Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vector Calc PDF
Vector Calc PDF
a b = a b cos
where is the angle between a and b.
In component form,
ab
= a1b1 + a 2 b2 + a 3 b3
Parallel vectors
If a and b are parallel, then ab = |a||b| or -|a||b|
Note: When a = b, ab = aa =|a|2
ii.
Perpendicular vectors
For non-zero vectors a and b,
a b = 0 a b
iii.
a b = a1
b1
a2
b2
a3
b3
=i
a2
a3
b2
b3
a1
a3
b1
b3
+k
a1
b1
a2
b2
= (a 2 b3 a 3 b 2 ) i (a1b3 a 3 b1 ) j + (a1b 2 a 2 b1 )k
Vector Functions
A vector-valued function, or vector function, is a function whose domain is a set of real
numbers and whose range is a set of vectors.
If f(t), g(t) and h(t) are the components of the vector r(t), then f, g and h are real-valued
functions called the component functions of r and
r(t ) = f (t ) i + g (t ) j + h(t ) k
Suppose that f, g and h are continuous real-valued functions on an interval I. Then the
set C of all points (x, y, z) in space, where
x = f(t)
y = g(t)
z = h(t)
and t varies throughout the interval I, is called a space curve. The equations above are
called parametric equations of C and t is called a parameter. The space curve is traced
out by a moving particle whose position at time t is (f(t), g(t), h(t)). Hence, the vector r(t)
is the position vector of the point P(f(t), g(t), h(t)) on C.
Example
Describe the curve defined by the vector function r (t ) = cos t i + sin t j + t k .
C
0
y
x
Definition: Derivative at a point
The vector function r(t) = f(t)i + g(t)j + h(t)k is differentiable at t = to if f, g and h are
differentiable at to. The derivative is the vector
r' (t ) =
dr
r(t + h) r(t ) df dg dh
= lim
= i + j+ k
dt h0
h
dt dt
dt
Note:
i.
ii.
iii.
r ' (t )
.
r ' (t )
Examples
1.
2.
3.
Sum Rule:
4.
Difference Rule:
5.
6.
7.
Chain Rule:
d
C=0
dt
d
[cu(t )] = cu' (t )
dt
d
[ f (t )u(t )] = f ' (t )u(t ) + f (t )u' (t )
dt
d
[u(t ) + v(t )] = u' (t ) + v' (t )
dt
d
[u(t ) v(t )] = u' (t ) v' (t )
dt
d
[u(t ) v(t )] = u' (t ) v(t ) + u(t ) v ' (t )
dt
d
[u(t ) v(t )] = u' (t ) v(t ) + u(t ) v' (t )
dt
d
[u( f (t ))] = f ' (t )u' ( f (t ))
dt
Example
If A = 5t 2 i + t j t 3 k and B = sin t i cos t j , find d (A B ) .
dt
F ( x, y , z ) = F1 ( x, y , z ) i + F2 ( x, y , z ) j + F3 ( x, y , z )k
F( x, y ) = x i + y j
i+
j+ k = i + j
+k
x
y
z
x
`y
z
f
f
f
f = i +
j+
k f =
i+
j+
k
y
z
x
y
z
x
2.
Find if
i.
= ln |r|
ii.
1
r
Du f = f u = f u cos = f cos
i. D u f is maximum when u is parallel to f ; f increases most rapidly at any point in
its domain in the direction of f; the maximum rate of change of f is f .
Geometric relationship between the level curves and the gradient of a function f of
two variables
If f is differentiable at ( x0 , y 0 ) , then f ( x0 , y 0 ) is normal to the level curve of f
through
(x0 , y 0 )
and forms the normal vector to the level curve of f at the point
(x0 , y 0 ) .
Geometric relationship between the level surfaces and the gradient of a function f
of three variables
If f is differentiable at ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) , then f ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) is normal to the level surface
of f through ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) ; the unit normal vector to the level surface, n , is given by
n =
f
.
f
Example
Find a unit vector that is normal to the level surface x 2 y 2 yz = 11 at the point
(1, 1, -5).
The Divergence
Let F(x, y, z) = F1i + F2j + F3k defines a differentiable vector field. Then the divergence of
F, written F or div F, is defined by
F F F
F = i +
j + k (F1i + F2 j + F3k ) = 1 + 2 + 3
y
z
x
y
z
x
Note:
i.
F is a scalar field
ii.
FF
The term divergence originated in the study of fluid flow; it relates to the way in which
fluid flows toward or away from a point.
In other words, div F ( x, y , z ) measures the tendency of the fluid to diverge from the
point ( x, y , z ) .
div F ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) > 0 net flow of fluid outwards near ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) .
Examples
1.
2.
Given = 2 x 3 y 2 z 4
i.
ii.
2
2
2
Show that = , where = 2 + 2 + 2 denotes the
x
y
z
2
Laplacian operator.
The Curl
If F(x, y, z) = F1i + F2j + F3k is a differentiable vector field then the curl or rotation of F,
written F, curl F or rot F, is defined by
i+
j + k (F1i + F2 j + F3 k )
y
z
x
F =
=
x
F1
y
F2
z
F3
F3 F2 F1 F3 F2 F1
i +
k
j +
=
Note:
,
x
,
y
must
z
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
(x0 , y 0 , z 0 ) .
Example
If A = x 2 z i 2 y 3 z 2 j + xy 2 z k , find
i.
ii.
curl curl A
Formulae involving
If A and B are differentiable vector functions and and are differentiable scalar
functions of position (x, y, z), then
3.
) = k f
( f g ) = f g
( fg ) = f g + g f
4.
( + ) = +
5.
(A + B) = A + B
6.
(A + B) = A + B
7.
(A) = () A + ( A)
8.
(A) = () A + ( A)
9.
(A B) = B ( A) A ( B)
10.
(A B) = (B )A B( A) (A )B + A( B)
11.
(A B) = (B )A + (A )B + B ( A) + A ( B)
12.
2 2 2
()
+
+
x 2 y 2 z 2
1.
2.
(kf
2
2
2
where = 2 + 2 + 2 is called the Laplacian operator
x
y
z
2
13.
14.
15.
( A) = ( A) 2A
F ( x, y, z ) = F1 ( x. y.z ) i + F2 ( x, y, z ) j + F3 ( x, y, z ) k
F ( x, y, z ) = F1 ( x, y, z ) i + F2 ( x, y, z ) j + F3 ( x, y, z )k is conservative F = 0.
Example
Show that F ( x, y, z ) = 4 y i + (4 x + 2 yz ) j + y 2 k is conservative and find its potential
function.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.