Grammar and composition course for BBA,B.COM,BSCS,BSIT,CSS,PCS

Grammar and composition course for BBA,B.
COM,BSCS,BSIT,CSS,PCS
CLAUSE AND ITS TYPES
Clause

“A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a predicate”
For example, he laughed.

A clause refers to a group of
related words (within a sentence or itself as an
independent sentence)
which has both subject and predicate.
Example
I will
meet him in office.
The part of above sentence “I will meet him” is a clause because it has a
subject(I) and a predicate(will meet him). On the other hand, the rest
part of
above sentence “in office” lacks both subject and predicate(verb) such
group of
word is called phrase.
A clause may stand as a simple
sentence or may join another clause to make a
sentence. Therefore, a sentence
consists of one, two or more clauses.
Examples.
•
He is sleeping. (one
clause)
• The kids were laughing

at the
joker. (one
clause)
• The teacher asked a

question, but no one answered. (two clauses)
• I am happy, because

I won a prize. (two
clauses)
• I like Mathematics, but

my brother likes Biology,
because he
wants to become a doctor.
(three clauses)
Clauses are divided into main
clause (also called independent clause) and
subordinate clause (also
called dependent clauses).
Types of Clauses
There are two major types of clauses main (or independent)
clause and subordinate (or
dependant) clause.
Main Clause and

Subordinate Clause – Comparison
He is buying a shirt which looks very nice.
The above sentence has two clauses “He is buying a shirt” and “which looks
very nice”. The
clause “He is buying a shirt” expresses a complete thought and
can alone stand as a
sentence. Such a clause is called main
or independent clause.
While the clause “which looks very nice” does not express a complete thought
and can’t
stand as a sentence. It depends on another clause (main clause) to
express complete idea.
Such a clause is called subordinate or
dependent clause.
Main or Independent Clause

“Main (or independent) clause is a clause that expresses a complete thought
and can
stand as a sentence.
Examples
I met the

boy who had helped me.
She is
wearing a shirt which looks nice.
The teacher

asked a question but no one answered.
He takes
medicine because he suffers from fever.
He became
angry and smashed the vase into peaces.
In the above sentences each underlined part shows main clause. It expresses
complete
though and can stand as a sentence that is why a main or an
independent clause is
normally referred as a simple sentence.
Subordinate or dependent Clause

Subordinate (or independent) clause is a clause which does not express
complete thought
and depends on another clause (main clause) to express
complete thought. Subordinate
clause does not express complete idea and can’t
stand as a sentence. A sentence having a
subordinate clause must have a main
clause.
Example
He likes
Chinese rice which tastes good.
Th l “ hi h t t d” i b t i b di t l b it d
The clause “which tastes good” in above sentence is a subordinate clause
because it does
not express complete thought and can’t stand as a sentence. It
depends on main clause
(he likes Chinese rise) to express complete thought.
Examples.
I
met the boy who had helped me.
I
bought a table that costs $ 100.
He
takes medicine because he suffers from fever.
The
teacher asked a question but no one answered.
Subordinate (or dependent) clauses are further divided into tree types,
1. Noun Phrase, 2. Adjective Phrase, 3. Adverb Phrase

Types of Subordinate Clause
Functions of Subordinate
Clause.
A subordinate (dependent) clause may function as a noun, an adjective or an

adverb in
sentence. On the basis of their function in a sentence, subordinate
clauses can be divided
in to following types.
1. Noun Clause
2. Adjective Clause.
3. Adverb Clause
Noun Clause
“A dependent clause that functions as a noun
in a sentence is called noun clause.”
A noun clause performs same function like a noun in a sentence.
Example
What he did
made a problem for his family.
In above sentence the clause “what he did” functions as a noun, hence it is a

noun clause.
A noun clause works as a noun that acts as a subject, object, or
predicate in a sentence. A
noun clause starts with words “that, what,
whatever, who, whom, whoever, whomever”.
Examples
Whatever
you learn will help you in future. (noun clause as
a subject)
What you
said made me laugh.

(noun clause as a subject)
He knows that

he will pass the test.
(noun clause as an object)
Now I realize what

he would have thought. (noun clause as an object)
Adjective Clause
“A dependent clause
that functions as an adjective in a sentence is called adjective
clause ”
clause.
An adjective clause works like adjective in a sentence. The function of an

adjective is to
modify (describe) a noun or a pronoun. Similarly a noun clause
modifies a noun or a
pronoun.
Example
He wears a shirt which looks nice.
The clause “which looks nice” in above sentence is an adjective clause because
it modifies
noun “shirt” in the sentence.
An adjective clause always precedes the noun it modifies.
Examples.
I
met the boy who had helped me.
An
apple that smells bad is rotten.
The
book which I like is helpful in preparation for test.
The
house where I live consists of four rooms.
The
person who was shouting needed help.
Adjective clause begins with relative pronoun (that, who,

whom, whose, which, or whose)
and is also relative clause.
Adjective (relative) clauses can be restrictive clause or nonrestrictive

clause
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses

Adjective (relative) clauses can be restrictive clause or nonrestrictive
clause. A
restrictive clause limits the meaning of preceding noun or
pronoun. A nonrestrictive clause
tells us something about preceding noun or
pronoun but does not limit the meaning of
preceding noun or pronoun.
Example
•The student in the class who studied a lot passed the test.
(restrictive clause)
•The student in the class, who had attended all the lectures,
passed the
test.
(nonrestrictive clause)
In the first sentence the clause “who studied a lot” restrict information to
preceding
noun(student), it means that there is only one student in the class
who studied a lot, hence
it is a restrictive clause.
In the second sentence the clause “who had attended all the lectures” gives us
information
about preceding noun but does not limit this information to the
preceding noun. It means
there can be several other students in the class
who had attended all the lectures.
A comma is always used before a restrictive clause in a sentence and also after
nonrestrictive clause if it is within a main clause. “That” is usually used to
introduce a
restrictive clause while “which” is used to introduce a
nonrestrictive clause.
Example
The table that

costs $ 100 is made of
steel.
(restrictive clause)
The table, which

costs $ 100, is made of steel.
(nonrestrictive clause)

Adverb Clause
“A dependent clause that functions as an
adverb in a sentence is called adverb clause”
An adverb clause like an adverb modifies a verb, adjective clause or other

adverb clause in
a sentence. It modifies(describes) the situation in
main clause in terms of “time, frequency
(how often), cause and effect,
contrast, condition, intensity (to what extent).”
The subordinating conjunctions used for adverb clauses are as follows.
Time: when, whenever, since, until, before, after, while,

as, by the time, as soon as
Cause and effect: because, since, now that, as long as, so, so
that,
Contrast: although, even, whereas, while, though
Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if,

providing or provided that, in case
Examples.
Don’t go before

he comes.
He takes medicine because

he is ill.
Although he
tried a lot, he couldn’t climb up the tree.
Unless you
study for the test, you can’t pass it.
I will go to the school

unless it rains.
You are safe as

long as you drive carefully.
You can achieve

anything provided that you struggle for it.
Jae October 4, 2013 at 4:32 AM

what is the difference of adverb clause and adjective clause, and how to
identify what kind of clause is used in the sentence :)
Unknown February 18, 2021 at 12:52 PM

Jazakallah
REPLY
Unknown January 20, 2014 at 8:46 AM

adverb- modifies adjective,noun or pronoun by giving its information or
description like time,condition,reason and effect etc. whereas adjective is
the one which makes the noun be for understandable and imaginative! like:
he is wearing a shirt whick looks very good. in this sentence which looks
very good is an adjective clause! as it tells
us how the shirt(noun
) is.
Unknown November 2, 2020 at 11:16 AM

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Clause can be sentence and sentence can never be clause.
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Home
sentence and its structure
CLAUSE AND ITS TYPES
parts of speech final
PHRASES AND ITS TYPES
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES
DETERMINERS AND QUANTIFIERS
GENDER
VERB + –ING (GERUNDS AND
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FORMS OF VERBS
one word substitution
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ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
PRECIS WRITING AND
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CLAUSE AND ITS TYPES

For example, he laughed.

• The kids were laughing

• The teacher asked a

• I am happy, because

• I like Mathematics, but

Main Clause and

Main or Independent Clause

I met the

The teacher

Subordinate or dependent Clause

1. Noun Phrase, 2. Adjective Phrase, 3. Adverb Phrase

A subordinate (dependent) clause may function as a noun, an adjective or an

1. Noun Clause

2. Adjective Clause.

3. Adverb Clause

A noun clause performs same function like a noun in a sentence.

In above sentence the clause “what he did” functions as a noun, hence it is a

He knows that

Now I realize what

An adjective clause works like adjective in a sentence. The function of an

He wears a shirt which looks nice.

An adjective clause always precedes the noun it modifies.

Adjective clause begins with relative pronoun (that, who,

Adjective (relative) clauses can be restrictive clause or nonrestrictive

Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses

The table that

The table, which

An adverb clause like an adverb modifies a verb, adjective clause or other

The subordinating conjunctions used for adverb clauses are as follows.

Time: when, whenever, since, until, before, after, while,

Contrast: although, even, whereas, while, though

Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if,

Don’t go before

He takes medicine because

I will go to the school

You are safe as

You can achieve

Jae October 4, 2013 at 4:32 AM

Unknown February 18, 2021 at 12:52 PM

Unknown January 20, 2014 at 8:46 AM

us how the shirt(noun

Unknown November 2, 2020 at 11:16 AM

Unknown February 28, 2014 at 11:54 PM

Wonderful.!! :) Helped me alot.!! Simple explanation.!!

Unknown September 24, 2014 at 10:21 PM

wow! amazing you Helped me alot thanks

Unknown April 22, 2020 at 12:13 AM

Unknown April 2, 2016 at 3:55 AM

Unknown May 9, 2016 at 8:28 PM

Unknown October 13, 2016 at 6:27 AM

Unknown December 25, 2016 at 5:25 PM

thank you a lot

Unknown January 14, 2017 at 3:49 AM

Thanks a lot...its helpfull👍👍

hassan rajpot March 1, 2017 at 10:31 PM

Asrar wafaie March 6, 2017 at 4:02 AM

Unknown March 25, 2017 at 11:20 PM

Unknown September 23, 2017 at 3:51 AM

Ejaaz Hussain January 27, 2018 at 11:36 AM

Unknown January 28, 2021 at 8:33 AM