therefore,
(a 2 b 2 )2
4a 2b 2
(a 2 + b 2 ) 2
+
= 2 2 2 =1
x + y = (x + iy) (x iy) =
(a 2 + b 2 ) 2 (a 2 + b 2 )2
(a + b )
2
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is
3 + 2i sin
is purely real.
1 2i sin
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3 + 2i sin
(3 + 2i sin)(1 + 2i sin)
=
(1 2i sin)(1 + 2i sin)
1 2i sin
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Solution We have,
Thus
= n, n Z.
Solution We have, z =
Now, put
i 1
i 1
1
3
+
i
2 2
2(i 1) 1 3i 2 i + 3 1 + 3i
=
=
1+ 3
1 + 3i 1 3i
3 1
= r cos ,
2
3 +1
= r sin
2
3 1
+
2
3 +1
i
2
112
MATHEMATICS
cos =
( 3)
+ 1
= 2 4 = 2
4
4
2
3 1
3 +1
, sin =
2 2
2 2
5
(Why?)
+ =
4 6 12
Hence, the polar form is
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Therefore, =
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5
5
2 cos + i sin
12
12
18 1 25
1. Evaluate: i + .
i
2 3 4i
1
3. Reduce
4. If x iy =
1 + 7i
(i)
(2 i)
(ii)
1 + 3i
1 2i
20
=0
3
8. 27 x 2 10 x + 1 = 0
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2
2
3 1 3 +1
2
r =
+
=
2 2
2
7.
x2 2x +
3
=0
2
113
9. 21x 2 28 x + 10 = 0
z1 + z2 +1
10. If z1 = 2 i, z2 = 1 + i, find z z +1 .
1
2
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1
.
z1 z1
(ii) Im
is
z1 z2
(i) Re z ,
1
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( x 2 + 1) 2
( x + i )2
11. If a + ib =
, prove that a2 + b2 = 2 x 2 + 1 2 .
2x2 + 1
1+ 2i
.
1 3i
14. Find the real numbers x and y if (x iy) (3 + 5i) is the conjugate of 6 24i.
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1+ i 1 i
15. Find the modulus of 1 i 1 + i .
u v
+ = 4( x 2 y 2 ) .
x y
1+ i
20. If
= 1 , then find the least positive integral value of m.
1 i
= 2x .
MATHEMATICS
Summary
A number of the form a + ib, where a and b are real numbers, is called a
complex number, a is called the real part and b is called the imaginary part
of the complex number.
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a
b
1
+i 2
or z 1, called the
2
2 , denoted by
a +b
a +b
z
2
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complex number
is
a2
b
+i 2
= 1 + i0 =1
multiplicative inverse of z such that (a + ib) 2
2
a + b2
a +b
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114
z , is given by
z = a ib.
b 4ac b 2 i
2a
115
Historical Note
x + y = 10, xy = 40.
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The fact that square root of a negative number does not exist in the real number
system was recognised by the Greeks. But the credit goes to the Indian
mathematician Mahavira (850) who first stated this difficulty clearly. He mentions
in his work Ganitasara Sangraha as in the nature of things a negative (quantity)
is not a square (quantity), it has, therefore, no square root. Bhaskara, another
Indian mathematician, also writes in his work Bijaganita, written in 1150. There
is no square root of a negative quantity, for it is not a square. Cardan (1545)
considered the problem of solving
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