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Grammar Builder 5
Grammar Builder 5
Builder
A grammar guidebook for students of English
A. Amin
CAVTTRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
R. Eravelly
F.J. lbrahim
r:',:
@& INTRODUCTION & & %
To the student
This book is designedto help you master key concepts in English grammar easily and quickly.
Studentswho need to take written exams as well as those who wish to write rvell will find the
Grammar Builder serieshelpful.
You may use this book for self-studyand practice.An Anslverssection is located at the back of the
book.
To the teacher
The Grammar Bttilder seriesis a useful supplement to any main English languagecourse and is
suitablefor both classroomteaching and self-study.The seriesfocuseson written grammar and the
key grammar conceptsthat studentsneed to knor,vfor written exercises.
How the book is organised
The Grammar Builder seri,es
comprisesfive books for beginnerto upper-intermediatelevel learners
of British English.Books 1 and 2 are intended for learnerswho need to acquire the basicsof
grammar. Books 3 to 5 are for learnerswho need to strengthentheir proficienry in grammar and
improve their written English.
Eachbook is made up of 42 to 56 units, and units dealingwith relatedtopics (e.g.prepositions)are
grouped togetherfbr easeof use.
A unit coversthree to five grammar concepts and includes four to six different types of exercises.
Key grammar concepts (e.g.tenses)taught in the lower level books are re-visited and expanded
upon in the other books of this series.For a list of units, refer to Ihe Conrcnrsat the beginning of
eachbook.
The books use a simple but effective three-step approach (error identification, correction, and
practice)to help learnersmaster Englishgrammar.
There are four pagesper unit, and each unit is divided into three sections:Checkytoirtt,Grammar
Points, and Practice.
All units begin with a Checkpointsection containing severalpairs of numbered examplesthat show
common grammatical errors and then their corrected forms. These examplesof correct and
incorrect.usage demonstrateto the student how slight differencesin expressioncan result in
grammaucalerrors.
The studentscan then refer to the correspondingGrammar Pointsin the next sectionl,r'hichexplain
the grammar concepts highlighted under Checkpoint,show how to apply the grammar coniepts
correctly,and provide more examples.
In the third section, Practice,students revise the grammar concepts they have learned by
completing a group of exercises.(The answerscan be found at the back of the book.) This enable's
qrJickrevision of each concept, and allows studentsto seeif there are any aspectsthat they do not
fuliy comprehend. Studentsmay review what they have learned by going through Ihe Grammar
Points again after completing each exercise.The Grammar Points can also be used for quick
relerencepurposes.
There are six revision and evaluation tests towards the back of everv book. These tests deal with
most of the Grammar Poinfscoveredin each book.
iii
UNI'T
TTFIIT
1.1 Verbs:baseform
I.2 Verbs:with's' and'ing' endings
1.3 Verbs:with'ed' ending
2
tl
IO
UNTT
Subject-verb agreement: the
number ol a lot of, indefinite
pronouns
2.2 Subject-verb agreement: abstract
nouns, there + verb'to be'
2.3 Subject-verb agreement:
adjectives as nouns, gerunds,
units of measurement
2.I
T4
Simptepresent;"dpt"t""t
1B
7.I
22
UNlT
Prepositions
7.2 Prepositions
8
30
2,1
3B
42
46
50
54
5B
oz
66
106
110
I 14
I 18
122
130
130
134
138
142
{_!}itT
11.1 Reportedclauses:with that,
whether, if
11.2 Reportedclauses:with wh-words
11.3 Reportedclauses:that-clauses
with subjunctives
11.4 Reportedclausesand conditional
clauses:that-clauses with
subjunctives and if-clauses
70
74
UNI'T
7a
9B
102
UI'11?
{JNTT
26
continuous tenses
o,1
UhJTT
90
tiN['I'
UNIT
s.r
86
82
iv
146
150
154
158
,;4.i1
6. (QNTENTS
{.TNIT
TEST I
12.1 Adjectivalphrases:with
prepositions
12.2 Adjectival phrases:with present
and past participles
12.3 Adjectivalphrases:with
adjectives
162
166
in order
178
present
182
after,
186
229
232
'rEsT4
235
?EST 5
238
li;irl
tl
241
190
AruSWtjEtS
194
198
{ff{?T'
Changingword order: with
adverbs, had, should, were
214
Redundancy
218
tihiilf'
[TNIT
Reference
Units 12 - lB
174
U&I{Y
18
226
TNST3
because
17
'FEST
Units 5 - 1l
[}NTT
16
Units 1 - 4
170
{}NTT
13.l Adverbial ohrases:with
of
13.2 Adverbial phrases:with
to, so as to, to
13.3 Adverbial phrases:with
participles
13.4 Adverbial phrases:with
before, when, while
222
244
UN]TTil=TVERBS
baseform
.')
II
PoTNTS
/cnerr,tnrAR
We use the baseform of a verb in all positive and negativequestionscontaining the verb 'to do':
(a) verb'to do' + noun/pronoun + baseform
EXAMPLES:
Does/Doesn'tDavid use contact lenses?
Do/Don't those people know the club'srules and regulations?
(b) wh-word + verb'to do' +noun/pronoun + baseform
EXAMPLES:
When does Ianelle present her paper at the conference?
What didn't they discussat the meeting?
We call the baseform of a verb togetherwith to 'an infinitive' or 'a non-finite verb'.
A sentencewith an infinitive is not complete unlessit contains a finite verb
aswell.
EXAMPLE:Ronald has to finalise the report this afternoon.
Url:yh)
(4ryry,
___r_
IX
('"ryi,
REMEMBER!
r A verb is either finite or non-finite. A finite verb changesits form accordingto the tenseand subjectof
the sentence.A non-finite verb doesnot changeits form.
EXAMpLES:
finite verb: iike
non-finite verb: to go
Presenttense
Pasttense
Singularsubject :
Plural subject
,7
ll
('n9t
Q{.'ryf"q,
Uryq4,
base form +
ending
t9as9!.-jry4'
Jaymustn'tdisturbsthe baby.
negativetbrm of modal
@AJcirclethenumberSoftheSentenceSthatusethebaseformofverbscorrectly.
I
10
@J-]Fi1lintheblankswiththecorrectVerbsinthebrackets.
I
2 Vicky,
? (want / wanted)
(write / writes)
3 He might
4 The environment council
(hopes/ must)
J
6 Don't
7 Please
to visitors.
9 \&4rydidn't Ken
10
@l]riuintheblankswiththeCorrectwordsinthebox.
can call
to call
must see
see
check
to check
perform
to perform
didn't read
to read
repeat
to repeat
know
to know
say
to say
let
to let
tell
to tell
listen
to listen
Fiona
Steve
Fiona
It's in today'spaper.
Steve
Really?Oh, I (4)
all the time. Doesthe paper (6)
Fiona
Steve
Please(B)
Fiona
Steve
Please(10)
Fiona
108-344-5678.
Steve
r-a
Fiona
You'rewelcome.
l-
YoURsCoRE
I
ar"
,/
- el
lfla
Underline the sentenceswith mistakesin the use of verbs and rewrite them
correctly.
One day,just after my exams,My sistersaid,"Henry stoppedwatching TV all day.Don't you has
anlthing elseto do? I think you and your friends should do something useful while waiting for your
exam results.\AIhydon't you put your talents to work? Look around our neighbourhood.Offer sorne
sort of service.You could earns some money for yourselves."
Well, I took her advice and rounded up five friends.After three hours of brainstorming,we
'Youth
atWork'.The next morning, we sent out flyers listing the things we could do,
decidedto setsup
such as getting groceries,mowing the lawn, babysitting,washing cars,painting houses,etc.
'Youth
atWork' has
That afternoon, our phones didn't stopped ringing. Today,six months later,
100members.We servesnot just our neighbourhood but other areasaswell.
I Henry, stop watching W all day.
2
3
4
5
UN]TTT=2VERBS
with's' and'ing' endings
GRAMMAR
POINTS
t/"-"^POINTS
's'
We use the baseform of a verb with the ending for the presenttensein theseways:
(a) with singularnoun subjectsand the pronoun subjectshe, she and it
He/She scrutinises everydocument that is to be given to a client.
EXAMPLES:
The painting/It enhancesthe beauty of the room.
(b) with uncountable or collectivenoun subiects
EXAMPLES:
uncountablenoun
collecti'e noun
REMEMBER!
I An uncountable noun refersto things that cannot be counted. It alwaystakes a singular verb fbrm,
's'.
evenif it ends in
ExAMeLE: News travels quickly in the IT age.
r A collective noun refers to a group of people or things. It can take both a singular or plural verb. A
singularverb is usedto referto the group as a unit. A plural verb is usedto show that the focus is on the
membersthat make up the group.
The community expectsbetter facilitiesfor the handicapped. (community as a unit)
EXAMpLES:
(community as members
The community meet once a month at the schoolhall to
ofthe group)
discussissues.
r \rVhenthe subjectis a noun phrase,we decidewhether to use a singularor a plural verb by looking at
the head word. (A head word is usually the noun that is the most important part of a noun phrase.)
D(AMPLE:
noun phrasesubject
We use the baseform with the'ing' endingtogetherwith the verb 'to be' in continuoustenses.
(a) presentcontinuoustense: verb'to be' (am / is / are) + baseform with'ing' ending
EXAMPLE:An insect is creeping up my arm.
(b) past continuous tense : verb 'to be' (was / were) + baseform with'ing' ending
EXAMPLE:They were dyeing the fabric an hour ago.
(c) future continuous tense: verb 'to be' (will be) + baseform with'ing' ending
EXAMPLE:The airplanewill be making a brief stop at Dubai in 20 minutes.
'ing' ending is also called the presentparticiple. (It is non-finite verb.)
The baseform with the
a
We use it after a noun to describeor identifu the noun. This tlpe of ing' clausefunctions like
a relative clause.
'ing'clause
Qrr
relatrve clause
Gqsr"ftJ
@;lCrossouttheincorrectVeIbformStocompletetheSentenceS'
I That cartoonist create I creates wonderful characterswith iust a few strokesof his pen.
2 Sandra correctI corrects her children wheneverthey make a mistake.
3 The lawyer handles I handli
m y c a s ei s o u I o f t o w n .
4 The ship'ssail is slackenI is slackenin now that the wind has dropped.
5 Mary and Lily I want I wants I to go for a drive in my new car.
6 She ordered food from a caterer
.7
a
specialises
I specialisingin Chinese food.
MrWearnes lavish I lavishes his wife with gifts on their wedding anniversary.
a laundrette.
rotect I Drotects your skin from the harsh rays of the sun.
@4FillintheblankswiththecorrectWordSintheboxes.
t (a) Bob
(b) Don't
her permission.
h i so p p o n e n d
t u r i n gd e b a t e s .
your sisterby taking her things without
antagonise
allt
are making
making
reads
(b) My sister
reading
(a) He
(b) The editor
scrutinises
scrutinisi
of errors.
5 (a) The band
Philippines.
(b) She
entertaining
is entertainin
h e r g u e s t sw i t h s t o r i e so l h e r t r a v e l s .
does
arguing
USES
are waiting
5 The expedition team ( out earlier than the otherswants to reachthe village
before( nightfall.
setting
appreclares
places
areprotesting
insists
speaking
.rrr-
-l!=
YOURSCORE
I
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lA
@-']UnderlinethesentenceswithmistakesandrewritethemcorrectlyuSing
verbswith the's' or'ing' ending,or the'ing' clause.
Tina
David
Tina
David
Okay.Takemy mobile phone from the glovecompartment and phone Martin. He lives
about 20 minutes away.We'll visit him if he'sfree today.
Tina
David
Tina
Let'scheckwhere he is. I'll call him on his handphone . . . Hi, Martin. Tina here.
\;\trere are you?
Martin
Hi, I wasjust about to call you. I'm in front of your house.I wanted surprisethe two
ofvou.
I
2
UNTTT"5VERBS
with'ed' ending
GRAMMAR
POINTS
,9@
'&-
rr -
POINTS
refuse- refused
reign - reigned
b a s e f o r m o f v e r be n d i n g i n 2 f i ' + ' e d '
EXAMPLES:
bury - buried
worry+worried
baseformofverbendinginaconsonant
+ the same consonant+'ed'
E X A M P L EcSr a: m + m + e d - c r a m m e d
refer+r+ed-referred
'x' and'y'.
Note that the doublingof consonantsdoesnot applyto'w',
'ed'
ending.
r The past tenseof an irregularverb doesnot consistof the baseform of the verb with
+
go went
catch caught
EXAMpLES:
bend - bent
weave+ wove
tise - rose
set - set
We use the past participle in perfect tenseswith the verb'to have' and passivesentenceswith
'to
the verb be.
(presentperfecttense)
They have decided to do the job.
EXAMpLES:
(pastperfect tense)
Ian had called for an ambulance.
(passivesentence)
Your suggestionsare accepted.
(passivesentence)
The widowwas comforted bv her friends.
10
REMEMBER!
r Thepastparticipleis thebaseform of theverbwith the'ed'endingfor a regularverb.It is
formedin otherwaysfor irregularverbs.
Baseform
Past form
finish
finished
finished
wlpe
wiped
wiped
Irreguiarverbs
(TWoforms the same)
hear
heard
heard
leave
left
left
lrregularverbs
(Threeforms different)
eat
ate
eaten
take
took
taken
Irregularverbs
(Threeforms the same)
cost
cost
cost
put
put
put
Regularverbs
The past participle on its own is a non-finite verb.We use it after a noun to describewhat
happenedto the noun. This type of 'ed' clausefunctions like a relativeclause.
EXAMPLES:
,ed.clause
._r.
tlerl, Qgrgru
relative clause
'cd'clause
'ed'clause
Ugg::'bj
Q9!U Qerysleq!,
REMEMBER!
r Presentparticiplesareactivein meaningwhilepastparticiplesarepassive
in meaning.
FXAIIPI F:
ing clarrse
'ed'clause
ll
His tenant
6 The tired old man accepted the seat offered I was offered by Mrs Evans.
n
I
I The information
I The naly
t0
@r]riuintheb1ankswitheitherthepresentorpaStparticipleformofthe
verbsin the brackets.
(design)by local architects.
The trophy
globe.
I The player
_ (honour) by the media for his skill and sense
of fairplay wasVincent Mandela.
(surround)
.-
l!!=
YOUR SCOREI
a ,/
t2
)2'a
@gFillintheblankswiththecorreCtwordsinthebox.
arrived
was arrived
have invested
were invested
covered
was covered
made
were made
huddled
were huddled
rushed
was rushed
has cleared
was cleared
recovered
has recovered
I The girls
to hospital.
for planting.
6 That soldier
n
They
loaded
have loaded
suggested
was suggested
by Sam.
9 The pancakes
l 0 The boxes
medicalsupplies.
@4Tenoftheunder1inedverbsareincorrect.WIitethecorrectVerbSintheboxes
provided.
A newTVprogrammeproduceby East-West
Network
has capturethe attention of millions of viewersthroughout
line I
produced
line 5
B
9
line t 0
1l
t2
13
I4
line 15
16
.-J!r!
YOURSCORE
I
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taaa
t7l
AGREEMENT
UNTT 2"T SUBIECT.VERB
the number of, a lot ol indefinite pronouns
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
@@
//
1/
r\r
Q"*r*PorNrs
We use a singular verb with the phrase the number of.
We use a plural verb with the phrase a number of.
EXAMPLES:
E number oTstudents w.ereabsent today.
REMEMBER!
r The phrasesa number
of and the number of
can only go with plural
countablenouns.
We use singular verbs with the words a lot of, all, all of, most of, some and some of when they
go with uncountable nouns.We use plural verbswith thesewords when they go with plural
countable nouns.
EXAMpLES:
lltost ofltne stuff at the back of the storeroom is useless.
T4
(gIg$IIg:,
Ft"t
"fl
Glggl3ryU
@@
I E
Weusesingularverbswith indefinitepronouns.
is invited to the wedding celebrationsnext week.
EXAMPLES:
\ll"ou!,
Nothing has been done to improve the drainagein our housing estate.
REMEMBER!
r Indefinite pronouns referto people or things without pointing out exactlywho or what
they are.The following are indefinite pronouns:
anybody
nobody
@4J
anyone
noone
anything
nothing
everybody
somebodv
everyone
someone
everything
something
I A lot of concrete ( was used / were used ) to build this thick retaining wall.
2 Somegeese( was splashing/ were splashing) in the water.
3 The number of books written on the protection of wildlife ( are / is ) enormous.
4 Everythingin the examination hall ( look / looks ) neat and orderly.
5 Anyone in that family( are i is ) capableof cooking a good meal.
6 A number of tourists ( was filming / were filming ) the colourful pageant.
7 A lot of glue ( has been used / have been used ) to put up this giant poster.
I No one ( was able to see / were able to see) the signpostsin the dark.
9 Most of the clotheson sale ( don't / doesnt ) appealto me.
l0 Something( are / is ) wrong with my car. It just refusesto start.
ttj?rfirtf
I Everyone
2 Nobody
l5
(have)doubled this
5 A number of members _
6 Something-
(annoy)me.
-5
YOUR
SCORE
I
Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Each item may only
be usedonce.
a lot of
everything
a number of
nothing
anyone
somebody
anything
something
l.'4il
everybody
the number of
7 Has
l0
@.'glRewritethesentencesusingcorrectverbforms.
I A number of customerswas queuing to pay for their purchases.
l6
L,'
17,
5 Everyhing been done to prevent the river from bursting its banks.
t7
AGREEMENT
UNIT 2"2 SUBIECT.VERB
abstractnouns,there + verb'to be'
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
28
i\A " t -r
,
JGRAMIVIAR PoINTS
with abstractnouns.
Weusesingularverbs
EXAMPLE:Integrity is an important quality in leadership.
REMEMBER!
r An abstractnoun refers to a feeling, an idea or a quality. It may be something that
cannot be seenor touched.
excitement,freedom,intelligence,joy, wisdom, youth
EXAMPLES:
r Abstractnouns can be used:
(a) as subjectsby themselves
(b) as head words in noun phrases
EXAMPLES: noun phrase- subject
@
noun phrase- subjecl
ffi
- l
( head word )
$]rtC!'al:ga
-/
We can use the words there + verb'to be' when we want to statethat something existsor
'to
be' is singular or uncountable,we use
happens.lVhen the subjectthat comes after the verb
'to be'.lVhen the subject is plural, we use the plural form.
form
of
the singular
18
ele$ls!,
Gle!l:l'"!rg,
@@
presentperfect tenseform of 'to be'
There havrc.bgen
Qlsr"s!'
@4J
Glrryll""t
I The truth about the situation in those two rival companies ( is / are ) going to be exposed.
2 His gentle manner of speaking( make / makes) everyonefeel at ease.
3 There ( was / were ) public anger againstthe changein the tax laws.
4 There has been great ( improvement / improvements) in that child'sreading ability.
5 Bitternessbetweentwo departmentsoften ( cause/ causes) problems in an organisation.
6 Gratitude ( has / have ) been conveyedto all thosewho donated to the charity.
7 The country's security ( is / are ) greatlythreatenedby foreign armies on the border.
B There have been significant ( change/ changes) in the education systemrecently.
9 The tranquil surroundingsof the 200-year-oldpalace ( give / gives) us a glimpse into the past.
l0 There ( was / were ) genuine loyalty among the troops who fought to protect the
president.
nation.
2 The speedat which the cheetahchasesits prey [a*l-i!
remarkable.
by a popular uprising.
19
7 Approval for the playground project hasbeen I havebeen granted by the city council.
large numbers of pigeonsnesting in this area.
B There ["*It
9 The scent of roses I fill I fills I the air as the morning breezedrifts into the room.
l0 Dave'swish to become a test pilot tra.l*"*l
eyetest.
Tickthe correctsentences.
=r
YOURSCORE
I
a/l
-l,/
@DlCircletlrecorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
There is some kitchen.
a lot of sense.
chicken
chickens
distract
distracts
makes
make
has
l7a
have
peoplein
interestamonghealth-conscious
There
oils.
aromatherapy
l 0 The renewal of one'syouth -what
the advertisementoffers.
20
Iead
are
COSI
leads
IS
COSTS
hasbeen
havebeen
-..I
-YOURSCORE
-l,/'
D4
@4JFillintheblankswiththecorreCtformsoftheverbsinthebrackets.
(be) an obstacle in the
2 Plenty of exercise
3 There
morning.
4 Carelessness
c
There
choice.
(be) so many qpes of fruits at the stall that it was difficult to make a
(prevent)them from
B
that he comes from Cyprus.
9 Challengesin life
1 0 Anxiety
f7l
|
, , ' r f-t) l
l//
@FlRewritethesentencesusingcorrectverbforms.
I Thereare somethingon the table.Doesit belongto you?
2 The weather have been so hot in the last few daysthat many people have sufferedsunburn.
4 His obsessionwith house prices are often hard for his friends to bear.
5 The talents of the young musician was recognisedby the music school.
2l
l}!!!t
vounsconr
I
l
AGREEMENT
UNIT 2"8 SUBIECT-VERB
adjectivesas nouns, gerunds,units of measurement
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow.Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
E/"."*
E
@@
The homeless were helped by the Welfare Department.
----r.
(:!!".,
Theseadjectivescome with the in front of them and are used to refer to groups of people.
the old, the poor, the rich, the unemployed
EXAMPLES:
The's' or'es'plural ending is not added to thesewords even though they alwaysrefer to more
than one person.
EXAMPLE: The injured have been taken to the hospital.
We use singularverbswith'ing' verb forms that behaveas nouns. Suchverb forms are also
known as gerunds.
Cycling up this slope needs a lot of stamina.
EXAMPLES:
Gry9,
trelg:glj
Labelling of the tins takes place before they are packedfor export.
tl
Gry!,
G$$ryl,
22
REMEMBER!
r A gerundis thebaseform of a verbwith 'ing' ending.It behaves
asa noun.
EXAMPLES:Walking is a good form of exercise.
L$fg,
(.'ryrg"*q,
@4J
1 The handicapped ( don't often receive/ doesn'toften receive) enough considerationfrom the
community.
2 ( Ski / Skiing) do",rma mountain givesa senseof total freedom.
3 More than a million dollars ( was donated / were donated ) to help the earthquakevictims in
SouthAmerica.
4 Forty minutes ( was / were ) the time suggestedfor baking the muffins.
5 (Worked / Working ) during the school holidayshas provided me with extra money.
6 During the French Revolution,the ( oppressed/ oppression) rose up againstthe government.
7 Ten miles ( are / is ) a long way to go to buy milk and eggs.
I The ( educated / education ) have an important role to play in a nation'sdevelopment.
9 Cooking ( occupies/ occupy ) a greatdeal of my mother's time.
t0 ( Tailor / Tailoring) has earnedTeresasufficient money to support her family.
@4
Tickthe correctsentences.
@ClcirclethecorrectwordsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS'
both endurance
After using the computer for a long time, looking into the
the eyes.
distancefor about five minutes easieraccessto public buildings.
requlre
requrres
relax
relaxes
demand
demands
are
IS
help
helps
do
does
to ensureyour
wonders for
The compassionatealways
in trouble.
Painting and listening to music
to relax.
l 0 Readingin poorly lit places
IS
extend
extends
both excellentways
eyestrain.
IS
CAUSC
CAUSCS
r--t:
E@4
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in the brackets.
ffi
(make)her a
3 Our guide will take you to a section of the city where the rich and famous
(live).
(help) me to keep slim.
TWohours
Mr Lee'stalk on orocrastination
24
@rl
---_YOURSCORE
I
a
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att
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vounscone
I
@lJRewritethesentenceSuSingcorrectverbforms'
|
a
a,/
,/l
/
atta
D/l
3 More than a million dollars were spent by the governmenton improving the facilitiesin schools.
25
ANDPRESEN
UN]TTU"T SIMPTEPRESENT
TENSES
CONTINUOUS
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
u\l
fJ"*ot**
lPoINrs
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
Simplepresent tense
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
27
@Fi[intheblankswiththecorrecttenSeoftheverbsinthebox.
design
stay
deny
set off
permeate
vanish
play
worry
the top layersof the soil and is takenin by the roots of plants.
I Water
2 The city
for long hours at the hospital before they are sent out to
3 Paramedics
answercallsfor help.
4 My aunt always
D
object
train
thesedaysbecauseofthe
6 Tim Hawke
and injustice in this movie.
7 We
B He
She
'-!!!=
YOURSCORE
I
l 0 He
l,/
tt fiItT'{e
)7'l
In this film, Iulian Russell is acting I acts as a young nobleman who falls in love with a farmer's
daughter.
6 Joan is takins I takes part in tomorrow's debate.Sheand her team membersare debatingthe
propositionthat'Capitalpunishmentshould be abolished'.
1
I
History always
1S
ti
B At the moment, the Rotarians are mapplng lmap the route for the treasurehunt.
9 Alice is spending I spends the next few days at my house before flying back to Melbourne.
l0
brings I is bringing home a lot of work from the office and this alwavs
upsetshis wife.
Howard
28
@4Circlethecorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I The government_
on all able-bodiedyoung men to
sign up for the armed services.
are calling
is looking
4 \\4ren my father _
home from work, it is usually well
past 6.30in the evening.
5 The boys and I frequently_
use the car.
\44renthe high-techbubble
globewill suffer.
calls
look
looks
open
opens
are openmg
arrlve
is calling
arrives
is arriving
fight
fights
, economiesall overthe
-,
Kate_
burst
bursts
is bursting
enrol
enrols
is enroll
create
creates
The supermarket_
part-time assistants
to help out
during the holidayseasonnext month.
hire
hires
is creatin
is hiring
are coming
come
comes
ffiF;=.*"
@SomeoftheSentenceSbelowareincorrect.ReWritethemCorreCtly.m
I We think of going to the flea market in the park this Sunday.
2 You alwayssaythat you need a holiday but you have not taken a day off for months.
29
.RAMMAR
POINTS
@m
U"-
TMARP'I
We use the simple past tensefor an action or an event that occurred in the past and is finished
at the time of speaking.To indicate the past,we use adverbsor phrasesof time such as the
followins:
in 1990
manyyearsago
at one time
last month
later
EXAMPLE:
Sometimelast year,Anne decided to begin riding classesfor children at her ranch to help pay
for the cost of running the stables. (Anne'smaking the decisionis a past action which is ouer.)
A
r
We use the simple past tenseto refer to an action which took place over a period of time in the
past and is fini;hea, or to report certain past eventsor situationsin newspapers,magazinesor
journals.
Andrew served as a test pilot with the air force for six yearsbefore he joined a
EXAMpLES:
commercial airline. A)astaction lastingfor a period of time)
Hundreds of schoolchildren,cheeringand waving flags,greeted the visiting heads
of state. (rePorton a Pasteuent)
We use used to + baseform of verb to refer to an action or an event which took place regularly
in the past but which doesnot happen anymore'
EXAMPLE: We used to swim and play tennis every Sunday at the club when we were college
students.
30
f,f,[!fffi| e I rictthecorrectsentences.
I We passby the office just now but we didn't seeAngie.
2 The ministry deliberatedfor someyearsbefore introducing computers into schools.
3 Last night, I have a shockwhen I went to my car and found its tyres missing.
4 The yearsfrom 1975to l9B5 saw a boom in that country'sconstruction industry.
5 We use to mix the cakebatter with a wooden spoon beforewe bought a blender.
6 The chairman launch the new insuranceschemefor the workers last year.
7 Later,the mayor congratulatedthe teams for putting on a splendid show.
B As a boy of 16,I used to walk up this hill very often to find a quiet place to read.
9 The thick acrid smoke sting my eyesand I could not seewhere I was going.
l0 Uncle Bill's talesof adventurethrilled us and we believedeveryword he said.
.-_jlFt
YOURSCORE
I
tr@4
-a
,,/
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)74
2 Not long ago,Brazil ( set up / setsup ) a conservationschemeto savethe giant turtles of the
Amazon from extinction.
3 In the 20th century advancesin medical scienceand communications ( outstrips / outstripped )
anything that man had imagined.
4 Sandra( is trying / tried ) to persuademe to go on the expedition to the National Forestbecause
she didn't want to go alone.
5 Peter'spresentjob as a televisionreporter occasionally( placed / places) him in life-threatening
situations.
6 Marriage counsellorsnormally ( settle / settled) disputesby bringing both parties together to talk
things over.
7 Pauls heroic act of rescuingthe baby trapped inside the burning house ( made / make ) the
headlinesin the eveningpaper.
B My aunt sometimes( overwhelms/ overwhelmed) the family with her kindness.
9 Lucy and I ( are living / live ) in Perth where we run a successfulcateringbusiness.
l0 My brothers ( use to sail / used to sail ) togetheron this lake when we lived here
yearsago.
(be)
3 The policedepartment
collision on the highway this morning.
4 The rain
5
6He
and poor sales.
B Thesedays,Jeff
I
My father
a birthday party for his sister.
a/a
-l,/
.v,
@D]CircIethecorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I Last Sundaynight, a car driven by a recklessyoung man
and fell into a canal near mv house.
the hospital managementto give
The nurses-with
for the exams.
revise
them free time to
Aunt Zelda people.
overrurneo
overturn
arepleading
plead
useto recall
usedto recall
carried
car
is spreading
think
the president's
All morning, the senatevigorously-proposalto give medical benefitsto the poor.
debate
debated
advise
advised
Doctors alwaysregularly.
thought
useto
discipline
usedto
discipline
YOURSCORE
I
-32
l-r "
-H
fff!fif|
E I Rewritethe sentences
and correctthem.
3 Rescueteams dig tirelesslylast night to pull out the trapped miners from the pit.
5 Glen alwaystake chargeof the office while Miss Richardsis away and he ensuresthat
everfhing runs smoothly.
-!-
YOURSCORE
I
a,/
)71
@RewritethereportbelowinthesimplepaSttenSe.
As I watch, the club members take out card tablesand set them up. Tuesdayis their games
eveningand most of them like to play bridge or whist.
One rvoman plays a game of solitaire.Shesometimesget up to walk around and observethe
gamesat the other tables.
Halfway through the eveningthere is a break for refreshments.A waiter servestea and coffeeand
everybodyenjoysconversationwith their friends. Somepeople go home after this, but the
enthusiasticplayersstay until quite late.
As I watched,
F_
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YOURSCORE
I
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| ./to
.,/
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33
FA
TENSE
UNTT 5=5 PASTCONTINUOUS
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
,@le""r*
y-":19
iqi{
___- a" 11lllt 11| 9y'-9l q"-!l g!ry1{
lB
y!"-13Toto-"y:l':l-yr99:qql!93-{9Y"-'
--3B The elderly couple were crossingthe road this morning
when a motorcvclistknocked them down.
Whenever we visited grandfather last year, he always
reminding us to work hard.
V,/heneverwe visited grandfatherlast year,he was
always reminding us to work hard.
\\.)
TI
E
-
. /cnevuen porNrs
We use the past continuous tenseto show that an action was going on at a definite time in the
past, or that an action or situation continued for a period of time in the past.
At 4.30yesterdayafternoon, I was giving a solo recital at the music academy.
EXAMpLES:
(definite time in the past)
Paul and his little son were painting with crayonsand watercoloursfor hours before
dinnertime. (continuousaction in the past)
We use the past continuous tense or the simple past tense for two actionsthat were going on at
the sametime in the past.
Alex was checking the accounts while Cynthia was reading her report.
EXAMPLES:
34
To show that somethinghappenedwhile a longer action was going on in the past,we use the
past continuous tensefor the longer action and the simple past tensefor the shorter action.
EXAMPLE:
Ted and I were trying to find our French dictionary when a friend came and lent us his.
pastconunuoustense
We use the past continuous tenseto refer to repeatedactions in the past with adverbsof
frequencysuch as always or forever, or for future action that was planned in the past but did
not takeplacefor somereason.
Aunt Florawas forever telling me to registeringfor driving lessons.
EXAMPLES:
(repeatedaction)
Zack was going to accept the job offer in London but changedhis mind later.
(future action planned in the past but which did not happen)
_i'._
f*ry
| ,,4o1
r>tl
a/'
@a
I Helen testify ] testified for more than 20 minutes this afternoon at the hearing in the High
Court.
2 \tVhileBob polishedI waspolishing his car,his sonswere cleaningthe wheels.
3 Les c o m o l a i n I c o m n l a i n e d of eyestrainfor some weeksbefore he changedhis glasses.
4 W e weregoingto face I are lacing a surging crowd of demonstratorsin the squareso we turned
back.
5 Throughout the night, the rescueboats are looking for I were looking for survivorsof the plane
crash.
35
9 The aroma of freshly-bakedbread l-fi]CT fitl"al the air when the baker opened the oven door.
l0 \\4rile we dig I were digging for artifactsat the site,DrWilliams suddenlygavean
excitedshout.
4'
@JJFillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets.
was taking
\.VhileTom(1)
(ignore)me completely.
He (3)
speakers.Angrily I (5)
(blare)over the
(puff) up the slope and occupied more than half the road. Tom (9)
(fly) off the
r o a d a n d l a n d e d a g a i n s ta t r e e .A s w e ( 1I )
r-t
rYOURSCORE
I
@SomeoftheverbsintheSentenceSareincorrect.UnderlinethemandwTitethe
correctverbs in the boxes.
We clearedthe undergrowth in the gardenwhen we
heard a hissing sound and saw the snake.
Katy holding on tightly to the ladder while Timmy
climbed up to the roof to get the tennis balls.
Terry coughing so badly last night that she couldn't
sleep.
I was going to visit my aunt last Friday but I didn't
have the time.
The movie this afternoon is very entertaining.
I didn't feel bored at all.
36
ff[!l[l|
E I Rewritethe sentences
and correctthem.
3 Iameswaiting for property prices to rise last month and he finally sold his house last
week.
37
PERFECT
TENSE
UNTT T=4PRESENT
We use the presentperfect tense,like the simple past tense,to talk about completed actions.
However,unlike the simple past tensewhich is used with definite time phrases,we do not state
the exacttime of an action with the presentperfect tense.
PRESENT
PERFECTTENSE
EXAMPLES:
SIMPLEPASTTENSE
Patrickconducted a workshop for
young working adults[ast weeFl.
(completedaction at definite time)
We use the presentperfect tensewith words like since and for to refer to an action that beganin
the past and is still going on at the point of speaking.
PERFECT
TENSE
PRESENT
H{AMPLES:SIMPLEPASTTENSE
I studied at this collegefor five years.
(I am no longerthere.)
We use the presentperfect tenseand not the simple past tensewith adverbsof indefinite time such
as already and just to show completed actions,and yet to show that an action is expectedto happen
but has not taken place at the point of speaking.
We use never and ever with the presentperfect tenseto refer to a time frame that began in the
indefinite past and continues up to the present.We do not use thesewords with the simple past
tense.
EXAMPLES:
They have already signed the agreement with our firm. (completedaction)
Have you ever noticed the squirrelsin our park? (Didyou notice them in the past?
Haueyou noticed them up to now?)
We use the presentperfect tenseto refer to a time frame that began in the recent past and is not over
yet at the point of speaking.
EXAMPLES:
I haven't seen Linda this week. Shehas been so busy. (Ihis weekis not oueryet.)
I haven't had time for breakfast.I have only had a cup of coffeethis morning. (This morning is not
oueryet.)
@AJcirclethenumbersofthecorrectSentenceS.
f Lily servedas a volunteer nurse since 1990.Sheis going to leavethe servicethis year.
2 We have been in this school for six years.We will be moving on to collegeafter our final exams.
3 Ann did not write to us yet. Sheis probably busy with her new job.
4 The club committee hasjust had a brainwave.It is going to have a musical extravaganzato raise
funds.
5 Colin has met me at the bank this morning and we decidedto have lunch together.
6 This has been a hectic week for Joan.Shehas been swampedwith meetingsand reports.
7 Iames has receiveda scholarshipand intends to do a coursein softwareengineering.
B Malcolm remained a reclusemost of his life. It is onlv now that he has decidedto come out and
make friends.
I
l 0 They have sold their house last Tuesdayand moved to a small apartment in the city centre.
@a]rict<thecorrectVerbformStocompletethesentences.
I In the last decade,there
terminal illnesses.
2 SinceI changedjobs,I
3 Sue
has inherited
found
have found
inherited
39
didn't par
hasn'tpaid
forced
has forced
in order to wor
6We
were hanging
out the carpetsto dry becausethey are damp from the rain.
have hung
Bobby'swriting
was before.
became
has become
achieved
technology.
has achieved
are resulting
have resulted
r0 I
observed
have observed
in breathing difficulties
your country.
@9FillintheblankswiththecoIIectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets'
Recently,there (1)
(use)the hall
(want)lo organiseregular
(experience)a
(6)
This week, r (7)
pracuseour muslc.
40
@.DrRearrangethewordstoformcorrectsentences.
I a - across- and - beauty - has - health - in - interest- of - surge- swept- the world.
3 Alice - everything- for - getting - has - meeting - ready- spent - the - the - week
- whole.
4 cinema -
gone - have- last - month - only - out - since- the - they - to - twice.
Sincelastmonth,
5 already- figures- for - for - has - he - last - poor - reprimanded - sales- the - u s
- year.
Jh
YouR
sconE
I
for last year,
4l
TENSE
UN]TT5"5 PASTPERFECT
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow.Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
.GD@
lrr
,"\,)
II
,
JGRAMMAR POINTS
\.Mhenwe refer to completed actionsin the past,we can use different past tenseforms to
indicate what we mean.
EXAMPLES:
SIMPLEPASTTENSE + SIMPLEPASTTENSE
As the U.S.stocksrose, the Asian market rebounded.
We use the past perfect tensefor an action or situation that happened earlier,and the simple
past tensefor the action or situation that took place later.
+
SIMPLEPASTTENSE
EXAMPLES:PASTPERFECTTENSE
The secretaryhad prepared
all the reports
The situation had alreadv
deteriorated
A
beforethe directorsarrived
for the meeting.
when the two leadersagreedto
peacetalks.
We use the past perfect tensewith words like already and iust to refer to actionswhich were
completed before a specifictime in the past.
Ann had alreadywalked a hundred metres down the road when she remembered
EXAMpLES:
that she hadn't locked her front door. (completedaction beforea specffictime)
We had just had our coffeebreak when we met some old friends outside the cafe.
42
We u;e the past perfect tensewith time words and phrasessuch as always and more than once
to refer to repeatedactions in the past, never to refer to an action that had not taken place up to
the point of speaking,and yet for an action that we expectedto happen in the past but which
had not taken place up to the point of speaking.
EXAMpLES:
Our parentshad always coaxedus to eat our vegetableswhen we were young.
The old janitor had told us more than once that the lifts were not functioning well
but we had not paid attention.
The group had never heard of the famous scientistswho Peterspokeabout.
We hadn't chosen the venue for our weekendtrip yet when a neighbour
suggestedthe National Park.
@aTickthecorrectverbformstocompletetheSentenceS.
I At 8.00p.m. Iast night, the residentsin our housing estate
parliamentary representativespeak.
2 Ioe and I
to hear our
assembled
had assembled
had sworn
have sworn
the files before the detectivesarrived.
alreadvdestroved
had alreadydestroyed
3 The suspects
4 Paul
pushedhim aside.
5We
never sav
6 Angie
didn't hear
a n y d e t a i l so f t h e t r i p y e t .
haven't heard
have seen
had seen
had searched the whole areafor the missing hikers for five hours
havesearched
asked
have asked
wildlife conservationcentre.
t--!-:YOUR SCOREI
a,/
43
F"l
@4Fiilintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets.
(capture)the gloriouscoloursof
2 She
for her.
(alwayscrave)to visit
-,
Sarah
she neededeverybody'sassistance.
B He
I The authorities
to the environment yet.
YOUR
s.oREI
a/r
a
|,''
aal a
l7l
Someof the verbs in the sentencesare incorrect.Underline them and write the
correctverbsin the boxes.
Alice just finished drawing cartoonson the
blackboardwhen the teacherwalked into the class.
Michael took my referencebook by mistake this
morning but he returned it to me just now.
The crowd outside the court protestedloudly when
the judge and the counselswalked out.
The little saplingsthat I had planted grew into tall
treesby the time I came back to the old house
many yearslater.
Mr Lim sufferedfrom a seriousillnessfor manv
yearsand was nursed by his daughter.
44
YOURSCORE
I
rv
E@]?J
I hadn't seenIack for more than a month until I met him recentlv.
I didn't seeJackfor more than a month until I met him recentlv.
IA
2A
B
c
3A
B
C
4A
B
C
5A
B
C
| , / t o- lt z t
L"
45
ANDPASTPERFECT
U'N]T 5=6 PRESENT
TENSES
CONTINUOUS
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
48
LI
tt
)
/GRAMMARPOTNTS
REMEMBER!
r The presentperfectcontinuoustenseis formed
in this way:
has / have + been + baseform ofverb +'ing'
has beengir ing
EXA\4PLES:
havebeencriticising
@4-jUnderlinethecorrectVerbformSinthebrackets.
Our clients ( have been showing / have shown ) greatinterest in the new product which we
introducedjust now.
The factoryworkers( had been requesting/ had requested) a changein the work schedulesince
last year but the managerhasn'tagreedto it.
3 My clotheslook dirty and grimy.I ( havebeenpolishing/ havepolished) the car all afternoon.
4 Sandrawas surprisedto seeher parents-in-law.She( hadn'texpected/ hasn'texpected) them to
visit.
The chairman'scasualmention of reorganisation( had angered/ have angered) the entire club
becausethe membershad alreadyrejectedthe idea.
All the members (have been going / have gone ) to a greatdeal of trouble to make the campaign a
successand therehasbeen a tremendousresponsefrom the public.
The landlord evictedtwo of the tenants last week.They ( had been flouting / have been flouting )
the house regulationsfor severalmonths.
NI motorists who ( had violated / have violated ) the traffic laws have to settletheir fines as soon
aspossible.
Emma hasjust been informed about her new postingto Singapore.She( had been asking/ has
beenasking)foratransferforseveralmonthsbuttherehadbeennoreplyuntilyesterday.
10 The residentsin our housingarea( had been appealing/ havebeen appealing) for
betterlighting alongour roadsbut the authoritieshaven'trespondedyet.
47
@B|CirclethenumbersofthecorrectSentenceS.
I The child has been crying for such a long time. The mother doesn'tknow what to do.
2 Tihegovernmentcloseddor.tmsome video arcadesbecausethey found that the ownershad been
breakingregulations.
3 We have been signing up for the basic computer coursetoday.
4 Clairehasn'tbeen sleepingwell theselast few weeks.Shehas been worried about the future.
5 He had been coming to seeme about the house before I left for the office.
6 The report of the prince'smarriagehas been publishing in all the newspapers.
7 Mr Kim has been blaming himself for the accidentwhich wreckedhis car.
B Flood waters inundated the coastalvillagesbecauseit had been raining continuously for two
oays.
9 The customsofficialshave been inspecting our baggage.We are free to go now.
l0 We had been expectingMary to come but she had insisted on stayingat home.
@JJFillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets'
(look) for it all
(demonstrate)their new
(put) in so
Concernedparents
youth clubs in the area.
t 0 Keith
YOURSCORE
I
| /'
4B
l7l
@SomeoftheverbsinthepaSSageareincorrect.Underlinethemandwritethe
correctverbsin the spaces.
No one knew exactlywhat (l) happened.There had been a deafeningroar and the entire
apartment block (2) had totter like a drunken sailor before it collapsed.
Rescueoperations (3) have been underway since last night. Army engineers(4) have been using
excavatorsto clear the rubble. Police (5) have bring in trained dogs to sniff out and locate people
trapped under the debris.Paramedics(6) have been carrying survivorsout on stretchers.Officials (7)
had questionedwitnessesthe whole day to uncover the reasonsbehind the sudden collapseof the
building. The government (B)has announced that an official enquirywill be set up immediately to
investigatethe disaster.
Meanwhile,family members and friends (9) have been gatheringaround the areaand waiting
anxiously.Someleft after they (10)have receivedgood or bad news.
F-jYOURSCORE
I
r-l
|v--4
,"tPl
2 bazaar- been - charity - for - for - has - months - preparing - the - the - committee.
The committee
3 been - both - counsels- had - issuing- judge - strict - the - the - to - throughout
- trial - warnings.
Thejudge
4 all - been - but - couldn't - crowd - find - for - had - her - in - looking - morning
- Sheila- the - we.
49
ANDFUTURE
UNTT T=TSIMPTEFUTURE
TENSES
CONTINUOUS
-)
!"*r*AR
E
-
PorNrs
We use the future tensefor actions or eventsthat will happen in the future.We use the future
tensewith will to make predictions,to talk about actionswhich we cannot control or to refer to
somethingwhich we decide to do at the time of speaking.
EXAMpLES:
Iohn will retire as a senior engineerwith the firm at the end of the year.
(furureaction)
Ashawill certainlywin the beauty contestthis year.Sheis not only beautiful but has
a dynamic personalityaswell. (prediction)
I will explain it to you, loan. (intention to do somethingat the time of spealcing)
50
We use the future continuous tenseto refer to actions or situationswhich will be going on at a
certaintime in lhe future.
EXAMPLE:They will be announcing the resultsof the electionsjust after 6 a.m. tomorrow.
We use the future continuous tenseto refer to actions or situationsin the future which have
alreadybeen planned or which take place regularly.
EXAMPLES:
The models will be displaying the summer collection at the international show in
Paristhis week. (plannedactionJbr thefuture)
My whole family will be participating in the cross-countryrlln aswe do everyyear.
(regularaction)
REMEMBER!
I The future continuous tenseis formed in this rvav:
will be + baseform of verb + 'ing'
The Andersonswill be leaving for the United Kingdom this Saturday.
EXAMpLE:
r The future and future continuous tensecan be formed using shall for I and we
although it is more common to r.rse
will for both nouns and pronouns.
EXAMpLE:
I shall / will be waiting for you outsidethe caf6so don't be late.
l--''fffi?f,@
I This birthday card ( is assuring/ will assure) Mary that I haven'tforgotten about her.
2 We have to make our flight reservationsearly as hundreds of people ( going to be leaving / will be
leaving) for their holidays during the festiveperiod.
3 The newsof his promotion to a managerialposition ( is goingto be / will being) a pleasant
surprisefor Bill.
4 This story set in the daysof World War II ( has captured / will capture ) the imagination of all those
who have read it.
5 Christine ( is participated / will be participating ) in the national judo championshipsas the
youngestcompetitor.
6 Ann (had realised/ realised) that she had made a mistake in going to the town centrewhen she
sawthatthe shopswereveryexpensive.
7 The committee ( is going to choose/ will be chosen) the team which will climb Mount Kinabalu
next May.
B The people ( are ar'vaiting/ will awaiting ) news of what really happened at the nuclear plant.
9 Time ( had passed/ will pass) so quickly that beforeyou know it, we will seeyou again.
l0 Tom ( is goingto coming / will be coming ) to the sportscomplexthis eveningfor
a gane of tennis with me.
5l
6 Laila is going to taking up a beauty coursewhile waiting for her final exam results.
-,
I've told |oe many times to tidy up his room but he tells me everytime that he will do it after he
has completedhis reports.
B Motorists will lined up to fill their tanks before the rise in petrol prices next week.
9 Angie and Tony are going to bought an old-fashionedfarmhousein the countryside.
t0 Propertyvaluesin the city will spiral upwards as land becomesmore scarce.
@ ! J F i l l i n t h e b l an ksw i th su i ta b l e w o rdsinthebox.
had loved
was going to take up
will be reaching
r(1)
hadn't realised
will give
won't be facing
will leave
what I would
a range of subjects
a clearer
@4
belowcorrectly.
Rewritethe sentences
I A few yearsback, my uncle is going to set up his own businessbut he didn't have
sufficient caoital.
52
r=l-!
YOUnSCOIEI
3 I return the money I owe you as soon as I receivemy salaryat the end of the month.
4 Iasmine be expectingus to help her run the gamesstall at the funfair this Saturday.
@lJRearrangethewordstoformcorrectSentenceS.
I b e - c o s t - council- expected- expressway- far- more - new- of - than
-thethe - the -will.
The cost
are - as- children - don't- have - I - make - safe- sure- the - to -will
- worry - you.
You
53
PERFECT
ANDFUTURE
UNTT 5=8 FUTURE
PERFECT
TENSES
CONTINUOUS
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
:)
Q"*rrAR
PorNrs
EXAMPLES:
By next week,Carl will have alreadynegotiated the price of the housewith the estateagent.
I will have just entered the university next April when my sistergraduates.
g
in Glasgor,ri for
REMEMBER!
r The future perfect continuous tenseis formed in
this way:
will have + treen + past participie of verb +'ing'
E)LAMPLES:
will have been raining
will have been driving
:rdverb ofduration
54
(id"s!ryTt
@A]underlinethecorrectVerbformsinthebrackets.
I They (have broken / will have broken ) the hostel rules by not informing the managerabout the
damageto the windows just now.
2 By three o'clock,we ( were waiting / will have been waiting ) for more than an hour for our school
bus.
3 The young men whose names are on the memorial stone ( sacrificed/ will have sacrificed) their
IivesinWorldWar II.
4 Sally( had alreadyreceived/ will have alreadyreceived) the note we sent her by this afternoon.
5 By next Monda1.,Tim ( has been staying / will have been staying) with us for four months.
6 Dad ( was shocked/ will havebeen shocked) to hear about the train crashand rushedhome to
find out whether we were safe.
7 By December,our grandparents( are managing / will have been managing ) their grocerystore
lbr 25 years.
B Vicki is not at home. She( had just gone / hasjust gone) to the salonto havea manicure.
9 Kay ( has been helping / rvill have been helping ) Dr Srnithin the clinic for five yearsby next March.
l0 We (have submitted/ will be submitting) our recommendationsregardingthe
public transport systemto the authorities this Friday.
thatarecorrect.
EEEEEEj Tickthesentences
The price of eggswill have risen sharply by next week becauseof a
supplyproblem.
The managementcommittee has review the tenant'ssuggestions
concerning securityin the apartment building.
After a two-year delay,the governmentwill have finally reorganizedthe
public library systemby September.
Samuelwill representthe country as part of the junior bowling team at
the AsianGames.
Helen will have been running the kindergartenfor more than 10years
by the time she retiresin January.
Everyonein the audiencehave been expectingthe play to end on a
dramaticnote but they were disappointed.
Ioe will have taken up his new appointment in Frankfurt by the end of
the month.
Ierry and I will been working asjournalists with the National Daily for
five yearsby the end of next week.
We had alreadymake the hotel reservationsfor our stay in Bangalore
when we learnt that our trip was postponed.
l 0 Aunt Lily will have bake an apple pie for tea so let'snot be late.
--_YOUR SCOREI
a
1,,'
55
./'aala
.>l
@ J J F i l l i n t h e b l an ksw i th su i ta b l e w o rdsinthebox.
will have agreed
will have been lecturing
will have played
have alreadyvisited
had not heard
will have reached
ordered
1I
called me today.
6 The airlinesprobably
the striking pilots by tomorrow.
to an amicable settlementwith
three years.
l0 At the end of this season,our university
host to the inter-varsitygamesfor the secondtime in four years.
E@4
ru
.*g-t
Rearrange
thewordsto form correctsentences.
She
56
by- cabin - cold - faces- frozen - have - in - our - reach- the - this
-time-we-will.
Our faces
5 after- already- bed - everyone- get - gone- have- home- movie- the
- to -we - will -when.
\A4renwe get home
ff[![l|
belowcorrectly.
E I Rewtitethe sentences
I Miss Cole been working as the executivesecretaryto the director for five yearsby this
March.
2 The salariescommission will meet next week.We will be gather more information
about the expectedpay rise by then.
5 The anti-vice squad had waiting all night for their man to give the signalbefore
arrestingthe drugs syndicate.
m
-----l
YoURscoRE
I
57
FI
tt
\Vhen we refer to generaltruths or facts,we can use the simple presenttenseboth in the
if clause and in the main clause.
PRESENT
TENSE
EXAMPI,ES:PRESENTTENSE
If we dip a piece of
litmus paperin acid,
Water boils
We can use,thesimple presenttensein the if clauseand also in the main clausewhen we refer
t o a c t i o n st h a t t a k ep l a c er e g u l a r l y .
+
PRESENTTENSE
EXAMPLE: PRESENT TENSE
Dad alwaysreads the papers
before leavingfor the office
if he wakes up early.
\A4renwe refe.rto an action or an eventwhich will probably happen in the future, make a
promise,or givea warning,we can use the simplepresenttensein the if clauseand the simple
future tensein the main clause.
FUTURETENSE
If Clairemaintains her
efficient performance,
If I finish my classesbefore
five this evening,
EXAMPLES:PRESENTTENSE
Note that it is the simplepresenttenseand not the future tensethat is most often usedin the
if clause.
We usethe word unless (meaning'ifnot') with a positivepresenttenseverb,and the simple
future tensewith will in the main clausewhen we issuea warning or state a condition before
an action can takeplace.
+
SIMPLEFUTURETENSE
UNICSS+ POSITIVEPRESENTTENSE
EXAMPI,ES:
REMEMBER!
r Even if is used in conditional sentencesto mean
'it doesn'tmatter if'.
I will go on a tour of Europe next year
EXAMPLE:
evenif none of vou want to come with me.
@a
I A
B
C
2 A
B
C
3 A
B
If you will continue to practise,I think you will become a good pianist.
If you continueto practise,I think you will becomea good pianist.
I think you will becomea good pianistif you are continueto practise.
C
4 A
B
C
5 A
B
C
More people went for walks in the eveningsif the rveatheris good.
More people will go for walks in the eveningsif the weather is good.
If the weather is good, more people will go for walks in the evenings.
If our water supplyis contaminated,it leadsto serioushealth problems.
If our water supplyis contaminated,it will be leadingto serioushealthproblems.
If our water supply will be contaminated,it will lead to serioushealth problems.
59
6 A
B
C
7 A
B
C
@jJUnderlinethecorrectverbformsinthebrackets'
I If rainwater ( seeps/ will seep) through limestone cliffs, it dissolvesthe limestone to form
stalactitesand stalagmites.
2 Our visitor ( laughs / will laugh ) if she seesthe funny postersat the station.
3 If a ferry is overloaded,it ( capsize/ will capsize) on rough seas.
4 Unlessthe town council implements water conservationmeasures,city dwellers ( experience/
will experience) a severewater shortage.
5 Jessiewill go there with her father if he ( takes / will take ) a day'sholiday.
6 You should be more tactful. Otherwise,you ( hurt / will hurt ) someone'sfeelings.
7 Kelly has to slow down and relax.If she ( persist / persists) in working all the time, it will affect
her health.
B If Dave ( don't / won't ) drive more carefully,he will probably causean accident.
9 The presidentwill declarea stateof emergencyin the country unlessthe rioting and bloodshed
( ends / will end ) .
l0 There is a huge crowd of people watching the grand prix. If there ( is / will be ) any kind of
accident,many spectatorswill be injured.
@!JCompletethesentenceSwithSuitablewordsinthebox.
60
6
he will be sentto his kennel.
l0
@a
Rewritethe sentences
belowcorrectly.
l,4r)
14
r"'
I That tree is leaning precariouslyto one side.If there is a strong wind, it is falling on our rooftop.
2 The organisersof the charity game afternoon are wondering what happenedto us unlesswe
phone them to explain.
3 If you will wish to continue with this discussion,you have to listen to our point of view
4=:H
YOURSCORE
I
|
a /'
6l
rv
a
)71
- SIMPTEPAST
UNTT 5"TOCONDITIONALS
ANDPASTPERFECT
TENSES
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
lA
1B
"tl
'
--
l-
/GRAMMAR POINTS
We use the simple past tenseor the past continuous tensein the if clause,and would with the
baseform of the verb in the main clauseto refer to actions or situationswhich are imaginary
or for situationswhich areimpossible.
+ would + baseform of verb
EXAMPLES:
Simple PastTense
If I owned this beautiful
mansion,
Note: We can also use other modal verbslike could, might and should in place of would.
We use the simple past tensein the if clauseand would with the baseform of the verb in the
main clausewhen we give or askfor advice.
+ would (or other modal) + baseform of verb
DGMPLES:SimplePastTense
Ifthe buyersoffered you a
good price for the house,
We use the past perfect tensein the if clauseand the perfect conditional would have with the
past participle of the verb in the main clauseto refer to actionswhich never took place or
resultswhich rvould have been achievedif the actionshad taken place.
+ would have + past participle of verb
PastPerfectTense
Er<IMPLES:
If we hadn't been so busy
at the office,
If our businesspartners
had been honest,
We use wish + simple past tense to refer to an imaginary situation or event which we would
Iike to happen now.
EXAMPLE:I wish I was tall and slim so I could wear those elegantsuits.
wish + sinlplepast tense
\\4ren we want to refer to an event in the past which we think should have turned out
differently,we use wish + past perfect tense .
EXAMpLE:We wish we had remembered to buy a birthdav gift for Anne last week.
(we didn't buy a gift becauseweforgot)
wish + past perfect tense
@A]circlethenumbersoftheSentenceSwhicharecorrect.
I If he had sufficient funds, he would set up a home for abusedchildren.
2 If I am you, I would postponethe weddinguntil Dad recoversfrom his illness.
3 The secondteam could havewon the match if they had had more stamina.
4 Developingcountrieswill progressrapidly if they had effectiveeconomic planning.
5 I wish we reportedto the personnelmanagerabout the problemslastweek.
6 Iasonwould havebeen surprisedif he had seenthe letter the income tax authoritieshad sent him.
7 We would have gladly helped with you if you had askedfor our support.
B The logs would have fell from the lorry if an alert motorist hadn't informed the driver of the
danger.
9 If ioan were more thrifty, shewill put asideenough money to buy a car.
l0 If Jameshad spent more time with his famill', his children might have heard more
about about their family'shistory.
-l
ryl
lr"
ttlntGlt
=':
'H
I If there had been a jam on the highway,we ( would be / would have been ) late for the reception.
2 If people of different backgrounds( had learned / learned) to live in harmony, we would have a
happier society.
3 Mark ( would tell / would have told ) Sarahof his admiration for her tennis skills if he had not
been so shy.
4 If I were JanetI ( fought / would fight ) for freedom of expressionin my newspapercolumn.
@!JFillintheblankswiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinthebrackets.
I If the workmen had waited for instructions from the supervisor,they
(do) a betterjob.
(know) that shewas almost chosen
64
-r::
YOURSCORE
I
a/l
a./
Fl
Rewrite the sentencesbelow without changing the meaning. Use the given
words and make changesto the tense of the verbs where necessary.
I If Tom were here,he would know what was wrong with the car.
IfTom had been here
2 The distinguishedvisitors would have been delighted if they had watched the tribal
dances.
The distinguishedvisitors would be delighted
3 I wish I had understoodthis problem. Then I would havebeen able to help you.
65
ANDPASSIVE
VOICE
UN]TT4"T ACTIVE
tenseand agreement,verbswith two objects,the use of it
lA Active
voic" , Simon teaches some of the club
members watercolour painting.
passive
voice, Some of the club members is taught
watercolour painting by Simon.
1B r\ctivc
nric" , Simon teaches some of the club
members watercolour painting.
passi'e
voice, Some of the club members are taught
watercolour painting by Simon.
x
x
Acrive
voice, The company gaveus a variety of books
for the library.
passivenricc'
We were given a variety of books for the
library by the company.
A variety of books was given to us for the
Iibrary by the company.
3A Active
voic" ' People say that James is a brilliant lawyer.
passive
voice, It is say that lames is a brilliant lawyer.
That James is a brilliant lawTrersayby
PeoPle.
38 Acti'evoic" , People say that ]ames is a brilliant lawyer.
passive
voice' It is said that Iames is a brilliant lawryer.
\A4renwe changea sentencefrom the activevoice to the passivevoice,the tenseof the verb has
to remain the sameand the verb has to agreewith the subiectin number.
EXAMpLE: The coach alwaysencouragesthe children to practisedifferent swimming strokes.
I
Glrst@
are encouragedto practisedifferent swimming strokesby the coach.
66
a verb in the active voice takes a direct and an indirect object, we can have two sentences
\.44:r.en
w i t h t w o d i f f e r e n t s u b j e c t si n t h e p a s s i v ev o i c e .
EXAMpLE: My parents sent me food parcels regularly when I was studying overseas.
actiYe voice, past tense verb
It is more common to begin with the person rather than the thing in the
oassivevoice.
We use it + the passiveverb when we refer to what people in generalbelieve,feel or think
E
It
@eFillintheblankswiththeactiVeorpaSSiVeformoftheVeIbSinthebrackets.
lIt
2We
grven.
3 Brian
4 Many people
needsto be modified.
5 Tasha
6 Paul
to hurt.
7 In my country, Iandslidesoften
homesand crops.
l0 A children'shome
4-
I
-YOURSCORE
| ,/
67
l;71
3 A
B
2 A
B
The tenants were warned about their noisy behaviour by the landlord.
4 A
B
We will seea lower rate of growth in the next fewyears sayby people.
Peoplesaythat we will seea lower rate of growth in the next few years.
It was saythat we will seea lower rate of growth in the next few years.
C
5 A
B
C
6 A
B
C
Some of the verb forms underlined are incorrect. Write the correct verbs in the
boxes.
I Severalhousesshakenwhen tremors hit the mountain resort.
2
Ahigh wall was built around the compound to keep out intruders.
All fearswere forgotten when the children saw the toys in a corner of the
clinic.
Theserichly beadedcostumesare worn by the dancerswhen they
perform.
-,
6B
@"JRearrangethewordstoformcorrectSentenceSintheactiveorpassivevoice.
lbe
It
2 a-
Sarah
Plans
4 accepted- by- for - hotel's- improving - manager- services- suggestions
- the - the - were.
Suggestions
5 lawyer - murder - questioned- regarding- the - the - the - two - witnesses.
.-,YOURSCORE
I
The lawyer
t/r
a /'
J7l
@E]RewritethefollowingpaSSageinthepassivevoice.
Peoplegenerallythink that Angie is extremelygood at organisationand decision-making.She
acquiredtheseskills during her six yearsas a junior executiveat the firm. Her bossesnoted her sound
decisionsand her efficiency.They promoted her to office managerin her seventhyear at the firm. She
runs the office with clockwork precision.Shesolvesproblems quickly and firmly. The rest of the staff
respecther becauseof her fairness,warmth and honesty.
It is
--+=!
YOUNSCORE
I
,./
69
t7l
ANDPASSIVE
VOICE
UNTT 4=2ACTIVE
passiveinfinitive, passive+'ing' form, adverbs
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
3A
38
rfe
the passivevoiceof the'ing' form by adding
form
being+ pastparticipleaftera finiteverb.
EXAMPLE:
70
REMEMBER!
r The following verbs are usually
usedwith the passive'ing'form:
dislike
enjoy
like
love
remember
hate
prefer
EXAMPLES:
Sandraand Liz
The carpets
at the gym.
I@bymymother.
-.;----
gls!,
2A
B
3A
B
C
4A
B
C
5A
6A
B
7l
@BjCrossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I
He dislikes
to be oaid I to
a fashion
fill appreciates beingtell I beingtold about a possiblepromotion for her later in the year.
Shewould like to penaliseI to be penalised for her mistakesrather than not being told about
them.
@?FillintheblankswitlrthecorrectformsoftheWordSinthebrackets.
(reward)her employeeswith
I Shewould like
a large bonus at the end of the year.
I prefer
accountant.
3 The government
barriers to easetraffic congestion.
4 Lots of things
poverty during the last five years.
Yusof
6 Mr Brody
in the shipmentof the consignment.
.1
He remembers
he was a little boy.
Sueloves
meenngpeople.
l0
I hate
72
@DlRewritethesentenceScoIIectlyintheactiveorpassivevoice.
I The hockey team wants to give due recognition for winning the inter-statetrophy.
3 Thesefine piecesof jewellery are to hand down to your children when they are older.
5 Your parentshave to tell about your decisionto leaveschool and join a band.
t,,l!!-
YouR-FcoRE
I
a,/
ff[!l[!|
)7l
E I Rearrange
the wordsto form correctsentences
in the activeor passivevoice.
I a- assembled-be-bookcase-form-parts
2 a-being-
-these-
to-will.
4 a-be - firm-
morning- my-
this - to.
73
VOICE
ANDPASSIVE
UNTT 4"5 ACTIVE
to have somethingdone, complement of verb, instructions
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow.Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
r)
tt
<JGRAMMAR
/[
lS
Active
voic" ' She asked me to close the window because
of the cold air.
Passive
voice, I was asked tO close the window becauSe
of the cold air.
J[
POINTS
(= someoneredecoratedthe house)
--.+-----.
..------r.-.-'---,
t999:'
Lry:!q{'.!s'
(= we did it ourselves)
(= someoneservicedher car)
Q!rl,
t_:r
(= she servicedthe car herself)
74
Notice that we leaveout the preposition by and the noun after it.
EXAMPLES:
recently.
last week.
(b) \Vhen we speakof accidentsor incidents that are causedby someoneunknown to us,
we may also use this structure:
had + object + past participle
EXAMPLES:
My mother had her handbag snatched in the market.
Bill had his arm fractured in a rugby match.
Actiueuoice : They told the nursesto take the childen back to the ward.
Passiueuoice : The nurses were told to take the childen back to the ward.
REMEMBER!
r The following
verbsare often
used in giving
instructions:
ask
command
order
say
tell
EXAMPLE:
Actiueuoice : The matron told the nursesto take the childen back to the ward.
Passiueuoice : The nurseswere told bv the matron to take the childen back to the ward.
\Mhenwe changean activevoice verb which comes before a complement into the passivevoice,
we use this structure:
subject + passiveverb + infinitive
E)(AMPLES:
Gqrerg!,
The company is believed to have failed because of ineffective management.
Q4il"".:J
A'/ofe:We use the perfect infinitive to have + past participle to refer to an earlier action
(the companyfailed).
75
2 A
B
C
3 A
B
C
4 A
B
C
b A
B
C
#e!Rsce!9
tt {f?
Underlinethecorrectwordsinthebrackets.
I r(^l
lr"tgl
f My sister ( has the velvet cushion coversdry cleaned/ have the velvet cushion coversdry cleaned)
to maintain their colour and sheen.
Z The newly-openedcaf6 askedcustomers( to be written down/ to write down ) their comments
regardingits food and service.
3 It ( is reported / is to be reported ) that top fashion models keep to a carefully-controlleddiet.
4 Vanessaand her husband ( are said to begin/are said to have begun ) a new line of hair-care
products.
b The cashiertold everyonewaiting ( to be patient / to have been patient ) becausethe computer
systemhad crashed.
6 Residentsin my area (have to be battle / have had to battle ) sand and mud brought by flood
waters.
7 We ( have had to send / have to sent ) our grandfatherclock to the shop for repair.
B Ryan ( had his leg broken / had his leg break ) while he was playing soccer'
g Jennifer( is said to be / is said to being ) the person organisingthe new help line.
l0 Aunt Alice askedme ( to pierce my ears / to have my earspierced ) so that I could
wear the earringsshe gaveme.
76
@Rewritetheparagraphandcorrectthemistakesinthepassiveverbforms.
We had our porch and living room being renovatedlast month. Dad'sarchitect friend, James,were
invited to redesignthe area.lames is said is both innovative and bold in his ideas.He askedby Dad to
createan informal setting for the living room. He did that by merging the porch and the living room
using high French doors.Thesedays,Dad often has been seensitting inside the living room, enjoying
the gardenright at our doorstep.
3 I will have the air-conditionersin the bedrooms cleanedas thev are verv dustv.
The air-conditioners
4 The airline officialstold us to wait for news of the flight from London.
We
5 The director has had a new security svsteminstalled to protect the office from
break-ins.
A new security system
77
SPEECH
ANDINDIRECT
UN]TT5"T DIRECT
positive and negative statements
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
.RAMMAR
POINTS
"tr)
Q"*orro*not
In directspeech,we can placethe reportingclausein thesepositlons:
(a) before or after the quote
EXAMPLE:Miss Kanno said,"The girls might come later."
d@@
'l':l'luul:ln":
@@@sq::ge)
uoi:''11" "
lo"l'u
G::gq!_,"1q9r,
In direct speech,when we make an order or a request,we use the baseform of the verb.
V'/henwe changefrom direct to indirect speech,we changethe baseform of the verb to the
infinitive (to + baseform) and place it after the reporting clause.
E)(AMPLES:
tf'1'!Ilt
tnlin'ttu9
In indirect speech,we report what someonehas said using a that-clause.We usually make
adjectivesand time expressions
when we
changesto the tenseof the verb,pronouns,possessive
convertfrom directspeechto indirect speech.
EXAMPLE:"I sawyou at the hotel last week," she said.
She said that she had seen me at the hotel the previous week.
REMEMBER!
r \Vhen a speakermakesfvr,ostatements,the reporting verb said /told is used with the first statement.
"There'ssomeoneoutside,"Mark said. "He has been there for some time."
ExAMpLE:
Mark said that there was someoneoutside.He had been there for some time.
Mark said that there was someoneoutside.Mark said that he had been there
for some time.
@-^--lCirclethesentencenumberiftheunderlinedIeportingclauSeisinthecorreCt
position.
I "This machine,"saidthe salesman,"is one of our latestmodels."
2 "Wehave,"saidJulie,"been sittingin the car for such a long time."
3 Mary said to the little boys,"Don't play with the switches."
4 "Pleaseget,"saidMrs Hong,"me a cold drink."
5
7g
F:-l
YouRscoRE
I
-a,/
r^
t7a
@njriuintheblankswiththecorrectverbformS,pronounSorpossessiveadjectives.
I "We will do our best in the exams,"my brothers promised.
Mv brothers promised that thev would do
barracks."
--
-q
I
-YOURSCORE
l-r "
@gJInthe'followingpairSofSentenceS,oneSentenceisincorrect.Rewriteit
correctlY.
I "Pleasecall backlater,"saidthe nurse,"becauseDr Simsis not in."
The nursetold me pleasecall backlater becauseDr Simswas not in.
3 The captain said,"My team intends to win the challengetrophy for our school."
The captain said that his team intend to win the challengetrophy for their school.
BO
-H
@a
Rewritethe sentences
in directspeech.
3 Ann askedthe salesassistantto help her carry the purchasesto her car.
5 Mr Francistold his secretarythat he didn't want any interruptions during the meeting.
-=Ft
YOURSCORE
I
I@E-l
a,/
)74
4:f!YOUR SCOREI
4 Wendy askedJack
a
a,/
8l
ttla
I>l
ANDINDIRECT
SPEECH
UNTT ,5=2DIRECT
positive and negativequestions
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
In an indirect question, we place the subject of the reported clause before the verb as in a
statement. We usually change the tense of the verb as well as the pronouns, possessive
adjectives and time expressions in the reported clause.
EXAMPLE: We said to Janet, "Are you leaving the company next month?"
We askedIanet
ll
(,.t11ltr!$,
t'"il,
(xt,
We askedJanet
REMEMBER!
r In a direct question,the actual words of the speakerand the
question mark arewithin quotation marks.
E)(A}IPLE:
r In an indirect question,the
question mark and the quotation
marks are not used.
r l f t h ed i r e c q
t u e s t i o ni s a
wh-question,the rvh-word is used
to begin the reported clause.
B2
\\4ren a direct question has a yes or no answer,we use whether or if to begin the reported
clause.
EXAMPLE:Mum said,"Are the twins in their room?"
Mum askedme if / whether the twins were in their room.
'to do',we leave
'to
do' or a wh-word with the verb
When a direct question beginswith the verb
'to
do' in the indirect question and changethe tenseof the main verb.
out the verb
Indirect question
Directquestion
EXAMPLES:
(past tense)
wanted
had ended (past perfect tense)
ul
'to
do',r,ve
\.Vhena direct question beginswith a wh-word and the negativeform of the verb
'to
'to
do' which carries
do' in the indirect question becauseit is the verb
need to retain the verb
the tense.
Indirect question
Direct question
EXAMPLES:
doesn't understand (presenttense)
didn't understand (pasttense)
@a]rilintheblankswiththecorrectverbforms,pronounSortimeexpressions.
you
I Vicki said to me, "
Vicki askedme whether I wanted to join her band.
to join my band?"
you
3 Sam said to Bill, "\.Mhy
Sam askedBill why he didn't wear his overcoat.
Monday
your overcoat?"
you
to go out earlier for dinner?"
5 lane saidto us, "
preferred
go
for
dinner.
out
earlier
to
Janeaskedwhether we
F-l
YouRscoRE
I
l,/
B3
D-l
@4CompletetheindirectquestionsintheSentenCeS.
I "Doesyour dog usually go into your neighbour'sgarden?"Ben said to me.
Ben askedif
2 "\A{hodoesn'twant to go on the roller-coasterride?"the tour guidesaid.
The tour guide asked
3 Fionasaid,"Helen,areyou interestedin joining our sewingclass?"
FionaaskedHelen
4 "How did you removethe greasemarks from my shirt?" Jacksaid to his dry cleaner.
Iack askedhis drv cleaner
5 Kellie said to me, "V\{hatdon't you like about our plan?"
Kellie
m
YOURSCORE
I
@?CompletethedirectqueStionSintheSentenceS.
I
"\tVhy
" Sueasked.
4"
Miss Smith askedif we were taking part in the contest.
5 Tom said,"
Tom askedwhat subject she taught in college.
.---lYOURSCONE
I
a/a
@D]RewritethequestionsindirectSpeechorindirectspeech.
I Direct Speech
a /'
)71
"How far into the city does the commuter train go?"the lady said to Steve.
Indirect Speech
2 Direct Speech
IndirectSpeech
3 DirectSpeech
Indirect Speech
B4
4 DirectSpeech
Indirect Speech
5 Direct Speech
IndirectSpeech
-:F!=
YouR
scoRE
I
Stan
"Yes."
Officer
(2)
Officer
f3)
Officer
(4)
"No, officer."
Officer
(5)
"Yes,I did."
Officer
(6)
(He wanted to know why Stan hadn't sweruedto auoid the other car)
Stan
"If I had swerved,I would have hit that fruit stall besidethe road."
B5
tT 6=t MODATS
positive statements,passivestructure
GRAMMAR
POINTS
W.e
use had better, ought to or should when giving someoneadvice.However,when the
9an
advicegiven is about a past event or when it is a generalcomment about something,we can
only use ought to or should.
complaints.
The manager had better / ought to / should listento his employees'
EXAMPLES:
nrodals
'ubi.D
(/---:
ttr'"lqflryIfg!,
Pnsteuent:
Farahought to / should have kept our appointment but she didn't.
Generalcomment:
All schoolsought to / should have library periods for the students.
REMEMBER!
r Modals are usually used in statementsto expressthe following:
ability - can, could
advice- had better,otrghtto, should
certainty or intention - shall,rvill, would
- must, need to
necessit_v
B6
We use a presentparticiple with a modal to indicate something is possibly (could, may) or very
likely to be (must, should) happening at the time of speaking,or will probably (could, may) or
'to
be' with
very likely (shall,will) be happening in the future.We use the baseform of the verb
the presentparticiple in this way:
Subjectr modal + be + presentparticiple
EXAMPLES:
The committ"" lio,lldl be questioningthe suspendedplayer now.
modal
-_-l
tb"jt"Iu
Qry
@@
(."Il:U
(h,rrbr, Ll'.-ryt-,
Gglg'"'b,
tlbj"gJ
Passiue
uoice: That bouquet of rosesF[st
87
@4J
attending
have
be
make
been
made
carry
send
carrying
sent
cooperate
compete
cooperated
competing
to everycommittee member.
printed the minutes of last year'sannual generalmeeting by
now.
presentedbv the treasurerat the
Yasminwould
meticulous.
the meeting.
attendedby all
by a showofhands or by secretballot.
9 Committeemembersmust
ability.
--
| ,/
@
BB
t>'l
I You ( might / must ) submit your entry form by 30th Septemberat the latest.
2 The train ( should / should have ) arrive any time now.
3 Irene ( may leave / may have left ) her shopping bag in the washroom.
4 Theseparcels( could fall / could have fallen ) from that van.
5 The customers( need to lodge / need to be lodged ) a complaint about the store'sunreliable
delivery service.
6 The information ( should have passedon / should have been passedon ) to the secretary
yesterday.
7 One hundred athletesfrom 20local clubs (will have undergone / will be undergoing ) training at
the National SportsCouncil next month.
B Larry'scar ( might hit / must have hit ) the lamp post as he was backing into the parking lot.
I The students ( had better start / better start ) revisingfor their final examssoon.
l0 The courier company ( will be deliver / will be delivering) our packageto your
managerbetween 10 a.m. and noon tomorrow.
@gRearrangethewordstoformcorrectSentenceS.
I a - car - emergencies- first-aid - for - have - in - kit - should - you - your.
Youshould hauea first-aid kit in your carfor emergencies.
2 and - be - could - front - her - in - Maggie- row - sister- sitting - the.
3 a- been- by-
the.
5 by - competition - have - magazine- now - of - selected- the - the - the - winners would.
B9
UN]T
negativestatements,passivestructure
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
")
sl
(*/"*t*
PorNrs
We use not or its contraction n't to changea modal to its negativeform. We drop to when we
form the negativeof need to. However,we keep to when we form the negativeof ought to.
The verb that follows has to be in its baseform.
EXAMPLES:
You
G!8e1,
/---------'----\
( negallve
+
\sLrorecr
)
mudat
90
REMEMBER!
not appearsimmediatelyafterall modalsexceptcan.In the caseof can,the rvordnot is
r Ther,r,ord
attachedto its ending.
Negative
Contractednegative
cannot
could not
must not
need not
shall not
should not
will not
would not
can't
couldn't
mustn't
needn't
shan't
shouldn't
lvon't
wouldn't
Meaning
not able to, not allowedto, not possible
(samemeaningas cannot - usedin the pasttense)
not allowedto
not necessary
doesnot intend to, refusesto
not advisableto
doesnot intend to, refusesto
(samemeaning aswill not - used in the past tense)
NorE:May not, might not and ought not to do not have contractedforms.
\Vhen we use a presentparticiple with the negativeform of a modal, we have to include the
baseform of the verb'to be' in this way:
Subject+ modal + not / n't + be + presentparticiple
negati\.e modai
EXAMPLE:
tlUet
present participle
REMEMBER!
r Mustnot andshall
not cannot go with
have + past participle
EXAMPLE:
Sheloughtnot to lhave blamed me for our defeatin the finals.(Wehad lost in the finals.)
'*
---L-negatir-c
C:
modal
$""^*t'i'
negative nroclal
negative modal
Passiue
uoice: The hear,yartilleryliouldnCbe moved.
Qa_r9'"iU
(b) Subject+ modal + not / n't + have been + past participle
EXAMPLE:
negative modal
(:grggU
G4".,
negailve
lllooal
Passiue
uoice: The window Eo,tldttilhurr" been shattered bv a rainstorm.
(ert""rg!,
9l
@AlCrossouttheincorrectmodalsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS.
I You can't I can not
2 They shouldn'texpectedI shouldn'tbe expected to sell all the tickets within a fortnight.
3 Bill mieht havenot heard I mieht not haveheard the wonderful news concerningEmma.
for you if they didn't respectyou.
I shan'ttell I shan'ttellin
This suitcase
you the ending. Readthe book and find out what happened.
look I mav not look small but it can actuallyhold a lot of things.
@eFillintheb1ankswiththecorrectmoda]sintheboxes'
havetaken place.
I The accident
wasn't
there
a
signboard
near
the
cliff to warn
\AIhy
motorists of the danger?
should
shouldn't
would
wouldn't
can
can't
3 The roof
yesterdayl
4We
what to do next.
need to
needn't
5 You
UVrays.
must
mustn't
havespokenso harshlyto
6 iack
the team when thev were defeated.
7I
oughtto
I oughtnotto
shall
shan't
could
couldn't
will
won't
should
shouldn't
r-:-
-YOURSCONEI
a /'
92
)71
@JJ
Rewritethe sentences
in the passivevoice.
3 The tourist guide ought not to have taken the tourists to that factory.
4 Our football club may not include David in the lineup againstThe Trojans.
Kate must take not four teaspoonsof sugarin her tea. Shehas a diabetic condition. I
wouldn't surprisedif her blood sugarlevel is high.
Mrs Tan
I've told her to take lessbut shewon't listen to me. Shebeganwith two teaspoonsof
sugar,then shewent on to three and now it's four!
Sarinah
You shouldn'thad let her increaseher sugarintake.You need to take her to a doctor and
Mrs'fan
Sarinah
Mrs Tan
Sarinah
You shouldn't have cateringto their whims all the time. You could teach them to satisfy
their hunger with fruit. It's got vitamins and fibre.You might not succeededat first in
getting them to enjoy fruit as a snack.They may grumble and complain but they will
come to like fruit eventually.
-:;!!-
YOURSCORE
I
lr"
93
-4
UN]TT6"5 MODATS
positive and negativequestions,passivestructure
GRAMMAR
POINTS
.GD,g3@
"t/"-*'*
POINTS
E
f
EXAMpLES:
(Statement)
We Eadwake Grandpanow.
GlEeq, Gqggtil'"t
modal
(Question)
@
modal
(Negatiuequestion)
6@
\Mhenwe form a questionwith the modal, we do not normally make use of the verb
the modal need to can be usedwith the verb'to do'.
EXAMPLES:
(Questionwithottt modal)
Do we wake Grandpanow?
rr-r-
(lrltiU
jg'" r'rlItg!,
tl9f-J'(
modal
welcanlwake Grandpanow?
Gqjgq,
modal
@@
94
'to do'.Only
REMEMBER!
r Modais are used in questionsfor various purposes,such as the follon'ing:
to find out about a person'sability- cani can't,could/couldn't (for the past)
ought to/ought not to
or advice- shali,should/shouldn't,
to get suggestions
- must/mustn't,should/shouldn't,
to find out if somethingis the right thing to do or is necessary
ought to/ought not to
to offer help - can/can't,couldi couldn't,may, shall,willi won't, rvoulcto askfor permissionor help - can/can't,could/couldn't,may/might (moretentative)
to get an opinion - will/n ould,won't/wouldn't
to expressuncertainty - could, might, would
to requestfor help or information - can/can't,could/couldn't, may,will/won't, would
to expressobligation- must, should, ought to, shall
to expresspossibility- could/couldn't,might (more formal)
NolE: May is normally usedwith the subjectsI and we in questions.
r The modal shan't is not used in questions.
'to
be' when we use a present participle with a modal
We have to use the baseform of the verb
quesuon.
rn a
EMMPLE: Shouldn't you be payrng attention to what the speakeris saying?
G-**-r)
would oor""niu*-r"il.
|X I
@
We have to use the baseform of the verb'to be' + past participle with a modal when the
questionis in the passiveform.
EXAMPLES:Can these savouries be eaten with chilli sauce?
95
a
E
E
E
E
EEEEilEl3
Tickthecorrectsentences.
to make a suggestion
A Will this braceletmatchesyour pearl earrings?
B
C
96
@9
Underlinethecorrectwordsin thebrackets.
@-4SomeofthequeStionSareincorrect.Rewritethemcorrectly.
I ShallI giving your sistersome coachingin Maths?
Shall I giueyour sistersomecoachingin Maths?
2 Could Suebe photocopying the minutes of the meeting now?
97
GRAMMAR
POINTS
\Mhenwe use prepositions,we must know which ones go with certain verbs,adjectivesor
nouns.Sometimes,the word beforea prepositioncontrolsour choice.Sometimes,the
preposition must go togetherwith the word that comes after it'
(a) verb + preposition
EXAMPLES:
I stopped at a bakeryto buy somebreadand cakes.
-L.
tl:t
t-:!e:teU
pers0n
@@
Gq sr9 Q'.rg{9,
(c) noun + preposltlon
Lq."!_ryI,
(d) verb + preposition + noun / pronoun
rtgr:gli
Raymond agreed with lme lthat the meeting should be postponed.
thing
9B
REMEMBER!
r Prepositionsare used to show how people or things relateto one another.The best way to remember
which prepositionsgo with certain nouns,noun phrases,pronouns,adjectivesor verbsis to checktheir
use in a dictionarl'.
r Prepositionsare used to help conveyideaslike the following:
level- above,below
accompanyingor in the sameplace- with
position- around,at, behind,in
causeor purpose- becauseof, for
showingsupport or opposition - against,for, with
condition or stateof something- in, out of
similarity in manner - as,Iike
content - about, in, oi with
s o u r c e- f r o m
g o a lo r t a r g e -l a t . t o
time - after,during, since
having something- ol with, without
way of doing something- by,with
movement - into, over,through, towards
accompany- go with
hit - strike at
Z
E
comprise,contain- consistof
request- askfbr
t erb
a
a
@
@
--I
-YoUR-EoRE
l-r "
-H
@Fillintheblankswiththecorrectprepositionsintheboxes'
I
The man -
[T-_]
The man
[*ith--l
3 The bicyclesat the hotel are availableThe expresscounter serviceat the bank is available
yearsof age.
4 The evacuation
boats.
Their evacuationhad burst.
5 Ianet'smother was afraid
alone in the dark.
Marie is not afraid
growth.
those above55
100
Fb""t I
["r I
I r"f
[-t"-_-l
[ffi]
r"fl
t--r-l
["r I
.-'YouR
scoRE
I
@Crossouttheredundantprepositionsinthedialogue.
Anna
Rashid
Anna
Rashid
Anna
Rashid
Anna
Rashid
Anna
Rashid
prepositions.
EEEEEE|JJ Fillin theblankswithsuitable
mv irrational behaviour thesepast
my chair (3)
quietly (5)
resignation.
room, I stopped at the watercooler for a sip of water. My throat was parched. Beads of perspiration
had begun to form on my forehead. It wasn't going to be easy, I knew but I had to tell him. My life was
Iust then, Mr Brown opened his door and askedme to step (B)
"Lena,we'recreatinga new department that will deal solely (9)
I want you to head that. It will mean doing quite a bit of travelling.Are you interested?"
My jaw dropped. My fingerstrembled. Quietly,I crumpled my letter.
"\&rhat'sthat?" askedMr Brown, pointing to the crushedpaper in my hand.
"Oh, iust one of mv mistakes,"I said.He must have known, for I heard him sigh
(10)
relief.
l0t
TT7=2PREPOSITIONS
-l
.r)
(;/"*t*R
PorNrs
ol en ce.l
Iam es b eli eves in E on -vtl-i
Iames believes in
Jamesbelievesin
r02
E
E
E
In some sentences,we place the object between the verb and the preposition that goeswith it.
EXAMPLES:
A
-
EXAMPLES:
at.
EXAMPLES:
@;-l
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
103
n
V)
n
a
n
E
A
B
C
Fionaaskedme anotherchocolatecakerecipe.
Fiona askedme for another chocolatecakerecipe.
Fiona askedfor another chocolatecakerecipe from me.
A
B
C
Etrq4
Match the expressionsin A with those in B. Then join them using the
prepositions
in thebox.
at
by
from
of
with
The ambassadorexpresseddeepsorrow
We disagreed
I don't know
I
2
3
2
3
4
,-l:-f
YOURSCORE
I
5
a
a /'
104
/r^a
l7l
The staff assuredtheir new managerthat they would give him their support and loyalty.
(of - their)
The familywas pleasedthat I had made attempts to find a job.
(with - my)
The woman complained that her next-door neighbour had a difficult personality.
(of - neighbour's)
JohnDoe
4
line 5
Interviewer:
John Doe
B
I
line 10
1l
12
13
14
line 15
16
17
18
19
on
JohnDoe
line I
line 20
2l
22
r{!-
YoURscOREI
a,/l
lr/
105
'31
ANDPREDICATE
UN]TT8 SUBIECT
GRAMMAR
POINTS
. . H. )I
(*/"*t*
PorNrs
A sentenceis usually made up of a subject and a predicate.The predicatemust contain at least
one verb.It can alsohavean object,a complementor an adverbial.
EXAMPLES:
Predicate
Subject
Verb
Object
Adverbial
A group ofvolunteers
cleanedup
after SportsDay.
Subject
Verb
Complement
are
Thesepeople
The indirect object often comes before the direct object.We can put the indirect object after the
direct object if it is in a prepositionalphrase.
prepositionalphrase
parry
gave
bags
of
sweets
tt-.httd-;l
At
the
they
EXAMpLE:
f"
#
Grqig:.t,
106
@L@
6
r
REMEMBER!
r A noun or pronoun can be
used with the imperative to
show precisely who you are
speakingto.
EXAMPLES:
noun
EXAMPLES:
Be quiet! (order)
Have a piece of pie. (offeD
Write neatly so people can read your work. (suggestion)
Do not leavethe gateof the house unlocked. (warning)
Don't smoke in here. brder)
pronoun
@4-]FiilintheblankswiththecoIIectwordSintheboxes.
too closeto the main road.You might be knocked down by a car
Don't be playing I Don't
can't seewhat all the fuss is about. After all, we think that going on a world tour is a
commonthing nowadays.@{fWel
to the managing director,Sam.He wants to know how you feel about your
new posting. Must speak I Speak
the stack of files to the car.
He helped
me
ng I me to carry
Suehanded
keys.
Be I Have to be
l0
Have I Want to have
@A
A
B
C
A
B
C
3 A
B
C
4 A
5 A
B
C
At the nature reserve,the animals waiting for the summer rains to fill the waterholes.
At the nature reserve,the animals waited for the summer rains to fill the waterholes.
For the summer rains to fill the waterholes,the animals waited at the nature reserve.
6 A
B
7 A
B
C
@9CompletethesentenceSwiththeexpressionsinthebox.
that you don't upset the whole tray of cakes.
me copies of the annual report.
a deep breath please,so that I can checkyour lungs.
becauseI can'thear what you're saying.
Joannewith a beautiful cashmerejacket.
late or we'll miss the opening number of the show.
are members of the state'sbasketballteam.
cleanedtheir catch for the day and dried it in the sun.
we were helping out at the charity bazaar.
are part of the Alpine forests.
I Don't be
2 Colin presented
3 Those magnificent pine trees
4 Shepassed
5 Speaklouder
6 Make sure
7 Take
B All afternoon,
r0B
--r
YouR
scoRE
I
r7l ,91
lrr'
The fishermen
4lYOURSCORE
I
a/a
a,/
)74
(adverbial
subject
verb )
complement
verb )
3 We gave the reply cards so she would know the numbers attending the wedding .
( direct object
indirect object
verb )
The girls looked for Katy in but there was no sign of her .
( adverbial
direct object
indirect object )
All night long , Bill to hear some news of his sons and their boat but the coastguard had
no news for him . ( direct object indirect object verb )
6 Post for me Karen . I'm in a terrible rush this morning .
7 She very unreasonable.It's difficult to work with her .
( adverbial
( indirect object
direct object
object
B Have to get our scripts ready . The drama finals are just three months away
( object
subject
verb )
complement
direct object )
direct object
indirect object )
@gJSomeoftheSentenceSareincorrect'Rewritethemcorrectly.
t Followingthat carlWe musn't lose sight of it.
3 Richardwas the first member of his family to join the merchant na\,y.
r09
verb )
verb )
CTAUSES
UN]TT9"T RELATIVE
with who, which and that
GRAMMAR
POINTS
-)
(3/"*t*R
PorNrs
relativeclause
rnain clause
( n o u r rd c . r ' r i b . d) |
.object.of )
tfralllg]|9
, ' r r b j e cotf
u1t!ls!al:j.i
( f i n l r ev e r b)
r \Vhen who or which is the obiect of the relativeclause,the subiectof the relativeclausecomesafter it.
Sometimes,who or which is the obiect of the finite verb in the relativeclause.In thesecases,we
can drop who or which.
EXAMPLES:
main clause
relative clause
main clause
I-
relativeclause
lLnhich
l.!_l
@@@
which = the fort = objectof the r,erbkept
A relative clause can be defining or non-defining. A defining relative clause with who or which
identifies the people or things, or tells others what sort of people or things we are referring to.
EXAMPLE:
main clause
-defining
_ \ relative clause +-:
who speakfranklv.
A non-defining relativeclausewith who or which doesnot identiff the people or things we are
referring to but givesmore information only.We put a comma before a non-defining relative
clause.
EXAMPLE:
main clause
We visited Paris
non-deflning
relati\re clause
?--=\
(gir.csmore information
a b o u tI ) a r i s )
comma beforenon-delinir.rgclause
Y)
@-AJCrossouttheincorrectitemsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS.
I
He is kind towards the youngsters were I who were placedin his care.
2 T h a t w a s t h e d e c i s i o n which | , which
6 This is the most pnzzlingincident FT, th"ii-l have ever come across.
lll
need to know.
@Circlethelettersoftheitemsintheboxesthatgointheplacesmarkedwith('
I
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
that
which
which
who
which
who
that
that
that
who
inspiredus.
that inspired us.
who flatter him.
, who flatter him.
, which she never flaunts.
which she never flaunts.
that we ever had.
we ever had.
which vour sonsbefriended.
who vour sonsbefriended.
-.-YouisCoRE
I
a
@J_J
B
C
A
B
C
Lt2
/a
l./'il
4 A
B
C
5 A
B
@D|underlinethecorrectitemsinthebrackets.
Eachyear,universitiesin theWest take in quite a number of students I ( which / who ) come from
Asian countries.Sucha student may initially feel lost in an environment 2 (which / , which ) is
unfamiliar. He experiencesa reaction 3 ( that / who ) sociologistscall'culture shock'.The culture, or
way of life, around him is vastly different from the one 4 ( that / , that ) he knew back home. He sees
types of behaviour 5 (ptzzlel which puzzle ) him. He longs to be back in his homeland with his own
people 6 ( who / , who ) seemto him so much friendlier than those around him.
After some time, the Asian student may undergo experiences7 ( that / , that ) changehis outlook.
He may even lose the beliefs B ( he / , which he ) once valued.However,this does not happen to a
student 9 (which / who ) is sure of his own cultural identity. He takesthe best
l0 ( the / , which the ) Westcan offer; but he doesnot lose his Asian roots.
YouR
seoRE
I
a
a,/
aaa a
)71
113
't
CTAUSES
UN]T 9"2 RETATIVE
with whose
GRAMMAR
POINTS
GDM
)
(-/"*t*R
PorNrs
We use a relativeclausebeginning with whose to show that the noun after whose is connected
to or belongsto the noun before it.
EXAMPLES:
relative clause
main clause
| l t t ' 1 o n g l. r ) t l ) e A c c { r u n l a n l
relative clause
mainclause
Shejoined u
"o-futy
\\ whose -utig"ts
n o r r r rd e s r ' r i l r t ' d)
rvereincompetent
( t o n n e c t e d t r rt h e t , r t n p a n r
A relative clause with whose can be defining or non-defining. A defining relative clause with
whose identifies the people or things, or tells others what sort of people or things we are
referring to.
EXAMPLE:
mainclause
We exploredthe cave
relative clause (
A non-defining relativeclausewith whose does not identiff the people or things we are
referring to but givesmore information only.
EXAMPLE:
main clause
non-deii
I w a s e m b a r r a s s e db y m y f r i e n d
114
REMEMBER!
r A relative clause beginning with whose adds information about the person or thing just before it.
(Whoseusually showsownershipor connection.It takesthe place of his, her, its or their.)
They liked the guide.Her commentarywas witty.
EXAMpLES:
They liked the guide whose commentary was witty.
This is the hotel.We like its service.
This is the hotel whose servicewe like.
r Whose at the beginning of a relativeclausecannot be dropped and must alwaysbe followed by a noun.
EXAMPLE:He handed the kitten to the girl whose pet it was. Z
He handed the kitten to the girl pet it was.
He handed the kitten to the girl whose it was.
l@?
E
| ,n
Tickthe correctsentences.
-_
--l
YOURSCORE
I
l/a
@4
I A
B
C
2 A
C
3 A
B
C
4 A
B
C
lt"
ll5
-H
5 A
B
C
tt ffi?I@
-.l-
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I
r-l
|
.,'tn
l
->l
l//
4 Shetalked to a reporter.
.--t-t
YOURSCORE
I
[]
A
B
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
/a
a ,/
t7l
-a
n
n
n
E
E
I A
B
f0 A
B
@3
I17
a.
CTAUSES
UNTT 9"5 RELATIVE
after subjectsof main clauses
hl
II
,
-)
,f GRAMMARPOINTS
Vy'henwe use a relativeclauseto describethe subject of the main clause,we insert the relative
clauseafter the subjectand before the finite verb of the main clause.
EXAMPLE:
lsr narr of
main clause
relativeclause
We can drop who, which or that when it is the object of the finite verb.
118
Z
V
,a
r \r n,rr nf
main clause
2nd part of
mdn clause
relative clause
is still popular.
lst part of
main clause
rsonrvho is unkindl
2nd part of
main clause
A.non-defining relativeclausedoes not identify the people or things we are referringto but
givesmore information only.We alwaysput a comma before and after such a
non- defining relativeclause.
EXAMPLE:
tst parr of
main clause
Znd part of
main clause
was a vegetarian.
REMEMBER!
r A non-definingrelativeclausecannotbeginwith that.
Hitler,txt /who wasa dictator,committedmanyatrocities.
EXAMpLE:
E@4_l
@a
I The man ( beat / that beat ) you at chesshas won the championship.
2 Tlnemeadows ( look parched now which were once green / which were once
greenlook parchednow ).
l19
ff,[!fifi|
C I rict thecorrectsentences.
ff[!fi!|
D I Rewrite
thesentences
correctly.
r20
--i
YOURSCORE
I
r-l
| , , ' r-o> ll
L"
I
2
3
4
5
A
The permit is for two years.
The article is about my grandmother.
B
They will issueit to us.
Shespokeup for women'srights.
You should practiseit
Youaremerelytalkingabouttolerance.
The baby looks increasinglylike me.
Africa draws me irresistibly
Countriesneed this programme.
3
4
-
]!-
I
-YOURSCORE
6
| /'
t"lrffi"f{4
l7l
A habit nearly ruined my school careerwas studying at the last minute. My mother put me on a
study schedulefrom the first day of eachyear,who was a strict disciplinarian.The schedule,which
was quite realistic,would have brought me painlesslythrough examinations.However,the promises,
which I made to my mother, were undermined by my passionfor fantasynovels.My favourite stories
whose authorswove wonderful dreamsenticed me away from my textbooks.
'studying'
in my
My mother, who was trusting though strict, did not suspectthe true nature of the
just
was
get
cramming
which
I
did
before
examinations
somehow
sufficient
to
me
room. The crazy
throughlower secondaryschool.The disastercuredme of 11th-hourmarathonscameat upper
secondarylevel.
1 A habit that/which nearly ruined my schoolcareerwasstudyingat the last minute.
t2l
CTAUSES
UNTT TO=TADVERBIAT
with because,as, since
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
*l
tt
)
/GRAMMAR POINTS
Shefelt miserable
I missedwork yesterday.
\A4renwe place the adverbialclausebefore the main clause,we must put a comma after the
adverbialclause.We must not add so betweenthe two clauses.
EXAMPLE:BecauseI had a fever , so I missedwork yesterday.
t22
REMEMBER!
r The adverbialclauseis a kind of subordinateclause.
r An adverbialclausebeginning with becauseanswersthe question"\&hy?".
Mrs Wong went shoppingbecauseshe neededa new printer ribbon.
EXAMPLE:
SpeakerA: \\hy did MrsWong go shopping?
SpeakerB: Becauseshe neededa new printer ribbon.
r Adverbial clausesbeginning r'vithas and since have the same function as adverbial clausesbeginning with
because.
main clause
adverbialclause
EXAMPLE:
The police gavehim an award fJ because/ as / since he helped to catch the thief.
r Rule2 appliesto adverbialclausesbeginning with as and since as well as those beginning with because.
EVA\TDIF'
I Because/ As / Sincehe helped to catch the thief , 11the police gavehim an awarc.
L___l_.
t
(S9'nrn3-'
@'ui"*t-)
@
@4JUnderlinetheadverbialclausesintheSentenCeS.
I Shelooks confident as her clothessuit her personality.
2 Becausehe helped us once,we must support him nolr'.
3 Sinceyou are a good speaker,you should join the debating society.
4 Laughteris therapeuticbecauseit helpsus to relax.
5 As the instructions are clear,you shouldn't make a mistake.
6 They decidedto sell their car since they neededthe money.
7 Becausethe harvestwas splendid, they held a specialthanksgivingfeast.
B As Sallyis rather extravagant,she doesnot have much money saved.
9 The captain was annoyedbecausea boy had stowedaway on the ship.
l0 Sinceexercisepromotes health, everyoneshould do it regularly.
I I I can'tjoin you as I've promised to babysit tonight.
@-4CrossouttheincorrectWordSintheboxestocompletethesentences'
I SinceI sentthe parcelby courier,Fo )roul-youI shouldgetit tomorrow.
2 He couldn't keep up becauseI becauseof the pace of the training was punishing.
3 Excessiveexposureto sunlight is beneficial I dangerous as it can lead to skin cancer.
r23
i-our+roq
I a4"l
'"'
)>l
l7l
because of
tender
tough
I',ll
so I'll
always
never
he
so he
common
uncommon
dowdy
smart
us becausethey areimaginative.
bore
delight
opposed
supported
forget a promise.
lost
because
it'sbecause
t 0 They
a /'
because
he was strong.
Her gifts
I We hurried back
-{Jr''ra
YOURSCORE
I
I forgotthe sugar.(because)
The dessert wasa disasterit'sbecause
5 As the night is very cold, you will need your cardigan. (because)
-1=lYOURSCORE
I
-l
a/'
t24
l7l
@'ElRewritethesentenceswithoutchangingthemeaning.Usethewordsprovided.
As the music was nostalgic,I wept on hearing it.
IA
B
2A
B
3A
B
4A
B
5A
B
6A
As thoseornaments
Smokingis harmful. It should be avoided.
Smoking
since
AS
@FJ]ointhesentencesinthebracketsusingsince,as,becauSe,as
and since in that order.
You sayyou'd love to live in my country.Youd be rid of chilly winters. (Youhaven'tbeen to my
'sunny paradise'.You have no idea how boring it can be.) (The climate depressesme. The only
change
(I
prefer
your
hot
and
dry
to
hot
and
wet.)
temperate
give
climate.The four seasons
variety to
is from
life.) (I've lived in both countries.I can make a fair comparison.)(I even enjoyedyour worst winters.
They made the prospectof spring doubly delightful.)
Yousayyou'd loueto liue in my country becauseyou'd be rid of chilly winters.
4:F=
I
-YOURSCORE
a /'
125
)74
CTAUSES
2 ADVERBIAT
with although, though, even though, while
-l
.-'
(3/"*or*oR
PorNrs
clause.
EXAMPLES:
@ -|-
@@
-___i--____lof,",-r
donur",. .h*irilF.t
I Rulpn
orrghh" i, ,-,o,
u,i.h -u,, ni-."tf.l
We can place an adverbialclausebeginning with although after or before the main clause.
EXAMPLES:
-r=-*_-_r-
-l
REMEMBER!
beginningwith eventhough,thoughandwhilehavethesamefunctionasadverbialclauses
r Adverbialclauses
beginningwith although.
r Rule 2 applies to adverbial clausesbeginning rvith even though, though and while. But adverbial clauses
beginning with while are more commonly used beforethe main clause.
EXAMPI-E:
r An adverbialclausewith although, though, even though or while has a subject and a finite verb. The finite
verb must agreewith the subject.
-l
Although / Thoush
i s h e i s m y c l a s s m a t e , I have never sooken to her before.
Even though / While )
adverbial clause
E@4J
below.
Underlinethe adverbialclausesin the sentences
m
fudoi?l
@aCrossouttheincorrectwordSintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I Eventhough Kay likes sweetthing., Frt
rGTttte]
2 You can't stop the ageingprocessalthough Fa"Ty{-u ca"-l slow down the signsof ageing.
3 Although she has retired as a teacher,she often I seldom goesback to her old schoolto do
some voluntary work.
127
4 The birds are now eating from my hand though they shv I were sh
5
at first.
still unspoilt.
utt-.1
is well now.
9 Though his books are all bestsellers,most of them are realistic I unrealistic
@CJRearrangethewordsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS'
I The bride lookedradiant her - light - make-up - though - very - was.
Thebride lookedradiant though her make-up was uerylight.
a - arts - expert- he - is - martial - while, he has a scholarlvair.
a c t s-
even-
she-
though -
in - it - was.
@4
I A
B
C
Although the dishesfor adults are dull but the children'smenu has variety.
2 A
3 A
B
C
r28
4 A
B
C
5 A
B
C
Although the forgery was skilful, the handwriting specialistcould detect it.
The handwriting specialistcould detect the forgery even though it was skilful.
\.Vhilethe forgery was skilful, but the handwriting specialistcould detect it.
Though he doesnot have the necessaryqualification, he has valuableexperience.
He has valuableexperiencethough he has the necessaryqualification.
Vthile he doesnot have the necessaryqualification, he has valuableexperience.
FlYOURSCORE
I
a,/
)>l
Ioin the sentencesusing the words in the boxes to form adverbial clauses.
Placethe adverbialclausesbeforethe main clauses.
I Hewenton driving.He felt dizry. lGGn thou#i-l
Euenthough hefelt dizzy,he went on driuing.
2 It is a double room. It isn't biggerthan the singlerooms in other hotels. triirt" l
3 She'swalking steadily.She'swearing high-heeledshoes. Fiiho-uTl
Thesunwasscorching.FEoCii-l
4 Wewent outdoorsunprotected.
son. F eni[outrl
5 Youmustobeythe rules.Youarethe president's
6 I was very late.They acceptedmy apology. Eitho"gfr-]
@F|Rewritethepassageandcorrecttheadverbialclauses'
Many women managewell, though they have to juggle careerand family responsibilities.\.Vhile
some newspaperarticleshave attributed juvenile problems to working mothers this allegationis
unfair.According to surveys,teenagerscan be troubled even though their mothers are alwaysat
home. A closerelationship can be maintained between a mother and her teenagechildren although
she at work for part of the day.Though she can't be with them for hours on end, but she can give them
quality time every day.
129
CLAUSES
UN]TTil0"5 ADVERBIAL
with as, since, when, while
.GD,@tr!
-l
)
(3/"*ttAR
PorNrs
I Ie srnilecl.
oa
oa
REMEMBER!
r The simple tense is
usuallyusedto signala
short action, whereas
t h ec o n l i n u o u lse n s ei s
usuallyusedto signala
longeraction.
NOW
TIN,lE
adverbial clause
'i"
a
a
rrN'TE
(b) We usually use the continuous tensefor the adverbialclauseif a longer action takesplace
before and continues throughout the action in the main clause.(The simple tenseis
usuallvusedfor the main clause.)
EXAMPLES:
Ile n inketl.
NOW
aa
O
.l
r30
NOW
The stervn'assinmeling
I rN'rE
main clause and the simple past tense in the adverbial clause.
) Gt-dG;|
'___:__1-_
,bTTryIryq]*@
a
1995
r r ur
I leti school.
REMEMBER!
r An adverbialclausebeginningwith whencanbeusedfol an actionthattakesplacejustbeforeanotheraction
Thesimpletenseis usuallyusedin bothclauses.
in themainclause.
EMMPLE:
MF
(I pattedthebulldog'shead.A momentlaterthebulldoggrowled.)
r An adverbialclausebeginning with as,since,when or while can be placed after or befbrethe main clause.
a4
Z
@3UnderlinetheadverbialclausesintheSentenceS'
I Sincehe installedhis new telephone,he has receivedmany crank calls.
2 The bossglaredat me when my mobile phone rang during the meeting.
3 The boy was fidgeting while his mother was gossipingwith their neighbour.
4 As she hugged her brother, she pinched hirn plafully.
c
6 \.4hilethe reporter interviewed us, the photographertook some pictures of our school.
-| He smiled at the little girl as she curtsied to him.
B \Mhenthe singersteppedout of the limousine,his fans mobbed him.
I
@Circlethelettersofthecorrectwordsintheboxes.
I
Sinceshewas 15,she_
a difficult life.
He turned a somersault_he
dived.
others
a little.
i B led
A as
B since
A when
B while
A deliver
I explained
has led
. B was delivering
Awhen,Bwhile
A trembled
. B was trembling
A arrived
, B were arriving
A since
B when
A \Alhen
B $rhile
A cut out
the - they
thevsizedhim un fast.
3 The people have been assemblingat the village square curfew - lifted - since- the - was.
she- machine-
ancient - its - restored- since- splendour- was, tourists have flocked to the castle.
@E]newritetheSentencesusingthecorrectverbforms.
I They are closefriends since they were in kindergarten.
Theyhaue beenclosefriends since they were in kindergarten.
2 Anna was listening to music while she waited for her friends to arrive.
3 The two armed men were jumping off the train as it enteredthe railway station.
5 The children rushed into the house when their mother was calling them to have dinner.
6 For a moment fim was slipping as he was climbing up the ladder but he managedto
steadyhimself.
@.rlRewritethepassage.Changethesentencesinbracketsintoadverbialclauses
using since,while, while, as and when in that order.
I (Kategraduated.), her friends have been urging her to dressbetter.Right through university,she
wore baggyT-shirtsand fadedjeans 2 (Her fellow-studentsexperimentedwith fashionableclothes.).
Now, 3 (Kateis readingup for her first job interview.),her helpful friends are putting together an outfit
to impressher interviewers.Kate thanks them 4 (Sheposesin the smart suit with matching
Shequietly decidesto wear a simple dress5 (Shegoesfor the interview.).
accessories.).
r!=
E-
YouR-scoRE
I
| /'
133
I7l
CTAUSES
UN]TT1O=4ADVERBIAT
with so that and so ... that
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correct and A is lvrong in the
)
(;/"*t*R
PorNrs
We use an adverbialclausebeginning with so that to show the purpose of the action in the main
clause.In the adverbialclause,we usually use a modal which is in the same tense (presentor
past) as the verb in the main clause.
EXAMPLE: a-.-.)
_1-',"*-)
a "-,rJ-\
@
(,pasrtcil\e,, I (lorclcctirrgVr\arrr.rrril
l\rpa'trerrser,/
)
$lq:9
]
REMEMBER!
r An adverbialclausebeginningwith so that can also show the result of an action in
the main clause.A comma must be addedbetweenthe clauses.
EXAMPLE:
adverbial
clause (shows
the result of
the horror
film
We use so ... that ( so + adjective/ adverb + that ) to show that something happensbecausethe
subjectin the main clausehas an extremequality or acts in an extremeway.We do it in this way:
so + adjective/ adverb in main clause+ adverbialclausebeginning with that
EXAMPLES:
REMEMBER!
with sothat andso... that alwavscomeafierthe mainclauses.
r Adverbialclauses
EXAMPLES:
Z
E
He faked illness
@Fz
evfs-''F
aZ
\!gmgg
@AJsomeoftheSentenceScontainadverbialClauSeSthatshowpurpoSe.Underline
theseadverbialclauses.
I I quickly apologisedso that shewould not be angry with me.
2 He felt so nervousthat he could not meet the interviewer'seye.
3 In order that Jim can find his way easily,we sent him a detailedmap to our house.
4 Ken was badly treated as a child, so that now he is very timid.
5 Their land is so fertile that they have never experiencedany food shortage.
6 I wish to seehim alone so that I can speakfrankly.
7 The movie starsissueda pressstatementin order that the rumours might stop.
B Her car broke down on the highway,so that shewas late for the appointment.
9 In order that they could meet more often, he moved to her city.
t0 His personalityis so cold that he is greatlydisliked.
I I We are taking precautionsso that the diseasewon't spreadfurther.
@aFillintheblankswithsuitablewordsintheboxes.
We lodged a written complaint so
would take action.
the authorities
AS
pass,he tutored
may
3 The boy -
so carelessthat he keepslosingthings.
pityhim.
our
that
IS
might
WAS
plug
plugged
will
would
in orderthat I
that
-,
They
so outrageouslythat everybodylaughed.
not
I forgot my diet.
@!J
act
acted
will
would
so that
that
am
was
I The firemen spranginto action, that soon the fire was under control.
2 I kept closeto the wall so that the ferociousdog wouldn't notice me.
3 The ledgewas narrow that I was terrified of falling.
4 Shewas so intrigued by the formations in the cavethat she didn't mind
the bats.
5 In order that the profit margin might increase,they reduced expenses.
6 We are cleaningthe house thoroughly so that the owner was pleased.
7 The tornado was so powerful that it devastatedthe area.
8 The police surrounded the building, so that the robberswere trapped.
9 They attended the coursein order that they may gain confidence.
l0 That they can repair almost an1'thing,they are so experienced.
@D|underlinethecorreCtwordsinthebrackets.
I We need to be tactful so that we (will / would ) not hurt other people'sfeelings.
2 I signedup for Maths tuition, ( so that / that ) I could get a better gradein my exam.
3 The tiger is ( cunning / so cunning ) that nobody can trap it.
4 Somepeople take supplements( in order that / in order to ) they won't lack nutrients.
5 His toothachewas ( so / very ) painful that he was awakeall night.
6 In order that errors ( can / could ) be eliminated, they recheckedthe programme.
7 The trial run is successful,so that we ( can launch / launched ) the product.
B The facilitieswere improved so that the park ( may / might ) attract more tourists.
9 The cast of the musical acted superbly,( and so that / so that ) the audiencewas delighted.
l0 We arrived ( extremely/ so ) late that the showwas nearly over.
,*-#_A
r-
a,/
136
),71
@eIointhesentencesusingsothat,so...thatorinorderthat.
I
--
l,/
@RewritethepassageandCorrectthesentences.
)7t
137
CTAUSES
UTTTTTO"5ADVERBIAT
with if and should
GRAMMAR
POINTS
(a) We use an adverbialclausebeginning with if to show the condition for the action or event
in the main clause.\A4renthe condition is fairly likely,we use the simple presenttense
or the presentperfect tensein the adverbialclausebeginning with if. We often use
a modal + the baseform of the verb in the main clause.
EXAMPLE:
(b) !\ihen the condition is unlikely or impossible,we use the simple past tensein the adverbial
clausebeginning with if. We use would, should, could or might + the baseform of the verb
in the main clause.
EXAMPI,E:
Co.r.l-*","-"il,)
\!'allt
138
\\4ren the condition could have happened but did not happen, we use the past perfect tensein
the adverbialclausebeginning with if. We use would have, should have, could have or might
have + the past participle in the main clause.
EXAMPLE:
REMEMBER!
r To show a condition which is unlikely or impossible,were is used instead of was in an adverbial clause
beginning with if n hen the subjectis I.
EXAMPLE:I would go on a trip around the world if I were a millionaire.
r An adverbialclausebeginning with if can be placed after or before the main clause.
FXAMPLES:
a
a
Should can be used instead of if to begin an adverbial clausewhich showscondition. The adverbialclause
beginning with should is usualiy placed before the main clause.Should is followed by the subject and the
baseform ofthe verb.
EXAMPLE:
@a
Tickthe correctsentences.
-rrl
YOURSCORE
I
r-l
a
r39
./__a
| ','lUl
>'l
1,,'
ring.
3 If she
If he
B I
should
doesn't
won't
cared
cares
may
ml
you
got a pass.
u've
felt
feel
had
hadhad
will
would
6 Shouldshe
1
I
4 We
hurried.
5
if
gave
you like.
if
have siven
should
r
I If this dog I is I were I mine, I'd train him properly.
to buythegroceries.
9 My roommatewouldtruu"Eot l"-ot.d I dinnerif I hadremembered
l0 If the packagesI"C]-*Jre-] here,we'll start inspecting their contents.
@D]Rewritecorrectlytheadverbialclauseswhichshowcondition.
I Everlthing will be explainedshould she investigatesthe matter.
matter'
Everl'thingwill be explained if sl19lryy9stigate;1!e
2 If you are committed to the idea,you would not behavein this way.
you would not behavein this way.
r40
@-'-]Underlinethecorrectworclsinthebracketstocomplete
the passage.
Some
If I I (can / could) returnto a certaintimein mylife,lwould choosetobe ateenageragain.
teenagersmaylaughbitterlyifl2(tell/told)themthis.3(If/Should)theybeaskedtheirpreferred
age,they might 4 ( said / say) 21 or one but not any of the teen years.
One teenagersaysthat life would be bearableif she 5 ( had / has ) more freedom.Another claims
that he will be happier if he 6 ( is / were ) entrustedwith more responsibilities.Yet another confides
that he 7 ( will / would ) give up anything he owned if he could exchangeit for peaceof mind.
IfIB(hadbeen/were)askedthesamequestionasateenager,Imighthaveexpressedsimilar
feelings.Indeed, should my wish to turn back the clock 9 ( are / be ) granted,I would probably feel
wretched.The turbulent teens can only retain their wonderful glow for me if they
l0 ( remain / remained ) safelyin the past.
i-oc--tfi"?
@r']rirrintheblankswithsuitablewordstocompletethesentences.
I If they
)
He might
6 If their application
nI
Should there
8 You
I
l0
We could
I would help you if I
-j-r
YOURSCORE
I
r7l
| ,/lol
t-
l4l
CTAUSES
UN]]T 0=,6ADVERBIAT
with as, as if and as though
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
.RAMMAR
POINTS
GRAMMARPOINTS
Meaning: How do the villagersplant rice? Ihey plant rice in the way that their
forefathersdid.
t42
REMEMBER!
like or theway canbe usedinsteadof asto beginan adverbialclause.
r Sometimes,
It is happening the way I planned it Z
EXAMpLES:
It is happeningas I plannedit.
Z
r Traditionallyas is used beforea clauseand like before a noun. Nowadaysit is cornmon to begin an
adverbialchuse nith like.
'to
'to
r The verb
do', be' or'to have'is often used in the adverbialclauseto avoid repeatingtl'reverb in
t h e m a i nc l a u s e .
I'11stay up tonight as I stayedup last night.
EXAMpLES:
L{_]
I'll stay up tonight as I did iast night.
Y)
He has succeecled
the way his brothershave.
REMEMBER!
r Wereis usedinstead
EXAMPLE:
._R
I marn l
\ crilusc/
--L*
of was in an adverbial
clausebeginningrvith
as if or as though.
EX{MPLE:
He ordersme about
as though I were his
slave.
pastperl'ecttense
@a|rinintheblanksWiththecorIeCtwordSintheboxes.
I Sheis crying as if her heart
break.
you please.
We'llbe together
we used to be.
it had
143
will
would
as
aswhat
the way
as how
can
could
like
like what
as
ashow
.7
Iulie felt
He treatshis car as if it
l.@-l
likehow
theway
is
were
aswhat
like
a baby.
pop singersdo.
l 0 Someof mv friendsdress
as thoush
AS
E@9
Tickthe conectsentences.
fffl!fifi|
correctly.
clauses
D I Rewrite
theadverbial
-r=Ft
YOURSCORE
I
a,/
l>a
@JJCrossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethepaSSage.
The first day of my part-time job at a restaurantwent smoothly as I had
t l d o n e l h o p e d l . I j o t t e d d o w n o r d e r s a n d t a b l e n u m b e r s l i k e l h a d b e e n t o2lldbteo l d o l .
I did not spill anyhing on anybody 3 the wav I the wav how I had seen new waiters do in movies.
I servedthecustomersasthoughl 4l hadThaueI beenawaiterforyears.Iwasa'natural'
5 ET;;h"tl
my fellowwaitersadmittedadmiringly.
The next day,I strutted around as if the restaurant 6 [ET*e.e-l mine. I did not write down the
orders and table numbers 7 like I like how the other waiters did. Somehow mV memorY let me
dora,'n B Iike what I the w
having got them mixed up and they glaredat me 9 as though I the way I had insultedthem. Back
in the kitchen, the other waiters startedlaughing as they had never l0 lE"tstTd;al
@e
before.
correctly.
Rewritethe sentences
YouRseoRE
I
a-,'
145
F4
CLAUSES
UNJT Til"I REPORTED
with that, whether, if
GD,ro
GRAMMAR POINTS
leported clause
-----r(rlt.l9
Q.'I!'*t
repurted clause
The surveyshowed that most children are familiar with the Internet thesedavs.
(The simple presenttensein the reportedclauseernphasises
that the statementis still true at the
time of reporting.)
My friendsfelt
(The presentperlbcttensein the reportedclauseemphasisesthat the euenthappenedin the recent
aast.)
reportedclause
My friends felt
('fhe past perJbcttensein the reportedclauseemphasisesthat the euenthappenedfttrther back in
the past.)
146
REMEMBER!
in writing.It is oftenusedto presentinfbrmation
r Thereportedclauseisveryuseful,especially
that rvehave read or heard about somewhereelse.
r Theseare someverbs that are commonly usedwith reported clausesbeginning u'ith that:
announce,claim, discover,explain,feel,hope, learn, mention, reveal,say,think
r The word that can often be omitted from its reported clause.
I knew you would come. | / |
LXAMpLE:I knen,that you would .o-.. [Z
\Mhena reported clausebeginning with that is used with a verb like advise,demand, insist,
propose, recommend, request, suggest,etc, we use the baseform of the verb or modal + verb
in the reportedclause.
A
I
r e p o r l e d cclattst
lausr
rePorled
EXAMPLES:
The committeesuggested
\!1I19t."'
The committeesuggested
tlglt"_:,
We use a clausebeginning with if or whether to report someone'squery or a question that has
ves or no as its answer.But rve use the word order for a statement,not a question,in the
reportedclause.
EXAMPLE:
REMEMBER!
He wants to know
r Theseare some
verbs that are
commonlyused
with reported
clausesbeginning
with if / whether:
He wants to know
ask
enquire
wonder
reported clause
EXAMPLE:
He wants to know
We use a reported clausebeginning with whether when the question offers a choice of two or
more Dossibilities
as the answer.
EXAMPLE:
He wondered
'
Z
E
'-ePortedclause
H e w o n o e r e o l r rn * * ,
Circlethe correctsentences.
A
B
C
A
B
C
3A
B
4A
5 A
The football coach insisted that the players follow a strict diet.
The football coach insisted that the players followed a strict diet.
The football coach insisted that the nlavers must on a strict diet.
@-"-l
.}!!t
YOURSCORE
I
ll-'fGr!!'t@
r48
a,/
)71
lf,tfi?f{,
D I Rerrurite
the sentencescorrectly.
@E]underlinetheincorrectSentenceSandIeWdtethemcorrectly.
I can't recall or not I've told you this story.You'veoften said that I'm the world's most absentminded person.You'veeven suggestedthat I carried photos to help me remember my friends!Well, a
monthagolthoughtldcaughtaglimpseofafriendatasupermarket.Iranafterhim,complaining
loudly that he hasbeen neglectingme,
A smiling strangerturned round and askedI would forgivehim. Still apologeticabout not
contacting me all theseyears,he insisted that I joined him for coffeeso that we could catch up on old
times.To my delight I realisedthat I am finding someoneeven more absent-mindedthan me.
I can't recall whetheror not I'ue told you this story.
149
CTAUSES
UN]TTTT"2 REPORTED
with wh-words
tsl
"tl
-t
/GRAI\IXIARPOTNTS
We use a clausebeginning with a wh-word to report a wh-question. But we use the word order
for a statement,not a question,in the reportedclause.
EXAMPLES:
rcportctl clau:e
The manageraskedJason
We must use the appropriate wh-word to begin the reported ciause, depending on whether we
are ref'erringto a person, thing, place, time, reason, etc.
150
EXAMPLES:
reportedclause
rr.,.'
o*[*ntfto[ *" nJd#ffi
rknow@
referring to a pcrsor.l
referring to a thing
REMEMBER!
r Theseare some common wh-r,vords:
wh-word
who
what
where
when
why
how
refersto
aperson
a thing
a place
a time
a reason
a manner
EXAMPLES:
They'veestablishedwhere the crime was comrnitted.
They'veestablishedwhen the crime was committed.
They'veestablishedwhy the crime was committed.
They'veestablishedhow the crime was committed.
EXAMPLE:
We must not confusewhose with who's.Who's is the short form of who is or who has.
EXAMPLES:
Y)
E
reportedclause
REMEMBER!
r To avoid repetition, the noun after which or whose at the beginning of a reported clauseis dropped.
I like best.
Of your three novels,you can guesswhich M
E)(AMpLES:
He noticed a bicycle and wonderedwhose bffie it was.
r One can be used to replacethe noun afterwhich but not the noun afterwhose.
Of 1,ourthree novels,you can guesswhich one I like best. A
EXAMpLES:
He noticed a bicvcleand rvonderedwhose one it was.
fal
@A]unaer1inethereportedclausesintheSentenceSandwriteinthebracketswhat
they referto: person,thing, time, placerreasonor manner.
I The editors can't alwayspublish
l5l
thing
@_'CrossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletetheSentenceS.
I
havevou
vouhave
been allocated.
4 I understata Eo*T*hy
5
6 He described what
-,
I you sometimesshuncompany.
@-Cl
all theseyears.
Tickthe correctsentences.
-j
=!t
YouR seoREI
a,/
@a
I I'll explain
2 The consultantsexplained
the plan wouldn't work.
She'snever forgotten
kind of assistance
I need.
they thought
supportwon her that seat.
t52
what
how
how
*hy
who's
whose
)74
4 We'rewondering when
5
shefeelsabout this.
6 I can sense
1
a
Nobody suspectswhere
gomg.
you
from.
Mr Long askedwho
he will
will he
how
which
which
I which one
are we
which souvenir I
lhe hamper was
whose
we are
which one
whoseone
4=-=
YOURSCORE
I
it was.
-a
lr"
/a
-H
E@
I don't remember I ( how / where ) I came to be so busy.I don't knowwhen 2 ( will I / I will ) have
Everymoment,Ihavetodecide3 (which / whichtask) of mymanytasks4 ( shouldl / I
someleisure.
should ) tackle.The people in my life clamour to have their needsmet and it's hard to tell 5 ( whose /
whoseis)themosturgent.Sometimeslwonderhazily6(what/why)Iamdoingthis.Iaskmyself
7(how/where)Iamheading.Then,oneday,IsuddenlyseeS(what/which)ishappeningtome.I
need a break to find out 9 (what / n'hich ) I want to do in the coming
months and how l0 ( can I / I can ) achievea better balancein life.
4:
r==l
YOURSCORE
I
a,/
tlrrE rT
correctly.
Rewritethe sentences
153
t7l
CTAUSES
UN]TTIIT"5 REPORTED
that- clauseswith subjunctives
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow Find out why B is coffect and A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
'GD,E@
---- --11q9ll'-b-l-":
-28
't/"*'**
POINTS
A subiunctive is a specialverb that is the sameas the baseform of a verb.We can use it in a
that-clausewhen we want to statewhat should be done.We use it when the that-clausecomes
after reporting verbs like the following:
agree
order
ask
propose
EXAMPLES:Direct Speech:
command
recommend
demand
request
insist
suggest
@@
that-clause
(."rqlerg!,
('.trsq,
that- clause
$eerTqrq9,
3 r d p e r s o ns i n g u l a rf o r n r
l{ote: The subjunctive can take the place of should + baseform in sentenceswith
the abovereporting verbs.Weusually use the subjunctivein a more formal
context.
t54
REMEMBER!
etc,andto ref'erto actionsthat
I Thesubjunctive
is oftenusedto stateadvice,instructions,
suggestions,
m a ) o r m a y n o t t a k ep l a c e .
EXAMeLE:Mr Lar'vsonrecommendedthat Eileensit for her GradeB music exam this year.
Did Mr Lar,vson
recommend something?Yes.(His recommenclationis a past action.)
Will Eileensit for her GradeB music exam this year?Wedo not know.
Shemay sit for the exam. (possible
ftrtttre action)
r A subjunctivehas only the baseform. The rules for subject-verbagreementare not observedr,r'henthe
subjunctiveis used.
'to
E)GMpLES:
Subjunctiveform of the verb be'
Subjunctiveform of a main verb
be
Singularnouns
Iohn be, the office
Iohn leave,the of1iceclose
the boys leave,the officesclose
Plural nouns
the boys be, the officesbe
I be,we be
I stay, we stay
lst person
you be
you stay
2nd person
he/she/it be, they be
he/she/it stay, they stay
3rd person
r The subjunctiveis usually used in formal situationssuch as when r,r'ritingreports and letters.
ExAMILE: I askedthe shop to give me a refund immediately. (in a conuersationor a letter to a friend)
I requestthat the shop give me a refund immediately. (in a letterof compktint)
r A few reporting verbs like ask, command and order can be immediately followed by a that-clause
containing a subjunctiveor an object + infinitive .
EXAMpLES:
Dauid to Elaine: Could we get Mary to selectthe venue for the company dinner?
David asked that Mary selectthe venue for the companl, dinner.
that-clause
@@G@
il(AMPLES:
t"dry:_sj
G{4ry,
(:9_19
(:!ry9
\&4renthe verb in the main clauseis in the Dasttense,the verb in the that-clauseremains in the
that clause
subjunctiveform.
u(AMPLE: The presidentordered that his private jet be on standby.
,t.
G9:qI,
The presidentordered that his private iet was on standbv.
r55
ff[!fi!|
e I rict thecorrectsentences.
tr@Underlinethecorrectverbformsinthebrackets.
I Our lecturerrecommendedthat we ( subscribe/ subscribed) to the magazine'Voices'.
2 The architect advisedMr Chambers( extend / to extend ) his back terrace.
3 Maisie prayed that her garden ( survived / would survive) the harsh winter.
4 It is important that you ( do / did ) extensiveresearchbeforeyou write your historical novel.
5 The villagersurged the authorities ( stop / to stop ) the indiscriminate logging in their area.
6 Dad intends that we ( spend / spent ) a weekend on a farm during our vacation in Australia.
7 The prime minister said it is vital that we ( respect/ will respect) all our fellow citizens.
B The stewardessordered the unruly passenger( return / to return ) to his seatimmediately.
I
t0 The managerstipulated that every employee( abides / should abide ) by the rules
or face disciplinary action.
c
2A
B
C
The manageraskedour group to take the initiative in keeping our city clean.
It is necessarythat everyonemust participatesin keeping the environment clean.
The Environment Societyaskedthat every group attend its workshop on keepingthe
environment clean.
My mother said it is important that Iohn has confidencein himself.
My mother said it r,vasimportant that I have confidencein myself.
My mother suggestedthat Fiona read a book on how to gain self-confidence.
r56
3 A
B
C
The company directed all its employeesto submit the completed questionnaireby Friday.
The company directed that its employeessubmitted the completed questionnaireby Friday.
The company directed that its employeeswill submit the completed questionnaireby Friday.
A
B
Speaker: It is vital for you to understandwhat drug addiction can lead to.
(vital-we)
t57
AND
CTAUSES
NTT TT"4 REPORTED
CLAUSES
CONDITIONAT
that-clauseswith subjunctivesand if-clauses
GRAMMAR
POINTS
@**tntt
We use the subjunctivebe + the past participle in the that-clausewhen the clauseis in the
passrvevolce.
E)(AMPLES:
ActiueVoice:
that-clause
The hijackers demanded that the governmentprovide a car for their getaway.
Gqellqr_U
PassiueVoice:
that-clause
GrylErt-) @@@
ActiueVoice:
It is imperative that the militarv commandos
PassiueVoice:
that-claLlse
that-clause
lt is imperative that the hijackersbe overpoweredby the military commandos before dawn.
r58
This type of usagenormally occurswhen the that-clausecomes after certain reporting verbs
and adjectives,and it points to a possiblefuture action.
EXAMPLES:
Reportingverbs
beg
demand direct
agree ask
plead
order
insist intend
prefer propose request suggest
imperative important
vital
\\hen we want to show that we are not in favour of a likely future action, we can use a subiunctive
and the word not in this way:
Subject+ reporting verb / adjective+ that-clause
Actiueuoice:
subiectof that-clause+ not + subiunctive
Passiueuoice:
subiect of that-clause + not + be +
EXAMPLES:
rticiple
that clause
G-ry@
(Meaning: You may lose interest in your work. It is vital that this does
not happen.)
that-clause
REMEMBER!
r \Vhen the expressionIf I were you is used to give advice,should and not would is usually used in the
secondpart ofthe sentence.
'You
EXAMeLE:If I were you, I should pay more attention to my health. (samemeaning as
should
pay more attention to your
health.')
r \Vhen the expressionI wish is usedto expresshope, regretor desire,both the subjunctivewere and the
singularverb was can be used for singularsubjectsand singularthird person pronouns.
I wish Larawere / was my elder sister.
EXAMpLES:
I wish it were / was my turn to plan an outing.
I wish they were / Ds{ more consideratetowardsothers.
159
inthebrackets.
correctwords
EEElEEI-4 I Underlinethe
It is recommendedthat a well-receivedarticle on child abuse I ( be read out / not be read out ) in
community groups.This article stressesthe following parts:
. It is necessarythat there 2 ( be / not be ) greaterpublic awarenessabout the problem.
. It is imperative that parents 3 ( neglect / not neglect) their duties towardstheir children.
. It is vital that children 4 ( be protected / not be protected ) from violence.
. It is critical that an abusedchild 5 ( be separated/ not be separated) from his or her abusiveparent.
. It is necessarythat the government 6 ( delay / not delay ) the enforcementof legislationdealing
with children'srights.
. It is crucial that schools 7 ( consider / not consider) child abuseto be solely a family matter.
o It is important that teachersB ( ignore / not ignore ) remarksor complaints by studentsabout
beatingsthey receiveat home.
. It is appropriate that child abusers9 ( be treated / not be treated ) Iike criminals
. It is essentialthat convicted abusers f 0 ( be let off / not be let off ) with a light
sentencebv the courts.
@Circlethecorrectwordstocompletethesentences.
I The captainsaidit was necessarythat passengers
warned about the delay.
a politician, shewould create
If Emma job
more
opportunities for senior citizens.
Janicerequestedthat her interviewTuesday.
for
such a noise at
an aisle
their chemical
160
were
was
were
be not scheduled
not be scheduled
should
would
be given
give
make not
not make
am
were
don't dump
not dump
be highlighted
is highlighted
should
would
@4
Rewritethe sentences
correctly.
3 Our neighbourssuggestedthat we paid half the cost of the wall betweenour houses.
16r
rZ
I t"
rPJ
PHRASES
UN]]TT2"TADIECTIVAT
with prepositions
GRAMMAR
POINTS
He dreadedthe task
adjectival phrase
F"f-ffil
An adjectivalphrasedoesnot begin with who, which or that. It can begin with a preposition.
EXAMPLE:
adjectival phrase
Z
E
r62
in front of me
over the mountains
within our capacity
subject-verb agreement
v
The child
trrt'"i'."'"l
trdjectival phrase
Gtrgll"glElj
is vervhappv.
-L__________
Ury1s4ry4U
subject-verbagreement
The children
REMEMBER!
phrasebeginningwith a prepositionis usedaftera nounto givemoreinformation
r An adjectival
about the noun.
D(AMPLE: The man rvith the untidv beard playsthe guitarbeautifully.
I rloun
I
described )
I-----l-
adjeciival phrase
de,t ribinethe mm
"
Yl
adjectival Phrase
describing the man
Themanplaysthe guitarbeautit"ttyFltfr
rvith the
tfr" untidy
untiOybeard.
t"*a.-l
phrasemustcomeimmediatelyafterthenounit describes.
Takenotethatthe adjectival
@a
Underlinethe adjectivalphrases.
@aRearrangethewordstoformSentenCeSwithadjectivalphrases.
I a - along - beach- relax- stroll - the - will - you.
2 a- he - is - of - rights- supporter- women's.
3 above- hundred- is - metres- resort- sealevel- the - two.
I63
now-person-
see-the-the
-we.
YOUR SCOREI
a ,/
J,7a
Tickthe correctsentences.
@?
d=YOURSCORE
I
@D]circlethelettersoftheSuitableitemsintheboxesandmarkwith(wherethey
shouldbe addedto the sentences.
feats
beyond belief.
B
Letters of complaint without the
A
B
164
@lJ
)71
@3RewritethesentenceScorrectlyusingadjectiva1phrasesbeginningwith
prepositions.
I Travellingis with the wrong companion can be a miserableexperience.
Trauellingwith the wrong companion can be a miserableexperience.
2 If the ambassadorand his wife come, there must be perfect behaviour around their
presence.
.---:YOUR SCOREI
t-
a,/
165
)71
PHRASES
UNTT I2=2 ADIECTIVAT
with presentand past participles
u. l
{"**AR
PorNrs
Unlike an adjectivalclause,an adjectivalphrasedoesnot have a finite verb. It can have a nonfinite verb, for instancea presentparticiple or a past participie.
EXAMPLES:
^ i ; ^ ^ + : .al- .clarrse
^, , ^ . . - ^
adjectir
adjectival phrase
adjectival clause
An adectival phrasedoesnot begin with who, which or that. It can begin with a present
participleor a past participle.
EXAMpLES:
phrase
adjectivalphrase
adjectival
r66
a
E
adjccti\ al phrase
EXAMPLES:
subjectverbagreement
,
v
*
The boy accusedof stealingcomputergames
tadjectir,al phrase
Gs!:qss!ry,
subject-r,erb agreement
c o m p u t e rg a m e s
ofstealing
The boys a c c u s e d
-----q
adjectival phrase
(!'b4lq!Tl,
REMEMBER!
phrasebeginningwith a presentparticipleor pastparticipleis usedafterpeopleor things
r An adiectival
to describeor identifythemby sayingwhattheyaredoingor whathappensto them.
EXAMPLE:
The girl
adjectival phrase
describing the girl
ot'ttlt. ttug".]
*.ttFu*itu
Takenote that the adlectivalphrasemust come immediately after the noun it describes.
r An adjectivalphrasebeginning with a presentparticiple has an active meanlnS.
EXAMPLE:
Z
E
4l-t
YOURSCORE
I
a,/
-
)71
Ef'nfitl'{a
Tickthecorrectsenrences.
YOURSCORE
I
t/r
a,/
t7l
@eRearrangethewordstoformSentenceSwithadjectivalphrases.
I children - detest- forced- it - may - music - study - to.
2 grilled - he - loves- perfection- steaks- to.
3 a- a- girl- greeted-kimono-me
-wearing.
EEEEEE|g]
I
)Vl
The man
2 Restaurants
disappointing.
hiring
excellentcan be
are rated
rated
has
have
kept calm.
4 We spoketo passengers
cablecar accident.
5 Only members
the truth.
by the
to secrecyknow
r68
I who hiring
shaken
I were shaken
sworn
I that sworn
glistening I
He was a boy
family.
doesn't
by his
w h i c hg l i s t e n i n
don't
overprotectedI wasoverprotected
is sinking
sinking
done
who's done
-:=F!!=
YOURSCORE
I
l,/l
|,/
I7l
@Flunderlinethecorrectwordsinthebracketstocompletethepassage.
2 (offer/ offers)
ArticlesI (areappearing/appearing)innewspapersandmagazinessometimes
tips on learning.According to one writer, a nose 3 ( buried / is buried ) in a book will not sniff out
much knowledge.Hours 4 ( have been spent / spent ) studying non-stop are so many hours wasted.
A tactic 5 ( becoming / which becoming ) popular with studentsis to stop studying everyhour and
jump about for five minutes.
If jumping about is not acceptablein your family, think of something 6 ( deem / deemed)
Iessinappropriate.You may have read a piece 7 ( recommending / was recommending ) that you
glanceat a book of jokes or cartoons.Humour is an element B ( known / that known ) to help
learning. However,the risk 9 ( are / is ) that you'll scareeveryonewith a sudden
cackleof laughter.Perhapsslow wordlessmusic l0 ( keep / keeping ) you company is a
saferaid.
r69
PHRASES
UN]TTT2=5ADIECTIVAT
with adjectives
iGDru
't1
II
'
l'
/TCRAMMAR POINTS
adjectival clause
Glr:g9j
adjectir al phrase
An adjectivalphrase doesnot begin with who, which or that. It can begin with an adjective.
(The adjectiveis followed by a preposition.)
EXAMPLE:
adjectival phrase
This is a country
subject-verb agreement
*
Abook popular with teenagers has attractedthe attention of the media.
tadjectival phrase
Gqrqlsslq,
subject-verb agreement
v
*
Books popular with teenagers have attracted the attention of the media.
-,___1_
GsEeqlqq!,
adjectival phrase
170
REMEMBER!
r An adjectivalphrasebeginningwith an adjectivedescribes
a noun and comesimmediatelyafterthe
noun it describes.
EXAMPLES:
A person
is an easytargetfor confidencetricksters.
,71
adjectivalphrasedescribinga person
underlinethe adjectivalphrases.
@4J
f-'FGl?t'@
Rearrange
the wordsto form sentences.
4 a-
are -
at -
managers -
motivating -
needed -
people.
t7l
Ef'r,tl?t?'{?
IA
B
c
2A
B
c
3A
B
C
4A
B
c
5A
B
@n]Eittintheblankswithsuitablewordsinthebox.
are
sickness
beautiful
need
eyes
painful
I We are a nation
easy
proud
ls
requires
of our heritage.
over there.
carefulhandling.
Thevwere a familv
beyondcompare.
to like.
waiting to be educated.
full of wonder.
little help.
to cure.
to witness.
172
Shetouched a forehead.
We enteredrooms,
He is thoughtlessduring childhood.
E=:ET
YOURSCORE
I
a
l-r "
@fJ
/a
-H
I once askedmy grandfatherwhat it had been like for him to be a teenager I ( eager/ that eager
) to grow up and be acceptedas an adult 2 ( is responsible/ responsible) for his own life. He smiled
and gavean answer 3 ( different / was different ) from anlthing I had expected.He said that
as atime a (filled / full) of conflict 5 (was / were )aconceptforeignto his generation.
adolescence
"Infact,achildhood 6 (free / whichfree)of seriousresponsibilities
7 (are / is )amodernnotion,"
he said.
At the age of six, he was alreadya'big boy' with three younger siblings 8 ( depend / dependent)
on him for safetyand early education.At 14,he was a young man g ( certain / who certain ) of his
place in society.The valuesdominant in that society l0 ( was / were ) a part of him and rebel]9..r.r-
wasoutof thequestion.
t*9
1,,'
173
rl
PHRASES
UNTTT5"il ADVERBIAT
with becauseof
GRAMMAR
POINTS
aclverbial clause
@
-
Gqsrs!,
adverbial phrase
@
@
adlective + noun
EXAMPLE: He got into mischief
adiective
intolerable
of
because
noun
boredom
arllcle noun
(c) article+ noun
D(AMpLE: Our flight is delayedbecauseof the fog.
( d ) a r l i c l e + a d j e c t i v e+ n o u n
pronoun
noun
(e) possesslve
pronoun + noun
EXAMPLE:The villagersprevailedbecauseof their solidarity .
noun
(f) possessivepronoun + adjective+ noun
!l;;"";*il' adjective
solidarity.
of
their
tremendous
prevailed
because
villagers
EXAMpLE:The
(g) article/ possessive
pronoun + adjective+ noun with'ing'
EXAMPLE:
possesslve
pronoun
adjectir.e nounrvith'ing'
REMEMBER!
becauseof answers
the question"\\hy?".
r An adverbialphrasebeginning."vith
adverbial phrnse
EXAMPLE:
Heisdistrustedffi
\i\hy is he distrusted?Becauseof his deviousness.
r For can sometimesbe used insteadof becauseof to begin an adverbialphrase.
We receiveda reprimand becauseof our irresponsibility.
EXAMpLES:
We receiveda reprimand for our irresponsibility.
r An adverbialphrasewith becauseof or for can sometimescome at the beginning of a sentence.
A comma is usually added after the adverbialphrase.
EXAMPLE:
r v er e c e i v e d
a replimand.
adverbialphrase
we receiveda reprimand.
@_A_J
underlinethe adverbialphrases.
tt fi?t?'{a
Tickthecorrecrsenrences.
F_]-
YOURSCORE
I
lr"
-
>l
in thebrackets.
Underlinethecorrectwords
@?
I They were late for work ( because/ becauseof ) the heavy snowing.
2 For ( his compassion/ his compassionate) towardsthe poor, he was warmly received.
3 Becauseof ( his / the ) obviousinexperience,he did not obtain respect.
4 We chosethis machine for ( its / it's ) versatility.
5 Thosebuildingsare in bad shapebecauseof ( a poor / poor ) maintenance.
6 For ( good / the good ) of mankind, some scientistsdevotetheir lives to research.
7 Shewon a prize for exemplary ( behaviour / she behaved).
B Becauseof his ( fails / failure ) to conform to club rules,he was askedto resign.
I For ( their / they ) help on that occasion,they were given the day off'
becauseof sheer( terror / terror-stricken).
t0 He found himselfspeechless
E@4
Rearrange
the wordsin the boxesto completethe sentences.
beauw - for - its - lyrics - of - the , the song stayedat the top of the
charts for 10weeks.
a - because- misunderstanding- of - s
6 The entire platoon was punished for - its - obev - orders- slowness- to
.-
:-
YOURSCORE
I
@ElcirclethelettersofthecorrectSentenceS.
I A
B
C
2 A
B
C
t76
fA
| ,/
'FA
3 A
B
C
4 A
5 A
B
C
E@
-=-=
YOUNSCORE
I
r'
l7l
It was the junior collegeprize-givingceremonyand Lisa felt happy becauseof the college's
recogniseof its students'achievements.From Lisa'sgroup, Iulia receivedthe prize for the best overall
'College
result. Becauseof her performed outstandinglyin sports,Ashawon the title
SportsStar'.The
'BestSpeaker'title went to Farafor a brilliance of her debating.Sally,the new student,was the winner
of the art prize becauseof the striking originality of her work. For their excellentin the science
subjects,Andy and Sheilashared aprize.
Lastlya new prize was announced.It was awardedto Lisa for her kind to other students.This
unexpectedappreciatealmost made Lisa cry.
It was the iunior collegeprize-giutngceremonyand Lisa felt happy becauseof the college's
recognitionof its students'achieuements.
177
PHRASES
UNTT1T"2ADVERBIAL
with in order to, so as to and to
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
iGD,ro
RAMMAR POINTS
adverbiai
rase
We cannot add not immediately after in order to or so as to. For a negativephrase,we must use
in order not to or so as not to.
EXAMpLE: They checkedhis credentialsin order not to / so as not to be cheated.
They checkedhis credentialsin order to not / so as to not be cheated.
We do not normally begin a negativephrasewith not to.
EXAMPLES:
Shemade up a story not to do the night shift.
Z
E
a1
n e g a t i v ep h r a s e
t7B
r leaclersnrp.
negative phrasc
REMEMBER!
I An adverbialphrasebeginningwith in order to, so as to, to, in order not to, so as not to or not to shows
purpose.
m.
EXAMPLE:They'rewatching their diet so as to keep in t
thePurPose
Ghows
:il:i,?'i],,t'-tTn
A commais usualll,added
r An adverbialphraseshowingpurposecan be placedat the beginningof a sentence.
after the adverbialphrase.
EXAMPLE:
@;-lUnderlinetheadverbialphrasesthatshowpurpoSe.
I To heighten environmental awareness,the minister suggestedlaunching a publicity campaign.
2 My uncle is savingas much money as he can in order to retire in comfort.
3 Shechoseher words carefullyso as not to offend her client.
4 In order to increaseyour chancesof a promotion,you shouldwork extrahard.
5 I'm practisingconscientiouslyso as to becomea good violinist.
6 We'll work extra hours to make sure the goodsare ready on time.
7 In order to earn the respectof your team members,you must be a firm and fair leader.
B Shelets her children sharein the houseworkso as to teach them useful skills.
9 They quickly settledthe issueout of court in order not to attract media attention.
l0 The computer systemwill be improved so as to protect it againsthackers.
ilou*]5i,l
f7
'A
lr"
@Rearrangethewordsintheboxestocompletethesentences'
bankrupt- go - in - not - order- to, they're cutting costsdrastically.
a-
child's -
develop -
ntest -
for -
him -
in -'Most
Popular Resident'-
the -
to
to -
self-esteem,
5 He keepsquiet most of the time arguing- avoid - in - his - order - to - roommate - with.
179
ff[!![lf
c J rict thecorrectsentences.
6 We'reinterviewing the victims of the fire not to meddle but to find out their needs.
-,
In order get a promotion,most peoplehaveto work hard.
B The prisonersconforming to the ways of his group so as not to be ostracise.
I To equip studentsfor the IT age,our schoolshave included computer lessonsin
the curriculum.
l 0 We'vebeen learning the latest dancesin order not to felt awkward at the next ball.
ff[![l|
D I underlinethecorrectwords
inbrackets.
I The dentist made small talk with Sallyso as to ( put / puts ) her at ease.
2 To ( galvanise/ galvanised) his soldiersinto action, the captain said the high command might
make an unscheduledinspection.
3 In order not ( seem / to seem) inexperienced,he told us that he had been in the industry for many
years.
4 They studied the map carefullyso as ( not / not to ) take a wrong turn along the way.
5 Janewandered around the new house in order to ( get / got ) the feel of the place.
6 So as to ( ensure / ensured) he assembledthe cabinet correctly,he studied the diagramsin the
do -it-yourselfmanual.
7 He has come not to complain but to ( help / helping ) us learn from our mistakes.
B He kept his problemsto himselfso as ( not to / to not ) upsetus.
9 In order to ( ran / run ) unencumberedup the steepslope,he threw dornmhis backpack.
10 Shetold us ever),'thing( not / so as not ) to be blamed.
@eJointheSentenceS.Changetheunderlinedonesintoadverbial
phrasesbeginning with the words in brackets.
I He wants to hone his debating skills (in order to). He often practisesspeakingbefore a
mirror.
In order to hone his debating skills,he often practisesspeaking beforea mirror.
2 You are sayingthesethings.Youwant to humour me (to).
180
4 I wanted to let Susanknow when I'll be back (to). I left a note on the refrigeratordoor.
5 Ben stood still, hardly daring to breathe.He didn't want to awakenthe sleepingtiger
(in order).
6 Nancy does not want to forget important dates (so as).Nancy alwayscarriesa
notebookwith her,
@.'3]RewritetheparagraphcorrectlyusingadverbialphrasesshowingpurpoSe.
In order to overcameher paralysingshyness,Diana tried various techniquesfrom magazine
articles.One involved imagining the people shewas shy of in their pyjamasso as to lost her awe of
them. Unfortunately,this made her even more nervous and she hastily reclothedthem in proper
clothesto restoringher composure.Another technique was rather more successful.In order to not be
tongue-tied,she askedpeoplequestionsabout themselves,their families,schoolsor jobs,hobbies,
favourite colours and so on. The people respondedhappily but she had to keep on askingthem
questionsso as not to gavethem a chanceto question her back.To copeswith this need, Diana
compiled a list of questionslong enough to qualiff for the GuinnessBook of World Records.
In order to ouercomeher paralysing shyness,Diana tried uarious techniquesfrom
magazine articles.
-=:J-t
YOURSCORE
I
m
lBl
PHRASES
UN]TTi]5"5 ADVERBIAL
with presentparticiples
EXAMPLE:
We put the adverbialphraseafter the main clauseif the action or event is the result of the action
in the main clause.
EXAMPLE:
creatinga pleasantatmosphere.
We can place the adverbialphrasebefore the main clauseif the action or event takesplace
before the action in the main clause.
EXAMPLE:
REMEMBER!
r A comma is usually placedbetweenthe main clauseand the adverbialphrasebeginningwith an'ing' form.
E)GMPLE:
T82
n
a
a
E
@AlunderlinetheadverbialphraSeSofresult.
I The demonstratorsrefusedto disperse,leavingthe policeno choicebut to arrestthem.
2 The lecture had been well-advertised,drawing a large crowd.
3 A fresh breezeblew tempering the heat of noon.
4 Two friends joined us, making up a foursome for a game.
5 The speakerkept contradicting himself, bewildering the audience.
6 Someoneyawned,causingthe restof us to do the same.
7 He acted swiftly and wisely,preventing a crisis.
B We left the building unlocked last night, exposingit to vandals
-ounfu
9FinallytherainsCame,enablingthefarmerstoploughtheirlands.a
l0 Her grandchildrenarrived,making her much more cheerful.
a"'
@B]circlethelettersoftheCorrectSentenceS.
I A
B
C
2 A
B
C
He had excellentscoresin the game,thus qualified for inclusion in the next round.
He had excellentscoresin the game,hence qualiffing for inclusion in the next round.
He had excellentscoresin the game,thereforequalifuing for inclusion in the next round.
3 A
B
C
4 A
B
C
l83
14
5 A
B
C
ff[!fifif
The play was deeply moving, thus making some of the audiencecry.
The play was deeply moving, was making some of the audiencecry.
The playwas deeply moving, making some of the audiencecry.
c I rictthe correctsentences.
f@4
us feel lethargic.
affluence
--
YOURSCONE
I
re
I
a
a /'
t84
/-
t"a
^
J7t
@1.
6 This morning's exertion was too much for him, trigger a bad headache.
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a
a
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atla
)71
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YOURSCORE
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PHRASES
UN]]TT5"4ADVERBIAT
with after, before, when, while
GRAMMAR
POINTS
u.\,)
II
_T|GRAMMARPOINTS
EXAMPLE:Hehadadrink@
-----:
wa:ryiasD
Hehadadrinkffi
[N
( tinite verb )
r86
E
V
E
n
E
Z
REMEMBER!
r An adverbialphrasebeginning with after, before,when or while usuallyindicatestime.
EXAMPLE:He sometimes looks sad a f t e r / b e f o r e / w h e n / w h i l e t a l k i n s t o h e r .
adverbial phrase
tt
@A]underlinetheadverbialphIaSeSindicatingtime.
I \Mhiletravelling in Africa, we took some splendid pictures.
2 Shelet me down badly after promising to help me.
3 He showedno fear when threatenedby the robber.
4 Beforeacceptingthe offer,you should considerit carefully.
5 \A4renbargaining al abazaar,some people are very successful.
6 We had a brief problem beforelanding safelyin Madrid.
7 After graduatingfrom college,he set up a business.
B I was daydreamingwhile watching the documentary.
.-t
YOURSCORE
I
@e
Underlinethecorrectwordsin thebrackets.
I87
)71
fff!fif|
c I rict thecorrectsentences.
4 He worked sevendavs a week being - for - prepared- job - the - top - while
188
@FJRewritetheparagraphcorrectlyusingadverbialphrasesshowingtime.
A Holly,vood star once gavea strangereplywhen askingthe secretbehind her unlined face.She
'V\4rileam acting,I portray emotions through my eyesand not my facial muscles.'Sheadded this
said:
'In
piece of advice: everydaylife too, you must think beforeyou allow yourselfto smile.The loveliest
woman will look a wreck after smiled recklesslyover the years.V\hen smiled into the cameraor at
anyone,I never let my eyescrinkle up at the corners.'Afterread this, are you preparedto give up
'smiling recklessly'to avoid wrinkles?
A Hollywood star oncegauea strange reply when asked the secretbehind her
unlined face.
r89
UNITTi]4"I NOUNPHRASES
with infinitive (with and without to) and present participle
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. Find out why B is correctand A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
A noun phrasedoesnot have a finite verb. It can have a non-finite verb, for instance,an
infinitive (the'to' form) or a presentparticiple(the'ing' form).
EXAMPLE:
REMEMBER!
\\hen it is usedasthe
r A noun phraseanswersthe question"\\4rat?".
obiectof themain clause,it occursaftertheverbin the mainclause.
seeingher at the conference.
EXAMPLE: He mentioned
@@
hate
continue
like
love
prefer
remember
start
try
(b) noun phrasesbeginning with infinitives but not present pafiiciples, for instance:
choose
decide
plan
promise
EXAMPLE: He hoped
demand
refuse
hope
seek
manage
want
190
need
wish
offer
(c) noun phrasesbeginning with present participles but not infinitives, for instance:
admit
finish
resent
avoid
imagine
resume
deny
miss
suggest
consider
mention
stop
detest
postpone
take
endure
practise
enjoy
recall
nour.rphrase
Sometimes another object is placed between the verb in the main clause and the noun phrase
in these ways:
(a) verb + other object + noun phrase beginning with infinitive (with to)
ask
help
allow
like
beg
need
encourage
persuade
expect
prefer
require
teach
tell
want
warn
force
request
(b) verb + other object + noun phrasebeginning with infinitive (without to)
feel
notice
have
observe
help
overhear
let
see
make
watch
hear
notice
observe
overhear
see
sense
watch
EXAMPLE: Heoverheardhismanager
@
rtoun phrase
@-A-l
in thesentences.
Underlinethenounphrases
191
@eFillintheblankswithsuitablewordsintheboxes.
to seed.
a fool of myself.
the class.
his temper.
about sillythings.
lessserious.
8 He made us
I
me.
Larachooses
1 0 My father detests
going
to go
make
to make
teaching
to teach
control
to control
worry
worrying
be
being
followed
following
face
faced
blinding
to blind
dressing
is dressing
.---:J-l
YOURSCORE
I
a|
/a
tr@
t/r
a
a /.
Tickthecorrectsentences.
r92
tlla
171
f@4
@aRewritetheparagraphcorrectlyusingnounphrases.
Laura wanted to work with animals so her friends persuadedher phoning the famous animal
Sheaskedspoketo the chief administrator and began explain she was
hospital in the next tor.,rrn.
willing to work as a volunteer to gain experience.He listened for a while and then told her the hospital
had a vacancyfor a trainee and she only neededapplying. Shefelt herselfto skipping with delight as
she ran to tell her friends and she startedwrote her application letter that afternoon.
r93
UNTTI4=2 NOUNPHRASES
as complementsand objectsof prepositions
GRAMMAR
POINTS
iGD@N
o)
PorNrs
Q"***R
E
can be the complement of the verb before it. Verbsthat take complementsare
A
loll.pl.ase
called link verbs.They include the verbs appear, be, came, groq prove, seem and turn out.
EXAMPLE:
A noun phrasebeginning with a present participle can be the complement of the verb
but not of other link verbs.
EXAMPLES:
Our objectivewas
noun phrase
'to be
a1
Gsltrgls!9
noun phrase
Intime,wecarne@
@@
A noun phrasebeginning with an infinitive can be the complement of the verb
link verbs.
noun Phrase
H(AMPLES:
ourobjectiv"*ut@
@G@
Intime,wecameffi
tl
@@
194
EXAMPLE:
h
^,rn n
hr..d
phrase
noun
noun phrase
[obiectofthe prepositionby)
@tt
t-
@
REMEMBER!
Whenit is usedasa complement,
r A noun phraseanswersthe question"\i\hat?".
it occursaftera link
verb.\Vhen it is used as the object of a preposition,it occursafter the preposition.
EXAMPLES: HCT AiM was
u'"Ilgl9
to p:
,-----.--{(!.e!9 ll'
t f preposition)
n o u n p h r a s e( o b j e c o
il
Ql:lLry9
underlinethenounphrases.
r95
" F-r
.-f
-YoURscoREI
a
|
lr"
/
/
l^a
rv
r?',
@B]completetheSentencesbyrearrangingthewordsintheboxestoformnoun
phrases.
I One of my interestsis athletes- collectins- of - pictures- promising- youn
Oneof my interestsis collectingpicturesof promisingyoung athletes.
2 Graduallvthev came countrv-
a - interestins- number-
of - revealing- secrets
being - in - knights -
shini
.--:l!!=
YOURSCORE
I
r-l
@C]Crossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
| ,,'ro l
| ,/
),71
-
dI
rS to encourage nlm.
completingcollege'
@g
Tickthe correctanswers.
196
E{-l-
YouRsCoRE
I
r-l
|
./rnl
l/'
'F-l
m
.-,
=:]l-
YOURSCORE
I
ff[![!l|
A
I
E@lJ
As a teenagegirl, I often receivedodd looks from a neighbour for came home after dark. She
alwaysseemedbeing worried evenwhen my friends insisted on seeingme safelyhome after extra
scienceclasses.One night, when my family was away at a wedding, the lady next door sawwhat must
have appearedwas thieveshiding in my backyard.Shehurried over to check.Shelooked rather
disappointedwhen the burglary turned out being three schoolgirlsorganising'OperationCatch
Toads'for the next day'sbiology class.
r97
UNTTJili]"U NOUNPHRASES
assubjects
A noun.phrasecan be usedasthe subjectof the verb afterit. The verb must not be dropped.The
noun phrasecan begin with an infinitive or a presentparticiple.
EXAMPLE:
noun phrase(subjectofwas)
was a privilege.
L"qlj
noun phrase(subject)
T o m e e th i m / M e e t i n sh i m a privilege.
Workinswith
noun phrase
(subjectoihasbeen)
relaxmymind.
-______j__
Glqlr"'U
l98
REMEMBER!
\Vtrenit is usedasthesubject,
thequestion"\\4rat?".
r A nounphraseanswers
it occurs before the verb in the main clause.
Thailand
h a i l a n d I i s h e r d e a r e s tw i s h .
To
o return
r e t u r n /i Returning
R e t u r n i n sto
to T
D ( A M p L E I: T
"r*,
ph**
*,hje*
a-!--,
ull9,
@RearrangethewordstoformSentenceSwhoseSubjectSaIenounphrases.
I can - cancer- cause- protection- skin - sun-tanning- without.
Su.n-tanningwithout protectioncan causeskin cancer.
2 global- is - mission - peace- promote - their - to.
3 fight - him - lose- this - to - upset - would.
4 needs - rehabilitating - skills - special - stroke- victims.
5 country- decision-his - leave- own - the - to -was.
6 in-
indulging-jealousies - our-petty-time-wasted.
199
@?
I A
B
C
2 A
B
C
3 A
B
4 A
B
C
5 A
B
C
I,Ttfi?tff3
200
@;]RewritethesentenceScoffectlyusingnounphrasesassubjects.
I Mixing with people from all walks of life have made him broadminded.
Mixing with peoplefrom all walks of life has made him broadminded.
2 CollectingAsianproverbsmy late uncle'spastime.
@r]riuintheblankswithsuitablewordsfromtheboxtocompletethepassage.
been
bring
growlng
had
hugging
kissing
prepared
see
turned
was
From the time my grandfatherwas a little boy, to study abroad had (l)
his
out to be
made him a strangerto Westernways.Watching the occasionalromantic scenein a cowboy film had
not (5)
real
live couplesembracein public was a greatshockto him. Backhome in his village,even for engaged
couplesto be seenjust holding handswould (7)
alwaysawarethat to walk alone with a girl was to start gossip.On the other hand, in the university,
Grandpasoon learnt that to hug another boy in gratitude for his help (B)
the thing to do. Grandpaexplainedthat in his country, (9)
perfectly proper. He did not add that (10)
not quite
betweenmen was
201
STRUCTURE
UN]TTil5"T SENTENCE
joining two simple sentenceswith either . . . or
and neither. .. flor
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow.Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
,g3@
1A
1B
\t
II
3A,
38
JGRAMMAR POTNTS
We can useeither .., or I neither... nor to join two simple sentencesthat havethe same
modals but different main verbs.We usually put the modal before either/neither.
il(AMPLES:Dan would speaksensibly.He would keep quiet.
Dan would either speaksensiblyor keep quiet.
Mary is a strict vegetarian.Shewill not eat meat. Shewill not order fish,
Mary is a strict vegetarian.Shewill neither eat meat nor order fish.
REMEMBER!
I Join trvo simple sentences
'"r'itheither. . . or to indicate
that one out of the two
choicesor eventsis possible.
In commands (suchas Come here / Help me / Take this), the hidden subjectis you.
EXAMPLE:Keepquiet. I won't tell you the story.
Either you keep quiet or I won't tell you the story.
z___l_
(l,bj".,
t:!::!,
didn't
and
either
disobey
either
1
I
either
IS
haven't
neither
will
laugh
I Rosemary register
andneither
r.
@
@
2 Thegrassdidn't wither
protestot
O
O.
the motoristor the cyclist
4
at fautt.
O
O
havethe papayas.
5 ThemangoesO ripenedana
Q
either
or cry on hearingthis.
o ue
Q
O
3 We.u"
'|
i_YOURSCORE
I
@jJRearrangethewordsintheboxesandcompletetheSentenCeS.
I The sunrisedidn't interest them
203
-l
|
,/.^l
1
." 'A
4
or - straight- go -home
her-nor-suit
fast-goes-or-really
Our parent company has not made any profit this year
and-have-neither
- our subsidiaries
@9jSomeoftheSentenceScontainwordsthatcanbedroppedwithoutchangingthe
meaning. Bracketthe words.
I This piece of news will either make you pleasedor make you angry.
2 I wouldn't deceiveanyone and neither would you deceiveanyone.
3 Either he givesthem what theywant or theywill pesterhim.
4 The roseshaven'tbloomed and the chrysanthemumshaven'tbloomed either.
5
@g|IointheSentenceSusingthewordsintheboxes.
1 I can't rememberwhen we first met. I can't rememberwhere we first met.
I can neither rememberwhen we first met nor wherewefirst met.
2 He works reasonablehours. His health suffers. I either,or I
204
"
Eeither;otl
Fill in the blanks with suitablewords in the box. Eachword may be used more
than once.
bother
joined
chides
neither
did
nor
do
or
either
plunge
have
plunging
join
would
university or (3)
(4)
a polytechnic.Unfortunately,neither my marks
my application has been impressive.My friends are not interestedin
IA
B
2A
The pilot couldn't stop the dive and neither could the co-pilot
Either a fireman rescuedthe baby or a neighbour did.
Either a fireman or
B
4 A
B
5A
do well or perhapsperformbrilliantly.
Neither the soldiersnor the officersknew anlthing about the terrain.
B
6 A
B
either.
STRUCTURE
UN]TTil5=2 SENTENCE
sentenceadverbials (as a result, besides,moreover)
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow.Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
(3/cnananmn
||
l'
POI
We use sentence adverbials to link ideas between two sentences. Sentence adverbials usually
come at the beginning of a sentence, and we usually place a comma after the sentence
adverbial.
EXAMPLE:
SentenceI
Sentence2
We use as a result as a link to show that what follows is causedby the idea in the previous
sentence.
D(AMPLE: Fred was caught bullying. As a result, he was punished.
We use besidesas a link to show that we are adding an idea to the idea in the previous sentence.
We must not confusebesidesas a sentenceadverbialwith the word beside.Besideis used only
as a preposition.
Televisionis entertaining.Besides,it is educational.
EXAMPLES:
We stayedin a chalet beside a lake.
We use moreover, like besides,as a link to show that we are adding an idea to the idea in the
previoussentence.
nxeuprE, I believethat our secretaryis efficient.Moreover, she is alwayscheerful.
206
@CirclethelettersoftheCorIectitemstocompletethesentences.Theremaybe
more than one answerfor eachquestion.
I He sprainedhis ankle.As a result,
A he cannottakepart in the soccermatch tomorrow.
B it happenedwhile he was playingsoccer.
C
D
it has an attractiveshape.
it's a presentfrom my Dad.
he is always friendly.
he is veryknowledgeable
abourhis products
_..)il"* #iil
l-7
tp)
l."
@,a]rictthesentenceswherethesentenceadverbialsareusedcorrectly.
I The little girl cried becauseshewas tired. Beside,shewas thirsty.
2 He walked fast on the slippery floor. As a result,he fell.
3 I like Lynn for her honesty.Besides,she is amusing.
4 Derek seldom to draw.Moreoverhe isn't good at it.
5 Tedplayed in the rain. As the result, he caught a cold.
6 Fried food makesme fat. Somemore, it spoils my skin.
7 A tree fell acrossthe road. As a result, there was a traffic jam.
B This house is comfortable.Moreover,the rent is reasonable.
9 Our library is too small. Besides,the books are dull.
werehurt.
l0 The bus overturned.Somemore,somepassengers
tr.t
I
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@q
oo
I sawnothingattractiveur,tr" .uf"?
oo
The man walked very fast.f, I could not catch up with him.{,
1 As a resulti 2 As the result| 3 Besides
we enjoyed ourselves
we had good seatsat the stadium
('
{'
I Asaresult | 2 Beside| 3 Moreover
208
m
.--
l-
YouR
scoRE
I
This airline has a good safetyrecord. Besides,it offers excellentservice.As the result,
it is very popular.
5 I did not join them for the moviesbesides.I had readthe book. Somemore,the
reviewswere no good.
-_JYOURSCORE
I
-a
l,/
-
/a
>l
@UnderlinethesentenceSwhichuSeSentenceadverbialsincorrectlyand
rewrite them correctly.
Nita felt awkward becauseshewas a new student in the college.Somemore shewas from another
country and shewas a shy girl. As the result, shewas very unhappy.
Fortunately,a popular girl called Kate sat next to Nita in lectures.Katewas intrigued by Nita's
quiet manner. Beside,she liked Nita although she hardly talked. Kate told the other studentsthat she
found Nita to be very pleasant.Then they too made friends with Nita. Beside,Nita was really a nice
girl. Moreover,after losing her shynessshe begantelling her friends interestingstoriesabout her
country.As the result, she becamequite popular. Sheevenwon aprize in that year'sstory-telling
contest.
I
2
3
4
5
209
STRUCTURE
UN]]T I5=5 SENTENCE
sentenceadverbials (first I firstlv, after that / next / then,
finally / lastly)
GRAMMAR
POINTS
'e/"-'*POINTS
REMEMBER!
r Some sentence adverbials like
first, next, finally, areusedto iink
a seriesof sentencesand show
the sequenceof the actions.They
are often used when describinga
string of events or when giving
i n s t r u c t i o n st o o t h e r s .
We use the sentenceadverbialsfinally / lastly to show that the action in the sentencecomes at
the end ofa seriesofsentences.
First, I locked the doors.After that, I shut the windows. Finally, / Lastly, I switched
EXAMpLES:
on the alarm system.
First, she soapedthe dishes.After that, she rinsed them. Finally, / Lastly, she dried
them.
REMEMBER!
I First / Firstly must not be confusedwith at first. At first shows that something is true only at the
beginning.
At first I hated Science.Later,I learnt to like it.
F-XAMPLE:
r Lastly must not be confusedwith at last. At last showsthat sornethingtook a long time to happen.
I waited fbr hours.At last I got a taxi.
LXAMpLE:
r Second/ secondlyand third / thirdly are sentenceadverbialswhich are often usedwith first / firstly.
Firstly, I'll find a piace to stay.Secondly,I'll look for a job. Thirdly, I'll buy a car.
EXAMPLE:
2to
@;_]Crossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethesentences.
I First, wash the carrots. At last, i Next, slice them.
2
At first I First
thev disliked the cold weather. Then, thev began to have fun in the snow.
6 Firstly,my flight was delayed.Then, I had a problem going through the Customs.
At last I Lastl I'm here.
7 First,wash your facewith the foaming cleanser.Next, pat some skin toner on your face.
Next, I Then, I apply moisturiser.
B
At first, I Firstly, I choseone of the hairstylesin her book. Next, she studied mv face.After that,
she suggestedchangingthe hairstylea little to suit my face.
9 First, the planesflew in formation. After, I After that, they did rolls and loops in the air.
l 0 Firstlv.she watched the exercisevideo.Then, she exercisedalone with the video.
At last, I Lastly, she did the exerciseson her own.
A
B
B
C
2tL
A
B
C
First, he wanted to go by taxi. Then, he decidedto wait for the bus.At last he agreedto get a
lift from me.
At first, he wanted to go by taxi. Then, he decidedto wait for the bus. Finally,he agreedto get
a lift from me.
Firstly,he wanted to go by taxi. Secondly,he decidedto wait for the bus.Thirdly, he agreedto
get a lift from me.
Fill in the blanks with the words in the box.You may use each
item more than once.
After that,
Lastly,
At first
Secondly,
At last
Then,
Firstly
Third,
they laughed
we did light exercisesto warm up. Next,we jogged three miles. Lastly,we
restedfor a few minutes to cool down.
5 First, I spoketo them in Englishbut they did not understand me. After that, I tried three other
languages.Then, I used sign language.
they understoodme.
6 Firstly,the queen in the kindergartenplay dropped her crown. After that, one of the fairieslost a
wing.
burst out laughing.
7 _I
BFirst,heatsomebutterinapan.Second,breakanegggentlyintothepan.-turn
the eggover after two minutes. Finally,scoop the eggonto a plate.
9Firstly,hebowedtotheaudience.ThenheSangaSong.-hebowedagain.
l0 First, he taught me how to draw a circle without using an instrument. Then, he made
me do it again and again.
he was satisfied.
#ry
:_
4." 'Yl
Dear Ken,
I'm sorry I won't be able to come on the trip. Let me explain why. I ( Firstly,/ Secondly,) I need to
workreallyhard.2 (After, / Secondly,) I don'twant to go out of tor,tmuntil I have clearedmydesk.
This is becauseI got into a lot of trouble last week.You won't believewhat happened. 3 (At first /
4 (Next,/ Somemore,)Icrashedmymanager'scarintoagate.
Firstly,)mysalesfigureswerebad.
5 ( Lastly,/ Then, ) they caught me swimming when I should have been at work. 6 (At last / Lastly,)
a customer complained to the office that I had been rude.
Sothat'swhy I have to stay here. 7 (At first / Firstly,) I hated having to sit and write.
2t2
@A
Rewritethe sentences
correctly.
I To make banana fritters, you need to buy some fresh bananas.Then, you peel the
bananas.Next, coat them with flour. At last fry them.
3 At first, shampoo your hair. Then, rinse it. After that, dry it. Lastly,comb it.
4-r
YOURSCORE
I
a
a./
aal
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furange the sentencesin the correct order and use suitable words from the
boxesto createa sequenceof actions.
Fill in your particulars.Postthe form to the given address.Get a form.
at last first
lastly
next
First,get a form. I,{ext,fill in your particulars. Lastly, post theform to the giuen address.
2 Use the points to write a summary of the passage.fot down the important points.
Readthe passage.
after that
at first
last firstly
lastly
3 I passedit on my fourth attempt. I could drive around town. I kept failing my driving
test.
at first
at last lastly then
4 The whole family was ill. Mum caught it from him. Dad had the flu.
at first
first
finally
then
5 Switch on the electricity to checkthe new bulb. Switch off the electricity.Changethe
bulb.
at first
first
lastlv
then
6 I applied some ointment on it. I cleanedthe cut on my finger.I put a plaster over it.
after that
at last firstly
lastly
2t3
WORDORDER
N]TTT6 CHANGING
with adverbs,had, should, were
2t4
REMEMBER!
r Adverbs like generally, sometimes, occasionally
and usually can be placed at the beginning of
sentencesbut the rest of the word order is not
changed.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
:
Literary context (Shakespeare)
Sweetare the usesof adversity.
NormaLcontext:
Sweetare theseapples.
z
E
Theseapplesare sweet.
@CirclethenumbeISoftheSentenceSwithpartsthatdonotfolIor,t,thenormal
word order.
I Rarelydo we come acrosssuch talent.
has sometimesmadepeoplecomplacent.
2 Success
3 No soonerdid sherun out of the housethan it collapsed.
4 I had barely completed the paper when the invigilator told us to stop writing.
5 Shewould never have known about it if you hadn't told her.
6 Hardly had she recoveredwhen shewent back to work.
7 We rarely get a chanceto relax together
B Lydiano soonergraduatedthan shegot a job.
9 Seldomdoesa book remain a bestsellerfor so long.
l0 Neverwill this incident be erasedfrom their minds.
@4RearrangethewordsinthebracketstocompletetheSentenceS.
not-were -your ), we might havefailed.
Wereit not for your help, we might hauefailed.
I ( for-help-
it-
3 ( fail- if-
2t5
Y)
E
Y)
l@Z.l
@a
Tickthe correctsentences.
@EJRewritethesentenceswithoutchangingthemeaning.Usethewordsprovided.
I Janehad barely finished cooking when her guestsarrived.
had lane finished cooking when her guestsarriued.
Barely
2 If ft were just a question of courage,you d win.
Were
216
@lJRewritetheunderlinedwordscorrectlyintwodifferentwayS.Youmayneed
'to
to changethe word order,deletewords,or add the verbs be' or'had'.
(1) NeverI had had such a grand reception as I did when I went to spend a month with a friend of
my late grandmother'sin a little village.(2) No sooner I steppedinto her house than a crowd came to
welcome me. I thought happily: (3) If had I known I'd receiveso much attention, I d have come sooner.
The friendly interest did not flag. ( ) SeldomI got a moment to dream by the quiet river or roam
around by myself. (5)U,hil to explain my need for solitude,I would have hurt the villagers'feelings.
Yet,now that I'm back in the ciry (6) rarelv a dav passeswithout my longing to visit the village again.
4 (a)
(b)
(a)
5 (a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
6 (a)
(b)
(b)
2t7
UNTT IT REDUNDANCY
t n d A i s w r o n gi n t h e
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow. F i n do u t w h y B i s c o r r e c a
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
i\
u*
E
l-
L-
rrARPorNrs
A word or phraseis redundant (unnecessary)and should be deletedfrom a sentencewhen its
meaning is part of another word or phrasein the sentence.
EXAMPLE:The balloon rose up into the air.
tr-l
=
rOSe Went Up
Up is part of the meaningof rose.
Therefore,up is redundant and should be deleted.
The balloonrose into the air.
,7
\Alhentwo words or phrasesof similar meaning are in a sentence,one of them can be deletedas
it is redundant.
EXAMPLE:Without saying aword, she silently showedher disapproval.
without saying a word = silently
Thereforeone of them should be deletedas it is redundant.
Without saying aword, she showedher disapproval.
Shesilently showedher disapproval.
Y]
Z
REMEMBER!
mayhavemorethanoneredundantwordor phrasewhichshouldbe deletedor left out.
r A sentence
EXAMpLE:
Oneclaytigersmaybecometotally extinct andvanishfrom the faceof the earth. E
Extinct containsthe idea of totally.
.'. totally shouid be deleted.
become extinct = vanish from the face of the earth
One of them shouldbe deleted.
One day tigersmay become extinct.
One dav tigers may vanish from the face of the earth.
2IB
@a]StrikeoutthewordsthatareredundantandshouldbeleftoutoftheSentenCeS.
I I'11read out the question and then I'll repeatit ain.
2 We walked all the way there on foot.
3 You are behavinglike a crazylunatic.
4 The pearl diver plunged down into the sea.
5 Shegently coaxedher little son to finish his porridge.
6 A car hurtled down the road at greatspeed.
7 Your sisterwill grow up to be a gorgeousbeauty.
B SoonYoshikowill be returning back to Iapan.
9 The fire razedthe planetarium completely.
l0 The pricesof goodsare soaringup.
I I I've finished my assignmentbut I may have to redo it again.
@BjunderlinethecorrectWordsinthebrackets.
I They ( entered / enteredinto ) the building through the roof.
2 We ( starved/ went ) without food for five days.
3 Without wasting a moment, she ( dash / immediately dashed) in to savethe child.
4 I hope those ( silly / young ) foolswill come to their senses.
5 The battlefieldwas litteredwith ( corpses/ corpsesof the dead).
6 He is rememberedas a ( man / very brave man ) of greatcourage.
7 ( Speaking/ Speakingin a rage) will only earn you their contempt for lack of self-control.
B In the end, the rebels( eventuallysurrendered/ surrendered).
9 We were ( delayed/ unavoidably delayed) by circumstancesbeyond our control.
l0 The country sent ( seasonedtroops / troops) with a lot of experienceon the
peacekeeping
mission.
_-r.::_
Youn
scoRE
I
TV
larttil
@ c lriu in t h e b 1 a n k sw i th su i ta b l e w o rd si ntheboxes.
I You and I r,r'ill
In no time they'll
We are fighting for a
6 Bobbyis a
lost totallylost
out
Furious,the delegateswalked
He was advisedto
out angrily
there by plane.
with good manners.
2r9
to join us.
B Without hesitation,thev
9 My hopes
at the news.
l0 I'm sureyou'll
agreed I readilyagreed
plummeted I plummeteddown
certainlypass I pass
--!
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220
4-,.l-l
YOURSCORE
I
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a /.
/-^
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made I made up
rl I teenager , she felt 3 fortunate I fortunate and lucky to be askedto join a television
forum. Of the four 4 participants I people taking part, shewas the only one under 21.
secrelworrv I worry which she kept to herselfwas that her round face on the screenmight
A5
oval shape.When he had finished with her, shewas B totallv transformed I transformed . The adult
look 9 added I added extra credibility to the opinions she expressed.Alas,when the show was
finally aired,her family and friends 10 hated I unfortunatelv hated thelookand
,,'a
r-,
a//
@RewritetheconverSationcorrectly,leavingoutredundantwords.
Lady
Don't look now but the woman in dark glassesalone at that table is a famous celebrity.
Friend
Lady
Friend
Lady
I Lady
2 Friend
3 Lady
4 Friend
-f-.--F-
vounsconr
I
5 Lady
-a
a,/l
,
221
/z
/'
llla
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UNTT T8 REFERENCE
Look at the A and B sentencesbelow Find out why B is correct and A is wrong in the
Grammar Points section.
GRAMMAR
POINTS
PorNrs
When we write an essay,a letter, an article, etc, we have to make sure the text has unity and the
sentencesand paragraphsare connectedin ideas.We can establishlinks in meaning between
sentencesand betweenparagraphsby using words like the following:
(a) pronouns- to point backto a noun or noun phrase
subject
EXAMPLE:
refersbackto
Mrs Danson has agreedto take chargeof the concert but she will need some help.
noun - female
3rd person, singular
t-
V_]
pronoun - female
3rd person, singular
doesnorrelerbackro ----------l
Mrs Danson has agreedto take chargeof the concert but he will need some help.
noun - female
3rd person,singular
pronoun - male
3rd person,singular
222
(b) the article the togetherwith the samenoun or noun phraseused earlier or rvith a different
noun or noun phrasewhich is linked in meaning to the original words
EXAMPLES:
(l)
(2)
(3)
( )
(5)
Mrs Croft was in a queue at her bank when a man came and stood in front of her.
She told himr politely that her should not queue-jump but the man just glaredat her.
The spirited lady then marched up to a securityguard and complained to him2.
The guard went up to the unpleasant person and made himr apologiseto Mrs Croft.
Then he2 directedhiml to standat the back of the queue,which hel promptly did.
- her, She,The spirited lady,Mrs Croft
Words that refer back to Mrs Croft
= hel, him1,the man, the unpleasantperson
Words that refer back to a security guard ' hez, him2,The guard
Wordsthat referback to a man
Sam and Helen told their father that it was not his presentsthey wanted but
his presence.They said they missedhim and wanted him to spend more time
with them. Mr Balafinally understood this and made sure he devotedhis
weekendsto his family.
The word this refersback to everl'thing said in the earlier sentences.
We can also connect sentencesand paragraphsby using words that point forward to what is
said in later sentences.For this purpose,we use words like it, this, that, these and those.
EXAMPLE:
,Z--\
John may not like it but he has to sell his car to pay his debts.
The word it points forward to Iohn'shaving to sell his car to pay his debts.
HGMPLE:
7-\
Did you hear that? Faizalscoredall five goalsin our match againstUnited College
and after that a managerof a local club who was at the game approachedhim
about playing professionally.
The word that points forward to the whole of the next sentence.
REMEMBER!
r This and these are used to indicate closenessto the speaker,and that
and those are used to indicate distance.
EXAMPLE:
223
@4JCrossouttheincorrectwordsintheboxestocompletethepassage.
DearAunt Debbie,
I've readyour advice column for teenagersand what I Eh"yTyil"l
Yourssincerely,
Sue-Ann
@gl!VhatdotheWordSinboldpointbackto?UnderlineyouranSwerS.
I
We'll be holding an education fair next weekend.It will be open to the public from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
2 An old movie, HouseofWax, is having a rerun on TV I remember after I watched that thriller years
ffi
| ,41 r''
r"'
@?TicktheSentenceSincolumnBthatcancomeaftertheSentenceSincolumnA.
A
I John Cooper beganacting
at the remarkableageof
four.
A [-l
-
A |
B |
Millions of sharksare
killed yearly to satisfy
man'sappetite for shark's
fin soup.
A |
-
A |
-
B f--l
-
B |
A [-l
B I
-
.-=JYOURSCORE
I
-1,"
-H
@Djneadthepassageandstatewhattheunderlinedwordsreferbacktoorpoint
torward to.
I remembervery well the first law conferenceI attended. (1) It was in the 1990s.The conference
had many outstanding speakersbut only one of (2) them left a lasting impressionin my mind.
(3)That speaker,a law lecturer,had just finished answeringa number of questionson the paper
he had presentedwhen an elderlv gentlemanin the audienceaskedhim ( ) this: "If your father
committed a murder and he confessedthe crime to you, what would you do?"
The speakersmiled and said,"Sir,you have askedme a very difficult question.I need time to
answer (5)1bat, but I will, after the tea-break."
\A/henthe sessionresumed,the speakertook his place on the stage."I would like to answerthe
'As my father'sson, I would do (6) thesefor (7) him. I
gentleman'squestion now," he said calmly.
would listen to him. I would hold his hand. I would put my arms around him. I would even cry with
him. As his lawyer,I would advisehim to confessto (B)the crime and I would go with him to the
police station."
His answer received what (9) it deserved -
thunderous applause.
I I mark
3 That speaker-
[ | mark
4 this -
[2 marks
5 that -
the
Il mark I
6 these-
| 2 marks )
l l ntark
7 himI
the crime -
l l mark
9 ir-
t 1 mark
225
TESTT
Units 1 - 4
Ten of the underlinedverbsare incorrect.Write the correctverbsin the boxes.
Larry
Emma
line 1
2
of where we were.
Larry
4
Daddy,I can showyou the lift.We must finding the man
line 5
wears a spacesuit.He was next to the lift just now
Larry
]immy
Emma
Larry
Iimmy
line 1 0
spacemanis.
Larry
ll
t2
13
Larry
t4
[-T*fi;-]
relatively
l=-TG-l
smal.
3 Bitternessbetween the two major factions in the country
tremendouslyin this past decade.
226
hasbeen building up
have been buildine up
nspre
nsp res
do their best.
worth it.
5 All the time we spent interviewing people for the newspaperarticle [-l-wasl
lwerel
I
6 Neither the chairman of the board nor its other members
arewilling
is willing
l--TG-l
all overAdam'sface when our opponents scoredpoint after
was written
were written
Dejection
recelve
receives
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the brackets.
Megan(1)
had promised
Peakbeforegoingabroad.She(2)
(3)
( b e )a t t h e c a b i n i n n o t i m e , "
mountain trail for more than two hours but there (B)
the remotestsign of the cabin anp,vhere.Megan (9)
perspiration.She(10)
(drenched) with
(not take) the wrong turn just now," she said to herself.
(ache) and her throat (14)
227
(not be)
"VVhy(19)
The sudden crunch of tyres on gravelmade her whirl around.\Mhatshe saw made her heart jump
with joy. lohn, Amy and Sue (20)
-._l!!=
YOURSCORE
I
4 Wilson will have completed the renovationsto the housejust before Christmas.
5 A police car and a helicopter were tailing the red van all the way from the airport.
.<_---t
YOURSCONE
I
rv
a,/
228
t7l
TEan
*J T2
Units 5 - 11
Underline the correct words in the brackets.
I Emily ( ought not to be divulging / shouldn't divulging ) confidential office matters to her friends.
2 Canthesesequins ( be ser,rm/ sew ) onto my black eveninggoum?
3 He ( might resort / might resorted) to fixing an alarm systemin his house if the break-inscontinue.
4 ( Could they be waiting / Could be they waiting ) for us outside the ballroom instead of in the hotel
foyer?
5 The issues( should have been raised / should have raised) earlier before the
managementcame to a decisionthis morning.
-YOURSCOREI
|
|,/
229
./l
J7l
2 The senior manager said,"Iennifer,I'm caught in a traffic jam so I will be a little late
for the meeting."
The senior manager told ]ennifer
4 Jeansaid to Mary,
JeanaskedMary if Bill was performing at the musical concert on Saturday.
5 Mrs Reedsaidto Iean and Diana,
Mrs Reed told Iean and Diana to concentrate on their work and not on the fashion
NCWS,
f?
let-
4 a-
strong- was.
230
[,|
A
B
which
A
B
".
The handicraft
( was made of rubber bands and
scraps of cloth.
A
B
A
B
whose
ooor A
I
are built.
F]
correctly.
n"*rite the sentences
4 If I am Marie, I would ask about the warranty period before buying the electric mixer.
5 His secretwish was that would he make it to the top of his profession.
231
Tr.
e)
Units 12- LB
I A I ttlark with I where the words in the boxesshould be in the sentences.
\ ,/\
I Sam has charisma and he's very helpful . He is very popular in
school .
2 Can we take a cab there ? The bus ride is terribly bumpy. I feel a
little unwell .
3 Firstly, it's not right to tell a lie. You may be forced to tell another
lie to cover up the first lie
4 I was unable to balance myself on the ice skates. Later, I found I
was able to move without holding on to the side of the rink .
5 They post their entry forms to our office or hand them in
as a result,
ides,
secondly,
at tlrst
can either
oersonallv
*.*
voun-sconr
I
6 Shewas intent
B
I
Rivers
unspoilt countryside.
l 0 Mr Horne'swillingness
earned him a lot of respect.
\Jr-:^
( relinquish/ to relinc"'^lpnze frt"-"fi
nrs-':-^
lursn
rz
l"'4
A
B
C
232
3 A
B
C
4 A
B
C
5 A
B
C
6 A
B
C
7 A
B
C
B A
B
C
I A
B
C
f0 A
B
C
A
YouR
scoRE
I
fZ
'9-l
1."
Crossout the incorrectwords in the boxesso that the B sentencesmean the sameas the
A sentences.
I A
2 A
If a riot had broken out, you would have been trapped in the city.
A riot had I Had a riot broken out, you would have been trapped in the city.
3 A
B
4 A
--*-E
YOURSCORE
I
la/t
l,/
)2",
Circlethe lettersof the underlinedwords which are redundant and should be dropped
from the sentences.
I In my opinion, I think that this company needsyoung people with a fresh outlook
A
B
to changeits image.
c
2 Harmony among the ethnic groups must be maintained since political stability is essential
A
if the economy is to continue to progress forward.
3 Certainly,you may have my permission to interview the inmates on life in this prison.
ABC
4 At around 12:00midnight I was jolted awakeby the sound of a car alarm, which shatteredmy
ABC
hopes of a restful sleep.
He is a Punjabi boy who is often mistaken for a Caucasianbecausehis skin is very fair and his eyes
AB
are bluish greenin colour.
*"t
I Haveyou visited John and Ianice'snew home?I like the unusual way they furnished their living
room and bedroom.
2 Not everyonehas the ability to be discerning.I think that comeswith wisdom and experience.
3 I can never understand this about you. You dislike Monica yet you spend a lot of time with her.
4 Jill was going to buy her favourite cheesetartlets at Kay'sCaf6but Stanpersuadedher to try those
at Lily's Deli.
5 The phenomenal successof Andy Ienkins' latest novel Rlsing Roarhasled to severaloffersto buy
the film rights to it.
234
TEST(]
Fill eachblankwith the most suitableword.
DearestMum,
The first two weekshere have been hectic and I am still trying to get used to many things.
The way of life here is so different (1)
emphasisedthe (2)
spendon.
Here,collegestudentsgenerallylive on (4)
They drive to (5)
independentlives.Many of
supportthemselves.
amazed.I have been so protected at home
Olivia
Mr Smith
OIivia
Mr Smith
Olivia
Mr Smith
It
I see.(16)_you
can managethe post of a public relationsexecutive?
(17)_
somedegreeof stresstoo.
Olivia
235
was read
IA
B
c
B
C
3A
B
c
4A
c
B
was affecting
Do you have
Did you have
Are you having
13A
B
was lecturing
14A
c
5A
B
had received
have received
c
l5A
am
had been
16A
B
8A
B
c
9A
B
C
t0A
B
was choosing
have chosen
became
6A
B
chose
had become
7A
B
received
WAS
would be put
would been put
become
barely manage
was barely managed
barely managed
were affected
t2A
understood
was understanding
have lectured
am lecturing
2A
llA
t7A
B
did encounter
18A
encountered
will be able
have encountered
would be able
r9A
am assigned
was assigned
were assigned
am knowing
willknow
know
204
B
was expected
were expected
were expectinghandling
am used to handling
was used to handling
will be used to handling
- -!
.I YOUn SCOREI
r'-l
a/'I
a,/
236
/^^
]74
3 \Arhilethey happy with our work, they still have to make us redundant.
237
l-l
P'dT?
[t>)[
--
Mr Manas
Mr Lee
itinerary (3)
Mrs Roy
the day.
Mr Manas
rf r (6)
Mr Manas
Huh?
Tour guide
silly tour.
me!
driven insaneby
238
are
lA
ll
Bis
C being
are
2A
B have
Cis
A
B
C
hasbeenproud
are proud
is proud
12 A
B
C
havenot
hadnot
doesnot
3 A
B
C
are arrived
arriving
will arrive
13 A
B
C
skilled
are skilled
was skilled
4 A
B
C
picking up
were picked up
beingpickedup
14A
B
C
is
having
has
5 A
B
C
have dinner
having dinner
dinner
l5 A
B
C
am attending
attend
were attending
6 A
B
C
have rented
rented
rent
16 A
B
C
is full
is filled
full
TAsaw
B see
C haveseem
17A
B
C
am
have
had
B A
B
C
play
playing
was playing
fB A
B
C
try
tried
trying
I A
B
C
hasbought
is buying
buys
fg A
B
C
breathing
rverebreathing
breathe
ran
runs
running
20 A
B
C
to look dolr,n
looking down
was looking down
l0 A
B
C
I C I loin the pairs of sentences.Turn the underlined ones into phrasesbeginningwith the
words in brackets.Then write out the sentencesas a paragraph.
I Yesterday,I looked at some photographs.They were in a very old album. (in)
2 I saw my parentsas collegestudents.(Seeing) It was a revelation.
3 They are seriousand staid today. (Though) They were once lively teenagers.
4 I took out the best picture. It showedthem in comical costumes.(showing)
5
They burst out laughing.They caught sight of the funny old photograph. (on)
239
240
TEST6
Fill each blank with the most suitableword.
Arundathi RoV an Indian national, won the BookerPrizein 1997for her novel TheGod of Small
Things.A tale of love and loss, the (i)
(2)
India,mesmeriseswith
(5)
the end
story (B)
his mind.
Fl
me greatpleasure(2) -you
on this auspicious
occasion.
allow me to thank the chairman and organisingcommittee (4)
an indelible
me to open this Asian-PacificWomen Entrepreneurs'Conference.This day (5)
BeforeI (3)_,
mark on the developmentof a new breed of businesswomenin our part of the world. The Asia-Pacific
a number of developingcountries aswell asAustraliaand New Zealandwhich
region (6)_
(7)-a
tremendous
modern amenities
improvements in the infrastructureof thesenations. Our people now (9)to take a giant leap into the hi-tech
and a standardof living higher than ever before.We (10)the goals
era in the fieldsof business,media and communication.By the year2010,we (1l) set before us to have a fully-developednation status,to be self-reliantand economicallystrong.
To fulfil this vision, everyindividual (12)_
in. Traditionalpreconceptionsand prejudice(13)
long way from where they (15)
241
I A
B
C
gave
is giving
gives
II A
B
C
2 A
B
C
to address
to be addressed
be addressing
12 A
B
C
have to play
is having to play
has to play
3 A
B
C
amproceeding
proceeds
proceed
13 A
B
C
havebeen cast
were casting
was cast aside
4 A
B
C
to be inviting
for inviting
to invite
14 A
B
C
come
havecome
will come
5 A
B
C
will leave
will be leaving
will have left
15 A
B
C
useto be
usedto been
usedto be
6 A
B
C
comprises
comprised
comprising
16 A
B
C
are
were
was
7 A
B
C
had experienced
has experienced
have experienced
17 A
B
C
B A
B
C
have seen
saw
are seeing
lB A
B
C
proves
prove
proved
I A
B
C
enjoyed
will enjoy
enjoy
fg A
B
C
had graduallyclimbed
have graduailyclimbed
were graduallyclimbing
are daring
have dared
had dared
20 A
B
C
l0 A
B
C
|Z]
YOURSCORE
I
1,"
-
n"*"ite the underlined phrasesin the passageturning them into clauses.Use the words
provided.
For my friend Sonia,something (1) beyond her means alwayshas a specialattraction.
242
which
2 \\4ren I
3 whether she
4 who
.!YOUR SCOREI
5 Because
IS
a/a
'>l
lr"
-
I \Ahile
2To
3 Before
4 for
-_E
scoRE
I
-YoUR
5 irritated
a
a
a,/
243
,/-.
a
atla
Fa
: ,ie
w. * ANSWERS
t.r VERBS
Practice A
747810
i,,
* &@$,:
Practice B
I didn't phone
2 to pose
3 have
4 see
5 can glve
6 inform
7 need
Practice C
I want
2 write
3be
4 must
5 to cater
6go
7 store
I remove
I audition
l0 Sprinkle
Practice D
I to tell
2 to perform
3 know
4 must see
5 listen
6say
7 didn't read
I check
I can call
l0 repeat
to be
to go
t 0 Make
I
I
Practice E
2 Don't you has an).thing else to do? - Don't you have
an1'thingelseto do?
You could earns some money for yourselves.- You
could earn some monev for yourselves.
After three hours of brainstorming,we decided to sets
up 'Youthat Workl - After three hours of brainstorming,
'Youth
we decidedto set up
at Work'.
5 That afternoor-r,our phones didn't stopped ringing. That afternoon,our phones didn't stop ringing.
6 We servesnot just our neighbourhood but other areas
as well. - We serve not just our neighbourhood but
other areasas well.
6
7
8
9
l0
send - to send
packages+ package
need - needs
demand - demands
recommendsrecommend
Practice E
2 The road leads to Dolphin'sBay is under repair. - The
road leadingto Doiphin'sBay is under repair.
3 That road havea lot of potholes.* That road has a lot of
potholes.
4 His phone is ring. * His phone is ringing.
5 On Saturdays he goes riding or he play a game of
tennis at his club. - On Saturdays he goes riding
or he plays a game of tennis at his club.
6 i wanted surprisethe two of you. - I wanted to surprise
the two of you.
t.2 VERBS
Practice A
1 create
2 correct
3 handles
4 is slacken
Practice B
I (a) antagonises
2 (a) making
3 (a) reading
4 (a) scrutinises
5 (a) entertaining
5 wants
6 specialises
7 lavish
1.5 VERBS
Practice A
I wasissued
2 exchanged
8 mutter
9 operating
l0 protect
3 was suffered
5 was decided
6 was offered
8 was provided
9 were toticed
7 have arranged l0 served
4 was designed
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
antagonise
are making
reads
scrutinising
is entertaining
Practice B
I designed
2
nrnrzidino
3 marching
4 seated
PracticeC
Practice C
I huddled
2 arrived
3 was covered
4 was rushed
5 behaving
6 sprinting
7 donated
5 was cieared
B suggested
6 has recovered 9 made
7 have invested l0 loaded
Practice D
(line 2)
has capture- has captured
244
8 injured
I honoured
l0 surrounding
(line 3)
(line 5)
(line 6)
(line B)
(line 9)
(line 10)
(line I I)
(line 15)
(line 16)
called- is called
to interviewed- to interview / interviewing
were filmed - have filmed
screened- was screened
was featured- featured
has retain - has retained
Practice B
I were
2 ate
3 were challenged
4 are
5 havebeen
Practice C
23569
AGREEMENT
2.I SUB'ECT.VERB
Practice A
6 were lilming
I was used
7 has been used
2 weresplashing
B was able to see
3is
9 don't
4 looks
l0 is
Jl5
Practice B
I was
2 likes
3 has
4 was
Practice C
I Everybody
2 Alotof
3 Everything
4 A number of
5 Somebody
5 participate
6 needs
7 is
6
7
I
9
l0
6 discourage
7 havebeen
Bis
e fill
l0 were
I annoys
t has
l0 has
Practice D
I chicken
2 distracts
3 make
4 has
5 were
6 leads
/ ale
I cost
t has been
l0 is
Practice E
I has been
2 contributes
3 was
4 leads
Sare
6 goes
7 prevents
Bis
t help
l0 grips
Practice F
I Thereis somethingon the table.Does it belong to you?
2 The rveatherhas been so hot in the last few days that
many people have sufferedsunburn.
3 Toleranceplays an important role in making a happy
communltJ,'.
4 His obsessionwith house orices is often hard for his
friendsto bear.
'Ihe
5
taients of the young rnusician were recognisedby
the music school.
The number of
anyone
Something
Nothing
Anything
Practice D
I A number of customerswere queuing to pay for their
purchases.
2 I can'tcontact Sarah.Someonehas damagedthe public
phone in this booth.
3 A lot of freshly grated cheeseis used for this pizza topprng.
The number of students in the literature class has
increaseddramatically.
Everything has been done to prevent the river from
bursting its banks. Now we just have to wait and pray
that all soeswell.
2.3 SUB.|ECT.VERB
AGREEMENT
Practice A
I don't often receir.e
6 oppressed
2 Skiing
/ls
3 rvasdonated
B educated
4 $.as
9 occupies
5 VVOIKrng
l0 Tailoring
Practice E
I Nothing were in its usual place anymore. - Nothing was
in its usual place an1'rnore.
2 A number of her clothes was strewn on the floor. - A
PracticeC
I requires
2 relaxes
3 demand
Practice B
24578
Practice D
I makes
2 have
3 live
4 are
5 helps
6 does
4 helps
5ts
ts
extend
7 shows
Bis
9 are
l0 causes
9 deserve
lOis
6 was
Practice E
2 gl"*it
4 Roasted- Roasting
5 was -- were
9 Honest l0
Famous -
Honesty
The iamous
Practice F
I The selfishseldomnoticethe pain and sufferingof others.
'Ieaching
2
children requirescreativityand versatility.
3 More than a million dollarswas spentby the government
on improving the facilitiesin schools.
4 Working48 hours rvithout stoppinghas made him ill.
5 The underprivilegedwere treatedto a specialdinner last
night.
I changes
9 give
l0 was
245
AND PRESENT
5,I SIMPI-EPRESENT
TENSES
CONTINUOUS
PracticeA
8 keeps
5 parrol
I is coming
9 is producing
6 promises
2 kicks
l0 is resting
7 is seeing
3 is lecturing
4 accuses
Practice B
I permeates
2 is settingoff
3 train
4 norries
5 is vanishing
6 plal'
7 are stalring
Practice C
I are gLraranteelng
smoothly.
Practice F
As I rvatched, the club members took out card tables and
set them up. Tuesda-vwas their games evening and most of
thern liked to play bridge or whist.
One woman played a game of solitaire. She sometimes
got up to r'r.alkaround and observe the games at the other
B denies
9 desigrrs
l0 objects
tables.
Halfrvav through the evening there rvas a break for
refreshments. A r,r.aiterserved tea and coffee and everybod-v
enjoyed conversation rvith their fiiends. Some people went
home after this. but the enthusiastic plavers staved until
quite late
6 takes
7 is repeating
B map
2 makes
3 does
9 spends
4 intend
5 is acting
10 is bringing
Practice D
I is calling
2 is looking
3 are opening
4 arrives
5 fight
6
7
B
9
l0
bursts
is enrolling
creates
is hiring
arecoming
Practice B
I testif.v
saw
was puffing
cut
flew
rverecranling
4 are lacing
Practice D
I cleared +
3 coughing -
5 places
6 settle
/ maoe
B ovenvhelms
9 live
l0 used to sail
held
coughed / was coughing
7 rvas mentioning
scolteO
B is beginning
9 surprised
l0 stunned
6
7
B
I
l0
mentioned
Practice E
I We knelv that everl'thing in the report r,r'asgrossly exaggerated.
2 Alice rvas thinking of leaving the company when someone approached her rvith an attractive job offer.
3 James was rvaiting for property prices to rise last month
and he finally sold his house last rveek.
4 Peter and I-isa were going to get narried in .[une but the
wedding has been postponed.
5 Yesterday, the developers $'ere trying to evict the squatters frorn the area but the people refused to move.
6 is now thinking
/
fills
dig
were clearing
2 holding -
5 is very entertaining +
PracticeC
I shook
2 lr.ere
3 is still investigating
4 beat
5 n'ere
5Ue
7
I
I
l0
II
3 conrplain
5.2 SIMPTEPASTTENSE
Practice A
2478I0
Practice D
I overturned
2 are pleading
3 usedto recall
4 carried
Practice C
2 ignored
3 nras enjoying
4 rvas blaring
5 reached
6 rvere cluarrelling
2 polished
Practice E
I \\re are thinking of going to the flea market in the park
this Sunday.
3 For tire whole of next neek, the college is organising
careertalks to give students an iu-depth knot't'ledgeof
the various professions.
at an institute of manage4 Carol lecturesin ps-vcholog1''
ment. Shehas been there tbr five years.
5 Robin and his farniiy are moving to an apartment in m-Y
areanext nonth.
Practice B
I treated
2 setup
3 outstripped
4 tried
rvere fighting
r'verebringing
navigated
6
7
I
9
lo
is spreading
thought
debated
advise
usedto discipline
5 . 4 P R E S E N TP E R F E C TT E N S E
Practice A
24679
PracticeB
I has been
2 havefound
3 inherited
4 hasn'tpaid
Practice E
I Sam threatened to quit his job three days ago because he
was bored.
2 in tl-respring, \,Veusually plant rose bushes all along the
garden n all so \'ve can enjo-vthe blooms in the summer.
246
5 has fbrced
6 have hung
7 has become
I has achieved
t have resulted
l0 observed
Practice C
I have been
2 have used
3 want
4 recommended
5 have experienced
6
7
B
9
l0
Practice C
I has been lookirrg
have asked
have talked
have never thought
discussed
have ah'va1,sr'r'anted
3
4
5
6
7
8
t
l0
Practice D
had captured
has not / hasn't checked
had asked
had grorvn
has ah,va.vscraved
Practice C
I just finished 4 gre\'v -
10 have -
7 lost -
Practice D
r A,C
had criticised
haven't heard
had seen
had searched
have asked
6
7
B
t
l0
has forced
had never begged
r'vastyping
have not / haven't seen
had just persuaded
Practice A
I rvill assure
2 nill be lear,ing
3 is going to be
4 has captured
5 rvill be participating
Practice B
I
3
4
6
7
8
I
l0
realised
is going to choose
are awaiting
rvill pass
6
7
B
9
l0
n'ill be coming
10
Practice C
I rvill be reaching
2 rvill leave
3 haven't,vet decided
4 will give
5 had loved
Practice D
2 A,B
had
6
7
B
I
l0
had happencd
Practice E
I David has been smokingheavilythesepast two weeks.
2 The committee has been preparing lbr months for the
charity bazaar.
3 The judge had been issuingstrictrvarningsto both counselsthroughout the trial.
4 We had beenlookingfbr Sheilaall rnorningbut couldn't
find her in the crorvd.
5 Mariko and I rveretired becauservehad been bakingpies
all nrornir-rgfor the sale.
had grolvn
6 give rise -
dirrino
had tottered
5 have bring - have brought
7 had questioned - have been questioning
Practice B
I
2
3
4
5
heen
Practice D
I happened 2 had totter -
Practice E
I Five years ago, the tno countries promised to work
togetherto establishpeacein the region.
2 The two motorcyclistshave just broken trafTicregulations bv going againstthe lights.
3 I haven'tmade up my mind yet about which coursesto
do in college.
4 Haven'tyou ever gone bungeejumping befbre?
5 We have never learnt rvhere our former colleaguesare
rvorking no.,v.
TENSE
5.5 PASTPERFECT
Practice A
I assembled
2 have srvorn
3 had alreadydestrol,ed
4 hadjust caught
5 havenever said
have
3 B,C
4 A,B
5 A,C
TENSES
AND PASTPERFECT
CONTINUOUS
5.6 PRESENT
PracticeA
6 have gone
I have shown
7 had been flouting
2 had been requesting
8 haveviolated
3 have been polishing
t had been asking
4 hadn't expected
lO har.ebeen appealing
5 had angered
Practice E
I The cost of the ne$rexpresswayu'ill be far more than the
council expected.
2 The companl,is going to increaseproductivity bv implementingmoderntrainingmethods.
Practice B
721
247
Practice B
I seeps
5 will take
2 will laugh
6 will hurt
3 will capsize
7 persists
4 will experience
Practice C
I . . . you will exposethem to danger.
2 . . . it will usuallystalka weak and helplessmember of the
herd.
3 . . . if she comeshome beforeher mother.
4 . . . if there is any sign of an enemy attack.
5 . . . unlesswe improve the entertainmentfacilitiesin the
town.
6 Ifthe dog is disobedient,. . .
7 T h e m a n a g ew
r i l l b e l ' u r i o u s. . .
B ... ifyou listenattentively.
I . . . you know that winter is approaching.
l0 Unlessthey give us some monev . . .
AND FUTUREPERFECT
5,8 FUTUREPERFECT
TENSES
CONTINUOUS
Practice A
I have broken
2 will have been waiting
3 sacrificed
4 will have alreadyrecelved
5 will have been staying
6 was shocked
7 u,'illhavebeen managing
8 hasjust gone
9 r.t'illhave been helping
l0 w.illbe submitting
Practice D
I The tree is leaning precariouslyto one side.If there is a
strongwind, it will fall on our rooftop.
2 The organisersof the games afternooon will wonder
what happenedto us unlesswe phone them to explain.
3 If you wish to continue with this discussion,you will
have to listen to our point of view.
4 If deforestationproceedsat the presentrate, it will have
an adverseeff'ecton the environment.
5 If we listen to the village elders,we will inherit a wealth
of knowledgefrom them.
Practice B
13457
Practice C
I had not heard
2 will have reached
3 will have been lecturing
4 will have occupied
5 have alreadyvisited
6 r,r'illhave agreed
7 ordered
B will have spoken
t havebeen constructing
l0 will have played
- SIMPTEPASTAND
5.IO CONDITIONALS
PASTPERFECT
TENSES
Practice A
136710
Practice B
I would have been
2 learned
3 would have told
4 would fight
5 rvere
6 would come
Practice D
I She will have been teaching in our school for twenty
yearsthis November.
2 Angelawill have alreadybecome the senior managerol
the bank by iune.
3 The monsoonshavebrought torrential rain and flooding
to the Indian subcontinent.
4 Our faces will have frozen in this cold by the time rve
reachthe cabin.
5 \Vhen we get home after the movie, everybody will have
alreadygone to bed.
Practice C
1 wouid have done
2 knew
3be
4 had worked
5 were
Practice E
I Miss Coiewill have been working as the executivesecretary to the director for five yearsby this March.
2 The salariescommission will meet next week. We will
have gatheredmore information about the expectedpay
rise by then.
3 The accountsdepartmentwill have alreadycheckedthe
figuresbeforesubmitting the reportsnext Monday.
4 The defencelawyershave requesteda postponementof
the trial until they get an expertmedical opinion.
5 The anti-vice squad had been waiting all night for their
man to give the signalbefore arrestingthe drugs syndicate.
Practice D
I would win 3 grt - ru*
JA
tA
6 A,C
3 B
7 would become
8 had woken
9 wouid not have
postponed
l0 hadn't appeared
6
7
B
9
l0
had noticed
Practice E
I IfTom had been here, he would have known what was
wrong with the car.
2 The distinguished visitors would be delighted if they
watched the tribal dances.
3 I wish I understoodthis problem.Then I would be ableto
help vou.
4 Sue might have remembered the password if you had
reminded her earlier.
- THE PRESENT
TENSE
5.9 CONDITIONATS
PracticeA
r B,C
B won'l
9 ends
l0 is
4 B,C
ID
248
Practice C
I rvereshaken
8 are sayng
3A,C
4B
4 is believed
9 shocked
Practice A
I A
6A
5B,C
7 was born
Practice D
I It is expectedthat new laws will be passedto curb drinkdrMng.
2 Sarah offered me a lift home as I didn't have my car.
3 Plansfor the new extensionwill be discussednext week.
4 Suggestionsfor improving the hotel's services r,vere
acceptedbv the manager.
5 The lawyer questionedthe two witnessesregardingthe
murder.
Practice E
It is generallythought that Angie is extremely good at
organisationand decision-making.Theseskillswereacquired
during her six years as a junior executiveat the firm. Her
sound decisionsand efficiencywerenoted by her bosses.She
was promoted to office manager in her seventhyear at the
firm. The officeis run rvith clockworkprecision.Problemsare
solvedquickly and iirmly. Sheis respectedby the rest of the
staff becauseof her fairness,warmth and honesty'.
4.2 ACTIVEAND PASSIVEVOICE
Practice A
4 A,C
3 B
I A,C 2 C
Practice B
I being criticise
2
3
4
5
carefullyisbeingarranged
are goingto organising
to be paid
beingtreat
5 A,B
2 B,C
3 B,C
Practice B
I has the velvetcushion
coversdry-cleaned
2 to write down
3 is reported
4 are said to havebegun
5 to be patient
6
7
8
9
l0
4 A,B
5 A,B,C
Practice C
We had our porch and living room renovatedlast month.
Dad's architect friend, James,was invited to redesign the
area. Tamesis said to be both innovative and bold in his
ideas.He was askedby Dad to createan informal settingfor
the living room. He did that by mergingthe porch and the living room using high Frenchdoors.Thesedavs,Dad has oiten
been seensitting inside the living room, enjoyingthe garden
right at our doorstep.
Practice D
I Bernard is thought to be capableof running his father's
factory.
2 The girls were askedby Sueto help her get all the invitations readv.
3 The air-conditioners in the bedrooms will have to be
cleanedas they arevery dusty.
4 We rvere told by the airline officials to wait fbr news of
t h e f l i g h tf r o m L o n d o n .
5 A nerv securitvsvstemhas had to be installedto protect
the office from break-ins.
6 A,C
Practice C
I to reward
2 to be posted
3 has finally agreed
4 have actuallybeendone
5 will definitelytell
6 has alreadybeen informed
7 being taken
B are to be recycled
I being invited / to be invited
l0 being disappointed/ to be disappointed
5 bought
6 are baking
7 had to tell
B leave
9 our
l0 not to put
Practice C
I The nurse told me to call back later becauseDr Sim was
not ln.
2 Petersaid to us, "Don't be late for rehearsalstomorrow."
3 The captain said that his team intended to win the challengetrophy for their school.
4 My science lecturer told me to pour the solution
carefulll, into a beaker.
5 The instructor told Louis to pay attention while he was
driving.
Practice D
I The hockey team wants to be given due recognitionfor
winning the inter-statetrophy.
2 I would like to apologisefor my latenesslast night.
3 Thesefine piecesofjewetlery are to be handed down to
your children when they are older.
Practice D
I Ienny said,"Theseflowersare from Holland."
249
6.r MODATS
Practice A
12s79
Practice B
I sent
2 have
3 be
4 compete
5 make
6 attending
7 been
Practice C
I must
7
I
2 should
I
3 mav have lefi
l0
4 could have fallen
5 need to lodge
6 should havebeen passedon
PracticeE
I Jacksaid that the rveatherwas reallybad.
2 W e n d vs a i dt h a ti t w a sr a i n i n gv e r l h a r d .
3 Jacksaidthat he rvasvery'"vorriedabout Luq'. Shehad to
drive home in the rain,
4 Wendv askediack to give l,ucy a call and tell her to wait
until the rair-rsubsided
B be
I carry
l0 cooperate
will be undergoing
must have hit
had better start
rvill be delivering
Practice D
2 Maggieand her sistercould be sitting in the front rorv.
3 The plot might have been exposed by a dissatisfied
member.
4 They ought to join the team-building activity tomorrow
mornlng.
5 The magazinewouid have selected the r,vinners of the
competition by nor'\..
6 MrAdams shouldbe given a thorough medical examinatlon at once.
6.2 MODATS
Practice A
I can not
2 shor,rldn't
expected
3 might havenot heard
4 r,r,.ouldn't
rvorking
5 oughtnottoparking
PracticeB
I shouldn't
2 n'ouldn't
3 can't
4 needto
Practice C
f "\Vh-vdon't they r'vantto go with us?"Sueasked.
2 "Doesyour father alwayscome home late?"Joansaid to
me.
3 David said to his grandfather,"Is Grandma going to take
more golf lessons?"
4 'Are vou taking part in the contest?"Miss Smith said.
5 Tom said,"\\'rhatsubjectdoesshe teach in college?"
6 shan't telling
7 may not look
B mustn'thave taken
9 couldn'tunderstood
l0 needn'tl,) leave
5 must
6 ought not to
/ snant
B could
9 r,vill
l0 should
Practice C
2 These reference books cannot be removed from the
libraryr
3 The tourists ought not to have been taken to that factory
by the tourist guide.
4 David may not be included in the lineup againstThe
Trojansbv our football club.
5 Sufficient evidence against the murder suspect might
n o t b e p r o d u c e dh V t h e p r o s e c u t i o n .
6 Your staircasecouldn't have been damagedby my workmen.
Practice D
I The lady askedStevehow far into the citv the commuter
train went.
2 Timmv askedme rvhy I had taken his bag.
3 The kennel owner askedMr Gopal ifthe dogs had been
well-behavedat the show.
'Are you r'vaitingto seeme?"
4 The doctor said,
5 The intervierversaid, "Do you have an-Yexperienceof
writing radio plays?"
Practice D
2 wouldn't surprised - rvouldn'tbe surprised
3 shouldn'thad let - shouldn'thave let
Practice E
2 The officer said to / askedStan,"Did you drink any alcohoi at the function?"
3 The officer saidto / askedStan,"What time did vou leave
the club?"
4 The officer said to / askedStan,"Wereyou speeding?"
J
The officer said to / asked Stan,"Did you see the other
car coming from the oppositedirection?"
The ofTicersaid to / askedStan,"\\hy didn't you swerve
to avoid the other car?"
4 needn'tto be stocked -
needn'tbe stocked
6-5 MODATS
Practice A
34569
250
Practice B
r A,B
Practice B
3 A,C
2 B,C
Practice C
I refer
2 dorvnload
3 be delayecl
4 be setting
5 have assisted
6
7
8
t
l0
4 I],C
5 A,R
have supported
be
be postponed
have bought
enjoying
r e m i n d i n g u s t o c l e a ru p t h e m e 5 \ i n t l r eg a r a g e
qtrhqerintinn
fppc
2 about, of
5 for, of
2 A,C
7.T PREPOSITIONS
Practice A
1,47810
PracticeC
I A,B
t h e i r n e i e h b o u r s 'l a c k o l c i r i c - c o n s c i o u s n c s s
Practice D
3 Shouldn't the rally participants have driven slorvlv on the
wet road?
4 Won't Sheila be dismayed by the lack of response to her
survey?
5 Couldn't Harry replace lim in the second half of the dqma'1
6 Might I make a simple suggestion at this point?
Practice B
I r,vith,in
4 of, from
3 A,C
PracticeC
3 I am annoyedat 1,ourtakingyour goodhealtl-rfor granted.
4 Charlesrvasupsetabout our not eniovingthe film he had
recommended.
5 The stafTassuredtheir ner,r,managerof their support and
lo_valty.
6 The farnilv r'vaspleased'"vithnrv attenrptsto find a job.
7 The rvoman complainedolher neighbour'sdifficult personalitv.
3 for, to
4 B,C
5 B,C
PracticeD
Anna : Lee,r'vhatare.voudoing at herelz
Rashid: The sarnereasonfor rvhl' vou're here,I think. Are
you attendingto the brieiing ibr the youtir
expeditionto Chile ?
Anna : Yes.Oh, isn't it greatbecauseof that rve'reboth
on the sameexpeditionlIt'll be an adventure,
don't vorr rhink?It'll be about lun to rvorkrvith
young peoplefiom difl'erentparts of the world
rvho will be part of the expeditiontoo.
Rashid: It's a challengeI lvouldn't want to miss out. We'd
be rvorkingon with communitiesin the interior
of Chile.
Anna : This rveeketrdtraining will be -,.eryusefulfor us, I
think.
Rashid: The organisersare supposedto familiariseus
with everything for n'e need to knorv about the
expedition.
Anna : It salrsin the proglamtnehere that r,r'e'llbe told
on the ruleslve haveto abide by during the
PracticeD
becauseI facedstiffcompetition(theothers.
l0
22
[4
E
rnrhnlo ewnerlitinn
Practice B
I B
2A
people.
: Wolr,! I hope he rvears his national costume or he
sings with the national anthem of his countrri.
Rashid : You do say the funniest things, Anna.
PracticeE
lof
2aI
3in
4 about
5 fbr
6 to / tor,vards
7 in
7.2 PREPOSITIONS
Practice A
2 A,C
3 B,C
r A,B
B into / inside
9 rvith
l0 rvith
4 B,C
4C
5B
6A,C
7R
Practice C
I Don't be late or we'1lmiss the opening number ol the
shorr'.
2 Colin presentedJoannervith a beautiiul cashmereiacket.
3 Those magnificent pine trees are part oi the Alpine
forests.
4 Shepassedrne copiesofthe annualreport.
5 Speaklouder becauseI can'theal rvhatyou're saying.
6 Nlakesure that vou don't upset the r'r'holetrav of cakes.
-l
7 akea deepbreathplease,so that I can checkyour lungs.
B All afternoon,we were helping ollt at the charity bazaar.
9 The fishermencleanedtheir catch for the day and dried
it in the sun.
l0 Those colourfully-dressedvoung men are members of
the state'sbasketballteam.
b"'^'o
Anna
3A,B,C
5 A,B
251
Practice D
I (Have to watch
subject
case.
6 They stood by the Red Sea, whose history they knew so
well.
adverbial
indirect
Practice D
12479
adverbial
verb
Practice E
I I am lucky to be a studentwhose parentshave a realistic
outlook on successat school.
2 They are peoplewhose expectationsI can meet without
stress.
3 I am alsofortunate to be in my school,whosepolicy is to
help everystudent progressat his or her own pace.
4 Free from tension, I find mvself discovering abilities
whose existenceI never realised.
5 I hope to become a person whose development is
balanced.
6 This will enableme to facea world whose challengesget
direct object
6 Post(forme...
verb
7 She(veryunreasonable...
subject
(Have to get . . .
Its Caesar'ssaladis (.
complement
indirect object
l0 ...andcashfor(.
Practice E
I Followthat carlWe mustn't lose sight of it.
2 Glen made severaleffortsto get in touch with us yesterday.
4 Youhavegot to show more understandingtowardsPeter.
You know he has to dealwith many problems.
5 Don't thank us for thesegifts.We think you deserveevery
one of them.
9.I RELATIVECLAUSES
Practice A
5 w;hich
1 were
6
2 ,which
,thatl
Practice B
IB
68
2A
7A
38
8A
Practice C
r B,C
2 A
3 A,B,C 4 B,C
Practice D
I who
2 which
3 that
4 that
4A.
98
5 which puzzle
6 ,who
7 that
3lJ
r0B
5 A,C
3 A,C
8 he
9 who
l0 the
4 A,ts,C
8 whose
9 , whose
l0 which
6
7
8
I
l0
who wanted
which
which
that
who are
Practice C
245810
Practice D
2 The Statuesque,which is a five-starhotel, offers special
ratesfor senior citizens.
3 One of the parties that signed the contract has been
arrested.
4 Their leader,who they all revere,is seriouslyill.
5 Youngsterswho feel neglected are iikely to get into
trouble.
6 Your departure,which nobody expected,saddenedus
all.
Practice E
2 The article is about my grandmother,who spoke up for
women's rights.
3 You are merely talking about toierance, which you
should practise.
4 The baby who i that my cousins have adopted looks
increasingiylike me.
5A
Practice C
2 We have bungled the experimentwhose successis vital
to our future.
3 Lisa entered the Horizon Hotel, whose lobby was
crowdedwith cameramen.
5 whose
6 that
7 whose range
Practice B
I that bear
2 which wereoncegreen
look parchednow
3 ,is
4 who
5 that they hatched
CTAUSES
9.2 RETATIVE
Practice A
145710
2 A,B
l^,,
udy.
9.5 RELATIVECTAUSES
Practice A
2 The vacation (which) i took made me feel better.
5 The reporters (who) the principal brief'ed want more
information.
8 The principles (which) we hold help us make sensible
decisions.
l0 Friends(thao you can trust fully are valuable.
ll The clown (who) the children love wili perform again
tonight.
Practice E
2 The sports committee congratulatedthe athletes rvho
had won gold and silvermedals.
3 The doctor prescribed a new tranquiliser that did not
agreewith me.
4 We must find a guide who has been there many times.
5 MrThomas is a teacherwho can hold us spellboundwith
his stories.
6 She poured tea into the little cups which were made of
fine porcelain.
Practice B
r B,C
^^^L
cdLtl
Practice F
I , whose
2 whose
3who
4 whose
8 which
9 , which we
10 which
7 ,who
3 ,that
4 had
L^-r^lldtucl
252
Practice D
I The dessertwas a disasterbecauseI forgot the sugar.
2 Sheis often misunderstoodsinceshe has a gruff manner
of speaking.
3 I felt embarrassedbecausethey praisedme too highlv.
4 You must act fast as time is running out.
5 You rvill need your cardigan becausethe night is verl'
cold.
Practice E
2 Since their kitchen was dirtv, thev received a
complaint.
3 As thoseornamentsarefiagile,I daren'teventouch them.
4 Smokingshould be avoidedsince it is harmful.
5 Becauseher father had delicatehealth, she was protective of him.
6 Shespent a lot of time in the room as it was comfortable.
Practice F
You have no idea how boring it can be since you haven't
been to my'sunny paradise'.The climate depressesme as the
only changeis from hot and dry to hot and wet. I preferyour
temperate climate becausethe four seasonsgive variery to
life. I can make a fair comparisonas I've lived in both countries. I even enjoyedyour worst winters since they made the
prospectof spring doubly deiightful.
IO.2 ADVERBIATCTAUSES
Practice A
I Although Adam is only two, he enjoysspicy curries.
the oppositeeffect.
A flrm bed is good for -vourback althougha soft one feels
more luxurious.
l 0 \Vhile he is a good manager,he is sometimesoverzealous
in trying to improve the quality of work.
5 it's because
Practice B
I but she
2 cal]
3 seldom
8 enjoyed
l0 dislike
5 never
6he
7 common
8 smart
9 delight
l0 supported
4 sol
Practice C
I because
2 . tough
3 r'll
4 because
5ls
7 since
8 known
9 realistic
l0 less
6 but all
Practice C
2 \.Vhilehe is a martial arts expert,he has a scholarlyair.
3 Eventhough she actswell, she prefersnriting scripts.
4 The necklaceis exquisitealthough it was designedin a
hurry.
5 Although long hair looks glamorous, this short cut is
more practical.
6 Many of us don't drink enough water even though it is
essentialfor health.
9 wont
6 always
/ sone
4 shy
253
Practice D
I A,C
2 A,B
3 B,C
4 A,B
Practice E
2 Anna rvas listening to music nhile she rvaswaiting for
her friends to arrive. / Anna listenedto music while she
r v a i t e df o r h e r i r i e n d :t o a r r i v e .
3 The tlvo armed men jumped off the train asit enteredthe
railrvaystation./ The two armedmen jurnpedofTthetrain
as it rvasenteringthe railwaystation.
4 Sincethe stock market recovered,his financial situation
has improved.
5 The children rushed into the house nhen their mother
calledthem to have dinner.
6 For a moment Jim slipped ashe was climbing up the ladder but he managedto steadyhimself. / For a moment
lim slipped as he climbed up the ladder but he managed
to steadyhimself.
5 A,C
Practice E
2 \\hile it is a double room, it isn't bigger than the single
roomsin other hotels.
3 Although she'swearing high-heeledshoes,she'srvalking
steadily.
4 Thoughthe sun \\rasscorching,we went outdoorsunprotected.
5 Eventhough,youare the president'sson, you must obev
the rules.
6 Although I rvasver-ylate, they acceptedrny apology
Practice F
Many women manage rvell though the1,have to juggle
career ancl family responsibilities.\Vhile some newspaper
articleshave attributed juvenile problemsto r'vorkingmothers,this allegationis unfair. Accordingto surveYs,teenagers
at
can be troubled even though their mothers are ahva-Ys
home. A close relationship can be maintained between a
mother and her teenagechildren although she is at work for
part of the da,v.Though she can't be rvith them for hours on
end, she can give them quality time evervda\'.
Practice F
I SinceKategraduated,her friendshave been urging her
to dressbetter.Right through university,she wore baggy1'shirts and faded jeans 2 rvhile her fellow-students
her helPful friends are
@
putting togetheran outfit to impressher interviewers.Kate
IO.5 ADVERBIATCTAUSES
PracticeA
I Since he installed his nen'telephone, he has received
IO.4 ADVERBIATCLAUSES
Practice A
3 In order that Jim can find his wa-yeasill'in'e sent him a
2A
7A
38
8B
Practice C
I The police tailed the
film star.
48
9A
Practice B
I that
2 might
3is
4 plugged
5A
TOB
PracticeD
I will
2 so that
3 so cunning
4 in order that
f a n s r rh i l e t h e y s t a l k e d t h e
'l'he
6 that
/ acteo
B would
I that
lO am
5 so
6 could
7 can launch
B might
I so that
l0 so
\Vltl
Practice C
24578
@.
Practice E
2 The rveatherforecastrvas so alarming that I postponed
the trip.
3 You must build up her confidenceso that she rvon't be
a f r a i dt o s p e a ki n p u h l i c .
4 In order that the plants might flourish, they used special
fertilisers.
5 You have arranged the flowers so expefilv that everyone
is amazed.
life became
easier.
5 Since its ancient splendour -'vasrestored,tourists have
flockedto the castle.
Practice D
146710
254
Practice D
2 They are living thoughtlesslv as if there rvere no tomorro\rr
Practice F
Some people start to learn a foreign language in order
that the]'mav experience something ne$'. Others think about
learning anothcr language so they can have a more interesting time r'vhen travelling abroad. They keep studying and listening to CDs, so that they soon can communicate simple
ideas. Often they become so interested that they join a club
where they can practice the language in a social setting. In
order to become fluent, it is necessary to be rvith native
speakers but all practice is usefll.
She plays the violin like / as/ the rvay her grandmother
di(t.
4 It is raining as if / as though it r'r,ould never stop.
3
PracticeB
I Should
2 doesn't
3 cared
4 might
PracticeC
I is
2 should
3 be
4 r,r,illcontinue
5 you've
6 feel
/
nao nacl
5 if
6 give
7 l'r'orks
B rvould
t have given
r0 if
8 raining
9 cooked
l0 were
like'"vhat
the way
7 like hor,v
l0
burst
Youth.
6 You act as if vou kner,v the ans\\rers to all these political
problems.
II.I
nao
6is
/ \\'oulo
nave
6 has
/oe
I0,6 ADVERBIATCTAUSES
Practice A
5 like
I r'vould
6as
2as
7 as though
3 the way
4 could
5
llKe
6do
/
aslr
R E P O R T E DC T A U S E S
Practice A
I A,B,C
PracticeB
I resign
2 are
3if
4 \Aremay
Practice B
las
2 had
3 the way
4 were
6is
Practice F
2 The machine is not functioning as it should be.
3 Our top sprinter runs as though his feet had rvingls.
4 They want to go on protecting her as they have alr'vays
done.
5 I'r.e learnt not to be thoughtless the rvay I r'r'as in my
Practice F
I had
2 Should
3if
4 were
5 as what
2be
4 have
Practice D
2 If you werecommitted to the idea,you rvould not behave
in this rvay.
3 We could have imported more carsif rvehad anticipated
the demand.
Practice E
I could
2 tell
3 Should
4 sa-y
IECI
2 B,C
3 A,C
4 B,C
5 A
6 had
/oe
B r'r4rether
9 he r,r'ould
l0 thosediamondsare
Practice C
B had been
9be
l0 remain
Practice D
2 All his friends reminded irim that the future is unpredictable.
3 I suggestthat your sistertake i should take a long holida,v.
4 You must firrd out whether or not vou've been
immunised. / You must find out if / r'r'hetheryou'r,ebeen
immunised.
5 The millionaire agreesthat richesdon't guaranteehappi-
B can / may
t have
l0 could
NESS.
8 the wav
9 rvere
l0 like
8 was
9 could
r0 did
Practice C
24578
255
Practice D
2 Matthew recommendedthat Katy apply for a scholarship
sinceher exam resultsare outstanding.
3 The police commlssionercommanded that his policernen arrestall those breakingthe curfew
4 The speakersaid it is vital that we understandwhat drug
addiction can lead to.
5 Larrv askedthat Stevenassisthim in the project.
6 Katy suggestedthat they hold the wedding receptionby
the poolside.
AND CONDITIONAT
CLAUSES
I I.4 REPORTED
CTAUSES
Practice A
5 be separated
I not ignore
I be read out
6 not delay
I be treated
2be
l0 not be let off
7 not consider
3 not neglect
4 be protected
(time)
(manner)
(place)
(personJ
Practice B
Ibe
2 were
3 not be scheduled
4 should
5 be given
(reason)
Practice C
I built -
l0 not adjourned -
Practice E
I how
2 I will
3 which
5 how
6 rvhich
7 we are
4 I should
5 whose is
6 why
B which one
I the hamper was
l0 whose
7 where
I what
9 what
l0 I can
CTAUSES
IT.5 REPORTED
Practice A
146
Practice C
I A,C
2 B,C
5 to stop
6 spend
7 respect
3 A,B,C 4 A
not be adjourned
I2.I AD'ECTIVALPHRASES
Practice A
I Sheis staringat the photo on her table again.
Practice F
2 He likes to mention who he knorvsin high places.
3 Shetried to explainwhat she meant by those rvords.
going to win the championshipat
4 They can predictr,vho's
this stage.
5 I understandwhy 1,oufeel sad.
6 We can demonstrateto vou rvhich method is the better of
the t!vo.
Practice B
I subscribe
2 to extend
3 would survive
4do
not prevail
Practice D
2 John requestedthat we not tell Betty about the present
he had bought fbr her.
3 Our neighbours suggestedthat lve pay half the cost of
the wall betweenour houses.
4 It is important that the fine print in legal documentsbe
read carefully.
5 I wish Mr Lee were our neighbour becausehe is so
understanding.
6 Jessiebeggedthat she not be required to give a speech
beforethe largeaudience.
Practice C
13489
Practice D
I what
2why
3 whose
4 he will
be obeyed
not make
were
not dump
be highlighted
would
build
3 obeyed Practice B
I have you
2 what
3 who's
4 how
6
/
8
9
l0
B to return
9be
l0 should abide
D,
I-
256
Practice F
I appearing
2 offer
3 burled
4 spent
Practice C
t4s69
Practice D
I This famousmagicianhas performedfeats(.
2 The difficulties(before her final triumph.
@
@
@
@
@
Practice E
lis
2 from
3 without
4on
bln
6 r,r,ith
7 between
B for
9to
lo by
Practice F
2 If the ambassadorand his wif'ecome,there must be perfect behaviourin their Presence.
3 Hit songs from old musicals are becoming popular
agaln.
4 This movie is not recommendedfor viewersbelow 18.
5 The enormousladv in front of me blocked my view.
6 Sherealisedthe kindnessbehnd his gruff manner.
Practice B
I They havea futurebright with promise.
2 We saw faces alive with interest.
3 Managersadept at motivating people are needed.
4 We'll choosea place closeto you.
5 Studentskeento join our iungle expeditionmust register
by tomorrow.
Practice C
I A,C
Practice D
1 proud
2 is
3 need
2 A,B
3 B,C
4 beautiful
5 easy
6 are
4 A,I',U
C U
9 sickness
7 eves
B requires l0 painful
Practice E
2 Shetouched a foreheadclammy with cold sweat.
3 We enteredrooms bare of furniture.
4 A boy thoughtlessduring childhood may become a fine
man.
5 A pet sure of its master'slove is full of energy.
6 I watched a tailor busy at work.
green with
I0 Childrer-r
eagerto learn are a delight to teach.
I2.2 ADIECTIVATPHRASES
I The workers evacuatingthe flood victims are vollrnteers
fromthecoffi
2 The visitorstaken to seethe sightswere unimpressed.
Practice D
I hiring
2 rated.
3 have
4 shaken
B knowrr
I is
lo keeping
5 becoming
6 deemed
7 recommending
Practice F
I eager
2 responsible
3 different
4 full
B overprotected
9 sinking
l0 who'sdone
5 was
6 free
/ls
B dependent
9 certain
l0 were
I3.I ADVERBIATPHRASES
Practice A
I Our report was commendedfor its accuracy.
Practice E
2 Shelooked disdainfullyat the youth approachingher.
3 Overseasstudentsyearning for home need help to deal
with the loneliness.
4 The person chosenfor the post is very experienced.
257
childhood,
he
is very compassionate.
I
much admired.
PracticeB
5
r
2
l0
Practice C
I becauseof
2 his courtesy
3 his
4 its
l0
5 poor
6 thc good
7 behaviour
B failure
I their
l0 terror
Practice B
I In order not to go bankrupt, they're cutting costs drastically.
2 He'll try to persuade everybody to vote fbr him in the
'Most
Popular Resident' contest.
3 Wed better tell the truth so as not to prolong the suspense.
4 To develop a child's self-esteem, parents should not be
afraid to provide cirallenges.
5 He keeps quiet most of the time in order to avoid arguing
with his roommate.
Practice D
2 lle is dislikedbv some for his refusalto contbrm.
3 The universeis bevond our graspbecauseol its awesome
VAStNCSS,
4 For the beaut.v of its lyrics, the song stayed at the top of
t h c r ' h a r t sf o r l 0 r r e e k s
5 Because of a sillv misunderstanding, rve lost contact tbr
years.
6 The entire platoon was punished fbr its slor,vnessto obey
orders.
Practice E
I A,B
Practice C
13469
2 A,C
3 B,C
4 A,B
PracticeD
I put
2 galvanise
3 to seem
4 not to
5 B,C
Practice F
2 Becauseof her performed outstandinglyin sports,Asha
r'r,onthe title'CollegeSportsStar'.- Becauseof her outstanding performance itt sports, Asha r'von the title
'College
SportsStar'.
'BestSpeaker'title r'ventto Farafor a brilliance of her
3 The
debating.- ]'he'Best Speaker'title went to Farafor the
5 get
6 ensure
/ nelp
B not to
9 run
l0 so as not
Practice E
2 You are sayingthesethings to humour me.
3 In order not to be outdone, she'sattempting the highest
p e a kr rh e n w e g o m o u n t a i n - c l i m b i n g , .
4 To let Susanknor,r,when I'll be back, I left a note on the
refrigeratordoor.
5 Ben stood still, hardly daring to breathe in order not
awakenthe sleepingtiger.
6 So as not to fbrgetimportant dates,Nancy alwayscarries
a notebookwith her.
Practice F
One involvedimagining the peopleshewas shy of in their
pvjamas so as to lose her awe of them. Unfortunately,this
made her evenmore nervolls and she hastily reclothedthem
in proper clothes to restore her conposure. Another technique was rather more successful.In order not to be tonguetied, she asked people questions about themselves,their
farnilies,schoolsor jobs, hobbies, favourite colours and so
on. The people respondedhappily but she had to keep on
asking them questions so as not to give them a cirance to
questionher back.To cope r,viththis need,Diana corrrpileda
list of questions long enough to qualify fbr the Guinness
Book of World Records.
other students.
6 I'his unexpected appreciate almost made Lisa cry.
- This unexpected appreciationalmost made Lisa cr1.
I5.2 ADVERBIALPHRASES
Practice A
the minister
I To heighten environmental ar'vareness,
suggestedlaunching a publicity campaign.
2 M1,uncle is savingas much money as he can in order to
retire in comfbrt.
258
T5,5 ADVERBIALPHRASES
Practice A
I The demonstratorsrefused to disperse,leaving the
police no choicebut to arrestthem.
successlul.
6 lVe had a brief problem before landing safel-vin Madrid.
7 After graduating from college, he set up a business.
drawing a large
2 The lecture had been r,vell-advertised,
cror'rd.
us,
making up
l0
four-
Practice B
I being gored
2 loiterirg
3 complimented
4 catching
3 A,C
4 A,B
5 A,C
acilon .
6 \\'hile investigating the disappearance of the rnillionaire,
the inspector hirnself vanished.
PracticeC
236910
Practice D
I toppied
2 hencecausing
3 make
B committing
t hurried
l0 sending
Practice D
2 When used as an excuse, a headache sometimes
becomes real.
3 Aller analysing al] our tactical errors, lve ntade a ner'r'
plan.
4 FIe rvorked seven days a lveek r'rhile being prepared fbr
the top job.
5 We are giving him a last chance before takino loo'l
2 B,C,
5 mastering
6 handling
7 keying
Practice C
23589
Practice B
I A,B
A d a l o o k sc h i c a f t e rh a v i n g h e r h a i r s t l l e d .
Practice E
2 The princess n'as smiling and waving rvhile passing by in
her chaufleured limousine.
3 After pursuing his dream for years, he suddenly lost
interest.
4 She rvanted to see her son before going on a long
journel'.
B upsets
5 break
6 rvorked
7 poverty
I eaten
[0 nleets
4 thereforeresulting
Practice E
2 Their attempts at coveringup were useless,resulting in
ugly paintwork.
3 Those opal earrings suit her, enhancing irer delicate
beauty.
4 The idea of the trlp rvassuggestedlast night, delighting
the youngsters,.
5 He kept losing at cards,ending up with nothit-tg.
'Ihis
morning'sexertionlvastoo much fbr him, triggering
6
a bad headache.
Practice F
Driving a car can changea person,making a monster out
of a man or woman. It exposesyou to spicylanguage,rvidening your vocabulary greatly. Soon you are an expert at
exchangingirrsults, shocking family and friends travelling
with you.Youcannot bear to be overtaken,often breakingthe
speed limit to even the score. After some time, you Ina-v
realisethe lunacy of it all, revertingto your saneself.You start
to drive sensibl-vlearningto return rudenessrvith courtesy.
I5.4 ADVERBIALPHRASES
Practice A
I While travelling in Africa, we took some splendid
pictures.
to help me.
2 Shelet me dorvnbadly after promisir-rg
3 He sho'"vedto f'"u, ouh". tht"ut"."d
Practice B
2 She did not fancy sunbathing on such a crorvded beach.
3 I beg you to give this plan a second chance.
4 He must not let this shatter his confldence in his abilitlr
5 We saw the barrels rolling dorvnhill that da1'.
6 The boy n ants to be tutored by that particular teache r.
259
Practice C
I togo
2 make
3 teaching
4 to control
5 worrying
6be
7 following
B face
9 to blind
l0 dressing
Practice F
She alwaysseemedto be worried even when my fiiends
insistedon seeingme safelyhome after extrascienceclasses.
One night, when my family was away at a wedding, the lady
next door sawwhat must have appearedto be thieveshiding
in my backyard. She hurried over to check. She looked
ratherdisappointedwhen the burglaryturned out to be three
schoolgirlsorganising'OperationCatch Toads'for the next
day'sbiology class.
Practice D
13478
Practice E
2 We saw him flinching at the sight of the letter.
3 Somepeoplervon'teventrv to understandhow to usethe
Internet.
'l'he
neighboursoften hear her talk to her plants.
4
5 At his birth, his parentsstartedsavingfor his education.
6 I don't \\rantyou to sacrificeyour fiee time for this project.
Practice F
Sheaskedto speakto the chief administrator and began
to explainshervaswilling to work asa volunteerto gain experience.He listenedfor a while and then told her the hospital
had a vacancyfor a traineeand she onl-vneededto apply.She
felt herselfskippingwith delight as she ran to tell her fiiends
and she startedto write her applicationletter that afternoon.
Practice C
I A,B
Practice D
I helps
2 is not
3 has
3 have
4 was
71n
5 not
6 loves
B appear
3 A.C
4 will be
5 remains
6 lvas a
4 A,B
7 seems
I maybe
5 A,C
9 bores
l0 was
Practice E
2 CollectingAsian proverbswas my late uncle'spastime.
3 To make money was once his reasonfor living.
4 Facingtheir disapprovaldoesn'tfrighten her in the least.
5 To help the community develophas been / had been our
concernall theseyears.
6 To go on doing this is / will be sheerrr.asteof time.
PracticeF
4 had
I been
2 turned
5 prepared
3 Groning 6 see
Practice B
2 Gradually they came to understand the culture of the
country.
3 She charmed them into revealinga number of interestrng secrets.
4 You don't appearto care about your club'sfuture.
5 He is not aboveusing all his savingson a party.
6 We soon gave up fantasiesof being knights in shining
armour.
Practice C
I nursing
2 fbrgotten
2 B,C
7 bring
B was
I5.I SENTENCE
STRUCTURE
PracticeA
2 ( r , 2 ) 3 ( 2 ,r )
4 (r,2)
I hugging
l0 kissing
5 (r,2) 6 (r,2)
PracticeB
I lhe sunrisedidn't interestthem and neither did the sunset.
2 You either stop wastingtime or go straighthome.
3 The dressmay neither fit her nor suit her.
4 That grandfatherclock either stops or goesreally fast.
5 Our parent company has not made any profit this year
and neither have our subsidiaries.
9in
l0 have
Practice D
24579
Practice C
I This pieceof newswill either make you pleasedor (make
you) angry
2 I wouldn't deceive anyone and neither would you
(deceiveanyone).
Practice E
2 He',vonthe boys' confidenceby treatingthem as adults.
3 The root of her troublesrvashaving a very bad memory.
260
3 Beside, she liked Nita although she hardly talked. Besides,she liked Nita although she hardly talked.
4 Beside,Nita was really a nice girl. - Besides,Nita was
reallya nice girl.
5 As the result, she became quite popular. - As a result,
Practice D
2 Either he works reasonablehours or his health suffers./
He either works reasonablehours or his health suffers.
3 They aren'tpreparedand I'm not either.
4 We shouldn't be difficult and they shouldn't be either.
5 My parents don't like my music and neither do I enjoy
their old tunes.
6 Either the hotel managerdidn't understandmy instructions or the receptionistis forgetful.
Practice E
I plunge
2 did
3 join
4 nor
5 either
6 neither
7 would
B either
I5.5 SENTENCE
STRUCTURE
Practice A
I At last
4 Thirdly
7 Next,
2 Firstly
5 At firsr
I Firstly,
3 After
6 Lastly
Practice B
I A,B 2 B,C
I bother
l0 nor
Practice F
2 B : Either a fireman or a neighbourrescuedthe baby.
3 B : The dialogueis not / isn't convincing and neither is
the acting.
4 B : Your son will either do well or perhapsperform brilliantly.
5 B : The soldiers did not / didn't know an1'thingabout
the terrain and the officersdidn't either.
6 B : Your friends shouldn'twastetime and you shouldn't
either.
STRUCTURE
I5.2 SENTENCE
Practice A
3 B,C
2 B,D
I A,D
4 A,B
Practice D
2 1,3
5 Besides
6 As a result
7 Moreover
3 2,7
4 2,1
5 C,D
8 Besides
I Moreover
l0 As a result
5 r,3
4 A,C
5 B
6 B
Practice C
I At last
2 After that,
3 Secondly,
4 Firstly,
5 At last
6 Then,
7 At firsl
8 Third,
I After that,
l0 At last
Practice D
I Firstly,
2 Secondly,
3 Firstly,
4 Next,
5 lnen
6 Lastly
7 At firsl
8 Then
I After that,
l0 At last
Practice E
I To make banana fritters, you need to buy some fresh
bananas.Then, you peel the bananas.Next, coat them
with flour. Finall,v,fry them.
2 At first, he ordered mushroom soup. After that, he
changed his mind and said he wanted tomato soup.
Finally,he settledfor chickensoup.
3 First,shampooyour hair. Then, rinse it. After that, dry it.
Lastly,comb it.
4 First, wash the towels. Then, hang them up to dry.
Finally, fold them.
5 First,Iack looks at the cartoonsin the newspaper.Then,
i After that, he reads the spofis pages.Lastly,he scans
the front page news.
Practice B
23789
Practice C
I As a result
2 Besides
3 As a result
4 Moreover
3 A,C
I After
l0 Atlast
Practice F
2 Firstly,read the passage.After that, jot dornnthe important points Lastly,use the points to write a summary of
the passage.
3 At first I kept failing my driving test.Then, I passedit on
my fourth attempt.At last I could drive around town.
4 First, Dad had the flu. Then, Mum caught it from him.
Finally, the whole family was ill.
5 First, switch off the electricity.Then, change the bulb.
Lastly,switch on the electricity to check the new bulb
6 Firstlv I cleanedthe cut on my finger.Afterthat, I applied
some ointment on it. Lastly,I put a plasterover it.
6 3,1
Practice E
I The room wascrowded.Besides,the air-conditioningwas
not working. As a result, we were very uncomfortable.
2 Some picknickers litter the beaches.As a result, the
beachesare dirty and unattractive. Moreover,our country
getsa bad name.
3 This airline has a good safety record. Besides,it offers
excellentservice.As a result,it is very popular.
4 The neighbourhood is very noisy.As a result, the residents' hearing may be affected.Moreover,they become
nervousand irritable.
5 I did not join them for the movie.Besides,I had read the
book. Moreover,the reviewswere no good.
I6 CHANGINGWORDORDER
Practice A
1369i0
Practice F
I Somemore shewas from another country and shewas a
shy girl. r Moreover,she was fiom another country and
she was a shy girl.
2 As the result, she was very unhappy. - As a result, she
Practice B
2 Seldom is an author'sfirst novel acceptedby this publisher.
3 If this strategyshould fail, wed haveto give up.
261
Practice F
I made
2 teenager
3 fortunate and lucky
4 partlcipants
agaln.
Practice C
I would i
2 Should
3 had she
4 doeshe open
5 secretr'vorrv
5 they expect
6 Were
7 ger
B Had
9 she were
l0 he be
23s89
Practice E
2 Wereit just a question of courage,you d r'vin.
3 If I had controlled my temper,I would havewon the match.
4 A woman rarely reachesthe top rung of the corporate
ladder.
5 Neverwould they be able to go sailingagain.
6 Shouldhe find the treasure,he d definitelytell the police.
I8 REFERENCE
Practice A
I they
4 They
2 ir
5 rheir
Practice F
2 (a) No soonerdid I step / No soonerhad I stepped
(b) I no soonerstepped
(b) If I had knor'ur
3 (a) Had I knon'n
(b) I seldom got
4 (a) Seldomdid I get
(b) if I were
5 (a) WereI
6 (a) rarelvdoesa da1,pass (b) a day rarelypasses
3 these
ssial
Practice C
I talk
2 Iire
3 lost
4 out
8 surrendered
9 delayed
l0 troops
5go
6 child
8 agreed
I plummeted
l0 pass
tjYlllub
7 us
B those
I them
l0 its
6 those
Practice B
I it - an educationfair
2 that thriller - HouseofWax
3 it - the site of an old disr-rsed
mining pool
4 This - he (John)was not coming to work
5 they - Members olthe public
6 those * a facialrvash,a toner and a moisturiser
7 This - lenniieris goingto marrySteveinamonth'stime.
B It - the problem had disappeared
9 she - our neighbour
l0 thesethings - I am studying fbr an exam so ,vouneed
to lorver the volume of your music.
\t4ren vou don't do your choresproperly,
Mum getsme to finish your work. That's
not lair.
PracticeC
IA
2A
38
4A
58
17 REDUNDANCY
Practice A
2 We walked all the way there e+Jeet.
3 You are behavinglike ae++*flunatic.
4 The pearl diver plunged de.'+r+into the sea.
5 Shege+Cycoaxedher little son to finish his porridge.
6 A car hurtled dorvn the road a|+e,{{pd.
7 Your sister r,villgrow up to be a gerlpeus beauty.
8 SoonYoshikowill be returning baek to Japan.
9 The fire razed the planetarium ffr?ltly.
l 0 T h e p r i c e so f g o o d sa r es o a r i n g c p .
ll I've finished my assignmentbut I may have to redo it
5 corpses
6 man
7 Speaking
ln a rage
childishly chubby
noticedjoyfully
totally transformed
added extra
unfortunatelyhated
Practice G
I Lady : Don't look now but the woman in dark glasses
alone at that table is a celebrity.
2 Friend: Actuallv I spotted her when she entered the
restaurant.i I spottedher when she enteredthe
restaurant,in fact.
3 Lady : \t\hy did you keep quiet? / \tVhy didn't lrou say
an1'thing?
4 Friend : I always f'eel sorry fbr stars trying to escape
from their fans.
5 Lady : Okay,rve'llleaveher alone to enjoy her meal. /
1,vs'11
let her enjoy her meal undisturbed.
Oka1,,
Practice D
PracticeB
I entered
2 went
3 dived
4 young
6
7
B
9
l0
Practice D
2 1]19!q - the many outstanding speakers
3 That speaker - a law lecturer
4 this - "If your father committed a murder and he confessedthe crime to you, i'vhatwould -voudo?"
5 that - the very difficult question
6 these - I r'vouldlisten to him. I would hold his hand.
I',vouldput my arms around him. I would even
cry with him
7 him - the lawl'er's tather
8 the crime - the murder
9 it * His answer
Practice D
2568I0
Practice E
2 The bullets could not penetratethesewalls.
3 Without sheddinga tear,she walked through the departure gate. / She walked dry-eyedthrough the departure
gare.
4 The rich old man is known to be a miser.
5 Feelingmiserable,I lay staringat the ceiling. / I lay staring unhappily at the ceiling.
6 Carlwas overjoyedto hear ofyour success.
TESTI
A
I
2
4
5
6
262
remember
didn't take note
must flnd
wearing
has been rvatching
/
l0
I2
l3
l4
neeo
to retrace
located
noticed
taken
B
I SEEtnS
2 is
has been building up
4 incnireq
J
\,VAS
6 are wiiling
I
B
9
l0
are
was written
receive
focuses
aPrt nn
qrfrrrrir\/?"
C
2
3
4
5
6
7
B
9
l0
II
t2
had declined
had alreadymade up
usedto often go
did not loresee
ivill be
had been trudging
had not been
was drenched
squinted
rvas slorvly moving
haven'ttaken
l3
14
15
l6
l7
18
I
2
3
4
ached
was parched
wouldn't have been
indicated
was heading
was jammed / had
jammed
2A
l9 didn't I see
20 were rvaving
2l had decided
3B
4A
5B
D
I The dog is usually taken out in the evening for a long
r,valkby one of us.
behaviourthoroughly shockedus.
2 The group'sror'vd,v
3 Traditional methods of weaving and dyeing have been
practisedbv the women of that community for hundreds
of years.
4 The renovationsto the house will have been completed
byWilson just befbreChristmas./ The renovationsto the
houservill havebeen completedjust belore Christmasbv
Wilson.
5 The red van was being tailed all the way from the airport
by a police car and a helicopter.
TEST5
A
I Sam has charisma and he'svely helpful. ( He is very
popular in school.
2 Canrvetake a cab there?The bus ride is terribly bumpy.
( f feeta little un."vell.
TEST2
A
I
2
3
4
5
o u g h tn o t t o b e d i v u l g i n g
be sei,vn
might resort
Could they be waiting
should have been raised
Ther'
- l post their entn' forms to our office or hand them
in personally.
/\'
t4
I A
6 A
I to strike
2 Winning
3 IS
4 causing
28
78
5 deprived
6 on
7 being made
3 A
I C
8 To leave
9 teeming
l0 to relinquish
4C
9B
5B
lOC
D
I Often wished he
4 Had
5 Will never
2 A riot had
3 we do
C
E
IA
263
2C
3B
4A
5C
F
I they - iohn and Janice
2 that - the ability to be discerning.
3 this -- You dislike Monica yet you spend a lot of time
with her.
4 those - cheesetartlets
5 it - RisingRoar
D
A few weeks ago, g f.r.nd r,vhowas in that choir asked
me I was interested in a1gqnlon. - A few weeks ago, a
friend who was in that choir askedme if / whether I was
interestedin a reunion.
z IL" rylt !gy, t 99.t4!q to have copies made of the
photograph because of they ryogld b9 gq9! to give as
preslnls qt lbg Ieqqlon. - The next day, I decided to
havecopiesmade of the photographbecausethey would
I
TEST4
A
I from
2 importance
3I
4 their
5 college
6 when
7 live I lead / have
Bto
9am
l0 that
B
rB
2A
3A
4A
5C
6B
7A
BB
9B
IOA
IIC
I2B
13c
14A
l5c
16B
t7A
r8B
r9C
201'
c
I The motivation coursewhich they attended has proved
to be effective.
2 His fingerstrembled as he signedthe contract.
3 \Aihenour projectwill be completedis the big question.
4 I can'timagine where you got that silly idea from.
5 Should he lose everl,thing tomorrow he wouid start
afresh cheerfully.
TEST6
A
I book/novel
2is
3in
4of
8is
9 and
l0in
B
IC
5A
9C
13A
17A
'A
6A
t0B
tl A
t2c
14B
IBB
l5c
t6A
l9B
208
3C
4B
TEST5
A
8A
C
I this
9 about
lObe
5 watching
6 were
71
Ito
2 early
3 for
4 should
B
rB
2A
38
4C
sto
6 reaches
7he
5A
6C
78
8A
9C
l0B
tl B
t2c
13A
14c
15B
16c
5 she is charming
17B
l8A
r9c
I
2
3
4
201'
c
Yesterday,I looked at some photographs in a very old
album. Seeingmv parents as collegestudentswas a revela-
264