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 izd`kd`

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mid`kj ^d`ku
(An ISO 9001 : 2000 Company)

2/11 ,] Lonsh chek uxj kg flusek ds` lkeus] vkxjk282 002

ksu : 4053333, 2530966, 2531101; SDl # (0562) 4053330, 4031570
E-mail : care@upkar.in, Website : www.upkar.in

czkap vkWf`l #
4845, vUlkjh jksM] nfj;kxat]
ubZ fnYh%110 002
`ksu # 01123251844/66

ihjeksguh pkSd`] d`nedq`vk]

iVuk%800 003
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28, pkS|jh su] ';ke cktkj]

esV_ks LVsu ds` fud`V] xsV ua\ 4
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B-33, CaV

1-8-1/B, vkj\

vkj\ d`kWEIsDl lqUnjS;k ikdZ`

ds` ikl] eulk ,UDso xsV ds` cx e]

ckx faxeiYh] gSnjkckn%500 044 vk\ iz\

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LDok;j] d`kuiqj
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bl iqLrd` d`ks izd`kfr d`jus e izd`kd` }kjk iw.Z lko|kuh cjrh xbZ gS] f`j Hh fd`lh

(qfV ds` f, izd`kd` ftEesnkj ug gksxk\

bl iqLrd` d`ks vFkok blds` fd`lh va d`ks fcuk ^d`kd` d`h ff[r vuqefr ds`] fd`lh
Hh i%`ksVksxzk`h] foqr-xzkf`d`] ;kfU(d`h vFkok vU; i e fd`lh Hh ^d`kj ls
mi;ksx ds` f, ug Nkik tk ld`rk gS\
fd`lh Hh ifjokn ds` f, U;kf;d` {ks( ds`o vkxjk gh gksxk\
ISBN : 978-93-5013-616-4

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(Rs. Two Hundred Fifty Only)

ewY; #

Code No. 2342

eqnzd` # mid`kj ^d`ku f^afVax ;wfuV ckbZ-ikl] vkxjk

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3. flU|q l;rk rFkk mld`k mnxe ifjiDo pj. # foLrkj] lekt] vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa laLd~`fr vU;
laLd~`fr;k ls lEidZ` kl d`h leL;k,.
4.

oSfnd` lekt] oSfnd` xzUFk] )`XoSfnd` ls mj-oSfnd` pj.k rd` ifjorZu] |eZ] mifu"n ls lEcfU|r
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9.

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11. ekufp( v;;u
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^kphu Hkjr d`k bfrgkl

(Ancient Indian History)

1
Hkjr e ^kxSfrgkfld` laL`fr;k
(Prehistoric Cultures in India)
^kphu Hkjrh; bfrgkl ds` v;;u e ftruh jkspd`rk
gS mruh vU; fd`lh e ug\ ekuo l;rk d`h mRif]
fod`kl] laL`fr] l;rk] fofHUu lkezkT;k d`k mRkuiru] ^kphu Hkjr d`h lkekftd` ,oa vkfZd` O;oLk]
|eZ d`k Loi ,oa Hkjr d`h lkfgfR;d`] oSKkfud` rk
d`kRed` mifC|;k ds` lEcU| e tkud`kjh ^kIr d`jus d`h
fnk e ^kphu Hkjr ds` bfrgkl d`k v;;u d`juk gh
,d`ek( loZJsB mik; gS\ Hkjrh; bfrgkl-s[u d`h
ijEijk Hkjr e bZLV bfM;k d`Eiuh d`h Lkiuk ds` i'pkr
18 o rkCnh e ^kjEH gqbZ\ Hkjr ds` bfrgkl d`ks
iquthfoZr d`jus e ,f;kfVd` lkslkbVh vkW` caxk d`h
Hwfed`k mYs[uh; jgh] ftld`h Lkiuk lu 1784 bZ\ e
d`d`k e okjsu gsLVXl ,oa lj fof;e tksUl ds` }kjk
gqbZ\ blds` ckn ;wjksiokfl;k e Hkjr ds` ^kphu bfrgkl d`ks
i<us d`h bPNk tkxzr gqbZ vkSj mUgkus ,oa vaxzstk us ;wjksi
e ^pfr bfrgkl v;;u ijEijk ds` vuqi Hkjrh;
bfrgkl d`k v;;u fd`;k\ LokrU; ^se ,oa jkV_h;
^knqHkZo ds` lk gh 19o rkCnh ds` mjk*Z ls Hkjrh;
bfrgkld`kjk us bfrgkl d`h fof|or jpuk d`h qvkr d`h\

uked`j.
^kphu Hkjr d`k ,sfrgkfld` uke Hkjro"Z k\ bl
ns d`k uked`j. dS`ls gqvk] bl lEcU| e ^kphu Hkjrh;
bfrgkld`kj] fopkjd`] fo}ku] lkfgR;d`kjk d`k er ,d`
ug g\1
egkHkjr ds` jpf;rk osnO;kl ds` vuqlkj egkjkt
nq;Ur ds` iq( lezkV Hjr ds` uke ij Hjr d`k ns bl
vk; ls Hkjro"Z uke iMk\ ,srjs; czk. ds`
vuqlkj%Hjr ,d` p`orhZ jktk s] ftUgkus pkj fnkvk
1

rd` Hwfe d`ks thrd`j ,d` fok lkezkT; d`k oj. fd`;k
,oa v'oes| ;Kk ls ;tu fd`;k k] ftlls muds` uke ij
Hkjro"Z d`k uked`j. gqvk\ eRL; iqjk. d`h ,d` vuqJqfr
e vkfn ^tkifr ,oa U;k; ds` O;oLkid` egkjkt euq d`ks
^tk d`k Hj.-iks". d`jus ,oa tUe nsus ds` d`kj. Hjr
rk ftl Hw-Hkx ij euq d`h klu O;oLk ^pfr h]
mls Hkjro"Z d`gk x;k gS\
uked`j. ds` lEcU| e tSfu;k ,oa Hkxork d`h
ijEijk ds` vuqlkj Hxoku )`"Hnso ds` T;sB iq( d`k uke
Hjr k] tks JsB xq.;q` ,oa egk;ksxh k ml Hjr ds`
uke ij gh Hkjro"Z uked`j. gqvk\
uked`j. ds` lEcU| e mi;qZ` rF; rdZ`laxr ug
d`gs tk ld`rs] D;kfd` fd`lh O;f` ds` uke ij NksVs ^kUrk
,oa uxjk ds` uke gh j[rs gq, ns[s x;s g\ cMs nsk ds`
uke ogk ds` fuokfl;k ,oa tkfr;k ds` ij j[s tkrs g\
blh lUnHZ e oSfnd` vk;ks d`h Hjr tkfr ds` uke ij bl
ns d`k Hkjro"Z uke ekuk tk ld`rk gS] D;kfd` ;g
tkfr rRd`khu ifjos e jktuhfrd` f`] oSfnd` lkfgR;
,oa l;rk ds` fod`kl e vxz.h h] blh ds` `Loi bl
tkfr ds` }kjk ^Lq`fVr laL`fr ls ^Hkfor lkjs jkV_ d`k
uke Hkjro"Z iMk\ bl rF; d`ks fl* d`jrs gq,
ok;qiqjk. e vfHO;` fd`;k gS%
leqnz ds` mj vkSj fgek; ds` nf. d`k ns o"Z
Hkjr d`gkrk gS] D;kfd` ;gk Hkjrh; lUrfr fuokl d`jrh
gS\1
Hkjr ns d`ks vk`kUrkvk us fofHUu uke fn;s\
fgUnqLrku uke bls bZjkfu;k us fn;k\ ;s ksx l d`ks g
mPpkfjr d`jrs s] blh ds` prs flU|q unh ds` vklikl

mja ;RleqnzL; fgeknzs'pSo nf.e o" rn Hkjra uke Hkjrh# ;( lUrfr#

%ok;qiqjk.e

4 |

^kphu Hkjr d`k bfrgkl

jgus okk d`ks fgUnq ,oa ml Hw-Hkx d`ks fgUnqLrku uke

fn;k x;k\ bl uke d`k ^;ksx bZjku ls ^Hkfor eqfLe
jkV_ d`jrs s\ Hkjr ds` fuoklh Hkjro"Z ;k Hkjr[M d`ks
vaxh`r d`j lds`] vU; ukek d`k ^os Hkjrh;rk e ug
gks ld`k\ ;wukfu;k us Hkjr d`ks bfM;k uke fn;k\ os
flU| unh d`ks bMl (Indus) iqd`kjrs s] blh ds`
`Loi ml s( d`ks bfM;k (India) ,oa ogk ij fuokl
d`jus okk d`ks bfM;u (Indian) d`gk x;k\

^kphu Hkjr d`h ^k`frd` voLk,

foLrkj%Hkjro"Z d`k S`ko vR;f|d` foLr~r ekuk
x;k gS ftlds` d`kj. bl ns d`ks o~gj Hkjr Hh d`gk
tkrk jgk gS\ o~gj Hkjr ds` foLrkj ds` eRL;iqjk. e ukS
Hsn fd`;s x, g] tks leqnz ds` chp e vk tkus ds` d`kj.
,d`-nwljs ls vx ,oa d`fBu gS\ ^kphu Hkjr ds` o~gj
Loi ds` ukS Hsn fuEukafd`r g%
(1) bUnz}hi] (2) d`ls] (3) rkezi.hZ] (4) xHfLreku]
(5) ukx}hi] (6) lkSE;] (7) xU|oZ] (8) ok. ,oa
(9) lkxj ls f?jk Hkjr\
okLrfod` vks e bls Hkjr d`h vkSifuosfd` ,oa
lkaL`frd` lhek ekuk tkuk gh mi;q` gksxk] D;kfd`
vDlj Hkjro"Z d`k S`ko fgek; vkSj leqnz d`k e;
Hkx gh ekuk tkrk jgk gS\
HkSxksfd` fLfr%,f;k egk}hi ds` nf. e fgUn
egklkxj ds` vUrxZr vkus oks ^k;}hik e e; e f(Hqt
ds` vkd`kj e vofLr Hkjro"Z gS\ Hkjro"Z mjh
xksk*Z e 7 vkSj 37 vka ,oa 62 rk 98
nskUrj ds` e; fLr gS\
d`d`k ds` ijh s( ls ju-d`PN rd` d`dZ` js[k
xqtjrh gS\ nf.h Hkx m. d`fVcU| ,oa mjh Hkx
hrks. d`fVcU| e vkrk gS\ Hkjro"Z d`k s(` ;wjksi
ls l d`ks vx d`jus ij s" ds` cjkcj gS\ Hkjro"Z d`h
EckbZ d`'ehj ls ad`k rd` 2000 eh ,oa pkSMkbZ Hh
d`kfB;kokM ls vle rd` xHx bruh gh gS\
lhek, %Hkjro"Z d`h mjh lhek pk vkSj nqxZe
egkfxfj fgek; gS] tks Hkjr d`ks ,f;k ds` vU; nsk ls
vx d`jrk gS\ Hkjro"Z d`h if'peksj k~a[k, ls`n
d`ksg] lqseku] fd`jj nf.-if'pe fnk e tkd`j
v`xkfuLrku vkSj cwfpLrku ls flU|q ?kVh d`ks vx
d`jrh gS\ bls iDd`h lhek ug d`gk tkrk\ fgUnqdq` vkSj
ikehj d`h k~a[k, Hkjro"Z d`h n~< if'peksj lhek gS\
Hkjro"Z ds` iwoksZj e fgek; d`h k~a[k, nf. d`h
vksj >qd`rh g ftUg iVd`ksbZ] ukxk] t;fUr;k [klh] xkjks]

qlkbZ ,oa vkjkd`ku;ksek ds` uke ls lEcksf|r d`h tkrh gS]

tks phu] fgUnphu vkSj ';ke ls Hkjro"Z d`ks vx d`jrh
g\ uhps ds` s( d`ks fgUn egklkxj d`h vkg tjkf e
rhu rj` ls ?sjd`j Hkjro"Z d`h lhek js[k fuf'pr d`h
xbZ gS\

Hkjro"Z ds` ^k`frd` foHkx

lEiw.Z Hkjro"Z d`ks fuEuff[r ^k`frd` foHkxk e
ckVk x;k gS%
v fgek; k~a[k%Hkjro"Z d`k igk ^k`frd`
foHkx fgek; k~a[k if'pe ls iwoZ d`h vksj 1600 eh
Ech nwjh rd` S`h gqbZ gS ftle usik] HwVku] flfDd`e]
mj ^ns ds` igkMh fts] d`'ehj ,oa fek ds` ikl d`k
^ns vkrk gS\ ;g ^k`frd` foHkx mjh L lhek
cukus ls sd`j tok;q] mit] |kfeZd`] jktuhfrd` ,oa
ekuoh; thou d`ks Hh ^Hkfor d`jrk gS\
c mj Hkjr ds` eSnku%;g ^k`frd` foHkx
fgek; vkSj foU; es[k ds` e; fLr gS\ fgek; ls
fud`us okh ufn;k ds` }kjk gh bl foHkx d`k fuekZ.
gqvk gS\ mj Hkjr ds` eSnkuk d`ks rhu Hkxk e ckVk x;k
gS% (i) xaxk ?kVh ds` eSnku] (ii) flU|q ?kVh ds` eSnku] (iii)
cziq( ?kVh ds` eSnku\
xaxk ?kVh ds` eSnku%xaxk ?kVh mj Hkjr ds` e; e
vofLr gS] ftls igs caxk s( d`ks NksMd`j e;ns ds`
uke ls iqd`kjk tkrk k\ ekuk tkrk gS fd` lcls igs
vk;Z jkT;k d`k mn; blh ^ns e gqvk k vkSj blh ^ns
ls Hkjrh; l;rk d`k ^lkj flU|q ?kVh cziq( ?kVh vkSj
nf.h ^nsk e gqvk k\
flU|q ?kVh ds` eSnku%xaxk ?kVh ds` if'pe s( e
flU|q ?kVh gS] tks flU|q ,oa mld`h lgk;d` ufn;k ds` }kjk
lfpr gksrh gS\ buds` e; ,d` tfoHktd` gS tks nf.
e vjkoh vkSj mj e fokfd` d`h Hqtkvk ds` feus
ds` d`kj. cuk gS\ buds` chp e fnYh vofLr gS ftUg
nksuk ds` chp d`k }kj d`grs g\ bl }kj d`ks ikj d`jus ds`
ckn [Scj njkZ vkrk gS\
cziq( ?kVh ds` eSnku%xaxk ?kVh ds` iwoZ e cziq(
?kVh vofLr gS\ ;g s( ioZrh; ^ns gS\ e;ns ls
vk;Z xka|kj rd` igqp x;s] sfd`u ml s( e mud`k ^lkj
eUn xfr ls gqvk\ ;g nqxZe s( k ftl ij vk`e.
gksuk eqf'd` k\
buds` vfrfjDr mjh Hkjr ds` eSnkuk e nf. d`h
vksj if'pe ls iwoZ flU|q] jktLku vkSj ekok d`k ^ns
vkrk gS\

^kphu Hkjr d`k bfrgkl | 5

l foU; es[k%caxk d`h [kMh ls sd`j vjc
lkxj rd` foU;kp ioZr d`h Jsf.;k S`h gqbZ g\
Hkjro"Z ds` fups ^ns e Vd`us ds` d`kj. bls es[k
d`j|uh d`gk tkrk gS\ ;g igkMh ^ns nf. Hkjr d`ks
mj Hkjr ls vx d`jrk gS\
n nf.h ^k;}hi%;g ^k`frd` foHkx leqnz ds`
rhuk Hkxk ls f?jk gqvk ,oe foU;es[k ls mj e
vofLr gS\ blds` vUrxZr iwohZ ,oa if'peh ?kV ds` ^kUr
rk e; ds` iBkj lekfgr gS\ blds` nf. e Jhad`k gS\
lkfnz ls sd`j nf. e uhfxfj rd` if'peh ?kV fek
gqvk gS\ nf.h f(Hqtkd`kj ^k;}hi ,oa leqnz ds` e;
lad`jk leqnz rV gS ftls mj e d`kd`. vkSj nf. e
ds`j d`gk tkrk gS\ bl leqnz rV ds` iwoZ Hkx e if'peh
?kV d`k ioZrh; ^ns gS ftlds` mj e egkjkV_ ,oa
nf. e d`ukZVd` gS\ if'peh vkSj iwohZ ?kV ds` e; nf.
d`k iBkj vofLr gS\
nf. ^k;}hi ds` iwohZ leqnz rV ls ijs iwohZ ?kV d`h
k~a[k mj ls nf. d`h vksj tkrh gS\ nf. s( d`h
lHh ufn;k if'pe ?kV ls fud`d`j nf. ds` iBkj ls
iwohZ ?kV d`ks d`kVd`j caxk d`h [kMh e fxjrh g\ iwohZ
?kV if'peh ?kV ls uhpk ,oa iwoZ d`k leqnz rV if'peh
leqnz rV ls pkSMk gS] ftld`k mjh Hkx d`x ,oa nf.
Hkx pkseMe d`gkrk gS\
; lqnwj nf.%`.k ds` nf. leqnz ,oa rqaxHnzk ls
f?jk ^kUr lqnwj nf. ;k nzfoM ^ns ds` uke ls tkuk
tkrk gS\ bl lqnwj nf. ^ns ds` iwohZ ,oa if'peh ?kV
uhfxfj ij fers g ftuds` e; d`k iBkj iqjkuk d`ukZVd`
gS tks vktd` eSlwj gS\ blds` iwoZ e ,oa leqnz ds` ihNs
rfe ^ns vofLr gS\ ds`j vkSj rfe ^kUr ds` e; e
e; ioZr gS\ lokZf|d` tkfrxr HsnHko blh ^ns e
ik;k tkrk gS\

^kphu Hkjr ds` fuoklh

Hkjro"Z ds` foLr~r ifjos ds` `Loi mle
^k`frd` s(xr ,oa tok;oh; fofHUurk, O;kIr g]
ftlds` d`kj. ^kphud`k ls gh Hkjr e fofHUu ^d`kj ds`
ksx fuokl d`jrs vk;s g\ ekuo thou ,oa l;rk ds`
fod`kl ds` lk O;kikj] mifuos] ;q*] fookg] ;k(k ,oa
vU; lkekftd` `R;k d`ks lEikfnr d`jus ds` f, ksxk d`k
,d` Lku ls nwljs Lku ij vkuk-tkuk ^kjEH gqvk\
ftlds` ifj.keLoi Hkjro"Z e vusd` tkfr;k ds` feJ.
ls ,oa vU; rjhds` ls Hkjrh; tkfr;k d`k ^knqHkZo gqvk\
^kphu Hkjr e fuEuff[r tkfr;k foeku %
v vk;Z] c nzfoM] l cj iqfUn] n fd`jkr\

(1) vk;Z%;g tkfr foU;kp ioZr ,oa fgek; ds`

e; e fuokl d`jrh h\ ;fi vHh rd` vk;ks ds`
vkfnfuokl ls lEcfU|r xqRh d`ks ug lq>k;k tk ld`k
gS] f`j Hh ekuk tkrk gS fd`%blds` ds`Unz e;ns e vk;ks
d`k mn; gqvk ,oa blh Lku ls vk;Z nf.ki rk
lEiw.Z vk;kZorZ e S`s\ blds` vfrfj` Hh vk;Z lEiw.Z
Hkjro"Z e ns[s x;s\ if'peh s( e vk;Z rwjkuh ,oa bZjkuh
tkfr ls fers gq, s\ e;ns tks orZeku e mj ^ns
,oa fcgkj gS] e vk;Z vkSj nzfoMk d`k feJ. gqvk rk iwoZ
e fd`jkr ;k eaxks tkfr ds` lk vk;ks d`k feJ. gqvk\
vk;Z tkfr d`h fuEuff[r fos"rk, %
(1) xsgqvk jax] (2) mUur ,oa foLr~r eLrd`]
(3) mBh gqbZ ukd`] (4) Eck vkd`kj] (5) Eck flj\
(2) nzfoM%lqnwj nf. Hkx e lcls igs rfeukMq
e nzfoMk d`k vkfoHkZo gqvk\ ;g ls bud`k ^lkj gqvk\ ;s
nf. vkSj mj Hkjr e vk;ks ls fe x;s\ nzfoM tkfr
ds` ksxk d`h fuEuff[r fos"rk, %
(1) jax d`kk] (2) ukd` piVh] (3) Eck flj]
(4) eqg ck;q`] (5) ukVk d`n\
(3) cj iqfUn%bl tkfr d`k fuokl L foU;
es[k ds` taxh ,oa igkMh s( k\ e; e xkM ,oa
d`ks] if'pe e Hh] iwoZ e lak ,oa eqMk bud`h
k[k, ekuh tkrh g\ ;wjksih; fo}ku bUg vkfLV_d` ;k
vkXus; d`grs g\ ,f;k ds` vkXus; }hik nf.-iwoZ e
bl tkfr ls fers gq, ksx fuokl d`jrs g ftlds`
`Loi gh ;wjksih; fo}kuk us bUg vkXus; d`gk gS\ cj
iqfUn tkfr pkjk rj` ls vk;ks ls feh gqbZ h\ bl
tkfr d`h fuEuff[r fos"rk, %
(1) jkse ;q` psgjk] (2) ckSuk d`n] (3) Eck flj]
(4) ';ke o.Z] (5) piVh ukd`\
(4) fd`jkr% bl tkfr d`ks eaxks ;k ihh tkfr Hh
d`gk tkrk gS\ fgek; k~a[k ds` mjh ,oa mjh iwohZ
^nsk e bl tkfr d`k fuokl Lku gS\ fd`jkr ewr# phu]
frCcr ,oa fgUn phu ls vkd`j fgek; ^ns e vk;Z]
nzfoM rk cj iqfUn ls j` fefJr gks tkus ls fd`jkr
;k eaxks tkfr e ifjf.r gks x,\ bl tkfr d`h fos"rk,
iwoZ tkfr;k ls ferh-tqrh \
buds` vkok Hh vU; tkfr;k Hkjro"Z e vk`kUrk
cud`j vk;] ftue ^eq[ i ls bZjkuh] ;wukuh] d`]
io] dq`"k. vkSj gw. vk;s tks vk;ks ls fers-tqrs s\
;s tkfr;k iwjh rjg Hkjrh; tkfr;k e d`kkUrj e
lekfgr gks xb\

6 |

^kphu Hkjr d`k bfrgkl

^kphu Hkjr d`h Hk"k,

Hkjro"Z ds` fuokfl;k e ftl rjg tkfrxr
fofo|rk, ] Bhd` mlh ^d`kj vkfnfuokl ds` vuqlkj
Hk"ktU; fofo|rk, Hh foeku \ ^kphu Hkjr d`h
Hk"kvk d`ks fuEuff[r pkj Hk"k ifjokjk e oxhZ`r
fd`;k tk ld`rk gS%
d` vk;Z Hk"k ifjokj] [ nzfoM Hk"k ifjokj]
x cj iqfUn Hk"k ifjokj] ? fd`jkr Hk"k ifjokj\
vk;Z Hk"k ifjokj%nf. Hkjr ds` if'pe Hkx d`h
Hk"k, ,oa mj Hkjr d`h ^kUrh; Hk"k, vk;Z Hk"k
ifjokj ds` vUrxZr vkrh gS\ vk;Z Hk"k ifjokj e fuEu
Hk"k, lekfgr g (i) vleh] (ii) mRd` mMhlk]
(iii) ca x kh] (iv) fgUnh] (v) ioZrh] (vi) iatkch]
(vii) i'rks] (viii) d`'ehjh] (ix) d`ksfgLrkuh] (x) gnk]
(xi) flU|h] (xii) xqtjkrh] (xiii) ejkBh] (xiv) lgh\
mi;qZ` Hk"kvk e ls i'rks vkSj flU|h Hk"k eqfLe
^Hko ls vjch ffi vkSj o.Zekk d`ks vaxhd~`r d`j pqd`h
h\ blds` vfrfjDr vU; Hk"kvk d`h ffi czkh ,oa
o.Zekk laL`r h\ laL`r] fgUnh] ejkBh] ioZrh d`ks
nsoukxjh ffi e f[k tkrk k\ fgUnh d`h foHk"k mnwZ
LorU( Hk"k ug jgh] mle vjch ffi ,oa `kjlh rk
vjch Cnk d`k lefUor i ^Lq`fVr gks x;k\

Hkjr d`h ekSfd` ,d`rk

Hkjro"Z HkSxksfd`] lkaL`frd`] vkfZd` ,oa lkekftd`
fofHUurkvk ls ;q` jkV_ gS\ bu lcds` `Loi Hkjro"Z
d`h ekSfd` ,d`rk mld`h fofo|rkvk e fufgr gS\ ^kphud`k ls gh lkjk Hkjr ftle vk|qfud` ikfd`Lrku ,oa
ckaXkns Hh gS] ,d` jkV_ ds` i e Lohd`kjk x;k gS\
vk;kZorZ] iq;Hwfe] Hkjro"Z] fgUn] fgUnqLrku] Hkjr]
bfM;k tSls vusd` ukek ls iqd`kjs tkus ds` ckn Hh bl jkV_
d`h jktuhfrd` ,d`rk gesk ls d`k;e jgh gS\ jax-i] osHw"k] tkfr-|eZ d`h fofHUurkvk ds` jgrs gq, Hh ijEijk]
jhfr-fjokt] [ku-iku] R;kSgkj-mRlok e i;kZIr ,d`rk
Hkjro"Z e ns[h tk ld`rh gS\ |kfeZd` thou ds` crkSj Hh
lHh lE^nk; osnk] vkxek ls sd`j bZ'oj] vkRek] vorkj]
iqutZUe] eks] ;ksx] Hf`] d`eZ] ;e] fu;e] h] ri
,oa lnkpkj ij lHh Hkjrh;k d`k leku i ls fo'okl
gS\ lkfgfR;d` xzU ,oa d`k ds` ^fr Hh lEiw.Z Hkjroklh
leku |kj.k j[rs g\ Hkjr d`h fofo|rk e ,d`rk mld`h
loksZR`V fos"rk gS\

^kxSfrgkfld` lekt # ekuo d`k mnHo

,oa fod`kl
ekuo ds` fod`kl] mlds` la?"Z] mRku iru ,oa
lkaL`frd` mifC|;k d`h tkud`kjh tks ff[r e ^kIr gksrh
gS mls bfrgkl d`gk tkrk gS\ mlls iwoZ d`h l;rk ds`
vkjEH] ekuo ds` mnHo ,oa ^kjfEHd` fod`kl d`h ^f`;k
d`ks tkuus d`k Aksr ^kxSfrgkl ;k ^kd` bfrgkl (PreHistory) gS\ ^kxSfrgkl d`k ds` v;;u ds` f, iqjkrRo
(Archaeology), ekuo foKku (Anthropology), HwxHZkL( (Geology), ^kf.kL( (Zoology), thok'e
foKku (Paleontology), Hwxks (Geography) bR;kfn
foKku d`h k[kvk d`h lgk;rk suk vko';d` gksrk gS\

nzfoM Hk"k ifjokj%bl Hk"k ifjokj e rsqxw] rfe]

d`UuM rk e;ke Hk"k, lfEefr g\ ;g nf. ds`
iwohZ Hkx] lqnwj nf. ,oa Jhad`k ds` s(k e cksh tkrh
jgh gS bl ifjokj d`h Hk"kvk e nzfoM Cnk d`h ^|kurk
gS\ nzfoM Hk"k ifjokj d`h jpuk i*fr mjh Hk"kvk ls
fHUu] sfd`u o.Zekk laL`r ,oa czkh ffi ls ;q` gS\
;g Hk"k ifjokj vk;Z laL`fr ls ^Hkfor jgk] ftlds`
^kxSfrgkl # i*fr;k ,oa ego
`Loi bld`h Hk"kvk e laL`r Cnk d`k vR;f|d`
ekuo ds` mnHo] fod`kl] la?"Z ,oa ifjfLfr;k ds`
^;ksx gqvk gS\
ckjs e tkud`kjh ^kIr d`jus d`k ,d`ek( lk|u ^kxSfrgkl
cj iqfUn Hk"k ifjokj%foU; es[k ds` ioZrh; (Pre History) gS\ tc ekuo s[u d`k ls vifjfpr k
,oa taxh ^nsk e bl Hk"k ifjokj d`h cksf;k d`ks cksk rc ls ekuo ds` leLr n~fVd`ks.k d`k v;;u ^kxSfrgkl
tkrk jgk gS\ cj iqfUn Hk"k ifjokj ds` vUrxZr eqM ds` vUrxZr fd`;k tkrk gS\ ^kxSfrgkl ds` }kjk 30 k[ o"Z
iwoZ ls 3000 bZ\ iw\ ds` igs d`k v;;u fd`;k tkrk gS\
,oa ekues[j Hk"k ^eq[ i ls gS\
v;;u d`h fof|;k%lk|kj. i e bfrgkl ds`
fd`jkr Hk"k ifjokj%bl Hk"k ifjokj d`h Hk"k, v;;u ds` f, nks i*fr;k viukbZ tkrh g%,sfrgkfld`
ewr# frCcr ,oa cekZ ds` s(k e cksh tkrh g\ nsoukxjh i*fr ,oa iqjkrkfod` i*fr\ ,sfrgkfld` i*fr e
,oa laL`r o.Zekk ls ;q` bl ifjokj d`h Hk"k, Hkjr rRd`khu bfrgkld`kjk ds` frf`e ls O;f` ,oa jkT; ds`
lEcU| e vks[ ^kIr gksrs g] tcfd` nwljh fof| ds`
e ug ds` cjkcj gS\

^kphu Hkjr d`k bfrgkl | 7

vk|kj ij iqjkrkfRod` mR[uuk ,oa lk{;k ds` vuqlkj
frf fu|kZj. ds` f, fuEu fof|;k d`k lgkjk f;k
ekuoh; f`;kd`kik ,oa rRd`khu l;rk] laL`fr d`h tkrk gS%
ijs[k rS;kj d`h tkrh gS\ bu iqjkrkfod` vos"k ls iwjh
(i) lkis frf fof| (Relating dating)
tkud`kjh ^kIr ug gksrh gS blf, ^kxSfrgkfld` vos"k
(ii) fujis frf fof| (Absolute dating)
d`k v;;u d`jrs le; lkaL`frd` lwpd` d`k fuekZ. ,oa
(iii) Lrjhd`j. ds` vk|kj ij (On the basis of
d`kekid` d`h lajpuk rS;kj d`h tkrh gS ftlls ^kxSfrgkl stratifications)
d`k v;;u lj gks tkrk gS\ ^kxSfrgkl ds` f, nks
(iv) Hw-vk`fr foKku fof| (Geomorphological
fof|;k ^pfr g%
method)
(i) mid`j. ^i (Tool types), (ii) Lrj`e foKku
(v) vU;ksU;kJ; d`kkuq`e fof| (Cross dating)
(Stratigraphy)
(vi) o~o; fo's". fof| (Dendro chronology)
(i) mid`j. ^i (Tool types)%^kxSfrgkfld` d`k
(vii) vuqo"Z Lrj fo's". (Varve analysis)
ds` ekuo ds` rd`uhd`h fod`kl d`k v;;u mid`j. ^i
(viii) ijkx fo's". fof| (Palynology)
(Tool types) i*fr ds` }kjk fd`;k tkrk gS\
(ix) ijk pqEcd`Ro (Paleomagnetism)
ik"k. d`k d`k ekuo iRj ds` Vqd`Mk d`k okfVd`k'e
(x) jsfM;ks d`kcZu fof| ;k C-14 (Radio-Carbon
(Pebbles) ds` }kjk d`ksM (Core) ,oa Yd` (Flakes)
method)
uked` mid`j.k d`k fuekZ. d`jrk k\ bu gf;kjk d`h
frf fu|kZj. i*fr;k e lokZf|d` ^pfr fof|
lgk;rk ls rRd`khu ekuo fd`kj ,oa vU; d`k;Z
js
f
M;ks
d`kcZu fof| (Radio-Carbon Method) gS\ ftue
lEikfnr d`jrs s\ d`ksM ,oa Yd` rS;kj d`jus d`h fof| ds`
vkok mid`j. ;k gf;kj cukus d`h nks i*fr;k vkSj d`kcZu d`h ek(k foeku gks] mue bl fof| d`k ^;ksx
h(i) DSDVksuh (Clactonian) ,oa okYokbZ (Leval- fd`;k tkrk gS\ ^kekf.d`rk ds` f, vafd`r frf
(caliberated date) d`k mi;ksx gksrk gS%ftle vlaksf|r
loisean). DSDVksuh rd`uhd` ds` }kjk ^kxSfrgkfld` ekuo
d`ksM ls cMk Yd` mrkjd`j igs Yd` ds` vk|kj ij nwljs frf;k ds` vkxs bc vkSj laksf|r frf;k ds` lkeus BC
Yd` d`ks mrkjk tkrk gS\ bl ^f`;k d`k d`bZ ckj nqgjku d`k ^;ksx fd`;k tkrk gS\
Lrj`e foKku (Stratigraphy)%^kxSfrgkl ds`
gksrk gS%bl ^f`;k ls cus gf;kj cMs ,oa eksVs gksrs g\
v;;u
d`h nwljh fof| Lrj`e foKku (Stratigraphy) gS\
okYokbZ rd`uhd` ds` }kjk igs d`ksM ds` ,d` r ls
|jrh]
xq

`kvk] ufn;k ,oa vUnj ds` Hkxk e ncs lk{;k d`ks

vusd` ds`UnzksUeq[ Yd`k d`ks mrkj d`j d`ksM rS;kj fd`;k
vk|kj
ekud`j
mR[uu ,oa leUos". ds` }kjk ^kxSfrgkl
tkrk gS vkSj blds` ckn rS;kj gq, r ds` ijh fgLls ij
d`k
v;;u
Lrj
`e foKku ls lEikfnr gksrk gS\
^gkj d`j mlds` i~Bh; r ls Yd` mrkjs tkrs g\ bl
Lrjhd`j. ds` fu;ekuqlkj Lrjh`r fusi d`h lcls
okYokbZ rd`uhd` d`ks fufeZr d`ksM rd`uhd` (Prepared
uhps
d`h ijr lcls iqjkuh ,oa mlds` ckn d`h ijr `e#
core technique) Hh d`grs g\ ^kxSfrgkfld` d`k e
ubZ gksrh tkrh gS\ unh d`k fusi. blds` foijhr gksrk gS\
ekuo ds` fuEuff[r mid`j. ,oa gf;kj gksrs s%
(i) xaMklk vkSj [Md` mid`j. (Chooper &
^kxSfrgkl ds` v;;u d`k egRo
chooping tools), (ii) gLrdq`Bkj (Handaxe),
ekuo ds` mnHo] fod`kl] ^`fr ls la?"Z ,oa ml ij
(iii) fonkj.h (Clever), (iv) [qjpuh (Scraper),
fot;
^kSksfxd`h ds` s( e fujUrj ^xfr d`h tkud`kjh
(v) cs|uh (Point), (vi) cs|d` (Borer), (vii) r.h
^kxS
f
rgkl
ds` v;;u ls gh ^kIr gksrh gS\ iqjkik"k.d`k
(Burin).
e;ik"k.d`k ,oa uoik"k.d`k d`h laL`fr;k d`k
mi;qZ` mid`j.k] gf;kjk ds` vk|kj ij gh v;;u Hh ^kxSfrgkl ds` }kjk gh lEHo gS\ laL`fr d`h
^kxSfrgkfld`d`khu ekuo ds` f`;kd`kik d`k v;;u O;k;k d`k ^kekf.d` vk|kj ^kxSfrgkfld` ds` v;;u ds`
fd`;k tkrk gS\
}kjk gh ^kIr fd`;k tk ld`rk gS\
vk bfrgkl d`k v;;u frf fu|kZj. ,oa Lrjhd`j.
ekuo d`h mRif
ds` ek;e ls fd`;k tkrk gS\
leUos". ,oa [qnkbZ ds` }kjk Lrjhd`j. v;;u fd`;k
ekuo d`h mRif ds` lEcU| e vusd` er ,oa
tkrk gS\
vuqJqfr;k ^pfr g] tks vxzff[r g%

8 |

^kphu Hkjr d`k bfrgkl

(i) vksYM VsLVkesUV (Old Testamenta) ds` vuqlkj

uksvk us H;ad`j tIkou ls jk d`j fo'o d`h jpuk
d`h h\
(ii) Hkjrh; |kfeZd` fgUnw xzUk ds` vuqlkj lkjs
fo'o d`h jpuk ^tkfirk czk us d`h\ lcls igs mUgkus
euq d`ks iSnk fd`;k vkSj ge lc euq d`h lUrku gS\ euq d`h
lUrku gksus ds` d`kj. gh euq; $ euqL; euq d`k ,oa
ekuo d`gk tkrk gS\
(iii) bLke |kfeZd` xzUk ds` vuqlkj lkjk lalkj
vkne d`h lUrku gS vkSj mlh d`h lUrku gksus ds` d`kj.
ekuo vkneh d`gk tkrk gS\
(iv) vk|qfud` foKku ds` vuqlkj thok ds` `fed`
fod`kl eNh es<d` ljhl~i ekuo ds` i e
ekuo d`k fod`kl gqvk\
^kxSfrgkl iapkax ds` vuqlkj Hw-oSKkfud` 48 vjc o"Z
iqjkuh vof| i~Foh d`h ekurs g\ i~Foh d`h Hw-oSKkfud`
le; lkj.h d`ks egkd`Yi (Eras) e foH` fd`;k gS\
Hw-oSKkfud`k ds` vuqlkj fuEu ikp egkd`Yi g
(1) ^kphu egkd`Yi (Archaeozoic)
(2) ^kjfEHd` egkd`Yi (Proterozoic)
(3) ^kphu tho ;qx (Polyozoic)
(4) e; egkd`Yi (Mesozoic)
(5) uwru tho egkd`Yi (Cenozoic)
mi;qZ` egkd`Yik e ls uwru tho egkd`Yi nks d`Yik
e foHkftr gS%(i) r~rh;d` d`Yi (Tertiary) ,oa (ii)
prqZ d`Yi (Quaternary).
r~rh;d` d`Yi pkj ;qxk e foH` gS%
(1) iqjkuwru ;qx (Paleocene)
(2) vkfnuwru ;qx (Eocene)
(3) vYiuwru ;qx (Oligocene)
(4) e;uwru ;qx (Miocene)
prqZ d`Yi rhu ;qxk e foH` gS%
(1) U;wure ;qx (Holocene)
(2) vR;Ur uwru ;qx (Pleistocene)
(3) vfruwru ;qx (Pliocene)
vds`s uwru tho egkd`Yi d`h vof| 8 d`jksM o"Z
iwoZ ls 10,000 o"Z iwoZ rd` ekuh tkrh gS\
ekuo fod`kl ds` pj. ds` `e e fuEuff[r ekuo
^tkfr lewgk d`k vkfoHkZo gqvk%
(1) ^kbZesV
(2) jkekfisd`l
(3) vkLV_sksfisd`l%v`hds`ul (4) gkseksbjsDVl
(5) fu;Mj
(6) gkseks lsfi;u

ekuo le^k.h gkseksfuM d`h k[k d`k mnHo 1

d`jksM 20 k[ o"Z ls 90 k[ o"Z rd` iqjkuk ekuk tkrk
gS\ bl k~a[k d`h vfUre ^tkfr gksekslsfi;u ftls Kkuh
ekuo d`gk tkrk gS] orZeku ^tkfr ds` ekuo ls ferk gS\
bl ^tkfr ds` ekuo d`k vkfoHkZo 50 gtkj o"Z iwoZ gqvk\
ekuo oSKkfud`k ds` vuqlkj Hkjr e ekuo d`h ikp
^tkfr;k miC| %
(1) fuxzhVks (Negrito)
(2) vk-vkLV_sf;kbZ (Proto-Australoid)
(3) d`kds`lh (Caucassoids)
(4) eaxkskH (Mangoloids)
(5) Hwe;lkxjh; ^tkfr (Mediterranean)
Hkjr e fuEu Lkuk ij ik"k.d`khu ekuo ds`
leku ujda`d`k ^kIr gq, g
(1) ljk; ukgj jk; bkgkckn] m\ ^\
(2) ckxkb[ksj ,oa s[kfu;k fetkZiqj] m\ ^\
(3) ckxksj HhokMk] jktLku

ekuo l;rk ds` fofHUu pj.

euq; ds` `fed` fod`kl d`ks vk|kjHwr ekurs gq,
ekuo l;rk d`ks fuEu ^d`kj ls oxhZ`r fd`;k gS%
ekuo l;rk

ik"k. ;qx

iqjkik"k.d`k

|krq ;qx

e;-ik"k. d`k

uo-ik"k. d`k

(Paleolithic age) (Mesolithic age)

(Neolithic age)

iwoZ-iqjkik"k. d`k
(The lower paleolithic age)

rkez ;qx

d`kaL; ;qx

kSg ;qx

(The copper age) (The bronze age) (The Ironage)

e;-iqjkik"k. d`k
(The Middle Paleolithic Age)

mj-iqjkik"k. d`k
(The upper paleolithic age)

^kphu Hkjr d`k bfrgkl | 11

(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

iVus] bukexko egkjkV_

lksu ?kVh e; ^ns
folknh xqtjkr
lgHwfe >kj[M
bl d`k d`h laL`fr ds` lk{; ds` i e mj ^ns
d`h csu ?kVh e mR[uu ls gMMh d`h ekr~nsoh ^kIr gqbZ gS\
iqjk-ik"k.d`khu vof| 4 k[ o"Z iwoZ ls 10,000
o"Z rd` ekuh tkrh gS\
mj-iqjkik"k.d`k e fp(d`kjh] uDd`kh] ewfrZ
cukus] vkHw". cukus ,oa flkbZ d`k d`k vkfod`kj gks
pqd`k k\

e; ik"k. d`k
(The Mesolithic Age)
fge;qx ds` vUr e ,oa uwru d`k ds` ^kjEH e
xHx 8000 o"Z iwoZ e;ik"k.d`khu laL`fr d`k mn;
gqvk\
e; ik"k. d`k ds` vfLrRo d`h iqfV 19o rkCnh
ds` mjk*Z e `kal ds` ekWl n vft (Mas dAzil)
uked` Lku ij ^kIr vos"k] lk{;k ls gqbZ\ bu lk{;k
ds` vk|kj ij fud`"Z fud`kk x;k fd` iqjkik"k. ,oa
uoik"k. d`k ds` le; e i;kZIr foHsn k\
bl d`k e [jxks] fgj.] cd`jh vkfn tkuoj iSnk
gq,\ NksVs tkuojk ds` fd`kj ds` f, bl d`k e NksVs
ik"k.ksid`j. cuk;s x;s ftUg ekb`ksf (Microliths)
d`gk x;k\
e;ik"k. d`k ds` gf;kjk d`ks O;ogkj e kus ds`
f, gh ,oa d`Mh ds` gRk d`k ^;ksx fd`;k tkrk k\ ;s
gf;kj nks ^d`kj ds` gksrs s ( i ) vT;kWfefrd` ?q
ik"k.ksid`j. ,oa (ii) T;kWfefrd` ?q ik"k.ksid`j.\
e; ik"k. d`k ds` ^eq[ gf;kj fuEuff[r s%
(1) bd`|kj `d` (Backed blade)
(2) cs|uh (Points)
(3) v*ZpUnzkd`kj (Lunate)
(4) leEc (Trapeze)
e; ik"k.d`khu laL`fr ds` ^eq[ L fuEuff[r
g%
(1) ohjHkuiqj if'pe caxk
(2) a?ukt xqtjkr
(3) Vsjh lewg rfeukMq
(4) vknex< e; ^ns

(5)

ckxksj jktLku
(6) eksjguk igkM] ljk; ukgj jk;] egknkgk mj
^ns
mi;qZ` Lk e ljk; ukgj jk; ,oa egknkgk ls
igk ekuo vfL-itj] >kifM;k rk a?ukt xqtjkr
ls feh ds` crZu o;kp d`h xq`kvk vkSj SkJ;k ls
;q*] fd`kj u~R; ds` fp( ^kIr gq, g\
e; ik"k.d`k e Lk;h fuokl] `f"] iqiku
,oa o n`ukus d`h d`k fod`flr gks pqd`h h\
vknex< ,oa ckxksj iqjkik"k.d`kfd` Lk d`k le;
5000 bZ\ iw\ fu|kZfjr fd`;k gS\

uoik"k. d`k
(The Neolithic Age)
fo'o Lrj ij uoik"k.d`khu laL`fr d`k vkjEH
7000 bZ\ iw\ gqvk\ xkWMZu pkbYM uked` iqjkroosk ds`
vuqlkj bl laL`fr d`k mnHo if'peh ,f;k ds` |Uokd`j
s( (Fertile crescent) e gqvk ,oa ;g ls fo'o Hj e
^lkj gqvk\
Hkjr e uoik"k.d`kfd` laL`fr d`h cfLr;k ds` ,oa
`f" lEcU|h ^ek. loZ^e esgjx< flU| vkSj
cwfpLrku-ikfd`Lrku e ^kIr gq, gS\
uoik"k.d`khu ^Lrj mid`j. lcls igs mj
^ns d`h Vkl unh ?kVh e lu 1860 bZ\ e sUeslqfj;j us
^kIr fd`,\
uoik"k.d`k d`k ekuo ikWfnkj] gRs;q` gf;kj]
feh ds` crZu] ewfrZ;k] vkHw".] f[kSus ,oa Hkstu mRiknu
ds` Kku ls ifjfpr k\ bl d`k e o.Z O;oLk] d`chh
^k] n`ukus d`h ^k] iqutZUe iwtk bR;kfn d`h ^k,
^pfr gks xbZ h\
uoik"k.d`k ds` ^eq[ ^pfr gf;kj ,oa mid`j.
fuEuff[r g%
(1) gRsnkj dq`YgkMh
(8) cjek
(2) gfl;k
(9) lwbZ
(3) vks[h
(10) nkrk oks da`|s
(4) ewl
(11) eNh d`k tk
(5) Nsuh
(12) d`kVsnkj cNhZ
(6) Nqjh
(13) cquus d`k lqvk
(7) [kuh

12 |

^kphu Hkjr d`k bfrgkl

|krq ;qx

uoik"k.d`khu laL`fr ds` L fuEuff[r g%

`\
la\

1.

cqtZgkse]
xq`d`jk

orZeku ^kUr

vos" ds` i e ^kIr

lk{;

d`'ehj

n`ukus ds` lk{;]

xrZ?j] e~nHkM]
gf;kj] vfL mid`j.
2. fd`h xq eksgEen DosVk ?kVh iqiku ,oa `f" ds`
ikfd`Lrku lk{; ^kIr gq,\
3. fpjkn
fcgkj
gh ds` mid`j. fgj.
ds` lx
4. ekLd`h] czfxfj d`ukZVd`
iqiku ,oa `f"
5. gqj] d`ksfMd`
d`ukZVd`
vk[sV gf;kj] `f"
6. laxud`Yw
d`ukZVd`
iqiku] `f"] feh ds`
crZu] ^Lrj mid`j.
7. fid`hg] mVuwj vkU|z ^ns a[ ds` <sj] fuokl L
8. iS;keiYh
rfeukMq
fuokl L
9. d`khcaxk
jktLku
mid`j.] `f"] vkokl
10. d`ksMhgok
mj ^ns pko d s ` ^kphure
lk{;
11. vle
vle
ljd`Ms ,oa feh ds` ?j
12. es?k;
es?k;
ljd`Ms ,oa feh ds` ?j
13. esgjx<
ikfd`Lrku ds` `f" ,oa cfLr;k ds`
cwfpLrku e

uo ik"k.d`khu laL`fr d`h fuEuff[r fos"rk,

(The Metal Age)

|krq ;qx d`ks rhu Hkxk e oxhZ`r fd`;k gS%
1. rkez ;qx (The Copper Age)
2. d`kaL; ;qx (The Bronze Age)
3. kSg ;qx (The Iron Age)
iRj ds` iqjkus gf;kjk ds` lk rkcs ds` u;s mid`j.k]
gf;kjk d`k ^;ksx gksus ds` d`kj. rkez ;qx d`ks rkez ik"k.
d`k (The chalcolithic Age) d`gk x;k\

rkez ik"k. d`k (Chalcolithic Age)

bl d`k ds` ekuo us rkcs] g-cS] tq,] ifg,] uko
,oa eqgj ds` ckjs e Kku ^kIr fd`;k ftlls O;f`xr
LokfeRo d`k fod`kl ,oa fofue; d`k ^lkj gqvk\
rkezik"k. d`k ds` ^eq[ lkaL`frd` L fuEuff[r
g%
`\

L
jkT;
1. vkgM] fxqan jktLku
cukl
?kVh e
2. d`k;
e; ^ns
3.

4.

%
(1)

bl d`k e e~rd`k d`ks lEeku ^nku d`jus d`h

n~fV ls d`czxkgk e cMs-cMs iRj xk;s tkrs s] ftUg
egkik"k. (Megalithis) d`gk tkrk k\
(2) bl d`k e pko] xsgw] tkS] ewx] elwj bR;kfn
d`h [srh d`jus] Hkstu id`kus d`k d`k;Z ekuo d`jus xk k\
(3) bl d`k e iwtk-vpZuk] tknqxjh] d`chh ^k]
oxhZ; ^.kh d`k fod`kl gks pqd`k k\
(4) fLj xzkE; thou] cfLr;k] iqiku uoik"k.
d`k e iwjh rjg viuk;k tk pqd`k k\
(5) eNh id`Mus] fd`kj d`jus] vkHw". cukus ,oa
O;olk; d`juk ekuo us ^kjEH d`j fn;k k\
(6) dq`EHd`kjh] pwYgs] jaxus] ewfrZ;k] f[kSus cukus
bR;kfn d`k d`k;Z gksus xk k\

5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

vos"
cMh cfLr;k] id`h bV] ranwj]
e~nHkM] rkez mid`j.] vkHw".
euds`] eqgj] e~ewfrZ;k
rkcs d`h dq`YgkfM;k] feh ds`
crZu] pwfM;k] euds` lw{e gf;kj
uonkVksh e; ^ns lqfu;ksftr cLrh] k-d`ks jax`
ds` e~nHkM] rkcs ds` mid`j.]
xsgw] elwj] puk] eVj] [slkjh
vkSj pko d`h `f" ds` ^ek.
usoklk
egkjkV_ xk;] HsM] cd`jh] lqvj] Hl]
?ksMkiku] pko] tkS] elwj]
eVj] csj cktjk] puk] xsgw] iVlu
d`h [srh ds` ^ek.] d`Pph bV vkSj
w`l] ekr~nsoh] vkHw".
ikaMqjktkj if'peh xs d`k gkj] pwfM;k] n`uk;s o
f<Cch
caxk
tksosZ] n;ek- egkjkV_ pkd`fufeZr VkVhnkj e~nHkM] rkez
ckn] panksh]
mid`j.] lw{eik"k.ksid`j.] `f"
lksuxko]
,oa iqiku] d`klk
bukexko
fpjkn
fcgkj iqiku] `f"
czfxfj]
d`ukZVd` k d`ks] e~nHkM] vkHw".
ekLd`h
ekok]
e;
rkez mid`j.] bVs] iqiku
d`k;] ,j. ^ns
xqaxsfj;k
e;
424 rkez mid`j. ,oa 102 pknh
^ns
ds` irs ij

14 |

^kphu Hkjr d`k bfrgkl

xHx 1000 bZ\ iw\ e xka|kj] cwfpLrku] iwohZ

iatkc] if'peh mj ^ns] jktLku s(k e ksgs ds`
^;ksx gksus ds` ^ek. ^kIr gq, g\
NB rkCnh bZ\ iw\ ds` ckn ksgs ds` mid`j.k e d`kVs]
dq`YgkfM;k] dq`nk] t[sMk] njkfr;k pkdw` bR;kfn ^kIr
gq, g\
kSg ;qx e pkd` ls cus fofHUu jaxk ds` crZu ^kIr
gq,\ blh d`kj. ls bl laL`fr d`ks fpf(r |wlj e~nHkM
laL`fr d`grs g\
ksgk ,oa fpf(r |wljHkM vfgPN(] vkexhjiqj
varjth[sMk] gfLrukiqj] eqjk] jksiM] uksg] t[sMk] ukxnk
,j.] ikMqjktkj<hch] efgln] fpjkn] lksuiqj bR;kfn
Lk ij fes g\

1000 bZ\ iw\ nf. Hkjr ds` egkik"k.k e kSg ^kIr

gksus ds` vk|kj ij mlh nkSjku ls kSg ;qx d`k ^kjEH ekuk
gS\ Lk;h fuokl] foLr~r `f"] fYi ,oa O;olk; rk
gjh l;rk ds` fod`kl ds` LiV lk{; bl nkSjku ^kIr gq,\
bl d`k d`h laL`fr lokZf|d` fod`flr laL`fr h\
fud`"Z %mi;qZ` rF;k ds` vk|kj ij ;g `d`gk tk
ld`rk gS fd` ekuo d`h mRif ,oa l;rk d`k mnHo
nSoh; ^Hko ;k vkd`fLed` f` ds` ^Hkoo ug vfirq
tok;oh; ,oa HkSxksfd` ifjorZuk ds` `fed` fod`kl ls
;g lEHo gks ld`k gS\ fofHUu pj.k e ^xfr ds` d`nek ls
vxzlj gksrk gqvk ekuo l;rk ds` eqd`ke rd` igqpus e
l` jgk gS\

ijhksi;ksxh Lej.h; rF;

Hkjrh; bfrgkl ds` s[u d`h ijEijk vk|qfud` Hkjr e

18o rkCnh ls ^kjEH gqbZ\
lu 1784 bZ\ e okjsu gsLVXl ,oa lj fof;e tksUl us
d`d`k e ,f;kfVd` lkslk;Vh vkW` caxk d`h Lkiuk
d`j Hkjrh; bfrgkl d`ks iquthZfor fd`;k\
Hkjrh; bfrgkld`kjk us 19 o rkCnh ds` mjk*Z e
Hkjrh; bfrgkl d`h jpuk d`h\
Hkjr d`ks bZjkfu;k us fgUnqLrku] ;wukfu;k us bfM;k uke
fn;k\
eRL;iqjk. ds` vuqlkj o~gj Hkjro"Z ds` ukS Hsn
g%bUnz}hi] d`ls] rkezi.hZ] xHfLreku] ukx}hi] lkSE;]
xU|oZ] ok. ,oa lkxj ls f?jk Hkjr\
izkphu Hkjr mjh xksk*Z e 7 vkSj 37 vka ,oa
62 rk 98 nskUrj ds` e; vofLr Fkk\
Hkjro"Z d`h mjh lhek fgek;] if'peksj lhek
lqseku] ls`n d`ksg ,oa fd`jj] n~< if'peksj lhek ds`
i e fgUnqdq` vkSj ikehj] iwoksZj d`h lhek nf. d`h
vksj >qd`us okh fgek; d`h k~a[k, iVd`ksbZ] t;fUr;k]
ukxk [klh] xksjk] qlkbZ ,oa vkjkd`ku;ksek rk uhps ds`
s( ds` rhuk rj` d`h lhek d`k fuekZ. fgUn egklkxj
}kjk gksrk gS\
lEiw.Z ^kphu Hkjro"Z d`ks ikp ^k`frd` foHkxk e
oxhZ`r fd`;k gS%fgek; k~[k] mj Hkjr ds` eSnku
foU;es[k] nf.h ^k;}hi ,oa lqnwj nf.\
^kphu Hkjr ds` fuokfl;k e ^eq[ i ls pkj tkfr;k
foeku %vk;Z] nzfoM] cj-iqfUn] fd`jkr ;k eaxks\
vk;Z tkfr foU;kp ,oa fgek; ioZr ds` e;] nzfoM
lqnwj nf. e] cj-iqfUn foU;es[k ds` taxh ,oa

igkMh s(k e rk fd`jkr tkfr fgek; ds` mjh-iwohZ

Hkx e fuokl d`jrh h\
^kphu Hkjr e pkj Hk"k ifjokj foeku s%vk;Z Hk"k
ifjokj] nzfoM Hk"k ifjokj] cj-iqfUn Hk"k ifjokj]
fd`jkr Hk"k ifjokj\
l;rk ds` vkjEH] ekuo ds` mnHo ,oa ^kjfEHd` fod`kl
d`h ^f`;k d`ks tkuus d`k Aksr ^kxSfrgkl gS\
^kxSfrgkl ds` }kjk 30 k[ o"Z iwoZ ls 3000 bZ\ iw\ ds`
igs d`k v;;u fd`;k tkrk gS\
bfrgkl ds` v;;u d`h nks i*fr;k%,sfrgkfld` ,oa
iqjkrkfod` i*fr gS\
^kxSfrgkl ds` f, nks fof|;k ^pfr g%mid`j. ^i
,oa Lrj `e foKku\
^kxSfrgkfld` d`k e fuEuff[r mid`j. ,oa gf;kj
s%
1. xaMklk vkSj [Md` mid`j. (Chooper & chooping
tools)

gLrdq`Bkj (Hand axe)

3. fonkj.h (Clever)
4. [qjpuh (Scraper)
5. cs|uh (Point)
6. cs|d` (Borer)
7. r.h (Burin)
frf fu|kZj. fof|;k e lokZf|d` ^pfr fof| jsfM;ks
d`kcZu fof| (Radio carbon method) ;k C-14 gS\
fgUnw |kfeZd` xzUk ds` vuqlkj czk us lEiw.Z lalkj d`h
jpuk d`h ,oa euq d`ks lcls igs cuk;k\
2.

^kphu Hkjr d`k bfrgkl | 15

vk|qfud` foKku ds` vuqlkj thok ds` `fed` fod`kl eNh

es<d` ljhl~i ekuo ds` i e ekuo d`k
fod`kl gqvk\
ekuo le^k.h gkseksfuM d`k mnHo 1 d`jksM 20 k[
o"Z ls 90 k[ o"Z rd` iqjkuk ekuk tkrk gS\
gksekslsfi;Ul vkZr Kkuh ekuo orZeku ^tkfr ds` ekuo
ls lkE;rk j[rk gS ftld`k vkfoHkZo 50,000 o"Z iwoZ
gqvk\
ekuo oSKkfud`k ds` vuqlkj ^kphu Hkjr e fuEu ikp
^tkfr;k %
1. fuxzhVks (Negrito)
2. vk-vkLV_sf;kbZ (Proto-Australoid)
3. d`kds`lh (Caucassoids)
4. eaxkske (Mangoloids)
5. Hwe;lkxjh; ^tkfr (Mediterranean)
ik"k.d`khu ekuo ds` ujda`d`kk ls fers gq, ujda`d`k
fuEu Lkuk ij ^kIr gq, g%
ljk; ukgjjk; bkgckn] m\ ^\
ckxkbZ[ksj ,oa s[kfu;k fetkZiqj] m\ ^\
ckxksj HhokMk] jktLku
ekuo l;rk ds` d`k d`ks nks ^eq[ Hkxk e foH` fd`;k
x;k gS%
(1) ik"k. ;qx
(2) |krq ;qx
iwoZ-iqjkik"k.d`k d`k vf|d`ka le; fge;qx ds` vUrxZr
O;rhr gqvk\
iwoZ-iqjkik"k.d`khu lk{;k e xq`k,] ^kxSfrgkfld` d`k`fr;k ,oa fpf(r SkJ; e; ^ns ds` HhecsVd`k ,oa
mj ^ns ds` csu ?kVh s( ls mR[uu ds` nkSjku ^kIr
gq,\
^fl* Hkjrh; iqjkroosk MkW\ ,p\ Mh\ lkd`f;k us
e;-iqjkik"k.;qx d`ks `d` laL`fr (Flake-culture)
d`gk\
e;iqjkik"k.d`k ds` gf;kj ,oa mid`j. tSLij ,oa pVZ
iRjk ls cuk;s tkrs s\
vfXu ,oa e~rd` laLd`kj d`h ijEijk d`k vkfoHkZo e;iqjkik"k.d`k e gqvk\
cs|d` (Borer), [qjpuh (Scrapper), cs|fu;k (Points)
,oa gk d`h dq`YgkMh (Hand axe) e; iqjkik"k. d`k ds`
^eq[ gf;kj s\
iqjkik"k.d`k d`h vof| 4 k[ o"Z iwoZ ls 10,000 o"Z
rd` ekuh tkrh gS\
fge;qx (Ice Age) ds` vUr e mj-iqjkik"k.d`k d`k
mn; gqvk\

mj-ik"k.d`k ds` ekuo d`h ^tkfr gksekslsfi;Ul h\

gh d`h ekr~nsoh mj-iqjkik"k.d`khu lk{; ds` mR[uu
e csu ?kVh mj ^ns ls ^kIr gqbZ\
mj-iqjkik"k.d`k e fp(d`kjh] uDd`kh] ewfrZd`k ,oa
flkbZ d`k d`k vkfod`kj gks pqd`k k\
e;-ik"k.d`k ds` vfLrRo d`h iqfV 19 o rkCnh ds`
mjk*Z e `kal ds` ekWl n vft (Mas d Azil) uked`
Lku ij ^kIr vos"k] lk{;k ls gqbZ\
e;-ik"k.d`k ds` mid`j.] gf;kjk d`ks NksVs gksus ds`
d`kj. ekb`ksf (Microlith) d`gk tkrk k\
e;-ik"k.d`khu laL`fr d`k mn; 8000 o"Z iwoZ gqvk
k\
e;-ik"k.d`k d`h laL`fr d`k igk ekuo da`d`k ,oa
>kifM;k mj ^ns ds` ljk; ukgj jk; ,oa egknkgk e
^kIr gqbZ\
e;-ik"k.d`k e gf;kj gh ,oa iRj ds` gRs ls ;q`
gksrs s\
iqjkik"k.d`khu laL`fr L vknex< ,oa ckxksj d`k
le; 5,000 bZ\ iw\ fu|kZfjr fd`;k gS\
foU;kp d`h xq`kvk e e;ik"k.d`k ds` lk{; ds` i
e ;q* ,oa u~R; ds` fp( ^kIr gq, g\
uoik"k.d`khu laL`fr d`k mnHo ,oa ^lkj xkWMZu
pkbYM ds` vuqlkj if'peh ,f;k ds` |Uokd`j s(
(Fertile Crescent) e gqvk\
uoik"k.d`k d`h laL`fr d`k vkfoHkZo fo'o Lrj ij
7000 bZ\ iw\ gqvk\
uoik"k.d`khu laL`fr ds` ^Lrj mid`j. loZ^e mj
^ns d`h Vkl unh ?kVh e lu 1860 bZ\ e sUeslqfj;j us
^kIr fd`,\
uoik"k.d`khu cfLr;k ,oa `f" ds` LiV vkSj lcls
igs lk{; esgjx< ikfd`Lrku e ^kIr gq,\
uoik"k.d`khu laL`fr e d`chh ^k] o.Z O;oLk]
iqutZUe ,oa iwtk d`k ^pu ^kjEH gqvk k\
cqtZgkse ,oa xq`d`jk d`'ehj e uoik"k.d`khu
laL`fr ds` lk{; crkSj xrZ?j] e~nHkM] n`us gq, o
,oa mid`j. ^kIr gq, g\
cquus d`k lqvk ,oa eNh id`Mus d`k tk uoik"k.d`khu laL`fr ds` ^eq[ vkfod`kj s\
uoik"k.d`khu laL`fr Lk e vos" ds` i e fpjkn
fcgkj ls gh ds` cus mid`j.] gfj. ds` lxk ls cus
gf;kj ,oa fid`hg] mVuwj vkU|z ^ns ls a[ ds`
<sj] fuokl Lku rk d`ksMhgok m\^\ ls pko
mRiknu ds` ^kphure lk{; fes g\
dq`EHd`kjh] Hkstu mRiknu] tknwxjh] oxhZ; O;oLk d`ks
uoik"k.d`khu laL`fr e viuk;k tk pqd`k k\

16 |

^kphu Hkjr d`k bfrgkl

uoik"k.d`k e e~rd`k d`ks lEeku ^nku d`jus d`h n~fV ls

d`czxkgk ij cMs iRj xk;s tkrs s ftUg egkik"k.
(Megalithis) d`gk tkrk k\
rkez ;qx e rkcs ds` lk-lk iRj ds` mid`j. ,oa
gf;kjk d`k ^;ksx Hh fd`;k tkrk k\ vr# rkez ;qx d`ks
rkezik"k.d`k (Chalcolithic Age) d`gk tkrk k\
rkezik"k.d`k ds` ekuo d`ks tq,] g-cS] ifg,] uko ,oa
eqgj d`k Kku k\
rkezik"k.d`khu laL`fr Lk e e; ^ns ds` xqaxsfj;k
uked` L ls lk{; Loi 424 rkez mid`j. ,oa 102
pknh ds` irs ij ik;s x;s tks lokZf|d` rkez fuf| d`k
mnkgj. gS\
rkezik"k.d`khu laL`fr xzkE; laL`fr h] sfd`u gjh
l;rk d`ks Lkfir d`jus d`h fnk e vxzlj h\
iqjkrooskvk ds` vuqlkj 5000 bZ\ iw\ rkcs d`k lcls
igs mi;ksx fd`;k\
rkezik"k.d`khu laL`fr ds` lokZf|d` vos" if'peh
egkjkV_ ls ^kIr gq, ftue vgenuxj ds` tksosZ] usoklk]
n;ekckn] iq.s ds` lksuxko] bukexko] pUnksh ^eq[ i
ls s\ bl laL`fr d`ks tksosZ laL`fr Hh d`gk tkrk k\
1200 bZ\ iw\ vuko~fV ds` d`kj. rkezik"k.d`khu laL`fr
qIr gks xbZ\
rkezik"k.d`khu laL`fr ds` vos"k e d`k; uked`
L ij k-d`ks e~nHkM ^kIr gq, ftue ^kd` gMIiu
,oa gMIiksj laL`fr ds` ^Hko n~fVxr gksrs g\
rkezd`khu laL`fr d`ks iqjkroosk gMIik laL`fr ls
lEc* ekurs g\
xaxk ?kVh rkez fuf| d`k fod`kl vuqekur# 2000 ls
1800 bZ\ iw\ ds` e; gqvk\

rkez ;qx ds` lk{; xaxk ?kVh ,oa xaxk-;equk nksvkc s( e

^kIr gq, ftue gk d`h dq`YgkMh] eRL; Hks] k~afxd`k ;q`
rokj] ekuorkjksih ewfrZ;k ^kIr gqb\
d`kaL; ;qx (The Bronze Age) d`k vkfoHkZo 3000 bZ\ iw\
gqvk k\
d`kaL; ;qx d`h laL`fr ds` ekuo ds` O;kolkf;d` lEcU|
if'peh ,f;k ,oa e; ,f;k ds` lk s\
d`kaL; ;qx e 2000-1700 bZ\ iw\ ds` e; flU|q ?kVh ,oa
jktLku] gfj;k.k] iatkc] xqtjkr] if'peh mj ^ns e
gjh l;rk d`k fod`kl gqvk\
d`kaL; ;qx e gMIik] eksgutksnMks] ks] d`khcaxk ,oa
cuokh tSls gjk d`k mn; gqvk\
jkT; ,oa ds`Unzh; f` d`k fod`kl d`kaL; ;qx e gqvk\
ksgs ds` ^;ksx xHx 1400 bZ\ iw\ gksuk ^kjEH gq,\
kSg ;qx e lkezkT;oknh ^xfr d`k fod`kl] flDd`k d`k
^pu ^kjEH gqvk\
vk;ks d`k vkxeu kSg ;qx e gqvk k\
kSg ;qx d`ks jax-fcjaxs pkd` ls cus crZu vos" e ^kIr
gksus ds` d`kj. fpf(r |wlj e~nHkM laL`fr d`grs g\
kSg ;qx d`h laL`fr ds` fuEuff[r L ^eq[ s%
1. vfgPN(
9. ukxnk
2. vkexhjiqj
10. ,j.
3. varjth[sMk
11. ikMq
4. gfLrukiqj
12. ikaMqjktkj f<ch
5. eqjk
13. efgln
6. jksiM
14. fpjkn
7. uksg
15. lksuiqj
8. t[sMk

fofV Lej.h; rF;

^kxSfrgkl ds` v;;u lzksr
v iqjkrRo (Archecology)
c ekuo foKku (Anthropology)
l HwxHZkL( (Geology)
n izkf.kL( (Zoology)
; thok'e foKku (Paleontology)
j Hwxks (Geography)

^kxSfrgkl ds` frf fu|kZj. ds` f, izpfr fof|;k

d` lkis frf (Relating dating)
[ fujis frf fof| (Absolute dating)

x Lrjhd`j. ds` vk|kj ij (On the basis of

Stratification)

? Hwvkd~`fr foKku fof| (Geomorphological

Method)

vU;ksU;kJ; d`kkuq`e frf (Cross dating)

p o~o; fo's". fof| (Dendro Chronology)

N vuqo"Z Lrj fo's". (Varve analysis)

t ijkx fo's". fof| (Palynology)
> iqjkpqEcd`Ro (Paleomagnetism)
k jsfM;ks d`kcZu fof| ;k C-14 (Radio-Carbon
Method)

^kphu Hkjrh; bfrgkl | 17

izeq[ ekuo iztkfr;k

(i) ^kbesV
(iii) vkLV_sksfisd`l
(v) gkseksbjsDVl
(vii) gksekslsfi;u

mj-iqjkik"k.d`k ds` gf;kj / mid`j.

(ii) jkekfisd`l
(iv) vz`hds`ul
(vi) fu;aMj

Hkjr e miC| ekuo d`h 5 iztkfr;k

v fuxzhVks (Negrito)
c vk-vkLV_sf;kbZ (Proto-Australoid)
l d`kWds`lh (Caucassoids)
n eaxkskH (Mongoloids)
; Hwe;lkxjh; iztkfr (Mediterranean)

ekuo l;rk ds` fofHUu pj.

(1) pkdw` (Knife)

(2) C;wfju (Burin)
(3) Ls`ij (Scraper)
(4) fNnzd` (Borer)
(5) j (Points)
(6) vfL d`h vad~`r
(7) lqb;k (Neddles)
(8) Hks d`h ukd`

NM (Decorated bones stic)

e;-ik"k.d`k ds` izeq[ gf;kj / mid`j.

(1) bd`|kj `d` (Backed blade)
(2) cs|uh (Points)
(3) v*ZpUnzkd`kj (Lunate)
(4) leEc (Trapeze)

v eq; nks pj.%

(i) ik"k. ;qx] (ii) |krq ;qx
c ik"k. ;qx ds` rhu Hkx%
uoik"k.d`k ds` izeq[ gf;kj / mid`j.
(i) iqjkik"k. d`k (Paleolithic Age)
(ii) e;ik"k. d`k (Mesolithic Age)
(1) gRsnkj dq`YgkMh
(2) gfl;k
(iii) uoik"k. ;qx (Neolithic Age)
(3) vks[h
(4) ewl
l iqjkik"k. ;qx ds` rhu Hkx%
(5) Nsuh
(6) Nqjh
(i) iw o Z iqjkik"k. d`k (The lower Paleo(7) :[kuh
(8) cjek
lithic Age)
(9) lqbZ
(10) nkrk oks da`?s
(ii) e; iqjkik"k. d`k (The Middle Paleo(11) eNh d`k uhl
(12) d`kVsnkj cNhZ
lithic Age)
(13) cquus d`k lqvk
(iii) mjik"k. d`k (The upper paleolithic
Age)

n |krq ;qx ds` rhu Hkx%

(i) rkez ;qx (The Copper Age)
(ii) d`kaL; ;qx (The Bronze Age)
(iii) kSg ;qx (The Iron Age)

iwoZ-iqjkik"k. d`k ds` gf;kj / mid`j.

(1) [Md` mid`j. (Chopping tools)
(3) gk d`h dq`YgkMh (Hand-Axe)
(3) fonkjf.;k (Clevers)
(4) `d` (Flake)
(5) d`ksM (Core)

e;-iqjkik"k.d`k ds` gf;kj / mid`j.

(1) cs|d` (Borers)
(2) [qjpuh (Scrapper)
(3) cs|fu;k (Points)
(4) gk d`h dq`YgkMh (Hand-Axe)

kSg;qxhu laLd~`fr ds` izeq[ L

mR[uu ls fpf(r |wlj e~nHkM ,oa ksgk izkIr
gqvk gS
(1) vfgPN(
(2) vkexhjiqj
(3) varjth[sMk
(4) gfLrukiqj
(5) eqjk
(6) jksiM
(7) uksg
(8) t[sMk
(9) ukxnk
(10) ,j.
(11) ikMq
(12) jtkj<hch
(13) efgln
(14) fpjkn
(15) lksuiqj

ik"k.d`k d`k d`k`e

v iqjkik"k.d`k 20 k[ bZ\ iw\9000 bZ\ iw\
c e;ik"k.d`k 9000 bZ\ iw\4000 bZ\ iw\
l uoik"k.d`k 4000 bZ\ iw\2000 bZ\ iw\

30%
OFF

Publisher : Upkar Prakashan

ISBN : 9789350136164

Author : Dr. K. K. Sharma

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/5114

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