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Patterns of Inheritance

Patterns of Inheritance

S Recurring inheritance patterns are observable outcomes of

sexual reproduction.
S 1850s both parents contribute hereditary material to their

offspring (did not know genes yet)

S Blending inheritance idea was not substantial in

explaining traits.

Sex Determination in Humans

Founder of Modern Genetics

S Gregor Mendel (1822-

1884)
S Austrian monk
S Brno (Czech Rep)
S Experimented on

Plant hybridization
using Pisum sativum
(pea plant)

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Mendels Law

Phenotypic traits

Mendels Law: Segregation

Punnett square

S Test cross - is a method of determining genotype.

S Monohybrid experiments - testcrosses that check for a

dominance relationship between two alleles at a single

locus.

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Punnett square

Mendels Law: Independent

Assortment

Mendels Law: Independent

Assortment

Human Skin

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Beyond Simple Dominance

Codominance

S One gene = one trait does not always apply.

S Several genes can influence the same trait.

S Codominance - two non-identical alleles of a gene are fully

expressed in heterozygous individuals (e.g. blood type)

Codominance

Incomplete Dominance

S Incomplete

dominance one
allele of a gene
pair is not fully
dominant over the
other.

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Epistasis

Pleiotropy

Environmental Effects on
Phenotype

Genetic Analysis

S Epistasis

some traits
affected by
multiple
gene
products.

S Environmental factors affects gene expression, which in turn

affects phenotype.
S

Seasonal changes in temperature and the length of day affect

production of melanin and other pigments of the skin.

S Environment also affects human genes.

S

Serotonin

S In humans, inheritance pattern are typically studies by

tracking observable genetic disorders in the family.

S Pedigree - Inheritance patterns often displayed as

standardized charts of genetic connections (family history).

S

Autosomal Dominant Disorders

Autosomal Recessive Disorders

Sex-linked Disorders

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Autosomal Dominant Disorder

Autosomal Recessive Disorder

X Linked Recessive Disorder

Change in Sex Chromosome

Number
S Female Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
S

Turners Syndrome

S Male Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

S

Klinefelter Syndrome

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Turners Syndrome (XO)

Klinefelters Syndrome

Sex Chromosome
Abnormalities

Pedigree : Hemophilia