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Relief Valve PDF
Relief Valve PDF
Course
Design Considerations
for
Overpressure Protection
February 17, 2011
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Delaware Valley Section
Overpressure Protection
AIChE DVS
Course Contents
Introduction to relief systems
Applicable codes and standards
Work process for relief system design
Relief device terminology
Causes of overpressure & determination of
relief loads
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INTRODUCTION
TO
RELIEF SYSTEMS
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Relief Systems
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Relief Systems
Some examples of relief devices are:
Pressure/vacuum valves (a.k.a. conservation vents)
Pressure relief valves
Rupture disks
Emergency vents
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Rupture Disks
Rupture disks are non-reclosing devices for the protection of
pressure vessels and related systems (constructed for internal
pressures of 15 psig or greater) against overpressure.
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Emergency Vents
Emergency Vents are devices for the protection of low pressure
tanks (constructed for internal pressures less than 15 psig)
against infrequent overpressure emergencies.
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Relief Systems
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Open Discharge
Open discharge refers to a relief path directly to the atmosphere via
an open vent or drain line. This type of discharge is recommended
only for non-flammable and non-toxic services.
Typically, open discharge is employed to relieve the following fluids:
Air
Example of Open Discharge of Vapor (Air):
Steam
Water
Nitrogen
Example of Open Discharge of Liquid
(Cooling Water):
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Closed Discharge
Closed Discharge refers to a relief path into a flare header system,
an operating process system, a closed drain system, or any other
system that is not open to the atmosphere. This type of discharge is
recommended for the relief of hazardous fluids.
Hazards that would make closed discharge the most appropriate
relief method include, but are not limited to, the following:
Flammability
Toxicity
Reactivity
Special Hazards (i.e. corrosive, oxidizer, carcinogen, etc.)
Refer to the figure on the next slide for a schematic example of a
closed discharge system, in this case a flare header system.
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Flare Stack
Flare Header
Relief valve
Rupture Disk
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Flare Knockout
Drum
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OSHA
- 1910.119
- 1910.106
ASME
- Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section I
- Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII
- Power Piping B31.1
- Chemical Plant/Petroleum Refinery Piping B31.3
NFPA 30
Client specifications
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API
RP 520 Part I & II (Recommended practices for the design & installation of
PRVs)
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Built-up back pressure - The pressure that develops (builds up) in the
discharge header when the relief valve opens.
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8 " WATER
SEAL
FLARE STACK
FLARE KO DRUM
= 15 psig
= 15.3 psig
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Causes of Overpressure
Blocked Outlet Feed Continues
Closed Outlet Heat Source On
Thermal Expansion of Liquids
Cooling or Reflux Failure
Utility Failure (Electricity, Steam, etc.)
Instrument Failure (Instrument Air, DCS)
Automatic Control Valve Failure
Heat from External Fire
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Causes of Overpressure/Underpressure
For vessels designed for < 15 psig
(Atmospheric tank protection)
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(42 gallons/barrel)
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(Per Table A.4 of API 2000, 6th edition, November 2009 for tank
capacities of 630,000 or less)
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Flash Pt
Boiling Pt
Outbreathing Rate
100 F
300 F
< 100 F
< 300 F
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Boiling Pt
Outbreathing Rate
100 F
300 F
< 100 F
< 300 F
(Per Table A.4 of API 2000, 6th edition, November 2009 for tank
capacities of 630,000 or less)
Per API 2000, 6th edition, November 2009:
A.3.1.1 Normal venting requirements shall be at least the sum of the
venting requirements for liquid movement and for thermal effects.
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Inbreathing/Outbreathing
Inbreathing results are in SCFH air
Outbreathing results are in ACFH vapor
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LC
Suction P = 20 psig
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8.5 impeller
shutoff P = 293.6 ft/2.31 = 127 psig, add 20 psig suction P
10 impeller
shutoff P = 410 ft/2.31 = 177 psig, add 20 psig suction P
155 psig*2.31 = 358 ft head
Flowrate at this TDH is approx 700 gpm = RV flowrate
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CSO or LO valves can eliminate the need for thermal relief valves.
The client must agree that the valves are under administrative control.
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*H
500 *SG*CP
= coefficient of thermal expansion
H = heat flux (Btu/hr)
Exchangers use max heat duty in BTU/hr
Electric heat, 3415 BTU/hr per kW
Solar radiation = 300 BTU/hr/ft2
SG = specific gravity
CP = specific heat capacity of liquid, BTU/lb-F
For hydraulic expansion protection, engineers sometimes provide 3/4
x 1 PRVs and calculations are not performed.
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External Fire
External fire must be considered anytime there is the
possibility of the formation of a liquid hydrocarbon pool
under process equipment (even if the vessel contents
are not flammable) and ignition sources are present.
Radiant heat causes liquid contents of a vessel to boil
or vapor contents of a vessel to expand, thus increasing
vessel pressure.
Either the equipment or the system is considered fully
blocked in and isolated when the external fire occurs.
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External Fire
All ASME stamped equipment must be protected for external fire
unless fire can be specifically ruled out or the equipment/system
cannot be blocked in.
Individual piping and piping components are not generally
considered to require relief protection for an external fire. However,
interconnecting piping between equipment will be included in the
calculation for fire relief requirements for multiple equipment
systems.
All equipment surfaces contained in a 70 (21 m) diameter and a
25 (8 m) high envelope are considered to be engulfed in a single
fire. (3,850 ft2 {358 m2 } Fire Circle, 96,200 ft3 {2,724 m3 } Fire
Cylinder) Note: 25 (8 m) height defined based on nearest surface
capable of sustaining a pool fire.
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Concrete
Asphalt
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Q = 21000FA 0.82
Q = 34500A 0.82
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For the most conservative relief device size, use the largest
trim size available for the valve body when evaluating a failed
open valve.
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- Critical Flow
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PIC
PSV1
PY
PSV2
200 psig
100 psig
PT
PV-001
V2
FC
D1
D2
L1
L2
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V-1
V-2
P-1
FV-1
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V-2
LV-1
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E-4
SET @ 60 PSIG
V-5
T-5
DP =
60 PSIG
E-5
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Human Error
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Chemical Reactions
Exothermic reactions can runaway
Relief rate determination is complex; and therefore
done in conjunction with the client, the catalyst
manufacturer, the process licensor, or other experts
Inadvertent mixing of two reactive streams
Decomposition or polymerization due to abnormal
heat input or loss of cooling
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Utility Failures
Local or Global
Electric power failure
Steam Failure
Cooling Water Failure
Refrigerant Failure
Instrument air failure
Boiler Feedwater failure
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Cascading Failures
One failure leads to another
Steam turbines: steam failure leads to power
failure.
IA compressor is power driven; therefore, power
failure leads to IA failure.
CW pumps are power driven; therefore, power
failure leads to CW failure.
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Token Valves
What if a thorough analysis reveals there are no
credible sources of overpressure?
Common industry practice is to install a token
valve
If fact, ASME code required a relief device, until
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Questions?
Thank you and have a great evening.
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