Professional Documents
Culture Documents
work published in
1866
virtually ignored
became abbot in
1868
died 1884
What is Genetics?
Transmission of Characters from Parent to
off spring's-Heredity
What is Genetics ?
Science that studies mechanisms of Heredity and the Variation of
Inherited Characteristics-Rules of Inheritance.
Genetics explains us:
-why we are what we are;
- what we have in common with our parents and children;
- why we are different from our parents and children;
- whether illnesses are predetermined.
Hereditary information of an organism is found in DNA.
http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/
Branches of Genetics
Transmission Genetics: Passing of traits from one
generation to another; Classical, Mendelian Genetics
Molecular Genetics: Structure and Function of Genes
Population Genetics: Dealing with the distribution and
behavior of genes in mathematical terms within a
population E.g.. Conservation Genetics
Artificial Selection
Relationship of Genetics to
other areas of Biology
a. Cytology.study of cells
b. Evolutiongradual change over a long period of time resulting from
natural selection
c. Animal Behavior.an animals responses and actions to insure its
survival
d. Developmental Biology.study of the embryological changes of an
organism
e. Plant Physiology..the functions and adaptations of plant morphology
f. Immunology.immune response; antigen/antibody relationships and
chemistry
g. Ecologythe study of the interactions of the living and nonliving
environment.
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Genetic history
Short Life Cycle
Large # Generations
in short time period
Large # Offspring
Easy to Handle
Genetic Variation
of
the
pea
pod
plants.
By
tracing
these
Self-fertilizing
Antagonistic Pairs
Appearance of Hybrid
Appearance of Hybrid
Cross 1
egg
sperm
Progeny
same
Cross 2
egg
Progeny
same
sperm
Dominant Trait
ALL F1 progeny resembled
one of the parental strains
one trait lost or hidden?
seeds
F1 x F1
Recessive Trait
In F2 progeny lost trait reappeared
Mendel Proposed:
Discrete units of inheritance:
Two copies for each trait (paternal/maternal)
Discrete units of inheritance are alleles of genes
Alleles are alternative forms of a single gene (trait)
i.e. seed, flower colour, pod shape etc.
Example of traits
Eye colour
Skin colour
Height
Hair texture
Examples of Alleles
Brown or blue
Albino or pigmented
Tall or short
Curly or straight
selfed
cross
Monohybrids
F1
F2
3: 1
http://sciborg.uwaterloo.ca/course_notes/biology/biol139/
Automated
accelerate.
sequencing
technology
allows
genome
projects
to
Genetic Terminology
Genes:
Hereditary elements
Alleles:
Forms of a Gene A
Heterozygote: Aa
Homozygote: AA aa
Genotypes
Phenotypes
Dominance:
AA Aa Same Phenotype
Different Genotypes
Meiosis
diploid nuclei divides
produces haploid nuclei
gametes
gametes
Aa
Summary
Parental
AA
F1 Hybrid
Aa
Selfing
F2
aa
Aa
Aa
AA
1
Aa
2
aa
1
1. F1 One Phenotype
2. F2 3:1 ratio of 2 phenotypes
1:2:1 ratio of 3 genotypes
Two Characters
Monohybrid Cross
Dihybrid Cross
Dihybrid
Two characters:
1. Seed Colour
Yellow-Y
Green-y
2. Seed Shape
Round-R
Wrinkled-r
4 phenotypes
Dihybrid
Parents
RRyy
Gametes
Ry
F1
rrYY
rY
RrYy
Dihybrid
F1 Dihybrid-----F2
F1
RrYy
RrYy
F2
Total
32 wrinkled, green
556
RrYy
Individual Characters
1. Seed Shape
Round
423
3
: Wrinkled
: 133
:
1
:
2. Seed Colour
Yellow : Green
416 : 140
3
: 1
Conclusion
3:1 monohybrid ratio for each character
9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio-A random combination of 2 independent
3:1 ratios
Seed Shape
Round
Yellow
Colour
Wrinkled
9/16
3/16
3/16
1/16
Green
F2 Phenotypes
Probability (P)=
Probability
Y and R
YR
Y and r
Yr
y and R
yR
y and r
yr
F1 gametes produce F2
F1
YyRr
YyRr
Male Gametes
YR
YR
Female
Gametes
Yr
yR
yr
1/16 RRYY
Yr
yR
F2
yr
4X4 = 16
Independent Assortment
F2 Genotypes
RR
3X3=9
Rr
rr
1/16 YYRR
YY
F2
Yy
yy
F2 Phenotypes
R Y yy
9/16 R-Y-
2X2=4
rr
F1
F2 Genotypic ratio
1/16
2/16
2/16
1/16
YY RR
YY Rr
Yy RR
Yy Rr
YyRr
YyRr
F2 Phenotypic ratio
1/16 YY rr
2/16 YyRr
1/16 yy RR
2/16 yy Rr
1/16 yy rr
9 Genotypes
Independent Assortment
Any number of independent genes:
Genes
Phenotypes
Genotypes
27
2n
3n
Random Fertilization
sperm = 1 in 8 million possibilities
egg = 1 in 8 million possibilities