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29
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55 - 56
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64 - 65
66 - 67
68 - 69

29/

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17/
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37
39

- 34
- 36
- 38
- 40

41
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k yfonfh "gwkypn;f rsm;udk toH;k jyKrMd uayonf/ yHrk eS u
f iG ;f qif;avhvmjcif;onf
awmifolv,form;rsm;twGuf uGif;rsm;\tajctaeudk avhvmrSwfom; pdppfoHk;oyfEdkifonfh

arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

tcGit
hf vrf;&&Sad pNy;D if;avhvmrIukd pdu
k yf sKd ;0ef;usijf zpfxeG ;f rI pDppfo;kH oyfjcif;[k ac:qdyk gonf/
avhvmrIonf oD;ESyH ifBu;D xGm;rI tqifu
h Mkd unf
h rnfonft
h oifah wmfq;kH vkyif ef; csrw
S &f rnfukd
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rvdkvm;tyfonfh p&dwfrsm; avQmhcsay;Edkifjcif;? txGufEIef;udk jrifhrm;vmapjcif;wdkY &&Sdygonf/
yHrk eS af vhvmjcif;tm;jzifh awmifov
l ,form;rsm;onf &moDOwkajymif;vJrEI iS t
hf wl oD;ES\
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jyifykyo
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uRrf;usifawmifolrsm;arG;xkwfjcif;
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tm;ud;k aerIukd z,f&mS ;oifo
h nf/ ,if;tajccHtcsuo
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aomhcsurf mS awmiforl sm;tm; uRr;f usio
f rl sm;tjzpf ysK;d axmifay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ uRr;f usio
f q
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k
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avhvmNy;D ygu tqH;k owfayonf/ od&Yk mwGif wpfpw
kH pfa,mufonf rnfuo
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Yk b0
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udk vrf;Terf aI y;xm;ojzifh ,if;wdo
Yk nf avhvmrIukd rnfoq
Ykd ufvufaqmif&u
G &f rnfukd od&NdS y;D
vuf&rdS odao;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk od&u
dS Rr;f usio
f rl sm; jzpfvmygonf/

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef; (FFS)\ zGUJ pnf;rI

avhvm&efpdkufuGuf
FFS wGif avhvm&efpu
kd u
f u
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k u
f u
G w
f iG f awmiforl sm;onf oD;ESrH sm;pdu
k yf sKd ;

avh&dSonfh pdkufuGufjzpfNyD; pdkufuGif;avhvmrIrsm;pDpOfjcif;ESifh jyem&yftay: tajccHonfh

vufawGUokawoeprf;oyfcsurf sm;udk aqmif&u
G f jcif; ponfwu
Ykd kd jyKvyk &f ygrnf/ avhvmrnfh pdu
k u
f u
G f
tus,t
f 0ef;onf {u0uf rS (1){u xd&ydS gonf/ avhvmrnfph u
kd u
f u
G u
f kd a&G;cs,&f mwGif aus;&Gmrsm;ESihf
teD;qH;k ae&mwGif &S&d ygonf/ odrYk o
S mvQif awmifot
l rsm;pk vG,u
f pl mG yg0ifEikd rf nfjzpfonf/

10

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

awGUqH&k mae&m
awmifot
l csi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;Edik f
aprnfh awGUqH&k efae&mwpfck FFS wGif
vkt
d yfygonf? yxrOD;pGm awmifov
l ,f
orm;rsm;onf awG U qH k & mae&mwG i f
pkpnf; oifwef;yHyh ;dk olrsm;\ vrf;Terf I
rsm;udk em;axmif&efjzpfygonf/ xdaYk emuf
tzGUJ i,frsm;cG
J uGi;f xJoq
Ykd if;Ny;D pdu
k yf sKd ;
0ef;usifjzpfxGef;rII Agro-ecosystem
Analysis (AESA)yHpk rH sm;udk toH;k jyK
uGi;f qif;ppfaq;rSww
f rf; &,lMuygonf/
uGif;qif;NyD;vQif awGUqHk&mae&modkY
jyefvm uGi;f qif;rSww
f rf;rsm;udk jyefvnfjyKpNk y;D tcsi;f csi;f qufvufaqG;aEG; rQa0Muygonf/
awGUqH&k mae&mwGif (1)

pma&;om;&ef taxmuftulypn;f rsm;&S&d rnf/

(2)

aea&mifjcnfEiS hf rd;k &Gmjcif;wdrYk S tumtuG,&f &dS rnf/

(3)

pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; csw

d q
f &JG efae&m &S&d rnf/

(4)

uGi;f qif;avhvmrnfah e&mESihf teD;qH;k jzpf&rnf/

oifwef;om;rsm;
FFS oifwef;om;rsm;onf awmifol v,form; ppfppfjzpf&rnf/ v,form;rsm;udk atmufyg

pHEeI ;f xm;jzifh a&G;cs,&f rnf/

(1)

pdw0f ifpm;Ny;D tcsed rf eS yf g0ifEikd o

f rl sm; jzpf&rnf/

(2)

tcsed jf ynfh v,form;rsm;jzpf&ygrnf/

(3)

trsKd ;orD;v,form;rsm;udv
k nf; wef;wlyg0ifEikd &f ef tm;ay;oifyh gonf/

yHyh ;kd olq&m

(1)

h nf/
oifwef;q&mjzpfoifwef; (TOT) wufa&mufNy;D ol jzpfoifo

(2)

vkyif ef;wGif tav;teuf pdwx

f ufoefol jzpf&rnf/

v,form;v,fuGif;oifwef; (FFS) aumfrwD

FFS wdi
k ;f wGif aumfrwDtzGUJ 0if (3)OD; odUk r[kwf (5)OD; (OuX? twGi;f a&;rSL;? b@ma&;rSL;)
ponfjzifh zGUJ pnf;xm;onf/ if;wd\
Yk t"duu@rSm ,mpyg;awmiforl sm;udpk nf;H;k jcif;? FFS \aeYpOf

vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk Bu;D Muyfjcif;wdjYk zpfygonf/

arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

11

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef; (FFS) oif;kd Te;f wrf;

oif d k ; T e f ; wrf ; wG i f roif r ae& bmom&yf r sm;tjyif awmif o l w d k Y \ vd k t yf c suf E S i f h
pdw0f ifpm;rItay: rlwnfNy;D awmifow
l u
Ykd ,
kd w
f ikd af &G;cs,o
f nfh bmom&yfrsm;yg0ifavonf? roifrae&
bmom&yfrsm;wGif tajccHo;D ESpH u
kd yf sKd ;xkwv
f yk jf cif; bmom&yfrsm;yg0ifNy;D awmiforl sm;a&G;cs,o
f nfh
bmom&yfrsm;rSm yHrk eS v
f ,f,mvkyif ef;wGif awGUBuKH &aom tcuftcJ t[eft
Y wm;rsm;ESio
hf ufqikd o
f nfh
bmom&yfrsm; jzpfonf/ yHrk eS o
f if;kd Te;f wrf;wpfcw
k iG f a,bl,stm;jzifh atmufyg bmom&yfrsm;
yg0ifonf/
pD r H u d e f ; a&;qG J j cif ;
(1) aus;&GmajryHak &;qGjJ cif;
(2) yef;wdik cf srw
S jf cif;
(3) rlvtajctaeESihf &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik u
f kd qef;ppfjcif;
(4) vkyif ef;tpDtpOfcsrw
S jf cif;
rsd K ;aph E S i f h y sd K ;yif r sm;
(1) t&nftaoG;aumif;rsKd ;aphEiS hf ysKd ;yifrsm;\ pHE;HI rsm;ESihf ta&;ygrI
(2) qm;azsm&f nftoH;k jyKNy;D rsKd ;apha&G;cs,jf cif;
(3) t&nftaoG;aumif; rsKd ;aphxw
k v
f yk jf cif;
(4) t&nftaoG;aumif;ysK;d yifrsm; xkwv
f yk jf cif;
ajrqDvTm
(1) obm0ajrMoZmESihf tPkZ0D rsm;\ u@ESit
hf a&;ygrI
(2) &S&d if;pGt
J PkZ0D rsm;? opfaqG;ajrMoZmESihf tyifa[mfrek ;f tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd kd xkwv
f yk jf cif;
(3) r&Srd jzpfvt
kd yfonf"h gwfrsm;? tyifwiG ;f vkyaf qmifcsuEf iS t
hf a&;ygyHk (tzGUJ vdu
k af qmif&u
G jf cif;)
(4) tm[m&rsm;&Edik rf ?I qH;k H;I rI? oD;ESt
H <uif;tuseEf iS hf aumuf;kd rsm; jyefvnftoH;k csjcif;
(5) opfprd ;f ajrMoZmpdu
k yf sKd ;jcif;
(6) tm[m&puf0ef;
pd k u f y sd K ;0ef ; usifj zpfxGe f; rIa vhvmjcif;
(1) obm0ywf0ef;usiEf iS hf pdu
k yf sK;d 0ef;usijf zpfxeG ;f rI
(2) pdu
k yf sK;d 0ef;usijf zpfxeG ;f rIwiG f yg0ifonft
h csurf sm;ESihf tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSew
f jYHk yefrrI sm;
(3) v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;\ tajccHtcsurf sm;
(4) pdu
k yf sKd ;0ef;usijf zpfxeG ;f rI qef;ppfavhvmjcif;

12

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

tyifjyifykyo
f iG v
f uPm&yfrsm;ESihf ZD0uraA'
(1)

tyifBu;D xGm;wd;k wufrI tqifrh sm;

(2)

tyif jyifykyo
f iG v
f uPm&yfrsm; avhvmjcif;
rsKd ;aphrsm;? yifymG ;rsm;? tESpH wifjcif; tajctae? yef;yGijhf cif; (erlemrsm;pkaqmif;jcif;)

(3)

tm[m&pm;oH;k rI (vufawGU)

(4)

yd;k owfaq;rsm;\ vlUuse;f rma&;ESihf ywf0ef;usiaf y: tusKd ;oufa&mufrI (vufawGU)

tyifumuG,fjcif;
(1) yd;k rTm;rsm; pkaqmif;jcif;ESihf cGjJ cm;owfrw
S jf cif;
(2) yd;k rTm;rsm;\ b0puf0ef; (yd;k rTm;O,smOf)
(3) tyifrS xkwv
f yk o
f nfh yd;k ESiaf q;rsm;
(5) a&m*gBw*d yH kH (tzGUJ vdu
k af qmif&u
G jf cif;)
&yfaus;vlxktajcjyK BuD;MuyfuGyfuJjcif;ESifh jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;
(1) Bu;D MuyfuyG u
f jJ cif;ESihf jyefvnfo;kH oyfjcif;
(2) jyefvnfo;kH oyfjcif;ESihf pDrcH suaf &;qGjJ cif;
,mpyg;,mcif;oifwef; (FFS) oifwef;tcsdefzGJYpnf;yHk
pyg;oD;ESHESifhywfoufonfh FFS oifwef;csdefrsm;udk tywfpOf aqmif&Gufavh&Sdygonf/
oifwef;tcsed rf mS 4em&DMumygonf/ oifwef;csed w
f pfcv
k ;kH udk atmufygtwdik ;f (3) ydik ;f cGjJ cm;xm; ygonf/
,ciftywfu aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nfv
h yk if ef;rsm; tusO;f csKyjf yefvnfaqG;aEG;Ny;D vQi?f pdu
k yf sKd ;0ef;usijf zpfxeG ;f rI
(AESA) oifwef;cse
d u
f kd (2) em&DMumrQ aqmif&u
G yf gonf/
aemufoifwef;csdefwpfckrSm tkyfpkpdwf"mwfjrifhrm;atmif wnfaqmufjcif; (odkYr[kwf)
tm;opfavmif;avhusichf ef; jyKvyk jf cif;jzpfNy;D avhusichf ef;trsKd ;tpm;ay:rlwnf (15)rdepfrS (1)em&DrQ
Mumjrifyh gonf/ tkypf pk w
d "f mwfjrifrh m;atmif wnfaqmufjcif;avhusichf ef;onf tzGUJ tpnf;pdw"f gwf
udk jzpfay:apNy;D tm;opfavmif;avhusichf ef; jyKvyk jf cif;onf pdww
f uf<urIukd jzpfay:apygonf/
aemufq;kH oifwef;csed rf mS uGi;f qif;awG&Y cdS surf S ay:aygufvmonfh taMumif;t&mrsm; (odrYk [kw)f
BuKd wifa&G;cs,x
f m;onfh taMumif;t&may:rlwnf oifcef;pmrsm; yHyh ;kd aqG;aEG;jcif; jyKvyk Mf uygonf/
oifwef;csed o
f nf trsm;tm;jzifh (1) em&DrS (1) em&Dcx
JG d Mumavh&ydS gonf/

arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

pdu
k yf sKd ;0ef;usif jzpfxeG ;f rI (Agro-ecosystem Analysis (AESA))
-

pdu
k u
f iG ;f jzpfxeG ;f rI tcsut
f vufrsm; aumufcjH cif;

tcsut
f vufrsm; pkpnf;jcif;

tcsut
f vufrsm;udk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm qef;ppfq;kH jzwfjcif;

tkypf Bk u;D wGif wifjyjcif;aqG;aEG;jcif;ESihf twnfjyKjcif;

tkypf pk w
d "f mwf jrifrh m;vmatmif wnfaqmuf
jcif; ( Team building )
-

tzG J U \vk y f & S m ;rI p G r f ; tif vk y f i ef ; pOf

(odrYk [kw)f tzJUG vku
d w
f uf<upGm yg0ifvyk f
aqmifEikd rf nfh upm;enf; ESihf vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;

tysi;f ajyaprnfh azsmaf jza&;(odrYk [kw)f

tm;opfaf vmif;jcif;enf;vrf;rsm;

13

14

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

tcef; ( 2 )
yHyh ;kd jcif;

arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

15
tcef; ( 2 )

yHhykd;jcif;
Facilitation
v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;wpfck yHyh ;kd ay;&mwGif vdt
k yfonfu
h Rr;f usirf I
FFS yHy
h ;kd ay;&mwGif txl;ta&;Bu;D onfu
h Rr;f usirf I (2)ckvt
kd yfygonf/ wpfcrk mS enf;ynm

jzpfNy;D ? tjcm;wpfcrk mS vlrq

I ufqaH &; jzpfygonf/ if;uRr;f usirf I 2-ckpvH;k onf tnDtrQta&;ygayonf/
enf;ynmuRrf;usifrI\ t"dutcsufonf awmifolrsm;taejzifh oD;ESHrsm;udk ykdaumif;rGefatmif
,HMk unfrt
I jynfjh zifh rnfox
Ykd w
k v
f yk &f rnfukd vrf;Terf aI y;jcif;jzpfNy;D ? vlrq
I ufqaH &;uRr;f usirf \
I
tajccHtcsurf mS awmiforl sm;taejzifh jyemrsm;udak jz&Si;f &m vnf;aumif;? qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;cs&m
vnf;aumif;? ydrk u
kd Rr;f usio
f rl sm;jzpfvm&ef taxmuftul jyKay;jcif;jzpfayonf/ FFS yHyh ;kd olrsm;onf
trsm;tm;jzifh oifwef;udk pdu
k &f moDumvwpfavQmufv;kH zGiv
hf pS
f ,if;uRr;f usirf w
I u
Ykd kd pmawGUa&m
vufawGUyg wpfcsed w
f nf;oif,El ikd rf nhf tcGit
hf a&;wpf&yf zefw;D ay;avh&ydS gonf/ oifwef;umvonf
oD;ESo
H ufwrf;ay: rlwnfNy;D 3-vrS 5-v txd Mumwwfayonf/
oufBuD;ynma&; yHhydk;jcif;twGufaomhcsuf
uv;oli,fwt
Ykd wGuf ynma&;onf a,bl,stm;jzifh cGuw
f pfcx
k J vufzufajcmuf? EGm;EdEYk iS hf
oMum;rsm; xnfx
h m;onfEiS w
hf o
l uJo
h Ykd oufBu;D wdt
Yk wGuyf nma&;rSm ,if;jznfNh y;D om;cGux
f J yg0ifonfh
ypnf;rsm;udk enf;opfwpfrsdK;jzifh arTvdkufonfESifh ydkwlayonf? awmifolwdkYonf tawGUtBuHK
todynm&ifhusufNyD;jzpfojzifh tzGJUtpnf;wpfcktwGif;wGif ,if;tawGUtBuHKESifhtodynmwdkUudk
a&marTay;vdu
k jf cif;jzifh todynmtopfukd zefw;D ay;Edik af yonf/ xdaYk Mumifh yHyh ;kd jcif;twGuf ta&;ygonfh
aomhcsurf mS awmiforl sm;\ tawGUtBuKH EiS hf todynmrsm;udk rnfoaYkd &marT&rnfudk avhvmapjcif;
yifjzpfayonf/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS awmifot
l csi;f csi;f tvdt
k avsmuf todynmESit
hf awGUtBuKH zvS,Ef idk af &;
taxmuftuljyKrnfo
h if,rl I ywf0ef;usiw
f pfck rnfoUkd zefw;D rnf qdjk cif;yifjzpfayonf/
t&G,fa&mufoloufBuD;ESifh uav;oli,frsm;tMum;uGmjcm;csuf
t&G,fa&mufol

uav;oli,f

tawGUtBuKH &jdS cif;

tawGUtBuKH r&Sjd cif;

ydrk pkd Of;pm;Edik jf cif;

pOf;pm;Ekid pf rG ;f r&dS odUk r[kwf tm;enf;Ncif;

todynmydrk &kd jdS cif;

todynmr&Sd odrYk [kwf enf;jcif;

wm0ef,&l rIrsm;jcif;

wm0ef,&l efenf;vGe;f jcif;

*kP&f jdS cif;

aMumuf&UHG rIom&Sjd cif;

16

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

if;jcm;em;rIwu
Ykd t
kd ajccH uav;oli,frsm;tm; oifMum;onfeh nf;pepftwdik ;f t&G,af &mufol
oufBu;D rsm;tm; roifMum;oifah y/
oufBu;D oif,rl t
I wGuf tajccHtcsurf sm;
1/

oif,jl cif;onff b0twGuw

f ;kd wufr&I &Sad p&ef jzpfonf/

2/

t&G,af &mufoo
l ufBu;D rsm;onf oif,jl cif;xuf yHyh ;kd jcif;enf;pepfjzifh avhvm&onfrmS yd
k
tqifajyaMumif; cHpm;&ayonf/

3/

oif,rl u
I dk tkypf v
k u
kd ?f tzJUG vdu
k f jyKvyk &f onfrmS yd
k xda&mufayonf/

4/

oif,lrI\trsm;qHk;tydkif;onf todynmzvS,f&mrS &ayonf/ xdkYaMumifh wpfyg;ol\

tBu
H Pfukd av;pm;jcif;jzifh vlwikd ;f udrk Qa0&ef pdwt
f m;xufoefr&I v
dS mrnf/

5/

oif,al epOfwiG f oif,rl o

I ufoufjyKvyk af eonf[k rcHpm;ygESi?hf oifrQa0&eftodynmrsm;
ydrk &kd adS eonf[ck pH m;yg/

6/

txda&mufq;kH oif,jl cif;onf rdru

d ,
kd w
f ikd f &SmazGavhvmawGU&S&d mrS &&So
d nfo
h if,rl yI if jzpfonf/

7/

taumif;qHk;oif,ljcif;onf ]]rnfodkYoif,lrnf}} qkdonfudk oif,ljcif;yifjzpfonf/

enf;onf vlwt
Ykd m; oif,rl u
I kd qufvufjyKvyk af pygonf/

8/

oif,jl cif;udk pDppfyg/ xdt

k cg oifonf topfaomoif,rl u
I kd zefw;D Edik rf nfNzpfonf/

9/

aysm&f iT pf &mraumif;vQif oif,&l onfrmS ysi;f p&maumif;ayonf? xdaYk Mumifyh

kd pdw0f ifpm;p&m
jzpfap&ef aysm&f iT rf u
I kd zefw;D yg/

10/

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Ykd nf oif,rl t
I wGuf thb
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f cGit
hf vrf;udk zefw;D ay;ayonf/ xdaYk Mumifh trSm;
awGUvQirf &Suyf gESi/hf if;wdrYk o
S if,yl g/

11/

oif\oif,rl u
I kd rSww
f rf;jyKyg/ xdt
k cg wpfyg;olwo
Ykd nf oifbmudo
k if,cl o
hJ nf qdo
k nfukd
avhvm Edik af yonf/

yHhydk;jcif;qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;
bmom&yfrsm; odrYk [kwf ajz&Si;f &rnfjh yemrsm;tay:rlwnf yHyh ;kd rIjyKjcif;qdo
k nfh t"dyg ,f
onf rsm;pGmuGJjym;jcm;em;rI&Sdayonf/ a,bk,staejzifhqdk&vQif yHhydk;rIjyKjcif;onf vlwpfpktm;
,if;wdv
Yk v
kd m;onfh arQmrf eS ;f csurf sm;ud&k &Sad p&ef vrf;Terf aI y;jcif;jzpfayonf/ FFS wGiaf wmifol
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ydrk u
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arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

17

yHyh ;kd olwpfO;D \u@

uJhodkY wkefYjyefoif,lonfhenf;vrf;rsm;wGif yHhydk;ol\u@onf oif,lrIywf0ef;usif
aumif;wpfcu
k kd zefw;D ay;&ef 1/

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h nf;aumif;? pdu
k yf sKd ;0ef;usijf zpfxeG ;f rI qef;ppf
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vnf;aumif; oif,rl t
I wGuf tcGit
hf a&;rsm; yd
k zefw;D ay;jcif;/

2/

oif,lrIwGif vlwdkif;yg0ifaqmif&GufaerIudkaocsmapjcif;qdkvdkonfrSm awmifolwdkif;onf pdkufysdK;0ef;usifjzpfxGef;rI avhvmrIwGifvnf;aumif;?

4if;ESiq
hf ufpyfonfh aqG;aEG;rIrsm;wGiv
f nf;aumif; wuf<upGm yg0ifap&efjzpfonf/

3/

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4/

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hf s aqmif&u
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5/

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tBuaH umif;rsm;jzpfygonf -

18

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

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f nfjh yifqifrrI sm;udk jyKvyk &f ef
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vdt
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arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

19

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yHyh ;kd olonf yg0ifonfh tcsut

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S rf ?I aysmah ysmif;rI
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oifah yonf/

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yHyh ;kd olonf NyK;H &Tio
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tjyeftvSeq
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jzpfayonf/ txl;ojzifh oifwef;om;rsm;tm; Ni;D aiGUrIukd ajyaysmufapjcif; odrYk [kwf r&yfrem;
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Ykd kd rMumrMum jyKvyk af y;oifo
h nf/

20

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

tcef; ( 3 )
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H ed ;f tpDtpOfa&;qGjJ cif;

arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

21
tcef; ( 3 )

v,fuGif;oifwef; pDrHudef;tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;
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22

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

&yfaus;vlxv
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f sp&dwEf iS hf tjrwf&&Srd u
I kd rD;armif;xd;k jy
Edik Nf y;D FFS rS tusKd ;&&Srd I tvm;tvmrnfrQ &Edik o
f nfukd &Si;f vif;ajymjyEdik o
f nf/
oifwef;om;awmifolv,form;a&G;cs,fjcif;
FFStwGuf oifhawmfaom awmifolrsm;a&G;cs,fxm;rIonf tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/

taMumif;rSm ,if;awmifow
l o
Ykd nf if;wdo
Yk if,x
l m;onfrsm;udk aus;&Gm&Sd tjcm;awmiforl sm;ESihf
jyefvnfrQa0&rnfjzpfygonf/ awmifoal &G;cs,&f mwGif vdt
k yfonfh pHxm;csurf sm;udk tydik ;f (1)wGif az:jy
xm;Ny;D jzpfygonf/ xdpk rH sm;udt
k ajccH aus;&GmtzGUJ tpnf;rSvrl sm;onf awmiforl sm;tm; &SmazGaz:xkwf
a&G;cs,&f ef tvGet
f a&;Bu;D ygonf/ yHyh ;kd olrsm;ESihf FFS\ tjcm;oifwef;om;rsm;uvnf; pHa&G;cs,rf \
I

arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

23

ta&;Bu;D yHu
k kd &Si;f vif;ajymjy oifyh gonf/ aus;&Gmom;rsm;ud,
k w
f ikd f yg0ifwufa&mufrnfh awmiforl sm;
f ikd o
f nfqo
kd nfh ta&;ygonfch pH m;csuu
f kd aus;&GmtwGi;f xyfr&H &Sad pygonf/
a&G;cs,jf cif;jzifh FFSudk ydik q
taxGaxGoabmwlncD su&f ,ljcif;
awmifolrsm;udk a&G;cs,fNyD;onfESifh awmifolrsm;onf vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif wuf<upGm
yg0ifaqmif&u
G f ygrnfqo
kd nfh taxGaxGoabmwlncD suu
f kd &,l&rnfjzpfonf/
aus;&G m ajryH k a &;qG J j cif ;
ed ' gef ;
aus;&GmajryHka&;qGJjcif;onf awmifolrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh FFS yHhydk;olrsm; twlwuG yg0if
aqmif&u
G &f onfh yxrOD;qH;k avhusichf ef; jzpfygonf/ odpYk wifaqmif&u
G jf cif;onf awmifol tm;vH;k udk
tkyfpkpdwf"gwf jzpfay:apygonf/ avhusifhcef;twGif; a&;qGJonfhajryHkonf aus;&GmtwGif;
,if;wd\
Yk wnfae&m taetxm;wdu
Yk dk azmfjyay;ygonf/ ajryHu
k kd aus;&GmtzGUJ \ tajccHajryHt
k jzpf
owfrw
S Nf y;D aqG;aEG;rI trsKd ;rsKd ;wGif tTe;f tjzpf toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
aus;&GmtwGi;f &&SEd ikd rf nfh t&if;tjrpfEiS hf if;wd\
Yk wnfae&mrsm;udk az:xkw&f ef
awmiforl sm;tm; if;wdo
Yk nfaus;&GmESiS hf oufqikd af eonfqo
kd nfh cHpm;rIukd zefw;D ay;jcif;
vdktyfypnf;rsm;
rsm;/
tcsdef/

tndKa&mifpm&Gurf sm; ? rwfum? abmvfyif? cJwrH sm;? aywHrsm;ESihf cJzsurf sm;/

2 em&D

yHhykd;&eftoifhawmfqHk;tcsdef/

FFS tpOD;umv

tqifhrsm;
(1) aus;&GmajryHak &;qG&J jcif; taMumif;ud&k iS ;f vif;&ef
(2) avhusichf ef;\ &nf&,
G cf surf sm;udk aqG;aEG;&ef
(3) aqmif&u
G yf u
kH kd &Si;f vif;&ef
(4) ajryH\
k e,ferd w
d rf sm; owfrw
S jf cif;jzifh vkyif ef;pwif&ef
(5) xdaYk emuf ajryHx
k w
J iG f yg0ifoifo
h nfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESihf tcsut
f vufrsm;udk qH;k jzwf&ef
(6) yxrOD;pGm jrifomonfh ajryHt
k rSwt
f om;rsm;tm; qH;k jzwf&ef
(7) tcsut
f vuftrsKd ;rsKd ;\ oauFwESihf yHo
k @mefrsm;udk owfrw
S af zmfjy&ef
(8) tzGUJ 0ifrsm;tm; tzGUJ i,frsm;zGUJ ay;&ef(wpfzUJG vQif 5-6 OD;)
(9) tzGUJ tkypf w
k pfppk u
D kd aus;&GmajryHak &;qGaJ pjcif;
(10) jrifomonfh trSwt
f om;rsm;rSae ajryHu
k pkd wifa&;qGjJ cif;

24

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)

ta&mifrsKd ;pHk toH;k jyK&ef

ajryH\
k xdyyf ikd ;f udk ajrmufzufoOYkd ;D wnf&ef
&nfeT ;f pmrsm; toH;k jyK&ef
tzGUJ i,fwpfzUJG csi;f rS ajryHu
k kd wifjyjcif;ESihf aqG;aEG;apjcif;rsm; jyKvyk jf cif;? ajryHak y:wGiyf g&So
d nfh
tcsut
f vuftrsKd ;rsKd ;ESihf if;wd\
Yk wnfae&mrsm;udk trsm;oabmwlncD su&f ,ljcif;
(15) odo
Yk abmwlncD su&f ,lNy;D jyefvnfppfaq;jcif;ESihf aemufq;kH twnfjyKjcif;wdYk aqmif&u
G &f ef

&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkif owfrSwfjcif;
ed ' gef ;
FFS \&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifukd

FFS &Sdawmifolrsm;\ arQmfrSef;csufrsm;ay: tajccH

qH;k jzwfowfrw
S f ayonf/ yxrOD;pGm awmiforl sm;onf FFS rS rnfonft
h &mudk trSew
f u,f

arQmfrSef;xm;onfqdkonfudk ar;jref;&rnf/ xdkarQmfrSef;csufrsm;udk tajccH taMumif;ESifhtusdK;

pDppfjcif;ay:rlwnfNy;D FFS \ &nf&,
G cf surf sm;ESihf &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik u
f kd csrw
S jf cif;jzpfygonf/ tm;vH;k
tpHyk g0ifonfh &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik u
f kd yef;wdik Bf u;D [kac:qdNk y;D &nf&,
G cf surf sm;udk yef;wdik if ,frsm;[k
ac:qdyk gonf/
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
-

FFS wGiaf wmiforl sm;\ txl;arQmrf eS ;f csurf sm;udk az:xkw&f ef

if;arQmrf eS ;f csuw
f u
Ykd kd tusKd ;ESit
hf aMumif;ay: tajccH wlno
D nfh arQmrf eS ;f csuyf ef;wdik rf sm;
tjzpf a,bk,saumufcsuq
f &JG ef/

vdktyfypnf;rsm;
owif;tcsut
f vufwrkd sm;a&;Edik o
f nfh u'fjym;rsm; trSwt
f om;jyKypn;f rsm;? aumfuyfwyd rf sm;/
tcsdef/

1 em&DcrJG S 2 em&D

tqifhrsm;
(1)

tpDtpOf\ &nf&,
G cf surf sm;&Si;f vif;&ef

(2)

owif;tcsuftvufwdkrsm;a&;Edkifonfh u'fjym;tcsdKUudk awmifolrsm;tm;a0NyD; if;wdkY\

ta&;Bu;D qH;k arQmrf eS ;f csurf sm;udk u'fjym;ay:wGif a&;om;ap&ef (u'fjym;wpfcv
k Qif arQmrf eS ;f csuf
wpfcak &;&ef? wpfO;D vQif trsm;qH;k arQmrf eS ;f csuf 2 ckuadk &;om;cGijhf yK&ef)

(3)

if;wk\
Yd oabmobm0ay:rlwnfNy;D arQmrf eS ;f csurf sm;udpk pk nf;&ef/

(4)

taMumif;ESit
hf usKd ;rsm;ay: tajccHarQmrf eS ;f csurf sm;udk pDpOf&ef/

arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

(5)

25

taMumif;ESit
hf usKd ;ay:tajccH pDpOfxm;onfh if;wd\
Yk arQmrf eS ;f csuw
f o
Ykd nf ,cktcg FFS
\ yef;wdik rf sm;jzpfaMumif; awmiforl sm;udk &Si;f vif;&ef? rsO;f aMumif;tay:&Sd arQmrf eS ;f csurf sm;onf
yef;wdik Bf u;D rsm;jzpfNy;D rsO;f aMumif;atmuf&dS arQmrf eS ;f csurf sm;onf yef;wdik if ,frsm; jzpfMuygonf/
yef;wdik if ,frsm;ud&k &Sad tmif aqmif&u
G jf cif;jzifh yef;wkid Bf u;D rsm;udv
k nf;&&S&d ef taxmuftul
jyKrnfjzpfygonf/

rSwo
f m;&ef /

/ tcsKd UarQmrf eS ;f csurf sm;onf tkypf t

k wGi;f xnfo
h iG ;f &ef pDpOfEikd rf nfr[kw
f if;wdu
Yk kd
oD;jcm;z,fxm;&rnf/ xdkenf;twl arQmfrSef;csuftcsdKUudk FFS yxrESpfwGif
vnf;aumif; (odkYr[kwf) vHk;0aomfvnf;aumif; &Sif;vif;Edkifrnfr[kwfay/
xdak rQmrf eS ;f csurf sm;ESiyhf wfoufNy;D awmiforl sm;tm; &Si;f vif;ajymjyxm;jcif;jzifh FFS
u pDpOfaqmif&u
G af erIEiS yhf wfouf awmiforl sm;onf em;vnfrv
I rJG mS ;jcif;rsm;
&Sad wmhrnfr[kwaf y/
yef ; wd k i f a vh u sif h c ef ; rS xG u f & S d v monf h e rl e m

0rf;pmzlvakH &;
txGuEf eI ;f wd;k wufrI

&moDMumavhvmqnf;yl;rI

,mpyg;,mcif;oifwef;

twef;vdu
k pf u
kd yf sK;d jcif;

twef;vdkufrsKd;aphcsud&d,m

aygif;vdu
k u
f &d ,
d m

a'oESiu
hf u
kd n
f aD om
txGuaf umif;rsK;d

26

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

rlvtajccHEiS &hf nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik pf pd pfjcif;

ed'gef;
yef;wdik o
f wfrw
S jf cif;avhusichf ef;jzifh yef;wdik rf sm;udo
k wfrw
S &f mwGif avhusichf ef;onf aus;&Gm\
rlvtajctaeESihf yef;wdik (f 2)ckv;kH twGuf tTe;f ude;f rsm;udk azmfxw
k f owfrw
S af y; ygonf/ txl;ojzifh
oD;ESx
H w
k v
f yk rf rI sm;? txGuEf eI ;f rsm;? vuf&adS qmif&u
G af eonfh xde;f odr;f jyKpek nf; pepfrsm;? if;wd\
Yk
jyemrsm; tp&So
d nfwu
Ykd kd azmfeT ;f ay;ygonf/ odrYk o
S mvQif ESprf sm;Mumvmonfh tcgwd;k wufvmrI
rsm;udk EIid ;f ,SOEf ikd rf nfjzpfygonf/ rlvtajccHEiS hf ,if;ESihf qufpyfay:aygufvmonfh yef;wdik rf sm;udk
pDppfay;jcif;onf awmiforl sm;tm;yef;wdik rf sm;&&S&d ef vdt
k yfrnfh oifah wmfonfh vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk
oH;k oyf&mwGif taxmuftulay;ygonf/
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
yef;wdik u
f pkd pd pf&mwGif t&nftaoG;ESit
hf a&twGuu
f kd tao;pdw&f v'frsm;ESihf tTe;f ude;f rsm;
jzifah zmfjy&ef
aus;&Gm\ vuf&t
dS ajctaeudk oH;k oyf&efEiS Ehf idI ;f ,SOrf rI sm;jyKvyk &f eftwGuf u@toD;oD;rS
rlvtajccHwiG &f dS owif;tcsut
f vufwu
Ykd kd owfrw
S &f ef/
vdktyfypnf;rsm;
tndKa&mifpm&Gurf sm;? trSwt
f om;jyKriS w
f rH sm;? rmumaqmhyifEiS hf aumfuyfww
d rf sm;/
tcsdef/
2 em&D
tqifhrsm;
1/
tpDtpOfonf yef;wdik o
f wfrw
S o
f nfh tpDtpOftNy;D wGif aqmif&u
G &f efjzpfonf/
2/
yxrOD;pGm &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik o
f wfrw
S o
f nft
h pDtpOfrS xGuaf y:vmonfh tcsuf tvuf wdu
Yk kd
eH&w
H iG f csw
d q
f x
JG m;&ef/ xdrk o
S m vlwikd ;f onf ol (odrYk [kw)f olr\ &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik rf sm;udk
awGUjrifEikd o
f nf/
3/
tpDtpOf\ta&;Bu;D yHu
k kd &Si;f vif;&ef/
4/
pm&Guaf y:wGif &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik rf sm;udk a&;cs&ef/ wpfcNk y;D rS wpfcpk wif&ef/
5/
&nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik f wpfcck si;f pD\ rlvtajccHtajctaersm;udk aqG;aEG;jcif;? wdus onfh *Pef;
rsm;azmfxw
k o
f wfrw
S jf cif;/
6/
xdaYk emuf &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik rf sm;\ t&nftaoG;ESit
hf a&twGuu
f kd owfrw
S
f &nfreS ;f csuf
yef;wdik w
f pfcck si;f pD wdusonf&h v'frsm;? tTe;f ude;f rsm;udk wnfaqmuf&ef/
7/
tpDpOfwpf&yfv;kH udk tusO;f csKyaf zmfjyNy;D ,if;&v'fEiS hf tTe;f rsm;onf FFS rS &&Sv
d o
kd nfh
wdusonf&h nfreS ;f csurf sm;jzpfaMumif; awmiforl sm;tm; &Si;f vif;ajymMum;&ef/
8/
aemifvmrnfhtpDtpOfwGif &v'frsm;? tTef;rsm;&&Sd&eftwGuf rnfonfhvkyfief;pOfrsm;
vdt
k yfaMumif; wduspmG owfrw
S rf nf qdo
k nfwu
Ykd kd awmifow
l t
Ykd m;&Si;f vif;&ef/

arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

27
vkyfief;tpDtpOfa&;qJGjcif; (pDrHcsuf)

ed ' gef ;
vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udak z:xkwNf y;D onfEiS ?hf ,if;wdu
Yk adk qmif&u
G &f rnfh wdusonft
h csed ?f wm0efrsm;?
vdt
k yf onfyh pn;f rsm; okrYd [kwf ,if;wdu
Yk akd qmif&u
G &f ef vdt
k yfonfh yHyh ;kd rIrsm;udk Z,m;jzifah z:jy&rnf/
f jzpf aqmif&u
G yf gonf/
,if;Z,m; vkyif ef;pDrcH sujf zpfay:vmNy;D FFS \ vkyif ef;vrf;Tecf sut
awmiforl sm;? tzGaYJ cgif;aqmifrsm;? yhyH ;dk olrsm;onf Z,m;ukMd unfjh cif;tm;jzifh pDrcH suw
f iG f if;wdEYk iS hf
oufqikd o
f nhf vkyif ef;cGiEf iS w
hf m0efrsm;udk odjrifEikd yf gonf/ pDrcH suu
f dk twlwuGa&;qGjJ cif;jzifh if;wdo
Yk nf
FFS \ ydi
k &f iS rf sm;jzpfonfqo
kd nfh todpw
d "f mwfudk jzpfay:apygonf/ ,if;yl;aygif; yg0ifaqmif&u
G rf I
vkyif ef;pOfonf awmiforl sm;ESiahf us;&Gm\ pDraH qmif&u
G Ef ikd rf I t&nftaoG;udk rsm;pGmjri w
hf if ay;ygonf/
&nfrSef;csufrsm;
FFS \&v'frsm; &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifrsm;udk &,lEdkif&eftwGuf vdktyfaomwdusonfh
vkyif ef;pOfrsm;? owfrw
S cf sed w
f m0efrsm;ESihf yHyh ;kd rIrsm;udk az:xkw&f ef/
FFS \vkyif ef;pDrcH suu
f kd jyifqif&ef/
vkdtyfypnf;rsm;/
tndKa&mifpm&Gurf sm;? trSwt
f om;jyKriS w
f rH sm;? rmumaqmhyifrsm;? aumfuyfwyd rf sm;
tcsdef/
1 em&DrS 2 em&D
tygwfpOfvkyfief;rsm;
tygwfpOf (1) rJy;kH pepfjzifh pmar;yGaJ jzqkjd cif;
tygwfpOf (2)
rsKd ;aph? ysKd ;yifrsm;
tygwfpOf (3)
opfaqG;ajrMoZm? tm[m&rsm;
tygwfpOf (4) opfaqG;ajrMoZmjyKvyk jf cif;? opfprd ;f ajrMoZmjyKvyk jf cif;
tygwfpOf (5)
pdu
k u
f iG ;f owfrw
S jf cif;ESihf a&GUajymif;pdu
k yf sKd ;jcif;
tygwfpOf (6)
pyg;ysKd ;Ekpu
dk pf epftwGuf ysKd ;yifrsm;ukd ysKd ;cif;rS a&TUajymif;jcif;
tygwfpOf (7) pdu
k yf sKd ;0ef;usijf zpfxeG ;f rI qef;ppfavhvmjcif; (AESA) tpm;tpmuGe,
f ufEiS hf
tpm;tpmqufE,
G jf cif; (Food web and food chain)
tygwfpOf (8)
pdu
k yf sKd ;0ef;usijf zpfxeG ;f rI qef;ppfavhvmjcif;(AESA)
tygwfpOf (9) AESA Bu;D xGm;rItqif?h a&\ta&;ygrI
tygwfpOf (10) AESA yd;k rTm;pkaqmif;jcif;ESihf cGjJ cm;owfrw
S jf cif;
tygwfpOf (11) AESA txl;taMumif;t&m ? yHrk eS t
f pDtpOf
tygwfpOf (12) AESA txl;usa&mufwwfonfh yd;k rTm;a&m*grsm;udpk rD jH cif;enf;pepf
tygwfpOf (13) AESA tm[m&pky,
f jl cif;ESihf yd;k owfaq;rsm;\ tusKd ;oufa&mufrI tp&So
d nf
tygwfpOf (14) AESA tPkZ0D rsm;
tygwfpOf (15) AESA a&m*gBw*d H

28

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

tcef; ( 4 )
pdu
k u
f iG ;f avhvmjcif;rsm;

arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

29
tcef; ( 4 )

pdkufuGif;avhvmjcif;rsm;
pdu
k u
f iG ;f avhvmjcif;rsm;\ ta&;ygyHk
pdu
k u
f iG ;f avhvmjcif;rsm;onf awmiforl sm;
twGuf tajctaerSerf S oif,al vhvmcGiu
hf kd zefw;D
ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ awmifow
l o
Ykd nf tpOftvmt&
tawGUtBuHK&ifhusufrI &Sdolrsm; jzpfMuonf/
olwo
Ykd nf uGi;f rsm;wGijf zpfysuaf eonfh taMumif;
t&mtrsm;pkukd od&MdS uaomfvnf; ,if;taMumif;
t&mrsm; rnfuo
hJ jYkd zpfay:yHEk iS hf rnfonft
h wGuf
aMumifjh zpfonfukd od&MdS uyHrk &ay/ Oyrm oD;ES\
H
ZD0uraA'ESihf kyo
f iG v
f uPmrsm; tcsed Ef iS t
hf rQ
ajymif;vJru
I kd od&MdS uaomfvnf; rnfoaYkd jymif;vJ
oGm;onfukd rod&MdS uay/
awmiforl sm;tm; oD;ESZH 0D uraA'ESihf jyifykyo
f iG v
f uPm&yfrsm;\ tajccHoabmw&m; rsm;udk
oifMum;ay;vdkufonfhtwGuf olwdkYrod&Sdao;onfh tcsdKUaomjzpfpOfrsm;udk od&aomtcg rsm;pGm
tHMh oMuayonf/ FFS wGif yg0ifonfh awmiforl sm;tm; oD;ESpH u
kd yf sKd ;xkwv
f yk ef nf;\ tajccH oabm
w&m;tm;vH;k udk oifay;avh&ydS gonf/ oabmw&m;rsm;udk toH;k jyKjcif;tm;jzifh oD;ESEH iS hf oufqikd o
f nfh
taMumif;t&m u@tm;vHk;udk avhvmEdkifayonf/ odkY&mwGif awmifolwdkYonf uGif;qif;
avhvmjcif;rsm; jyKvyk af qmif&u
G x
f m;rSomvQif tajctaerSerf sm;udk avhvmoif,El ikd rf nf jzpfygonf/
pdu
k u
f iG ;f avhvmrItrsKd ;tpm;rsm;
a,bl,stm;jzifh FFS wGif uGi;f qif;avhvmrI ESprf sKd ;&Syd gonf/ if;wdrYk mS taxGaxGavhvm
jcif;ESihf prf;oyfcsuo
f ;D oefcY srw
S u
f m txl;jyKavhvmjcif;wdYk jzpfygonf/ xdak vhvmrItrsKd ; tpm;rsm;
tjyif pdu
k u
f iG ;f rS ay:aygufvmonfh oufqikd &f mjyemrsm;tay: tajccHaemufxyfavhvmrItrsKd ;
tpm;wpfcu
k kd us,u
f s,jf yefjY yeYf wnfaqmufMuonf/ ,if;udk pdu
k cf if;wGif vufawGpY rf;oyf okawoe
jyKjcif; [kac:ygonf/
taxGaxGavhvmjcif;
taxGaxGavhvm&mwGif a&G;cs,x
f m;aompdu
k u
f iG ;f udk (2)ydik ;f cGjJ cm;ygonf/ tydik ;f wpfyikd ;f wGif
rd;kd zvm (odrYk [kw)f ord;k uspu
kd ef nf;jzifh oD;ESrH sm;udpk u
kd yf sKd ;xm;Ny;D tjcm;tydik ;f wGif obm0ywf0ef;usif
ESifhnDGwfonfh oD;ESHpdkufysdK;xkwfvkyfrI tajccHrSqif;oufvmonfh pHjypdkufysdK;enf;pepfrsm;jzifh
pdu
k yf sKd ;xm;ygonf/ ,if;enf;pepfrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh bufpykH ;kd rTm;umuG,ef nf; pepf (IPM) odrYk [kwf
pyg;ysKd ;Ekpu
dk ef nf;pepf (SRI) wdjYk zpfygonf/

30

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

awmiforl sm;onf tydik ;f (2) ydik ;f vH;k \ ajymif;vJru

I kd yHrk eS af vhvmMuygonf/ txl;ojzifh
tyifrsm;tm; teD;uyfavhvmrSwo
f m;jcif;ESihf u@trsKd ;rsKd ;udk pepfwusrw
S w
f rf;aumuf,jl cif; Oyrmtyiftjrif?h tyifta&mif? t&GuEf iS hf yifymG ;xGu&f rdS EI iS hf Bu;D xGm;rI? zsuyf ;kd ESihf tusKd ;jyKy;kd usa&mufrEI iS hf
OD;a&? a&m*gusa&mufrI? a& tajctae? aygif;jrufaygufa&mufrIESifh taxGaxG ywf0ef;usif\
tajctaersm;jzpfonfh tylcsed ?f pdx
k ikd ;f rI? rd;k &Gmjcif;? aeyljcif; ponft
h csurf sm; jzpfygonf/
awmifow
l o
Ykd nf rSww
f rf;rsm;udk tzGUJ vdu
k pf pd pf,if;pdppfraI y: tajccHum pdu
k u
f iG ;f tajc
taeESifh ydkrdkoifhawmfaom ta&;ygonfhqHk;jzwfrIrsm;udk jyKvkyfMuygonf/ wqufwnf;rSmyif
bufpykH ;kd rTm; umuG,rf I yHrk eS v
f yk if ef;rsm; qufvufaqmif&u
G yf gonf/
tjcm;tydik ;f wGif pku
d u
f iG ;f &St
d ajctaersm;ay: awmiforl sm;jyKvyk af vh&o
dS nfh vkyif ef;rsm;udk
qufvufxed ;f odr;f xm;ygonf/ aqmif&u
G rf rI sm;udk oD;ES&H w
d o
f rd ;f onftxd qufvufaqmif&u
G f
ygonf/ oD;ES&H w
d o
f rd ;f Ny;D vQif txGuEf eI ;f rsm;udk wdik ;f wmjcif;? ukeu
f sp&dwEf iS hf jyefvnf&&Srd I ppfaq;jcif;?
&v'frsm;udk tzGUJ rsm;twGi;f 4if;? aus;&Gm&Sd tjcm;awmiforl sm;tm;4if; rQa0Muygonf/
vufawGUprf;oyf okawoejyKjcif;
k yf sKd ;0ef;usijf zpfxeG ;f rI avhvm
,mpyg;,mcif;oifwef; (FFS)wGif uGi;f qif;jcif; odrYk [kwf pdu
pdppfjcif;wdo
Yk nf awmiforl sm;twGuf pOf;pm;p&mar;cGe;f rsm; jzpfay:vmaponf/ wpfcsKd Uar;cGe;f rsm;onf
pdkufuGif;wGifjzpfay:aeonfh jyem&yfrsm;rSay:aygufvmNyD; tcsdKUrSm oD;ESHwpfck\oufqdkif&m
u@trsKd ;rsKd ;udk awmifow
l o
Ykd &d v
dS pkd w
d rf S ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ ar;cGe;f trsm;pkonf vuf&dS
awmifov
l ,form;\tawGUtBuKH rsm;ESit
hf odynmrsm;tm; tcsi;f csi;f a0iSjcif;ay:tajccHNy;D tzGUJ vdu
k f
aqG;aEG; jcif;tm;jzifah jz&Si;f Edik Nf y;D tcsKd UrSmtajzrsm;udrk odonft
h wGuf txl;tmHpk u
kd &f ef vdt
k yfygonf/
tajzrxkwEf idk af om ar;cGe;f rsm;onf v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef; (FFS) wGif vufawGUprf;oyf
okawoejyKjcif; (odrYk [kw)f prf;oyfrrI sm; jyKvyk &f eftwGuf tajccHjzpfay:apygonf/
prf;oyfuu
G w
f pfcw
k iG f prf;oyfcsurf sm;ESihf xyfBurd jf yKjcif;rsm; yg&Syd gonf/ tzGUJ i,fwpfc&k dS
awmiforl sm;onfprf;oyfrw
I pfck odrYk [kwf prf;oyfrw
I pfc\
k xyfww
l Burd o
f m aqmif&u
G Ef ikd yf gonf/
tjcm; avhvmrI rsm;uJo
h yYkd if prf;oyfuu
G t
f m; yHrk eS pf pfaq;avhvmrSwo
f m;jcif; jyKvyk &f rnf/ prf;oyf
uGurf &S &So
d nfh &v'frsm;onf jyemajz&Si;f onfh vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk tpOfrjywf aqmif&u
G jf cif; tm;jzifh
awmifolrsm;udk uRrf;usifynm&Sifrsm;uJhodkY jzpfvmapum aemufqHk;wGif jyemajz&Sif;&mif;?
qH;k jzwfcsucf srw
S &f mif; ydrk u
kd Rr;f usirf rI sm; &&Sad pygonf/
oif,ljcif;\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
prf;oyfrv
I yk if ef;udo
k if,&l ef
-

oufqikd &f mjyem&yfwpfct

k m; rnfoaYkd jz&Si;f &rnfukd oif,&l ef/

yHhykd;&ef toifhawmfqHk;tcsdef/
vd k t yf c sd e f /

awmifopl u
kd u
f iG ;f oifwef;ausmif;\ rnfonft
h csed rf qdk

3 em&D

ypnf;vdktyfcsuf/ jyem? pm&Gu?f trSwt

f om;jyK&ef ypn;f rsm;? puLwdyf

arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

31

tqifhrsm;
1/
uGi;f qif;avhvmcsed w
f iG f oifwef;om;rsm;udk oufqikd &f mjyem&yfrsm;tm; &SmazGazmfxw
k f
apjcif;
2/

jyemudjk zpfaponfh t&if;tjrpftaMumif;t&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;&efajymjcif;/

3/

aqG;aEG;rIrsm;ay: tajccH t"dutaMumif;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;owfrw

S &f efEiS hf jyemonf
xdak Mumifjh zpfonf? aMumifjh zpfonfqo
kd nfh t,ltqudk pOf;pm;qifjcif&ef/

4/

t,ltqrSeu
f efaMumif;udk rnfot
Ykd wnfjyKrnfqo
kd nfukd if;wdt
Yk m; ar;jref;&ef jzpfEikd af cs
&Sdonfh taMumif;t&mtm;vHk;udk oD;jcm;pD prf;oyftajz&Sm&ef vdktyfaMumif; &Sif;jy&ef/
taMumif;t&m wpfcpk o
D nf oD;jcm;prf;oyfrw
I pfcpk D jzpfEikd o
f nf/

5/

taMumif;t&mrsm;udak ocsmap&ef prf;oyfrw

I pfcpk u
D kd ae&mtrsm;tjym;wGif prf;oyf&ef vdt
k yf
aMumif;&Si;f jy&ef? ae&mwpfcpk u
D kd xyfww
l pfcpk t
D jzpf oabmxm;&ef/

6/

tzGJUi,fwpfckpDonf prf;oyfcsufwpfckpDudkjyKvkyfEdkifaMumif; (odkYr[kwf) prf;oyfcsufta&

twGuef nf;ygu tzGUJ i,fwpfcpk o
D nf prf;oyfrw
I pfcu
k kd xyfwt
l enf;i,fpjD yKvyk Ef ikd af Mumif;
ajymMum;&ef/

7/

xyfww
l pfcck si;f tm; ppfaq;avhvmrSwo
f m;&efEiS hf ta&;Bu;D onfh tcsurf sm;udk yHrk eS rf w
S w
f rf;
xm;&S&d ef/

8/

aemufq;kH wGif tcsut

f vuftm;vH;k udk pkaygif;Ny;D &v'frsm;udk a0iS&ef/

aqG ; aEG ; &ef a r;cG e f ; rsm;

1/ jyem&yfqo
kd nfrmS tb,fenf;/
2/ jyemjzpfaponfh taMumif;t&if; t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf tb,fenf;/
3/ aemufq;kH &&So
d nft
h ajzonf rnfonft
h &menf;/ jyemjzpfaponft
h aMumif;t&m trSeo
f nf
rnfonft
h &menf;/
4/ ,if;udk oifrnfoaYkd vhvmrnfenf;/
5/ prf;oyfjcif;qdo
k nfrmS tb,fenf;/
6/ prf;oyfcsuw
f pfcak qmif&u
G &f ef ta&;Bu;D onfh vdt
k yfcsurf sm;onf tb,fenf;/
7/ prf;oyfcsuEf iS x
hf yfBurd jf yKjcif;onf rnfonft
h &mudk qdv
k o
kd enf;/
8/ awmiforl sm; okawoejyKvyk &f ef jzpfEikd yf govm;/
9/ jyemajz&Si;f &mwGif txda&mufq;kH enf;vrf;rsm;onf tb,fenf;/
10/ jyemajz&Si;f onfh vkyif ef;pOfonf tjcm;jyemrsm;wGif toH;k 0ifygovm;/

32

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

tcef; ( 5 )
,mpyg;,mcif;oifwef;yHhydk;rIoifcef;pmrsm;

arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

33
tcef; ( 5 )

,mpyg;,mcif;oifwef;yHYydk;rIoifcef;pmrsm;
(u)

t&nftaoG;aumif;rsKd ;aph

ed'gef;
t&nftaoG;aumif;rsdK;aphonf usef;rmoefpGrf;onfh oD;ESHtwGuf tajccH jzpfygonf/
tjcm;xde;f odr;f enf;pepfrsm;udk xnfo
h iG ;f rpOf;pm;bJ t&nftaoG;aumif; rsKd ;apho;kH jcif;wpfcw
k nf;jzifh
pyg;txGuf 20&mckid Ef eI ;f txd wd;k vmEdik af pygonf/ t&nftaoG;aumif;rsKd ;aphukd toH;k jyKjcif;tm;jzifh
rsdK;apho,faqmifonfh a&m*grsm;pGmudk atmifjrifpGm xdef;odrf;Edkifygonf/ aus;&GmtzGJUtpnf;
trsm;pkonf omrefpyg;aphEiS hf rsKd ;aph\ uGjJ ym;jcm;em;csurf sm;udk owdrjyKrMd uay/ if;aMumifh jrefrmEdik if &H dS
awmifol trsm;pkonf omrefpyg;aphukd rsKd ;aphtjzpf toH;k jyKMujcif;jzpfonf/
,if ; tusd K ;quf a Mumif h pyg;
xkwv
f yk rf I odompGmusqif;jcif;omru
rvdkvm;tyfonfh jyemrsm;jzpfonfh
ydk;rTm;ESifha&m*g trsdK;rsdK;usa&mufrIudk
awGUBuHK&ayonf/ v,form;rsm;onf
a,bk,stm;jzifh a&TUajymif;pkdufysdK;&ef
trSev
f t
kd yfonfh rsKd ;aphxuf 3q rS 4q
txdy
kd toH;k jyKaeMuygonf/ t&nf
taoG;aumif;rsKd ;aphukd toH;k jyKjcif;jzifh
rsKd ;aphvt
kd yfru
I v
kd nf; odompGmavsmch s
Edik af yonf/
oif,jl cif;\&nf&,
G cf surf sm;
-

t&nftaoG;aumif;rsKd ;aph\ ta&;Bu;D yHu

k o
kd if,&l ef/

t&nftaoG;aumif;rsKd ;aph\ vuPm&yfrsm;udk avhvm&ef/

yHyh ;dk &eftoifah wmfq;kH tcsed /f

vkt
d yfonft
h csed /f

ysKd ;raxmifru
D mv

1em&DrS 1em&DcJG

vdt
k yfonfyh pn;f rsm;/ d;kd d;k pyg;aphrsm;? eH&u
H yfpuLrsm;? trSwt
f om;jyK&efypn;f rsm;? aumfuyfwyd Ef iS hf
t0wfprsm;

34

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

tqifrh sm;
1/
&nfreS ;f csurf sm;udk oifwef;om;rsm;tm;&Si;f jy&ef/
2/
tzGUJ i,frsm;zGpYJ nf;&ef/
3/
wpfzUJG pDtm; vufwpfqyk pf mrsKd ;aphrsm;a0iS&ef/
4/
rsKd ;aphrsm;udk atmufygtwef;tpm;twdik ;f a&G;cs,&f efajymjyyg/
- tpuftaysmufygonft
h aphrsm;
- tqHrwnfonft
h aphrsm;
- aumif;aomrsKd ;aphrsm; (t&G,yf o
kH @mefEiS t
hf a&mifnn
D mjcif;)
- t&G,yf o
kH @mefEiS hf ta&mifrnDnmonft
h aphrsm;
- tjcm;rsKd ;uGaJ phrsm;
- taphr[kwo
f nfh ypn;f rsm;
5/
twef;tpm;wpfcck si;f &Sd rsKd ;aphrsm;udak &wGuNf y;D &mcdik Ef eI ;f &SmazG&efajymjyyg/
6/
&&So
d nf&h v'frsm;udk tzGUJ Bu;D odw
Yk ifjy&efajymyg/
7/
aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk pkpnf;yg/
aqG;aEG;&efar;cGe;f rsm;
1/
t&nftaoG;aumif;rsKd ;aphqo
kd nfrmS tb,fenf;/
2/
uReyf w
f o
Ykd nf t&nftaoG;aumif;rsKd ;aph tb,fah Mumifv
h t
kd yfoenf;/
3/
t&nftaoG;aumif;rsKd ;aph\ vuPm&yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;yg/
4/
oif\rsKd ;aphwiG f &mcdik Ef eI ;f rnfrQonf t&nftaoG;aumif;rsKd ;aphjzpfoenf;/
5/
tjcm;rsKd ;aphqo
kd nfrmS tb,fenf;/
6/
xdrk sKd ;aphrsm; oiftoH;k jyKvQif rnfojYkd zpfrnfenf;/
7/
t&nftaoG;aumif;rsKd ;aphrsm;udk uReyf w
f Ykd rnfo&Ykd &SEd ikd o
f enf;/
t&nftaoG;aumif;rsKd ;aph\ vuPm&yfrsm;
t&nftaoG;aumif;rsKd ;aphrsm;onf t&G,?f yHo
k @mefEiS hf ta&mifnn
D mrI&o
dS nf/
,if;wdo
Yk nf a&m*gESiyhf ;kd rTm;rsm;usa&mufrrI S uif;pifonf/
,if;wdo
Yk nf aumif;pGmoefprG ;f onfh tyif& &SEd ikd o
f nfrh sKd ;aph pGr;f tm;ESihf tyifaygufEikd o
f nfh
rsKd ;aphprG ;f &nf&MdS uonf/
pyg;\tyifaygufEeI ;f onf 98 &mcdik Ef eI ;f txuf&&dS rnf/
rsKd ;a&myg0ifrI 1 &mcdik Ef eI ;f xufenf;&rnf/
Nyifqifjcif;/
tpDtpOfrpwifrD ypn;f rsm;tm;vH;k pkaqmif;xm;&rnf/

arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

35
rsKd ;aphuq
kd m;a&toH;k jyKa&G;cs,jf cif;

ed'gef;
odyfonf;qrsm;onfh rsdK;aphrsm;onf omrefrsdK;aphrsm;xuf oefpGrf;aomysdK;yifrsm;udk
yd
k xkwv
f yk af y;Edik o
f nf/ ysKd ;yif\tpydik ;f tqifw
h iG f tm[m&rsm;udk rsKd ;aphr&S ,lMu&onf/ ysKd ;yiftwGuf
tm[m& ay;onf h rl v t&if ; tjrpf j zpf a om taph w G i f ; pmonf od y f o nf ; q rsm;
t&G,t
f pm;Bu;D rm;vQif ysKd ;yiftwGuf tm[m&rsm;udk yd
k ay;Edik pf rG ;f &So
d nf/ use;f rmoefprG ;f onfh
ysKd ;yifrsm;onf qd;k 0g;aom tajctaersm;udyk
kd cHEikd &f nf&adS om aMumifh a&m*gyd;k rTm;rsm;usa&mufrI
enf;yg;apygonf/ use;f rmoefprG ;f onfh oD;ESyH ifpu
kd yf sKd ; Edik &f ef t&nftaoG;aumif;rsKd ;aphuo
hJ yYkd if
t&nftaoG;aumif; ysKd ;yifonf ta&;Bu;D onfh oGi;f tm;pkjzpfygonf/
oif,lrI&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
-

odyo
f nf;qrsm;onfrh sKd ;aphrsm; rnfuo
hJ aYkd &G;cs,&f rnf (odrYk [kw)f cGjJ cm;&rnf udo
k if,&l ef

odyo
f nf;qrsm;onfh rsKd ;aphrsm; toH;k jyKjcif;\ta&;Bu;D yHu
k kd avhvm&ef

yHhykd;&ef toifhawmfqHk;tcsdef/

rsKd ;apht&nftaoG; tpDtpOftNy;D

vdktyfonfhtcsdef/

1em&D

vdktyfonfhypnf;rsm;/

rsKd ;aphrsm;? qm;? MuufO? a&yH;k (odrYk [kw)f yH;k /

tqifhrsm;
1/

oifwef;om;rsm;tm; &nf&,
G cf suu
f kd &Si;f vif;ajymMum;&ef/

2/

if;wd\
Yk rsKd ;apha&G;cs,jf cif; tawGUtBuKH rsm;ukd a0iSapjcif;/

3/

rsKd ;apha&G;cs,rf \
I ta&;Bu;D yHu
k kd aqG;aEG;&ef/

4/

qm;azsm&f nfjyifqifyEkH iS hf odyo

f nf;qrsm;onfh rsKd ;apha&G;cs,yf u
kH jdk yo&ef/ atmufwiG af zmfjyxm;
onft
h uGut
f wGi;f &Sd vrf;Tecf surf sm;udMk unfyh g/

rSwcf su/f
5/

/ vrf;nGecf sut
f uGuu
f x
kd nf&h ef

rsKd ;cGjJ cm;jcif;\ tusKd ;aus;Zl;ESihf vkyaf qmifenf;rsm;udak qG;aEG;yg/

aqG ; aEG ; &ef a r;cG e f ; rsm;

1/

odyo
f nf;qrsm;onfrh sKd ;aphrsm; a&G;cs,&f ef uReyf w
f Ykd tb,fah Mumifv
h t
kd yfoenf;/

2/

odyo
f nf;qrsm;onfh rsKd ;aphrsm;toH;k jyKjcif;\ tusKd ;aus;Zl;udk aqG;aEG;yg/

3/

jynfw
h if;aeonft
h aph (odrYk [kw)f odyo
f nf;qrsm;onft
h aphrsm;udk uReyf w
f Ykd ra&G;cs,v
f Qif
rnfojYkd zpfEikd o
f enf;/

36

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

odyo
f nf;qrsm;onfh taphrsm;cGjJ cm;enf;
a&yH;k xJwiG f vHak vmufaoma&yrmP (6 rS
10vDwm)cefu
Y x
kd nf&h ef/
-

MuufOwpfv;kH udx
k nfyh g/ MuufOonf a&yH;k
atmufajcodYk jrKyo
f mG ;ayrnf/

MuufO(3yH-k 1yH)k a&ay:odYk vH;k 0ay:vmonf

txd a&xJ o d k Y q m;xnf h oray;yg/
xkdUaemuf a&G;cs,fvdkonfh rsdK;aphrsm;udk
qm;azsm&f nf xJox
Ykd nfyh g/

rsd K ;aph r sm;ud k a rT a y;yg/ rd e pf t enf ; i,f

MumvQif a&ay:wGiaf y:aeonfh rsKd ;aphrsm;udk
z,f&mS ;yg/

a&yH;k atmufajcwGif &Sad eonfrh sKd ;aphrsm;udk pkaqmif;yg/

rsKd ;aphrsm;onf odyo

f nf;qjrifrh m;onfh rsKd ;aphrsm;jzpfonf/ pkaqmif;Ny;D ygu ,if;rsKd ;aph rsm;udk
a&jzifah q;aMumyg/

jyifqifjcif;/

tpDtpOfrpwifrD vdt
k yfonfyh pn;f rsm;udk pkaqmif;oifah yonf/

arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

37

ajrqDvTmESifh ajrqDMoZmxdef;odrf;jcif;
ajrqDvmT xde;f odr;f jcif; (Soil Conservation)
ed'gef;
awmifow
l o
Ydk nf ajrqDvmT xde;f odr;f jcif;ESiyhf wfoufNy;D txl;*&kpu
dk af qmif&u
G af vhr&SMd uyg/
awmiforl sm;tm; ajrqDvmT xde;f odr;f jcif;onf awmif,mpyg;ESihf tjcm;aomoD;ESrH sm; txGuaf umif;
atmif aqmif&u
G &f mwGif t"duta&;ygaom tcef;u@jzpfaMumif; aqG;aEG;ay;&ef ta&;wBu;D
vkt
d yfygonf/ ok&Yd mwGif a&TUajymif;awmif,mvkyu
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38

v,form;v,fuiG ;f oifwef;(,morm;) yHyh ;kd olvufpJG

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arwm zGUH NzKd ;a&;azmifa';&Si;f

39

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(Cannel with Lock and Spill)

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40

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-

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