Plastic Analysis

and Design of Structures

Part 1-1
S. Erfani

1
12/12/2015

References:

1- M. Jirasek, Z. P. Bazant, Inelastic Analysis of Structures

2- M. B. Wong, Plastic Analysis and Design of Steel Structures

2
12/12/2015

The Three Types of Inelastic Behavior:

0
E
1

E
1

3
12/12/2015

The Ideal Stress Strain Relations:

if 0 : 0
if 0 :

if 0 :
E
E
0
1
if 0 :

E
o

if 0 : 0
0
if 0 :
H
o

if 0 :
E
E
0 0
1
if 0 :

E
H
o

4
12/12/2015

Basic Relations:

d d e d p

d
d e
E
d
d p
Ep

d
d
Et

Et

e p

d p d e
E
1

E : Elastic Modulus

Et

E p : Plastic Modulus

d
E t : Tangential Modulus

d d d
1 1 1

Et
E Ep
Et E E p

1 1 1
E E E
t
p
1
1 1

E p Et E

d p d e

EE p

Et
E Ep

E p EEt

E Et

5
12/12/2015

Basic Relations (continue ):

dU d : Rate of Energy Density

U

U e p

e : Rate of Stored Elastic Energy Density

p e

p : Rate of Dissipated Plastic Energy Density

D p D , p : Dissipatio n Power Density

Elastic Region : D 0

0 D

Perfectly Plastic Materials:

Elastic Region : D 0

Plastic Region : D p 0 p D p

D 0
p

0
6
12/12/2015

Elastic Perfectly Plastic Bars:

L : Bar Length

0
E
1

A : Cross Section Area

S : Axial Force

S 0 : Plastic Axial Force

A S
0

0 A S0

e : Extention (Change of Length )

S (Force)

S0

L
if S S 0 e
S : Elastic Region
EA

if S S 0 e SignS
S0 ; 0
EA

: Plastic Region

EA / L
1

o
e(Extension)

S0
7
12/12/2015

Elastic Perfectly Plastic Bars (continue):

-Dissipation Power:

S0

Dint DdV p dV V p AL p Se p
V

Dint

Elastic Region : Dint 0

e
Dint

Plastic Region : Dint Se p S 0 e p

S0

S
-Residual Stress Effect:

S0
o

e
S0
8
12/12/2015

Moment-Curvature Relation in Flexural Beams:

-Bending Usual Assumption (Bernoulli Assumption):
The Plane Cross Sections Remain Plain and Normal to
The Deflected Middle Axis of The Beam.

z : The Fiber Depth Coordinate Measured From The Middle Axis

: The Middle Axis Curvature

: Radius of Curvature
M ( z ) zdA
A

ds

z
1

ds

z
9
12/12/2015

Example: Rectangular Cross Section With

Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material:
0

E
1

M M el M el M M 0

M M0

M<Mel:

M z ( z )dA zE ( z )dA
A

M zEzdA E z dA
2

I z 2 dA
A

M EI
M=Mel:

M el EI el el

0
/ E 2 0
0

h/2
h/2
Eh

bh
I
12

bh 2
M el 0
0Wel
6

10
Wel

12/12/2015

Example: Rectangular Cross Section With

Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material (continue ):
0

0
E
1

M M el M el M M 0

M M0

M=M0:
bh h
bh 2
M0 0
0
0W0
2 2
4

W0

W0 bh 2 / 4

2 1.5 : Shape Factor

Wel bh / 6

Mel<M<M0:

b h h
bh
2
M M0 0
M0 0
2 2 3
12

2
M M 0 1
3

11
12/12/2015

Example: Rectangular Cross Section With

Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material (continue ):
0

0
E
1

M M el M el M M 0

Mel<M<M0:
2
M M 0 1
3

el 2
M M 0 1 2
3

M M0

0
h
0
2
E

M M0

2 0

el
Eh

el

el

31
M0

12
12/12/2015

Example: Rectangular Cross Section With

Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material (continue ):
el 2
M M 0 1 2
3

M0
M el

M0

el

13
12/12/2015

Expanded Plastic zone:

Example) Rectangular Cross Section Beam
With Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material:

1
L
M ( x) Fx , x 0,
2
2
L
FL
x M max
2
4

4M max
F
L

4M el
Fel
L

4M 0
F0
L

2M max
L
M ( x)
x , x 0,
L
2

M0 2
x xel M M el
M0

4M 0
xel
3F

xel ult

14
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Expanded Plastic zone:

Example) Rectangular Cross Section Beam
With Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material
(continue ):
4M 0
x 0,
: Elastic Region

3F

4M 0 L
x
, : Elastic Plastic Region
3F 2
2 2M max
4M 0 L
x
, : M M 0 1
x
3
L
3F 2

2M max x

Fx
31

31
M0L

2M 0

ult

2x
31
L

15
12/12/2015

Expanded Plastic zone:

Example) Rectangular Cross Section Beam
With Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material
(continue ):
4M 0
x 0,
:

3F

M
Fx

EI 2 EI

M el M 0 2M 0
el

EI EI 3EI
4M 0 L
x
, :
3F 2

2M 0

3EI 31
M0

el

31
M0
2M 0

Fx

3EI 31
2M 0

16
12/12/2015

Expanded Plastic zone:

Example) Rectangular Cross Section Beam
With Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material
(continue ):
M
Fx
4M 0
x 0,
:

EI 2 EI
3F
2M 0

4M 0 L
x
, :

Fx

3EI 31
3F 2
2M 0
F Fel L / 2

L
2

Fx 2
2
dx
4 EI
0

Fel F F0 L / 2 2

4M 0
3F

L
2

Fx 2
dx 2
4 EI
4M 0
3F

M0x

Fx

3EI 31
2M 0

dx
17
12/12/2015

Expanded Plastic zone:

Example) Rectangular Cross Section Beam
With Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material
(continue ):
4M el
F Fel
:
L

L/2

FL3

48EI

4M el
4M 0
Fel
F F0
L
L
L/2

3
1

2M
3FL 2
3FL 2
3612

80 12
2

81F EI
M0
M0

L/2

3
1

2
2

F L
12
F
12
F
80 12

36
12

2592F EI
F0
F0

3
0

3 3
0
2

18
12/12/2015

Expanded Plastic zone:

Example) Rectangular Cross Section Beam
With Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material
(continue ):
1.75

Idealized
Diagram

1.5

1.25

F/Fel
0.75

0.5

0.25

0
0

1.5

2.2222

delta (L^3/48EI)

19
12/12/2015

Expanded Plastic zone:

Example) Rectangular Cross Section Beam
With Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material:

qL2 qx 2
L
M ( x)

, x 0,
8
2
2
x 0 M max

8M el
qel 2
L

qL2

8M max
q
L2
8M 0
q0 2
L

qL2
x2
x2
L
1 4 2 M max 1 4 2 , x 0,
M ( x)
8
L
L
2

M0 2
L2 4M 0
x xel M M el
M 0 xel

4
3q

xel ult

2 3 3.4620
12/12/2015

Expanded Plastic zone (continue ):

Example) Rectangular Cross Section Beam
With Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material:

L2 4M L
0
x

, : Elastic Region
3q 2
4

L2 4M 0
x 0,

: Elastic Plastic Region

4
3q

x2
M M 0 1 M max 1 4 2
3
L

3M max
x2
3qL2
x2
x
1 4 2 3
1 4 2 ult 2 3
3
M0
L
8M 0
L
L
21
12/12/2015

Expanded Plastic zone (continue ):

Example) Rectangular Cross Section Beam
With Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material:
2
2
L2 4M L

M
q
L
x
0

, :
EI EI 8 2
3q 2
4

M el M 0 2M 0
el

EI EI 3EI

L2 4M 0
x 0,

:
4
3q

2M 0

3EI 31
M0

el

31
M0

2M 0

qL2
qx 2

3EI 31

8M 0 2 M 0

22
12/12/2015

Expanded Plastic zone (continue ):

Example) Rectangular Cross Section Beam
With Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material:
2
2
L2 4M L

M
q
L
x
0

x

, :

3q 2
EI EI 8 2
4

2M 0
L2 4M 0
x 0,

:
4
3q

qL2
qx 2

3EI 31

8M 0 2 M 0

q qel L / 2

L
2

q L2 x 2 L x
2 dx
EI 8 2 4 2
0
L2 4 M 0

4
3q

qel q q0 L / 2 2

L x
2M 0
4 2
dx 2
2
2

qL
qx

3EI 31

8
M
2
M
0
0

L
2

L 4M 0

4
3q

q L2 x 2 L x
dx
EI 8 2 4 2
23
12/12/2015

Expanded Plastic zone (continue ):

Example) Rectangular Cross Section Beam
With Elastic Perfectly Plastic Material:
8M
q qel 2 el :
L

qel

L/2

5qL4

384EI

8M el
8M 0

0
L2
L2

L / 2 ??

24
12/12/2015

Dissipation Power in Plastic Hinges:

e p z

D p
Dint DdV
V

Dint p dV e p dA
V

Dint zdA zdA M

A

M0

Dint M M 0
o

25
12/12/2015

Common Representation of Dissipation Power:

- The Stress-Stain Element:

D p 0 p

- The Plastic Axial Bar:

Dint Se p S 0 e p

- The Plastic Moment Hinge:

Dint M M 0

26
12/12/2015

Design Methods:

1- Allowable Stress Design or Work Stress Design

Elastic Analysis is permissible only.

2- Limit States Design or Strength Design

Both of Elastic and Inelastic Analyses are permissible.

27
12/12/2015

Comparison Between Elastic and Inelastic Analysis in Strength Design:

F0

o
F0

M 0 M r M max FL / 4

4M 0
L
28
12/12/2015

Comparison Between Elastic and Inelastic Analysis in Strength Design:

F
F0

M 0 M r M max 3FL / 16

o
F0

16 M 0
3L
29
12/12/2015

Comparison Between Elastic and Inelastic Analysis (continue ):

F0ult
F0

o
F0ult

6M 0

F0ult
1.125
F0

M max
FL
M max
2
4

M max

FL
6

M 0 M r M max FL / 6

30
12/12/2015

Comparison Between Elastic and Inelastic Analysis (continue ):

F0

M 0 M r M max FL / 8

o
F0

8M 0
L
31
12/12/2015

Two Types of Nonlinear Analyses used in Lumped Hinge Approach:

1- Incremental Analysis
2- Limit Analysis

32
12/12/2015

Incremental Analysis:

d 0 : Plastic Loading

0
d Ed : Elastic Unloading

d Ed
o

d Ed : E.U .
d 0 : P.L.

Elastic Unloading Plastic Loading Criteria?

33
12/12/2015

Incremental Analysis:
Elastic Predictor Plastic Corrector for Elastic Perfectly Plastic Behavior

d 0 : Plastic Loading

d Ed : Elastic Unloading
d Ed
o

d Ed : E.U .
d 0 : P.L.

Elastic Region :
d Ed

Yield Region :
if d 0 : ElasticUnloading
d Ed Elastic Predictor
else : Plastic Loading Plastic Corrector
34
12/12/2015

Incremental Analysis,

Example:

A1 0.90 A

A2 0.96 A
A A
3

y1 0.8 0

y 2 0.06 0

0
y3

3 .2 L

1.8L

E
1

2 .4 L

U xo u

U yo v

EA
K
L

0 A S0

e1 0.6u 0.8v
0.6 0.8
Kinematic

e Bd
Kinematic Equations : e2 v
: B 0
1
Matrix
e 0.8u 0.6v
0.8 0.6
3
T
B
s f

Fx F 0.6S1 0.8S3 F
Equilibrium Equation s :

Static
T

0
y
0.8S1 S 2 0.6S3 0 B :

35
12/12/2015

Matrix

Step 1:

e1
e1
0.30 Ke1
S1 0.90 EA 0.90 EA
L1
3L

s D(1)e
e2
e2

Constitutive Equations : S 2 0.96 EA 0.96 EA

0.40 Ke2
L2
2.4 L

S EA e3 EA e3 0.25Ke
3
3
L
4
L
3

0.9 EA

L1
Initial Generalized Material Stiffness Matrix : D(1) 0

0
0.96 EA
L2
0

EA

L3
36
12/12/2015

Step 1 (continue):

BT s f

s D(1)e
BT D(1)e f

e Bd

BT D(1)e f

BT D(1) Bd K (1)d f

u 3.743 F K

v 0.132 F K

S1 0.642F

S 2 0.053F
S 0.768F
3
0.920 F(1) S0 1

s D(1)e

e Bd

0.18e1 0.20e3 F

EA
0.24e1 0.40e2 0.15e3 0

F
0.268u 0.024v

K
0.024u 0.682v 0

s D(1) Bd

S1 S y1 0 0.642F 0.9 A 0.8 0 0.892 F S0

S 2 S y 2 0 0.053F 0.96 A 0.06 0 0.920 F S0 : Max

S S 0 0.768F A 0.768 F S
0
0
3 y3
37
12/12/2015

Step 1 (continue):
F(1) 1 / 0.92S0 1.087S0

S1(1) 0 0.642F(1) 0 0.698S0

S 2(1) 0 0.053F(1) 0 0.058S0

S 0 0.768F 0 0.835S
(1)
0
3(1)

F(1) 0 1.087S0 1.087S0

F(1) L
S0
0 4.069
u(1) 0 3.743
EA
K

L
F
v 0 0.132 (1) 0 0.143 S0
(1)
EA
K

Step 2:

S1 0.30 Ke1 : ( Elastic)

Constitutive Equations : S 2 0 : ( Plastic)

S 0.25Ke : ( Elastic) 2.4 L
3
3

1.8L

3.2 L
3

s D( 2)e
BT D( 2)e f

0.18e1 0.20e3 F K

0.24e1 0.15e3 0

38
12/12/2015

Step 2 (continue):

BT D( 2) Bd K ( 2)d f
u 3.760 F K

v 0.320 F K

0.268u 0.024v F K

0.024u 0.282v 0

s D( 2) Bd

S1 0.600F

S 2 0
S 0.800F
3

S1 S y1 0.698S0 0.6 F 0.9 A 0.8 0 0.969 0.833 F S0 : Max

S2 S y 2 1
S S 0.835S 0.8F A 0.835 0.8 F S
0
0
0
3 y3
0.969 0.833 F( 2) S 0 1

1 0.969

F( 2)
S0 0.037S0
0.833

F( 2) 1.087S0 0.037S0 1.124S0

39
12/12/2015

Step 2 (continue):

S1( 2) 0.698S0 0.022S0 0.720S0

S 2( 2) 0.058S0
S 0.835S 0.030S 0.865S
0
0
0
3( 2 )
u( 2) 3.760 0.037S0

v( 2) 0.320 0.037S0

S0
S0
S0

4.208
K 0.139 S0 K u( 2) 4.069 0.139
K
K
K

S
S
S
K 0.012 S0 K
v( 2) 0.143 0 0.012 0 0.155 0
K
K
K

Step 3:
S1 0 : ( Plastic)

Constitutive Equations : S2 0.40 Ke2 : ( Elastic Predictor)

2.4 L
S 0.25Ke : ( Elastic)
3
3

s D(ep3)e

1.8L

3.2 L
3

F
40
12/12/2015

Step 3 (continue):
K

0
.
2
e

3
B D e f
0.4e2 0.15e3 0
T

( 3)
ep

BT D(ep3) Bd K (ep3)d f

s D(ep3) Bd

0.16u 0.12v F K

0.12u 0.49v 0

u 7.656 F K

v 1.875 F K

S1 0
( 3)
( 3)

ep
S 2 0.75F : ( S 2 S 2 0 ElasticUnloading)
S 1.25F
3

S1 S y1 1

S 2 S y 2 0.058S0 0.75F 0.96 A 0.06 0 1 13.02 F S0

S S 0.865S 1.25F A 0.865 1.25 F S
0
0
0
3 y3

1 13.02 F S0 1
0.865 1.25 F S 1
0

F 0.154S0
F 0.108S

: Min

41
12/12/2015

Step 3 (continue):
F(3) 0.108S0

F(3) 1.124S0 0.108S0 1.232S0

S1(3) 0.720S0

S 2(3) 0.058S0 0.081S0 0.023S0

S 0.865S 0.135S S
0
0
0
3( 3)
u(3) 7.656 0.108S0 K 0.827 S0 K

v(3) 1.875 0.108S0 K 0.203 S0 K

S0
S0
S0

4
.
208

0
.
827

5
.
035
( 3)
K
K
K

S
S
S
v(3) 0.155 0 0.203 0 0.048 0
K
K
K

42
12/12/2015

Step 4:
S1 0.30 Ke1 : ( Elastic Predictor)

Constitutive Equations : S2 0.40 Ke2 : ( Elastic)

S 0 : ( Plastic)
3

1.8L

2.4 L

3.2 L
3

s D(ep4)e
K

0
.
18
e

F
1
B D e f
0.24e1 0.4e2 0
T

( 4)
ep

BT D(ep4) Bd K (ep4)d f

0.108u 0.144v F K

0.144u 0.592v 0

u 13.704 F K

v 3.333 F K

S1 1.667 F ( S1S1 0 Plastic Loading )

s D(ep4) Bd S2 1.332F
S 0
3

1.8L

2.4 L

3.2 L
3

F
43
12/12/2015

Example, continue:

F
S0
1.232
1.124
1.087

u( 3) EA
o

4.07 4.21 5.04

S 0l

44
12/12/2015

Incremental Analysis for Beams:

2 EI

M ij l 2i j 3

M 2 EI 2 3
j
i
ji
l
M ij M ji

Z ij
l

Z M ij M ji
ij
l

M ij

i
Z ij

wi w j
l

2M ij M ji

l
i
6 EI

2M ji M ij l
j
6 EI

Z ij
12 6l 12 6l wi
M

6l 4l 2
2

6
l
2
l
EI
ij
i

3
Z
12
6l w j
ji l 12 6l

2
2
M ji
6l
4l j
6l 2l

M ji
j
Z ji
j

wi
i

j wj

s DBd

s DBd
45
12/12/2015

Incremental Analysis for Beams:

M ij 0

1.5EI
2 j 2
M ji
l

i
Z ij

wi w j
l

0 3 3l wi

0 0
0 i

0 3
3l w j
2
0 3l 3l j

wi

M ji

Z ij
l

Z M ji
ij
l

Z ij
3
M
0
EI
ij

3
Z ji l 3

M ji
3l

M ji
j
Z ji
j wj

s DBd
s DBd
46
12/12/2015

Incremental Analysis for Beams:

1.5EI

2i 2
M ij
l

M ji 0

M ij

wi w j
l

Z ij
3 3l 3
M
3l 3l 2 3l
EI
ij

3
3
Z ji l 3 3l

M ji
0
0
0

Z ji

0 wi

0 i

0 w j

0 j

wi

M ij

Z ij
l

Z M ij
ij
l

i
Z ij

j wj

s DBd
s DBd
47
12/12/2015

Incremental Analysis for Beams,

Example:

2L

Degree of Freedom : 2

M 21 F M

L
3

w2

M
M0

23

Z 212 Z 23

Z 21 Z 23 F
Equilibrium Equation s :

M 21 M 23 0
Z 21

1 0 1 0 M 21 F
0 1 0 1

Z 23 0
M 23

BT s f
48
12/12/2015

Step 1:

2L
1

Z12

M 12 EI
3
Z 21 8l
M 21

L
2

12 12l 12 12l w 1
12l 16l 2 12l 8l 2

1
12 12l
12
12l w 2

2
2
12l 16l 2
12l 8l

Z 23
12 6l 12 6l w 2

6l 4l 2
2

6
l
2
l
M
23 EI
2

12
6
l
12
6
l
l
Z 32
w 3

2
2
M 32

6
l
2
l
6
l
4
l

3
Z 21 Z 23 F EI 13.5 4.5l w 2 F
Equilibrium Equation s :

2
3

M 21 M 23 0 l 4.5l 6l 2 0 12/12/2015
49

Step 1, continue:
EI
l3

2L

13.5 4.5l w 2 F
4.5l 13.5l 2

2 0

K (1)d f
(1)

w2
0.09877l Fl 2

0
.
07407

EI
2

F (1)

M0
M0
2.25
0.4444l
l

F
2

(1)

M 12
0.2222

0.2963
M
21

Fl
M 23
0.2963
M 32
0.4444

F (1) 0 2.25

L
3

Yields

M0
M
2.25 0
l
l

(1)

(1)

w2
0.2222l M 0l

0
.
1667

EI
2

M 12
0.5
M
0.6667
21

M 0
M 23
0.6667
M 32
1

50
12/12/2015

Step 2:

2L

L
3

Z12

M 12 EI
3
Z 21 8l
M 21

12 12l 12 12l w 1
12l 16l 2 12l 8l 2

1
12 12l
12
12l w 2

2
2
12l 16l 2
12l 8l

Z 23
3 3l 3

3l 3l 2 3l
M
23 EI
3
3
Z 32 l 3 3l

M 32
0
0
0

0 w 2
0 2

0 w 3

0 3

Z 21 Z 23 F
Equilibrium Equation s :

M 21 M 23 0

EI
l3

4.5 1.5l w 2 F
1.5l 5l 2

2 0

51
12/12/2015

Step 2, continue:
EI
l3

2L

4.5 1.5l w 2 F
1.5l 5l 2

2 0

L
3

K ( 2)d f
w 2

2

( 2)

0.24691l Fl 2

0.07407 EI

( 2)

M 12
0.4444

0.5185
M
21

Fl
M 23
0.5185
M 32
0

M0
1 0.6667
( 2)

F
M 0 0.6429
0.5185l
l

( 2)

.5 .4444
.6667 .5185

Yields

M0
M0
2.25 0.6429
2.8929
l
l
52
12/12/2015

Step 2, continue:

2L

w2

2

3( 2L)

( 2)

0.3809l M 0l

0
.
2143

EI

( 2)

0.7857
1

M 0
1
1

( 2)
M 0l
M 0l
2M 32( 2) M 23
w 2( 2) w 3( 2) ( 2)

.
1111

0
.
1587

0
.
0476

l
3L
EI
EI
6 EI
l

3( 2) 3( 2R) 3( 2L)
( 2)
3

L
2

M 12
M
21

M
23
M 32

M 0l
M 0l
( 2)

3 0 0.0476
0.0476
EI
EI

M 0l
M 0l
0 0.0476
0.0476
EI
EI

53
12/12/2015

Step 3:
(Alternative I):

(I )

2L

L
3

Z12

M 12 EI
3
Z 21 8l
M 21

12 12l 12 12l w 1
12l 16l 2 12l 8l 2

1
12 12l
12
12l w 2

2
2
12l 16l 2 L
12l 8l

Z 21 F EI 1.5 1.5l w 2 F
Equilibrium Equation s :

2
3

M 21 0 l 1.5l 2l 2 L 0

K (3)d f
w 2

2 L

( 3)

2.66667l Fl 2

EI

( 3)

M 12
2

0
M 21

Fl
M 23
0
M 32
0

Yields

54
12/12/2015

Step 3, continue:
M0
1 0.7857
( 3)

F
M 0 0.1072
2l
l

w2

2 L

( 3)
3L

( 3)

0.6667l M 0l

EI

( 3)
2M 32(3) M 23
w 2(3) w 3(3)

l
6 EI
l

M0
M0
2.8929 0.1073
3
l
l

M 12
M
21

M 23
M 32

( 3)
3L

( 3)

1
1

M 0
1
1

M 0l
M 0l
0 0.2859
0.2859
EI
EI

M 0l
M 0l
( 3)

3 0 0.2859
0.2859
EI
EI
M 0l
M 0l
0.0476 0.2859
0.3333
55
EI
EI
12/12/2015

3(3) 3(3R) 3(3L)

3(3)

( 3)

Step 3, continue:

2(3R)

( 3)
2M 23
M 32(3)
w 2(3) w 3(3)

l
6 EI
l

M 0l
M 0l
0 0.2859
0.2859
EI
EI

( 3)
2R

2(3) 2(3R) 2(3L)

M 0l
M 0l
( 3)

2 0.2859 (0.2144)
0.5
EI
EI
2(3) 0 0.5

M 0l
M l
0.5 0
EI
EI
56
12/12/2015

Step 3:
(Alternative II):

(II )

2L

L
3

Z12

M 12 EI
3
Z 21 8l
M 21

3 6l
6l 12l 2

3 6l

0
0

3 0 w 1
6l 0 1

3 0 w 2

0 0 2 L

Z 23
3 3l 3

3l 3l 2 3l
M
EI
23
3
3
Z 32 l 3 3l

M 32
0
0
0

0 w 2
0 2 R

0 w 3

0 3

Z 21 Z 23 F
Equilibrium Equation s :

M 23 0

EI
l3

3.375 3l w 2 F
3l 3l 2
57

2R 0
12/12/2015

Step 3, continue:
EI 3.375 3l w 2 F

2
3
l 3l 3l 2 R 0
( 3)

M 12
2

0
M
21

Fl
M 23
0
M 32
0

( 3)

0.6667l M 0l

0
.
5

EI

( 3)

2.66667l Fl 2

2
.
66667

EI

Yields

M
1 0.7857
F (3)
M 0 0.1072 0
2l
l

w2

2 R

K (3)d f

w 2

2 R

( 3)

M0
M0
2.8929 0.1073
3
l
l

M 12
M
21

M
23
M 32

( 3)

1
1

M 0
1
1

58
12/12/2015

Step 3, continue:

3(3L)

( 3)
M 0l
M 0l
2M 32(3) M 23
w 2(3) w 3(3) (3)
3 L 0 0.2859
0.2859

l
EI
EI
6 EI
l

3(3) 3(3R) 3(3L)

3(3) 0.0476 0.2859

M 0l
M 0l
( 3)

3 0 0.2859
0.2859
EI
EI
M 0l
M l
0.3333 0
EI
EI

( 3)
( 3)
( 3)
( 3)

2
M

M
w

w
21
12
2
2(3L)
2l 1
6 EI
2l
M 0l
M 0l
( 3)

2 L 0.0715 0.1429
0.2144
EI
EI
M 0l
M 0l
( 3)
2(3) 2(3R) 2(3L)

2 0.2859 (0.2144)
0.5
EI
EI
M 0l
M 0l
( 3)
59
2 0 0.5
0.5
12/12/2015
EI
EI

Example, continue:

Fl
M0
3
2.89
2.25

o 0.22 0.38

0.67

w2 EI
M 0l 2

60
12/12/2015

Incremental Analysis for Frames,

Example:
Degree of Freedom : 3

FreeDiagrams :

Z BC

Z CB
C
M CB
Z CD
M CD

F B
Z BA M
BC
M BA
F

u B uC

Z BA
M BA

C
Z CD
M CD

Z BA Z CD F

Equilibrium Equation s : M BA M BC 0
M M 0
CB
CD

F B

L
A

D
L

M
M0

61
12/12/2015

Step 1:
Z AB
12 6l 12 6l w A

6l 4l 2
2

6
l
2
l
M AB EI
A

12
6
l
12
6
l
l
Z BA
w B

2
2
M BA

6
l
2
l
6
l
4
l

Z BC
12 6l 12 6l w B

6l 4l 2
2

6
l
2
l
M
BC EI
B

3
12
6l w C
Z CB l 12 6l

2
2
M CB

6
l
2
l
6
l
4
l

C
Z CD
3 3l 3

2
3l
M CD EI 3l 3l
3
3
Z DC l 3 3l

M DC
0
0
0

0 w C

0 C

0 w D

0 D

F B

L
A

D
L

w B w C u
Z BA Z CD F
M M 0
BC
BA
M M 0
CB
CD

15 6l
EI
2
6
l
8
l
l3
3l 2l 2

3l u F

2l 2 B 0
7l 2 C 0
62
12/12/2015

Step 1, continue:
15 6l
EI
2
6
l
8
l
l3
3l 2l 2

3l u F

2

2l B 0
7l 2 C 0

u 0.0985l 2

Fl
B 0.0682
0.0227 EI

F (1)

F B

M0
M0
2.2
0.4546l
l

K (1)d f

D
L

M AB 0.4546

0
.
3182
M BA

M BC 0.3182 Fl
M 0.2272
CB

M CD 0.2272

(1)

Yields

M0
M0
0 2.2
2.2
l
l
63
12/12/2015

Step 1, continue:

F B

(1)

u
0.2167l

M 0l
B 0.15

0.05 EI

D
L

(1)

M AB
1
M
0.7
BA

M BC 0.7M 0
M
0.5
CB

0.5
M CD

64
12/12/2015

Step 2:
Z AB
3

M AB EI 0
3
Z BA l 3

M BA
3l

F B

0 3 3l w A
0 0
0 A

0 3
3l w B

0 3l 3l 2 B

L
A

0 w C

0 C

0 w D

0 D

D
L

Z BC
12 6l 12 6l w B

6l 4l 2
2

6
l
2
l
M
BC EI
B

3
12
6l w C
Z CB l 12 6l

2
2
M CB

6
l
2
l
6
l
4
l

C
Z CD
3 3l 3

2
3l
M CD EI 3l 3l
3
3
Z DC l 3 3l

M DC
0
0
0

w B w C u
Z BA Z CD F
M M 0
BC
BA
M M 0
CB
CD

6 3l
EI
2
3
l
7
l
l3
3l 2l 2

3l u F

2l 2 B 0
7l 2 C 0
65
12/12/2015

Step 2, continue:
6 3l
EI
2
3
l
7
l
l3
3l 2l 2

F B

3l u F

2

2l B 0
7l 2 C 0

u 0.25l 2

Fl
B 0.0833
0.0833 EI

K ( 2)d f

L
A

D
L

M AB 0

0
.
5
M BA

M BC 0.5 Fl
M 0.5
CB

M CD 0.5

M0
1 0.7
( 2)

F
M 0 0.6
0.5l
l

( 2)

1M 0 0 Fl

Yields

0.7 M 0 0.5Fl
0.7 M 0.5Fl
0

0.5M 0 0.5Fl
0.5M 0.5Fl
0

M0
M0
M0
2.2
0.6
2.8
l
l
l
66
12/12/2015

Step 2, continue:
u

B

C

( 2)

F B

0.3667l

M0
0.2
0.1 EI

M AB
M
BA
M BC
M
CB
M CD

( 2)

1
1

1 M 0
0.8

0.8

L
A

D
L

( 2)
AT

( 2)
( 2)
2M AB
M BA
w A( 2) w B( 2)

l
6 EI
l

( 2)
AT
0.05 0.15

M 0l
M l
.2 0
EI
EI

( 2)
( 2)
A( 2) AT
AB

M 0l
M 0l
M 0l
M 0l
( 2)
( 2)

A 0 (0.2)
0.2
A 0.2 0
0.2
EI
EI
EI
EI

67
12/12/2015

Step 3:

F B

L
A

D
L

Z BC
12 6l 12 6l w B

6l 4l 2
2

6
l
2
l
M
BC EI
BR

12
6
l
12
6
l
l
Z
CB
C

2
2
M CB

6
l
2
l
6
l
4
l

C
Z CD
3 3l 3

3l 3l 2 3l
M
EI
CD
3
3
Z DC l 3 3l

M DC
0
0
0

0 w C

0 C

0 w D

0 D

w B w C u
Z BA Z CD F
M M 0
BC
BA
M M 0
CB
CD

3 0
EI
2
0
4
l
l3
3l 2l 2

3l u F

2l 2 BR 0
7l 2 C 0
68
12/12/2015

Step 3, continue:
3 0
EI
2
0
4
l
l3
3l 2l 2

F B

3l u F

2

2l BR 0
7l 2 C 0

u 0.6667l 2

Fl
BR 0.1667
0.3333 EI

K (3)d f

L
A

D
L

M AB 0

M BA 0
M BC 0 Fl
M 1
CB
M CD 1

M0
1 0.8
( 3)

F
M 0 0.2
1l
l

( 3)

1M 0 0 Fl
1M 0 Fl
0

1M 0 0 Fl
0.8M 1Fl

Yields

0.8M 0 1Fl

M0
M0
M0
2.8
0.2
3
l
l
l
69
12/12/2015

Step 3, continue:
u

BR

C

( 3)

M AB
M
BA
M BC
M
CB
M CD

F B

0.5l

M 0l
0.1667
0.1667 EI

( 3)

1
1

1M 0
1

1

L
A

D
L

( 3)
AT

( 3)
( 3)
2M AB
M BA
w A(3) w B(3)

l
6 EI
l

( 3)
AT
0 0.1333

M 0l
M l
0.1333 0
EI
EI

( 3)
( 3)
A(3) AT
AB

M 0l
M 0 l ( 3)
M 0l
M 0l
( 3)

A 0.1333 0
0.1333
A 0.2 0.1333
0.3333
EI
EI
EI
EI70
12/12/2015

Step 4:

F B

L
A

D
L

Unstable

71
12/12/2015

Example, continue:

Fl
M0
3
2 .8
2 .2

o 0.22 0.32

0 .5

uEI
M 0l 2

72
12/12/2015

Indirect Method in the Nonlinear Incremental Analysis:

Continuation From Step 2:
F B

F B

/ 2L
3M

/2
M

B
A

D
L

Z AB
12 6l 12 6l w A 0

6l 4l 2
2

6
l
2
l
M
AB EI
A

12
6
l
12
6
l
l
Z
B
BA

2
2
M BA

6
l
2
l
6
l
4
l

B 0
Z AB
6l 3M / 2l

4l 2

M
M

EI
AB

3
l
Z BA
6l 3M / 2l
M BA
2l 2 M / 2

73
12/12/2015

Indirect Method in the Nonlinear Incremental Analysis:

Continuation From Step 2, continue:
F B

/ 2L
3M

/2
M

B
L
A

D
L

15 6l
EI
2
6
l
8
l
l3
3l 2l 2

3l u F 3M / 2l

2l 2 B 0 M / 2
7l 2 C 0 0

u 0.0985l 2 0.1136l

Fl
M l
0.0113
B 0.0682
0.0227 EI 0.0455 EI

C
74
12/12/2015

Indirect Method in the Nonlinear Incremental Analysis:

Continuation From Step 2, continue:
F B

/ 2L
3M

/2
M

B
L
A

D
L

M AB 0.4546
0.6590

0.6363
0
.
3182
M
BA

M BC 0.3182 Fl 0.1363M
M 0.2272
0.2045
CB

0.2045
M CD 0.2272

0.4546Fl 0.6590M M
M 1.333Fl

75
12/12/2015

Indirect Method in the Nonlinear Incremental Analysis:

Continuation From Step 2, continue:
F B

/ 2L
3M

/2
M

B
L
A

D
L

M AB 1.333

1
.
166
M
BA

M BC 0.5000 Fl
M 0.5000
CB

M CD 0.5000

M AB 0

0
.
5000
M
BA

M BC 0.5000 Fl
M 0.5000
CB

M CD 0.5000

76
12/12/2015

Indirect Method in the Nonlinear Incremental Analysis:

Continuation From Step 3:
F B

L
A

D
L

Z AB
12 6l 12 6l w A 0

2
6l
2l 2 A 1
M AB EI 6l 4l
3

12
6
l
12
6
l
Z BA l
B

2
2
M BA

6
l
2
l
6
l
4
l

B 2
Z AB
6l
6l 3M 1 / 2l 3M 2 / 2l

4l 2
2l 2

M AB EI
EI
M1 M 2 / 2
3 1
3 2

l
Z BA
6l l
6l 3M 1 / 2l 3M 2 / 2l
M BA
2l 2
4l 2 M 1 / 2 M 212/12/2015
77

Indirect Method in the Nonlinear Incremental Analysis:

Continuation From Step 3, continue:
F B

L
A

15 6l
EI
2
6
l
8
l
l3
3l 2l 2

3l u F 3M 1 / 2l 3M 2 / 2l

2l 2 B 0 M 1 / 2 M 2
7l 2 C 0 0 0

u 0.0985l 2 0.1136l
0.0795l

Fl
M 1l
M 2l
0.0113
0.0795
B 0.0682
0.0227 EI 0.0455 EI 0.0568 EI

C
78
12/12/2015

Indirect Method in the Nonlinear Incremental Analysis:

Continuation From Step 3, continue:
F B

M
2 2

L
A

D
L

M 1

M AB 0.4546
0.6590
0.6363

0.6363
0.7950
0
.
3182
M
BA

M BC 0.3182 Fl 0.1363M 1 0.2044 M 2

M 0.2272
0.2045
0.0682
CB

0.2045
0.0682
M CD 0.2272
0.4546Fl 0.6590M 1 0.6363M 2 M 1 M 2 / 2

0.3182Fl 0.6363M 1 0.7950M 2 M 2 M 1 / 2

M 1 2.661Fl

M 2 3.321Fl

79
12/12/2015

Indirect Method in the Nonlinear Incremental Analysis:

Continuation From Step 3, continue:
F B

M
2 2

L
A

D
L

M AB 4.321

4
.
652
M
BA

M BC 0 Fl
M 1
CB

M CD 1

M 1

M AB 0

M BA 0
M BC 0 Fl
M 1
CB
M CD 1

80
12/12/2015