Student World Atlas Malestrom PDF

Malestrom
Major Rivers
N am e
Nile
Am azo n
Ch ang (Yangtze)
M ississippi-M iss o u ri
Continent
Out fl o w
T o tal Lengt h (mi.)
Africa
South Am erica
Asia
N o rt h Am eri ca
Mediterran ean Sea

Atlantic Oce an
East China Sea
Gul f of Mexico
4,1 60
4,000
3,964
3,710
Major Deserts
Name
Continent
Area (sq. m i.)
Sa hara
Gobi
Libya n
Sono ran
Africa
Asia
Africa
No rt h Ameri ca
3,500 ,000
500,000
450,000
120,000
Oceans
Arct ic Ocean
Area:
Coastline:
Average De p t h:
Atlantic Ocean
Area:
Coastl ine:
Average De p t h:
5,426 ,000 sq. mi .

28 ,209 mi .
3,407 ft.
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Area:
Coas tli ne:
Average Depth:
3 1,73 6,000 sq . mi .
69 ,525 m i.
11,730 ft.
Area:
Coas tl ine :
Average De p th:
28,410,000 sq. mi .
4 1,346 m i.
12,598 ft
63,838,00 0 sq. m i.
84,315 m i.
12,925 ft.
Highest Elevations
M o untain Peak Name
Place
Height (ft.)
Con tinen t
Kilimanja ro
Vinson Massif
Everest
Kosciu sk o
Elb rus
Mc Kin ley
Aconcagua
Tanzani a
Antarctica
Nepal-Tibet
Australia
Russia
Alask a, U.S.
Argentina
19,340
16,864
29,035
7,3 10
18,5 10
20,320
22 ,834
Africa
An tarctica
Asia
Au stral ia
Europe
N orth Am erica
South America
Lowest Elevations
Lo west P o in t Name
Place
Dep th Below Sea Lev el (ft .)
Continen t
Lake AssaI
Bentl ey Subgla cial T re nc h
Dead Sea
Lak e Eyre
Cas p ia n Sea
Death Valley
Vald es Pen in su la
Djib outi
512
8,327*
1,3 10
52
92
282
13 1
Afri ca
Antarctica
Asia
Aus trali a
Europe
North America
South America
Antarctica
Israel-Jo rdan
Aust ralia
Rus sia - Azerbaijan
Califo rn ia, U.S.
Argentina
' Estimated
Copynght 2005
by MapQue st. Inc
All rig~ t s reserved
Published by
Copynght 2005
by Meprxest. Inc.
All nqhts reserved.
While everycare has been taken to trace and acknowledge copy

right, the publishers tender their apologies for any accidental
infringement where copynqht hasproved untraceable.
Allnghts reserved. No part of thrs book may be reproduced or trans

mitt ed In any fo rm by any means electronic, mechanical, or other
Wise, whether now or hereafter devised. including photocopying,
recording, or by any Information and retrieval system, without
espress writt en prio r pe rm ission from the Publisher.
Acknowledgements.
"How to use this Atlas" written by ElspethLeacock
MeXICO Statecoat of arms on page 76. 200J mextcan-Ilaq.com

Photographs on pages 24-25 (Deserts, Nature, China/Tibet. Alaska,
Brazu,Arctic). 26-27 (Landscapes. Nature, Australia, China/ Tibet), 59
(rivers), 60--61(nature, Landscapes, Hawaii, Caribbean), 62- 63 (Arctic)
Copynqbt 2005 Corel corp. and their suppliers.
Photographs on pages 26-2 7 1V01.16, 44, 74), 60- 61 1V01. 16, 44).
62-<>3 1V01. 16, 44)
Copyright 2005 Pbotolxsc. Inc.
Photograph on page 42 (Wright brother's flight)
Copynght 2005 NASA

Photographs on pages 58, 62- 63 (Southern California)
Ccpynqbt 2005 Drqital Stock Corp.

Photograph on page 62 (Rockiespring)
Copynghl 2005 Freestockphotos ccm
Pnotcqraphs on pages 68--69 No!. 194 )
Copynqbr 2005 Corbrs Corp.
World Facts and Figures

Using This Atlas
Legend
Map Scale
Latitude and Longitude
Different Kinds of Maps
Our Solar System
World Physical
World Political
Ocean Floor
Dynamic Earth
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Continental Drift
World Climate
World Vegetation
World Environment
World Forest Cover

Tropical Ra in Forests
World Population
Population Density
Population Projections
World Population
Life Expectancy: 1999, 2025

Youthful Population
Food and Nutrition
World Culture
Languages
Literacy
Religions
Historical Spread of Religions
World Land Use
Industrial Employment
Agricultural ,Employment
World Resources
Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal

Major Minerals
Electrical Energy Production
World Communications
Television Receivers
Newspaper Circulation
Personal Computers
Cellular Communications
World Transportation
Time Zones
Major Airports
Inside front cover

.4- 5
8- 9
10-11
12- 13
14- 15
16- 17
18- 19
20
21
22-23
24-25
26- 27
28
29
30-3 1
30
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36- 37
36
37
38-39
38-39
39
.40
.41
.41
.41
.42
.43
..
North America Political

.44
.45
North America Physica l

North America Themes
Population Density
.46
.47
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Land Use
47
Climate
.48
Precipitation
.48
Vegetat ion
.49
Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification,
Acid Rain
.49
Un ited States Political

50-51
United States Political Facts

52-53
Un ited State s Physical

54-55
Un ited States Physical Facts

56-57
Geographic Featu res
58
Continental Divide
U.S. Earthquakes
58
59
Fall Line
Faults
59
60-61
United States Cli mate

United States Vegetation
62-63
United States Land Use

64-65
66-67
United State s Resources

United State s Transportation: Road, Ra ilroads, Airports . .68-69
United States Population
Population Density
70-71
Distribution of Population by Region: 1900, 1950,2000

70
71
Center of Population
Percent Change in State Population, 1990-2000
.71
United States Economy
72.-73
Per Capita Income

Persons Below the Poverty Level
.73
74
Canada Political
Canada Physical
.75
Mexico Political
76
Mexico Physical
77
South America Political

.78
South America Physical

79
South America Themes
Population Density
80
81

Land Use
81
Climate
82
Precipitation
82
Vegetat ion
83
South America Themes, continued
Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification
83
84
Europe Political
Europe Physical
85
Europe Themes
86
Population Density
87
Land Use
87
Climate
88
Precipitation
88
Vegetat ion
89
Environmental Issues: Deforestat ion, Desertification,
89
Acid Rain
Africa Political
90
Africa Physical
91
Africa Themes
Population Density
92
93

Land Use
93
Climate
94
Precipitation
94
Vegetation
95
Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification

95
96
Asia Political
Asia Physical
97
Asia Themes
Population Density
98
Gross Domestic Product (GDPr

99
Land Use
99
Climate
100
Precipitation
100
Veqetatio n>
101
-,
Environmental Issues: Deforestat ion, Desertification,
Acid Ra in
;
101
102
Australia and. Oceania Political

...r"
Australia and Oceania Physical
103
Australia and-Oceania Themes
Population Density
104
105
Land Use
105
Climate
106
Precipitation
106
Vegetation
107
Envi ronmental Issues: Deforestation , Desertification

107
Index
108- 112
Geographic Glossary
Inside back cover
is a collectio n of
m ap s that can be
us ed to find information abo ut your world. The
very latest data has been collected to mak e these
maps. Hundred s of sat ellite im ages were used to
map th e dramatic sh rin king of Eart h 's for est s.
The latest cens us data from each a nd every coun
tr y was used to build a picture of Eart h's current
population. T he m ost recent scienti fic research
was used to crea te th em atic map s of continental
drift, th e ocea n floor, th e envi ro nme n t and our
natural resources. Look closely an d yo u will see
that th e informat ion fo r th e map s comes from
many di fferent so urces suc h as NASA, th e U.S.
Department of th e Inter ior or th e Wo rld Bank.
You can use th ese map s to explo re yo u r world,
discover co n nec tions bet ween places, and see
relation ships between places a nd peoples.
But thi s a tlas is m o re than ju st a wealth of
information . It is fun to look a t to o. You will
find th at th ese ma ps an d ph o to graphs can evo ke
im ages of far away pla ces. T hey in vite you to
pause an d to dream . With a m ap you can journey
th e world without ever getting wet, cold, tir ed or
hungry. You ca n im agine grea t adven tu res an d
not leave th e co m fort of your favorite ch air!
AN ATLAS
To get th e most o ut of this a tlas you need to

know how to read maps. Just as you learned to
read wo rds like th e o nes on thi s page, you can
learn how to read th e lan guage of maps. The
map skills yo u need to kn ow ar e:
1. locating pla ces
2. measuring di stance
3. finding directi on
4. read ing m ap sym bols
CUlCO, Peru
Cyclades,Islands
Cyprus,country,
Cyprus, Island
Cyrenaica,region
Czech Reo.. country
78
85
96
97
91
84
Dakar, Senega!
Dallas, TX
Dalmatia, region
Dernareland, region
Damascus, SYria
d'Ambre, Cap,cape
Da Nang,Vietnam
Danube, nver
DanubeDelta, delta
90
50
85
91
96
91
96
85
85
85
90
103
Derdeoel'es.st-e
Dares Salaam, Tanzania
Darling, fiver
Locating Places
To find pla ces in thi s a tlas, you can begin with
th e index. To find Dalla s follow th ese steps .
13'3 2'5 71'S6'W
1. Look up Dallas in th e index a t th e
37'OO'N 2S'OO'E
en d of thi s book.
3S'OO'N 33' OO'E
3S'OO'N 33'OO'E
2. T he index tells you th at D alla s is a
2S'OO'N 24'OO'E
49'OO'N lS'OO'E
city in Texas and that it can be
found on page 50. You will also
14' 42'N 17'27'W
learn that Dallas is located at
32' 47' N 96' 48'W
44' 00'N 16'0 0'E

32
4 7'N (32 de gr ees 47 minutes
21'00'5 19'OO'E
3J'J l' N 36' 18'E

north)
and 96 48' W (96 degr ees 48
12' 00'5 48'0 0'E
16' OJ'N 108' 12'E

minutes wesr.)
49' OO'N 10' OO'E
4S' OO'N 29'OO'E
3. Go to page 50 and find th e lin e of

40'OO'N 27'OO'E
6'49 '5 39' 17'E
latitude nearest to th e number
Jl 'OO'S 144'00' E
32 N and th e lin e oflongitude
nea rest to th e number 96 W. You will find
Da llas close to wh ere th ose two lin es m eet. You
can learn more ab out latitude a nd longitude o n
pages 8- 9.
reneda
6 260
200
400 mi
' 400 km '
Measuring Distance
To m easure di stance most maps have a distan ce
scale. You can learn more abo u t m easuring di s
tan ce on pa ge 7.
-w
4
5
Finding Di rection
To find directi ons use th e m ap's compass rose.
You can also lise lines oflati tude an d longi tude
to find directio n . Every line oflongi tude points
n orth a nd so uth. Every lin e oflati tud e points
east and west. You can learn m ore abo u t la titude
and longitud e on pages 8-9.
Readin g Map Symbols
Every m ap sym bo l shows the locati o n of some
thing. It could be so m ething as large as a conti
nent o r as sm all as a bird-house. A dot
sh ows th e locat ion of a city. A blu e line
shows the co urse of a river. Bu t map
sym bols are not t he same on all maps.
One map m ight sho w a city with a
sq uare. Map legends or keys help
explain t he symbols used on a map.
You ca n find o ut m o re abou t legends
an d th e m a p sym bo ls used in this atlas
on page 6.
Special Features o f this Atlas

Th is atl as has been designed and organi zed to be
easy fo r you to use. Here is a "ro ad map" to your
atlas .
The Blu e T ab Ba r
So mewhere along the top blue tab ba r of each
sp read yo u will see a dark er blu e tab . It tells you
th e subject of th e map or ma ps you are look in g

at. The ligh t blue ta bs tell you the subjects of the
sur ro un ding m ap spreads. If, for example, you
are loo king at the World Clim ate map and would
lik e to co mpare it to th e World Vegeta tio n m ap,
you can use the tabs to find that map q uickly
and easily.
Map Skills
Look at t he blu e tab bar above and you will see

that you a re in t he m a p skills sectio n. This sec
tion should be called "Read Me First " beca use it

is here that you will fin d all sorts of helpful
inform a tio n about maps and how to read them.
Even if yo u are a p racticed m ap reader, read t his
sect ion !
The Wo rl d
In th is section you will find a world poli tical
map, a wo rld physical m ap, an d 35 world the
matic m aps. T he world political m ap shows the
most u p to date na tional boundaries. On the
wo rld physical m ap yo u can see huge desert s,
great moun tai n ran ges, a n d even th e sea ice

that covers much of th e Arcti c. The th ematic
maps inclu d e t he most up to date mforrnanon
on everything from the world di stribunon of
com p u ters and televisions to life expectancy,
religion an d literacy. If you want to see the
ocean floo r, o r to find wh er e 111 the world vol
canoes fo rm , th is IS the sec tio n to look in.
Fi e!
.\ N
Co n tin en t s
The co ntin ent u n its are de sign ed to all have
t h e same kin ds o f m ap s. This will en able yo u
to compare and contrast one continenr with
an o t he r with ease an d accuracy. There IS a
political map, a ph ysical map, and a to tal o f
seven them ati c maps p er co n tinen t.
Used individ u ally each map can provide
answers to m any q u es tio n s. But all together ,
each set of m aps can be used to tell a story.
Geographic Features
Th ere are two sp ecial "Geogr ap hic
Feature s" mcluded in this atl as. To
find out how th e co n t ine n ts, Earth 's
greatest land features, have been
drifnng a ro u n d the glo be, turn to
pages 22 -23 . To t ake an 1t1 de p th
look at fall line s, d ivid es, and fau lts
turn to the United States Geograp h ic
Features sp read o n pages 58 -59 .
\1.
Charts and Graphs

This atlas IS filled With ch arts, graphs an d d ia
grams. They are used to gIve m ore information
about su bject s shown on th e maps. To make
these charts and grap h s, long list s of th e m ost
up to date data was gathered. Then al l th ose
number s were o rganized into gr aphic d isp lays
th at ca n be read sim p ly and acc u ra tely.
._ 1
Van c o~
~~;~; :
T"c~ " .
.(
Canada and Mexico

Ca n ada and Mexico b oth h ave t h eir own
spread s that include a political and phys ical
m ap.
0"
Portlafld.
..."1::
- - Consumpt ion
-----~
20
i;
Line graphs are u sed to sh ow

change in amounts over time.
l 15
] 10 f-Im agine a jo u rn ey cro ssmg a contin en t . You
can see t h e regio n s vrsi red , the rnounrams
climbed, or t h e de serts crossed. You can tell if
many peo pl e are passed al ong the way o r few.
You ca n d escr ib e th e acnvin cs of th e people.
Will yo u see nun ers o r ranc he rs o r farmer s?
An d yo u can tell about the different climates
exp erienced alon g th e way. All o f rhrs informa
tion an d m ore is on th e maps for every conn
nent but An tarct ica.
-:7"'S,-- """"= '----.:::>---.-E.
~ 5 f'-----+-~"'-----
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
IA $2.679
NC $1 ,624
MN $1,083
Bar gr aphs ar e used to co m

pare amoun ts.
IL $762
NE $640
IN $545
Enviro n m en t al Issues
T h ere IS a sp ecial "E nv ironmen tal
Issu es" feature for each continent
an d o ne for the wo rld. To cr eate
th ese features the latest SCIen tific
in fo rm a n o n wa s gath ered an d orga
ni zed for yo u. The topiC S cover th e
three major en vironmental Issues
faced by crn zcn s today, desertific a
tio n , d eforestati on, an d acid ram.
The United Sta t es
oston In th e sectio n o n the Umred States
MA
you will find a pol itical map WIth
T 1 \
tw o pag es o f poliucal fact s, a physi
P
cal map With two pages o f physic al
facts, an d seven themanc map
sp reads .
L.-
NY
Pie chart s show percentages of

a total.
Glossary
Ther e are many geographic terms fo u n d on
maps such as fjord, isthmus, or plateau. Yo u can
find th e m eaning o f th ese and ot h er t erm s in
the geographic glossary located on t he in sid e
back cover.
The staffat Mapquest worked hard to make this atlas

a referencebook that is bothfull ofinformation and
fun and ea.ry to use. We hopethaty ou enjoy your copy.
Legend
T he fo llowi ng sym bo ls are used her e for gen eral referen ce m ap s. Map s
with spec ial su bjec ts (thematic m ap s) have their own ul1lqu e legends.
, .0
General Reference Maps
National capita l
Other capita l
Physical Maps Legend

Nonsubject area
Pack ice --Ft3==~----::;?("---;;;;:r\l
Mou ntain peak
Oth er city
Lowest p oint
International boundary
(pol iti cal map)
Internati onal bou ndary in

d ispute/und efined (polit ical map)
State or provincial boundary
Perennial lake
Intermitt ent lake
Perennial river
M o unt ain s-+-----"~
or: -7~~'"-:---t-- Tundra
Oceans and
seas
--'=+~+-f--
Arid lands -
+--."".,.v
.~-..:..~__;=.",.:r_---+- Grassl ands
International boundary in d ispu te

(physical map)
A glo be IS the m ost accu ra te picture of the Earth. Onl y a glo be ca n show di st an ce, directi on,
an d the t ru e sha pe a nd area o fl and and sea. Map m akers st ruggle with how to sho w th e
ro und world on a fla t map .
Imagine the Earth as

a large balloon.
\
~\
Forests
Falls
(physical map)
Projections
Ice caps
Cut it apart, and flatten it

to make a map.
To show th e ro und Ear rh o n flat pap er , m apm ak ers used d ifferent
projections , o r ways o fjsho wm g a ro u n d sha pe o n a flat su rface .
With every proj ection the sha pes o f places a re cha nged so m ewhat.
This IS ca lled di stortion . To find distorti on, you can co m pa re the
la tit ud e and lon gitude lines of a map to th ose same lines o n a glo be.
Mercator Projection
Gerardus Merca tor, a Du tc h
map ma ker, wanted a map
proj ection th at sho wed directi on
and shape accurately. T he
prob lem s with drst o rr ron s are
mo re ob vIOUS o n rlu s p rojecti on.
Yo u can see th at the lan d ar eas
a re very d istorted the clo ser to th e
pol es th a t yo u ge t. So, thi s
projecti on ende d up grearly
distorting d ist an ce a nd size.
Thisdiagram shows how a

Mercator projection distortsthe
sizes ofplaces. Compare
Greenland on the map and the
globe.
Projections - Making the Round World Flat

Robinson Projection
Arthur Rob in son, an American m ap m ak er , wanted to d evelop a
ma p proj ect IOn that "loo ked" n ght. T hi s projecti on uses ma ny
di sto rti ons bu t none are
Sign ifica n t. You can see rhi s
by co m pa n n g o ne o f th e
la rge scale Wo rld m ap s m
th is atlas to a glo be.
Azimuthal Projection
T h is IS a projecti on used to sh ow
Antarctica and th e Arctic . Azim uthal
map s show d irecti o n a nd dis tan ce
acc u ra tely, if m easured from th e
center of the map. Bu t, o ther
d istances, sha pe and size ar e distorted.
r:
Changing Scale
T he larg e sc al e map of New York 's
lower Manharran (top) sh ows a small
area with a large amounr of derail.
T he small sca le m ap of New Yo rk
State (bottom) is a lar ge area with a
small amo u nr of de tail.
Map Scale
o
2 mile s
IJ 11I1111111111111111111111111 111
inches
One inch represe nts 1 mile
,
o
10
20
30
40
50 kilometers
WlllllllllIIIIIIII11111111111~111111111~1111 1 " 1
centimeters
One centimeter represen ts 10 kilometers
Latitude and Longitude
NORTH POLE
Since an cient time s, mapmak ers, geographers, an d navigarors have work ed

to develop a system fo r accu rate ly loca tin g places o n th e Eart h. O n a
sphe re, such as the Earth , the re are no co rne rs o r sides, no beginrung o r
end. But since the Earth ro tates on an axis, th ere are two fixed points: th e
No rt h Pole and the So u th Pol e. These pomts mak e a good start ing pla ce
for a syste m o f im ag inary lin es.
These im aginar y line s fo rm a grId over th e Ear th, allo wm g us w pmpOlnt
the exact locatio n of any SpOt o n the Eart h. This sp he rica l grid IS called the
grati cule. It is fo rm ed by lines ca lled latitude a nd longitude.
/
Parall els of
Latitude
Merid ia ns of
Longitude
The Graticule
NORTH POLE
90 0N
Latitude
EQUATOR 0 I----t----I-~---'----l 0
Halfw ay betw een the pol es the equato r CIrcles th e globe 111 an eas t
west d irectio n. Latitude IS measured in d egr ees north or so u th of
the equaw r, whi ch IS 0 d egrees (0). Lin es of latitude are called
parall el s becau se th ey circle th e glo be parall el to the eq uato r.
Parallels a re numbered from 0 at th e Equ ato r to 90 N a t th e
No rt b Pole an d 90 S a t the So uth Pole .
905
SOUTH POLE
Longitude
Ru nning fro m pole to pol e, lm es o f longitude-ccal led
m eridi a ns - circle th e glob e In a north-south direcnon. As In
any circle or sp here, th ere a re 360 d egr ees ( 0) oflong itu de.
T he m erid ian s are nu m bere d fro m the Pr im e Meridian wlnch
IS labeled 0 . Meridian s east
1800
o r west o f th e Prime
Mer idran a re la beled E or
W up to 180 .The
ln ternan c nal Date
Lin e generally foll ows
th e 180 m eridian ,
0E
0
90
rnakmg a few Jogs to
90 W
aVOId cuttll1g th rou gh
land a reas .
0
Prime
Mer idi an
180
In tern atio nal
D ate Line -
Parallels and Meridians-The Fads
~--'-I-+
Pa rallels
ar e lines oflatitude used to measure location nor th o r so u th of the Equator
are always th e sa me d ista nce apart (a bo u t 70 m iles)
di ffer III leng th
The Equa to r, the lon gest par allel, IS a lm ost 25 ,000 mil es lon g
Meridi a n s
are lines of longitude used to measure loca tio n east o r west of th e Prime
Meri d ian
meet at th e pol es
a re all th e same length
160'140'1 20"100"80' 60" 40' 20' 0' 20" 4W 60" 80' 100"120' 140' 160
,
,-
60"'--"
NORTH
AMERICA
40'
EU RO PE
J _
EOU~T()R
+---
AUSTRALIA
20'
40"'->'"
"
60'
Which way north...

The geograp hic No rt h a nd South Po les are fixed points lo cated at each
end of the Eart h 's axis. T he Ear th 's m agn et ic fields cause th e needle of
a co m pa ss to POlllt toward ma gn eti c no rth, not geog raphic north. The
north m agn et ic po le IS locat ed in th e nor th ern territo ries of Canada.
T he so ut h magn eti c po le IS loca ted nea r th e coast of An ta rctica. T he
ma gn eti c po les are co ns tan tly movlllg.
NORTH POLE
Degrees, Minutes, Seconds

A degree (0) of latitude o r lon gitude can be d ivrded mto 60
part s called minutes (' ). Each minute can be d rvided in to 60
seco nds (") . T he di agram at tIght IS an exa m p le of a place
loca ted to t he nearest secon d.
It is writt en as:
42 21 ' 30 " N 7 1 03 ' 37 " W
Th is place
IS
City cen ter, Boston, Massachusetts.
The index a t the back of this Atlas uses degr ees and m in utes
ofl atitude and lon gitude to help yo u find places.
SOUTH POLE
Different Kinds of Maps

Maps are special pictures of places on Earth.
All maps are alike in th ese lmportam ways:
All maps ar e a view from abo ve
All map s show selected info rmati on usm g sym bo ls
All map s are sm aller than th e real place o n Earth thar th ey show.
Because peop le want to sho w many different dungs on Eart h, th ey create m an y d ifferent kinds of m ap s.
Physical Maps
~~~~~~=~
The purpose of a physical map is to

show th e ph ysical or na tural
" ~
Wo rld . Physical m ap s sh ow
landforms a nd bodi es of
_':; ~ _. water. We use physical
'..... map s to locate rivers and
m ountains, ocean
cu rren ts and
wind pat te rns .
-1'" '"
A U S'
~.
11
Thematic, or Special Purpose Maps
These maps show a specific subject (rhe me) o r very

limired number of subjects (such as population d en sity,
climate or h istorical topics). They can be used to sho w
distributions and relat ionsh ip s among m ap featu res.
This page contains exam ples o f the ma ny
~
typesof maps to be found through out th e
...
Student Atlas ofthe World.
Hist oric
Route Map
Gross Domestic Product

(GOP) Map
Population
Density Map
V egetatio n
M ap
tangIer
S T
"""
eo........
AL I A
c:>c
MO Jl.OCl"t)
, '''. J
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@
CAPI- .
M A U R IT A N IA
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. 0.......
GAM rH :
M ALJ
as
NIGI;; R
CHAD
SU H !G AL
"""~ .
SUDAN
EJUTk .\
Continent al
Drift Map
St Joh n
PACIFIC
OCEAN
NEU ' GU INEA
AUSTRALIA
B
A
International bou ndary

Mountain peak
Cape Vetdf
Islands
!s '":
)~ '.:
ds
NVI
0',
l00'E
1200E
1,000 mi
~----'-----'c,.4-----'
1,000 km
0rt::::~1;f:::B~~~~~J-
300Nl
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
7QOW
--') "'-$0:
~~
') \ '1-$0:
__ _ _ _ '---.: '-"-~
TROPICOF CANCER- -
" , _ .s
6Q W
, Turk and CaicosIs, (u .K.)
\------j4-~_t'::.--------_1_-.-.::...,=>d~
~'-"f;'i~k:;;:;;:~
PI~
"'I
DO lNICAN
)
I (U . K . )
REP(njiIc
.'
'C
(U.S, . .. :
~I.
Virgin Islands
(U.S.and U.K.)
/ ' St. Ma n (Fr. an d Ncrh .}
.
l' . _ Monlse" at (U.K.)
ST. xrrrs e: Guapeloupe (Fr.)
;?:" A'V' G UA AN D BARBUDA
AND NEV IS
" DO~lI NICA

'Ii M4rtinique (Fr.)
d
sT\ LUCIA
\ t> BARBADO S
GRENADA
10"N
PACIFIC
OCEAN
90 "W
. . .:
.~ $T. VINCENT AN D
T'JIEGRENA DIN ES
,
"<..~=-'i"il'.""'-I
TRINIDAD AN D
TO BAGO
IJ
International
bou ndary
IIJW
izo res
~~
CAP E
V ERDE
ATLANTIC
I
OCEAN
-+--w4 '--r-r--;-t--I--I------l
Abbreviations
OEM. REP .
CONGO
EQ.GUINEA
NETH.
N .Z.
REP . CONGO
U.A.E .
U.K.
U.S.
DEMOCRATIC REPUB LIC

OFTHE CONGO
EQUATO RIALGUINEA
NETHERLANDS
NEW ZEALAND
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
UNITED KINGDOM
UNITED STATES
Ocean Floor
ASIA
NO RTH ' \
AM E RICA
Surroun ding most o f th e co n rme n rs a re ge mly slo p mg areas called co n rm enral sh elves ,
wh ich reac h depth s of a bo u t 650 ft. (200 m) . At th e edges of the connn cnral shelves lie
steepe r connnental slopes lead m g down [0 th e de ep ocean basin, o r ab yss. The ab yss co n
ta in s m any o f th e same features we see o n lan d , mcludmg p lains, moun tams ranges
(rid ges), iso la ted mountains (k n own as sea mounts or guyots), and tr en ch es. The Mi d
Ocean fudge syste m m arks th e ar eas wh ere crus ta l p lat es are movm g ap art , and is very
ac tive geol ogICally, as m olten rock n ses a nd eru p ts [0 crea te new crust. Eart hq uakes an d
volcanoes are common alo ng man y u n d ersea t renc hes a nd rid ges.
ASIA
A FR ICA
0"
SOUTH
AMERICA
t~
-I
....
Unde rsea
Volcanoes
}>
Cl
Plate Boundaries and

Earthquakes
,.
Earthq uake region

Location of major earthq uake
Plate boundary
Major Earthquakes since 1900
- Direction of plate movement
The move me nt o f Earth's cr us tal pl at es causes th e ph en omena kn own as ea rthq ua kes.

The surface of th e Eart h ac tually mo ves o r qu ak es. An earthquake ca n have th e
destructive energy o f an a tomi c bo m b. However, tho usa nds of ea rt hquakes occur eac h
day a ll over th e world Without most peo pl e reali zin g I t.
T he maJonty o f earthq uakes occ u r alo ng a fault. A faul t IS u sually a weak or broken
area 111 th e rocks beneath th e surface o f th e Earth , but some, like th e San AndreasFault
in Califo rrua, ca n be seen o n th e surface. See pages 58-59 to learn m or e a bo ut fa ults .
T he Richter Scale meas u res th e ene rgy of an earthq uake. T his measu rem ent IS
ob tai ned fro m t he foc us , or hypocenter, th e spot where the firs t break In the roc k lay
ers occ urs . The spo t on th e surface of the Eart h, d ire ctly above th e foc us a nd near est
to the so u rce of ene rgy IS called th e ep icen ter.
Eart hq ua ke damage IS ca use d by rhrs energy, called seismic ene rgy, moving th ro ug h
th e roc ks or alo ng th e surface. Many geograp hic facto rs, both ph ysical an d hu m a n,
d etermine how much d amage IS do ne by th ese seis m ic waves of energy.
SOUTH
AMERICA
-- Oceanic Crust . .
Lithosphere
Subduction _
Asthenosphere
Richter Scale
Date
Location
April 4, 1905
April 18, 1906
Dec. 28, 1908
Dec 16, 1920
Sept. 1, 1923
May 22,1927
Dec. 25, 1932
March 2, 1933
Jan. 15, 1934
May30,1935
Jan. 25, 1939
Dec. 26, 1939
Dec. 21,1946
Oct. 5, 1948
Aug. 15, 1950
May22,1960
March 27,1964
May31,1970
Feb. 4, 1976
July 28, 1976
Oct. 10, 1980
Sept. 19, 1985
June 20, 1990
Dec. 12, 1992
Jan. 17, 1995
Aug. 17, 1999
Jan.26,2001
Kangra, India
San Francisco, California
Messina, Italy
Gansu Province, China . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sagami Bay (near Yokohama), Japan . .
Xining, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gansu Province, China
off northeast coast of Honshu, Japan ..
Bihar, India/Nepal
Quetta , Pakistan
Chillan, Chile
Erzincan, Turkey
Honshu, Japan
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
Assam, India
Arauco, Chile
Anchorage, Alaska
Northern Peru, near Chimbote
Guatemala City, Guatemala
Tangshan, China
EI Asnam, Algeria
Mexico City, Mexico
Western Iran, near Qazvin
Flores Island, Indonesia
Kobe,Japan
Istanbul, Turkey
Ahmadabad, India
Source: National Earthquake Information Center, U.S.G.S
Magnitude
B.6
7.8
7.5
B.6
B.3
B.3
7.6
8.9
B.4
7.5
8.3
B,O
B.4
7.3
B.7
9.5
9.2
7,8
7.5
8.0
7.7
B.l
7.7
7.5
6.9
7.4
7.7
PACIFIC
EOIJATOR_
' -t-~.'-...,-,
PLA
::..:..:T-=E,---+
~_---..+----/
Plate Boundaries and

Volcanoes
..
Volcano
Some Notable Volcanic Eruptions
Plate boundary
- - Direct ion of plate movement
A vo lc an o IS an op enmg 10 th e Earth's cru se o fte n capped by a co ne -shaped h ill or

m o un ta in fo rmed from e ru p te d lava and ash .
Volcanoes are associa ted with plate bound ari es. Powerful forc es occurrin g fa r
beneath rhe su rface ar the edges o f plates cause roc k to m elt and, at th e same time,
open crac ks in rhe crus e. An eru p tion occurs whe n magma (melted ro ck) flows, and
many t imes explodes, throu gh a weakness, suc h as a crac k in the Eart h's crus e. Once
magma is flowin g o n the Ea rt h's sur face it is called lava. Flowing lava ca n be several
th ousan d degr ees Fah ren hei e.
In a few cases , volca noes exist without bein g near the edge o f a place. In th ese cases ,
such as the H awa iian Islands, a powerful and persistent fl ow o f ma gma has broken
thr ough the cruse.
Fissure Flows
5
J
1
7
5
9
4
Lava Flow
Date
Locat ion
1500 s.c,
Aug. 24, A.D. 79
1169
1586
Dec. 15, 1631
March-July, 1669
Aug. 12, 1772
June 8, 1783
May 21,1 792
Apr. 10-12 , 1815
Oct. 8, 1822
Aug. 26-28, 1883
Apr. 24, 1902
May 8, 1902
Jan. 30, 1911
May 19, 1919
Jan. 17-2 1, 1951
May 18, 1980
Mar. 28, 1982
Nov. 13, 1985
Aug. 21, 1986
June 15, 1991
June-Sept. , 1997
Thira (Santorini), Greece

Vesuvius, Italy
Mt. Etna, Italy
Mt. Ke lut, Java, Indonesia
Vesuvius, Italy
Mt. Etna, Italy
Mt. Papandayan, Java, Indonesia
Laki, Iceland
Mt. Unzen, Japan
Mt. Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia
Galunggung, Java, Indonesia
Krakatau, Indonesia
Santa Maria, Guatemala
Mt. Pelee, Martinique
Mt. Taal, Philippines
Mt. Kelut, Java, Indonesia
Mt. Lamington, New Guinea
Mt. St. Helens, United States
EI Chichon, Mexico
Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia
Lake Nyos, Cameroon
Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines
Soufriere Hills, Montserrat
237 Million Years Ago
PANTHALASSIC
OCEAN
This peculiar-to ou r eyes-a rrangeme nt of continents with

its unfamiliar oceans and seas , mountains and plains, and
peninsulas and islands reminds us that th e dinosaurs lived
in a far different landscape th an our own . As the last
dinosaurs receded into memory, the future Atlantic Ocean
and Mediterranean Sea were becomin g more su bs tan tial
and reco gni zable, and the continents, excep t for Australia
and Antarctica, were nearing th eir present latitudes. Within
the last 65 million years, most contine n ts nestl ed unhur
riedly into th eir current pos iti ons. However, th e Indian
su b-co ntine nt "s printed" north, crashing into Asia and bull
dozing up the Himalayas. earth 's loftiest mountain range.
94
237
65
A e of Dinosaurs
300
250
200
150
100
Millions of Years Ago

DECEMBER
10
"
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
.-::--=::;.;c::::::;.. . .....
AS IA
PACIFIC
PACIFIC
OCEAN
OCEAN
The highly controversia l theory of

Continental Drift was proposed in 1915 by
Alfred Wegen er to explain both geo logic and
fossil di scoveri es. Altho ugh su p po rt ed by
str o ng data and seemingly o bvio us visual
evrd ence -crnos t no tabl y, the close fit of the
coasrlmes of Afr ica an d So uth Am erica- the
th eory was rejected by o ther scien tists. By
the 1960 s, fur the r studies, especially those
th at di scovered that some rock s co ntained a
record of th e al ignmem of th e Earth's mag
neti c field , resurrecte d the theo ry, which was
red efined under t he te rm Plate Tec tonics.
Few scien tis ts now d isp u te its gen eral pr em
ise, that continental and oceanic plates
mov e a to p a layer of hot an d sem i-so lid rock
below them , alt ho ug h many detail s, particu
larly the cau ses and mechan ics of the
motio n , ar e still not well un derstood.
(\
PACIFIC
OCEAN
ANTARCTICA
~5
Present
day
Present Day
Humans
o
If a year (365 d ays) represented the app roxim ate
age of the Earth (4.5 b illio n years). then the hrst
mapwhich shows the Eart h 237 million years ago.
would have occurred ab out December 13t h. 94
and 65 million years ago would have occurred
about Decembe r 25th and 27th respectively.
Recorded history started about 5.500 years
ago: on this calendar . that would have bee n
about 21 seconds be for e the New Year
PACIFIC
OCEAN
\
)
.
Climate
Tropical wet
Arid
D
D
D
D
Tropical wet and dry
Semiarid
Med iterranea n
Hum id subt rop ical

M arine
Humid cont inental
D
D
D
Subarctic
Tundra
Ice cap
Hig hland
High est average
annual precipitat ion
Lowes! average
annual precip tat ion
Highest recorded
tempe rature
temperature
Lowest recorded
Major Ocean Currents
........ Cool
~ currents
Warm
currents
20'W
\
..
Vegetat ion
Unclassified high lands or ice cap
Tundra and alp ine tundra
Coniferous forest
Midlatitude deciduous forest
Subtropical broadleaf evergreen
fo rest
Mixed forest
Midlatitude scrubland
Midlatitude grassland
Desert
Tropical seasonal and scrub
D
D
Tropical rain forest
Tropical savanna
PACIFIC
OCEAN
0' - EQUATOR -+---- --+_------+-------+-------,..--- ----.f ....:lO :;n .----~- ...::: -_+--_:f _n_ ""-+_-- -
Recife"
Con ifero us for est
Deciduous for est
Desert
M io latit ud e scru b land
Mixed for est
Sub tr op ical b road leaf eve rgr een forest
Tro p ical rain fo rest
mr---
+-- -
-- l\oolf--~-~'------' --t------+------f----+-----f----+-----f~::;"_--+_1,000
1,000
2,000 km
Scale01 the Equator

, rcjecucn: Robinson
ANTARCTICA
20"
40"E
Tropical savanna
Tundra and alpine tund ra
Unclassified highlands or ice cap
World Forest Cover

Fo rests he lp regulate climate by sto n ng hu ge am ounts
of carbon di oxide , whil e providing habitats for co un t
less animal and plant species. Environmentalist s have
-=
Forest Cover
Forest cover 8,000 years ago
that has been lost
Remaining forest cover

(much of it frag mented)
SOurce ':or e Sl FrontIers jn, rJa t,lIe .
Wo rld Reso urces r-isutute. I QQ8
-,.
- - - - - - --
Annual Deforestat ion
Rates
More than D.9% de fo rested
D.l to D.9% defo rested
Stable or increased forest area
No current data available

Source World Resources rosntc te
voiced co ncern over a lon g-t erm decrease in forest cover,

as forest lands have been cleared for such purposes as
farnung, loggl11g, ml11mg, and urban expans IO n.
.....
Tropical Rain Forests

Trop ical rain for ests, found aro und the Earth wit h in 10
degrees of the equa to r, co ntain m or e than hal f of all
the world's p lants and anima l species, beside s to bein g
home to man y Indi genou s peop les. Th ey are vit al to th e
Threats to Tropical
Rain Forests
Agricultural
clearing
Highway
balance of nature . In the past 40 years alone, ab o ut o ne

fifth of the acreage has been cleared fo r logging a nd
other pu rp oses. T hese rain fo rest s, incl ud in g th e majo r
fo rests pin po in ted here, rem ain un der serious threat.
Sundarbans (Bangladesh /India)
diJff'
Bolivar State (Venezuela)
Threat
Risks: The world's largest mangrove forest.
Habit at for the world's largest
pop ulatio n of Bengal tigers.
Economy for 300,000 local families
Threat If!) Q
Risks: Habitat s for several indigenous
peop les/ cultures.
Rich biodiversity
Ratanari Province (Cambodia)

Threat:
(illegal)
Risks: Habitats for several minority peop les.
End angered species of animals.
con structi on
Logging
Mining
Western and Gulf Provinces

(Papua New Guinea)
Pipel ine
Threat ~
Risks: Exceptional area fo r richness of
diverse and rare animal species.
Habit ats for several indigenous
peoples/cultures.
o:?
development
Source: Fares! Frontler 5 InItiatIve,
Wor ld Resour ces Instrtute. 1998
Forests of Darien Gap

(Colombia/Panama)
~
Threat
Risks: Habitat s for three indig enous
peoples /cul tures.
Rich biodiversity
It>
,;>
f - - - - - - - - - --..::
Eastern Congo Forests
(Oem. Rep. of the Congo)
The Atlantic Rain Forest

(Coastal Brazil)
t.ltl
Threat:
Risks: Greatest bio logica l diversity of any
forest on the conti nent of Africa.
Many of Africa's remaining Pygmy
peoples .
r.i$l
Threat
Risks: Biodiv ersity-70% of the plants and
20% of the primate species are
found nowhere else in the world .
Tai Nat ional Park and surrounding for ests

(Cote d'ivoire!""
Threat
GII)J
Risks: Rich biod iversity
Percentage of Frontier Forest

Under Moderate or High
Threat of Destruction
Cross River and Korup National Park

(Cameroon/Nigeria)
ttP
(by European and Asian companies)

Threat
Risks: Rich in plant species-potent ial wealth of new
drugs and industrial products.
Possib le cure to deadly diseases.
Acco rding to the Wo rld Resou rces Inst itute,

only about one -fifth of th e Eart h's fo rest
cover of 8,000 year s ago su rvives unfragm ent
ed , in the large un spo iled tracts it calls
frontierf orests. T hese for est s a re big eno ug h to

provide sta ble habi rars for a rich d ivers ity of
plant a nd an im al speCI es.
(through 2030)
SOurce Fares! Fronti ers Inltlatlve.
W o rld Resources lnsntute 1998
A FRI CA
WO RLD
EU RO PE
N OR TH AM ERICA
A SI A
CE N T RA L AM ERI CA
RUSS IA
SOUTH AMER I CA
OC EA N I A
Population Density
2002
Perso ns per
sq . mile
Over 520
Over 200
100to 199
50 to 99
260 to 519
130 to 259
25 to 129
1 to 24
10 t0 49
1 t0 9
Perso ns pe r
sq. km
Urban agg lomerat ions with
ove r 10.000.000 inhabitants

World population total as of March 1. 2003:
6.277.603,768
(Every da y it Incr eases by abo ut 202 .500)
Soc-cet-te-oenooar Prog ram$ ( en te r.
u.s
Burea u 01 th e Census
Largest Cities (urban agglomerations)
2000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Tokyo
26,444 ,000
MexicoCity
18,131.000
Mumbai
18.066,000
SaoPaulo
17,755,000
New York
16.640.000
Lagos . . . . . . . . 13,427.000
Los Angeles
13.140,000
Kolkata
12.918.000
Shanghai
12,887,000
Buenos Aires
12.560,000
Dhaka
12,317,000
Karachi
11,794.000
Delhi
11.695.000
Jakarta . . . ... . 11,0 18,000
Osaka
11,013.000
2015 (projected)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Tokyo
Mumbai
Lagos
Dhaka
SaoPaulo
Karachi
Mexico City
New York
Jakarta
Kolkata
Delhi
Manila
Shanghai
Los Angeles
Buenos Aires
26,444 ,000
26.138.000
23.173,000
21.119.000
20,397,000
19.211.000
19,180.000
17,432.000
17,256,000
17,252,000
16,808,000
14,825,000
14.575,000
14,080,000
14,076.000
Sao Paulo
Buenos
Aires .
y,
Source: Unit ed Nations Population Division
DO
(0'
Populat ion Projections
by Continent
I . ...' - - ---t-
--I'-----'{
Inte ' l1(ltiona' Data Dvrs.cn
r-+-
"J'!
2 . ()12, 5 ~ , O OO ~.+-----\ ---+--~""
1.317,493.000'
A TLANTlC
OCEAN
SOurce U S Bureau of the Census.
805,243,000
0/
Rio de
J,,,;,,
Lagos
0;
"
'0
Population Density
by Country
Persons pe r
Ti'e world will becom e mor e crowded in the 21st

century. In mid -2000, China alread y had the
highest popu lat ion in the world , with an estimated
1.3 billion inhabitant s, one -firth of the world to tal.
India had reached 1 bi llion, while the United States
had the wor ld's third-largest population , with
about 275 million, followed by Indo nesia, Brazil,
and Russia.
sq . mile
1170 and over
780 to 1169
390 to 779
195 to 389
65 to 194
Unde r 65
Persons per
Populati on Density of the
Current Most Populous Count ries
sq. km
450 and over
300 to 449
150 to 299
75 to 149
25 to 74
Under 25
O ther countrie s
Scc-ce U S. Bc-ee...of tt'le Ceoscs

U.S Dep t. 01 Commerce
2000
China
India
United States
Indonesia
Brazil
Russia
Per sons pe r
2050
(projected)
Persons per
square mile
square mile
330
800
70
290
50
20
China .. , . . , .. , , ' , 360

India .. .. .. .. ... 1,450
United States , . . , . , 100
Indonesia , .. , . , , . . 450
70
Brazil .. ... , , . , , .. ,
Russia , .. , . , ' . , . ,.. 20
2050
Life Expectancy
Life expectancy at birth is a co m mo n measu re of the
number of years a perso n may expect to live. T her e are
many factors, su ch as nutritio n , sanitatio n , hea lt h a nd
medi cal services, that co ntribute to hel ping people live
longer.
As so me of th e abo ve factors Imp rove In the develop
ing counrnes, life expectancy there sho uld Inc rea se. Bu t
m ost of su b-Saharan Afnca will have less tha n average
life expectancies.
Alt ho ug h it is no t in clu ded here, fem ales almost
always have a lo nger life expectancy than males.
2000
\'
r
j"
Life Expectancy
(in years)
75(084
65 to 74
50 to 64
R
40
(0
49
Less than 40
No data
Source: U,S. CensusBureau
2025
.~
. ....".,.
Highest Anticipated Lif e Expectancies, 2025

World Average
71
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
84
83
83
83
82
82
82
82
82
82
Andorra
Macau
Japan
Singapore
Australia
Switzerland
Canada
Sweden
Ice land
France
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Italy
Liechte nste in
Monaco
Spain
Norway
Gree ce
Israe l
Netherlands
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
82
30 United States
81
Source: u.s. Census Bureau
\'
Youthful Population
in g fin ancial and so cial su ppo rt for th e o lder members of

the pop ula tion . Unfortunately, a co unt ry's eco no m ic and
physi cal resou rces may not be able to ab sorb a ballooning
youth fu l population. A lack of o ppo rt u nity in rural
regions enco urages m igration to over-cro wde d citi es where ,
in turn, a lack of jo bs or space in schoo ls leads to swelling
numbers of un employed .
A count ry with a yo uth fu l population o fte n reflects a high
birthrate and a shor t life expectancy. T he yo uth ful com po

nent of a country's populati on sho u ld be th e healthiest
and the mo st energetic. In co u ntries wh ere there is a good
system of educa tio n, the sta ndards of livmg can onl y benefit
from a large, educated you th ful population . furth ermore,
large nu m bers of you ng wo rkers offer a means fo r provid
Perce nt of population age

14 years and younger
More than 45%
40 to 45%
30 to 40%
20 to 30%
Less than 20%
2001 Est imates
Source: World Factbook, CIA, 2001
Food and Nutrition

There ha s been a gene ral tr end tow ards better
nutrition, but su b-Saharan Afnca rem ain s a probl em
area: increasing numbers o f people will be su ffen ng
from un dern utrit io n.
O n a worldwide basis, th e food su pply seems

adeq uate. Un fortuna tely th e ava ilability of food and
th e di stribution of people don't always match up.
Undernutrition in Developing
Countries, 1969-2010
5001-- - -- - --
<JI :5
c=>
400
o c
Qj
L~
GYPT
3,346
..,.
BOLl ~
2,218)
7-
I)
D E M OC RAT1 C
REPUBLIC OF
~ THECONGO
f U
1,514
-1t.1E"?
\J,..
PAPUA
~ ~ NEW GUINEA
'fi3f~
2,175
-v-
.~
~ ~}N~
k:;;~~::~:~5~~~:
~ . foo 1"""= - - - - - - - - - -=
:!'!
iil
\r'~~J.,
<=>...
300
g.g 200
=0)
f-- ---.; ; : - - - - -- --
O1969-71
~~~~
1979-81
1990-92
2010
NEAR EAST &
NORTH AF RI CA
, . ZEALAND
Average Daily per Capita
Calorie Supply, 1998-2000
Within each cont inent, the countries with the

highest pe r cap ita calorie suppl y are labeled
in green, while the countr ies with the lowesl
per cap ital calorie supply are labe led in red .
Source: UN food and Agricultllre Organization
3,252
The colors of the regions correspond to the

colors in the graph.
Hausa
Fulani
Akan Yorurabo A
FRICA
Somali
Luba l ulua Gikuyu

Kongo
Swa~i
Rwand8
.r ;;' ~ ;.-.....
" ~~P'a ~.,J' ,
Languages
D
D
African (includi ng Yorub a. Swahili)

Afro-Asiat ic (inclu d ing Hebr ew, Arabic )
Ame rindi an (Includin g Inuit, lroquoian. O uechua)
Dravidian
Ind o-European (includ ing English, Span ish, Hind i)
Japa nese and Korean
D
D
French
Malaya -Polynesian (includi ng Hawaiian, Prlipmo)

Sino -Tibetan (incl uding Chine se, Burmese)
Ural-Asiat ic (incl ud ing Finnish, Hungana n, Turkrsh)
O the r
Uninhabi t ed
Primary reg iona l lang uage
Literacy
2001 Estim at es
97 to 100%
81 to 96%
61 to 80%
30 t o 60%
Less than 30%
No current data
availab le
World hteracy rates are based on
the percentage of the popu latio n
who can read the ir native lang uage.
The data varies between t he years
of 1989 to 2000.
Source World Pectoooe. CIA. 2001
1"
Religions
Roman Catholic
HindUism
Prot estant
Buddh ism
Judaism
Eastern Orth od ox
Islam
Japanese religions ($h
Chinese reli .
mtctsm . Buddh ism)
glons (Buddhism, Tdoism . Co nt ocianism)
.
D
D
Local relig ions

Uninhabited
Historical
Spread of Religions
--e
Budd hrsm
--e Chnstraruty
Islam
Judaism (Jew ish d iaspo ra)
Prese nt-da y b oundanes
A
)
Land Use
D
D
Commercial ag riculture
Dairy ing
Livestock ranching
Nomadic he rd ing
Subsisten ce ag riculture
Primarily fo restland
Limited agricultu ral act ivity

Major manufactu ring and
trade centers
ATLANTIC
--6 CEAN---
Shares of the World's GOP

2001
PACIFIC
OCEAN
SOurce: World Facrboolc. CIA. 2001
Canada 2%
-o-----------t--- EQUATOR ---+---------.f:------..."iiiil':!l.
- ,
Belo
Horizonte
-
TROPICOFCAPRICORN
Rio deJm..
---------
Sao P ~u ~ - - - Buenos
~Ai r e s
T he Gross Do mes tic Product

(GO P) is the value of goods and
services produced by a pol iti cal
ent ity In any given period . T hese
valu es help ind icat e how well th e
econo my is doing.
Industrial
Employment
More than 40%
30 to 40%
lS to 29.9%
Less than 1S%
No current data
available
Percentage of total labor force
employed in industry.
Source: World Factbook. CIA. 2001
5? TO kYOIYOkOpha ~ C IFI C
~ Osaka/
OCEAN
'1Jl
INDIAN
OCEAN
------4-
--
- : _-
Cape Town -
I
1,qOO
oI
1 000
2,0,00 mi
2,000 km
Scale at the Eq ~a t or
Projection : Robinson
-+--r=
ANTA~ C T I C~OO E
0E
30
/
90' E
/'
120'E
Agricultural
Employment
More than 80%

60 to 80%
30 to 59.9%
10 to 29.9%
Lessthan 10%
N o current da ta
available
t of tot al labor force

Percen d i agriculture.
emplo ye m
k CIA 2001
Source: World Factboo .
60'S
"
I
PACIFIC OCEAN
EQUATOR --+-
-j--
-+-
-+-
Oil, Natural Gas,

and Coal
Major oil fields
c::::::>
Other oil fields

Natural gas fields
Coal deposits
EQUATOR
:.11
Bauxite
Chrom ium
Copp er
Diamonds
&-, Gol d
M
@
Iron
Lead
Manganese
&ill.
Nickel
Platin um
!SJll
Silver
/l!U
Tin
Titan ium
Zinc
--,r.--
-F
"
,,'
Electrical Energy
Productio n
Billions of kilowatt hours, 1999
3,705 (United State s)
500 to 1,175
100 to 499
50 to 99
20 to 49
Less than 20
SOurce U S Depe -troeor of E.nergy
Intern ati on al Ene rgy Annu al. 2000
--
Television Receivers
Number of television receivers
per 100 popu lation
More than 50
30 to 50
10 to 30
5 to 10
Less than 5
N o current data available
SOurce. UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Although there a re so me unexp ect edl y upp er-ca tegor y

co un tries on this ma p, televisions , a relatively inexp ensive
consumer ite m in all but th e poo rest nations, predominate
whe re broadcast and cab le tech no logy is modern an d avail
able and where popular cu lture has made television th e
pnmar y medi um of marketi ng, news, and enrerrain menr.
N ewspaper Circulation
Daily new spa pe r circulation
per 100 populat ion
More than 40
20 to 40
10 to 20
2.5 to 10
Less than 2.5
1996 Estimates
Source: UNESCOInstitute tor Statistics
:
~ U ST R A L I A
Obvious ly, newspaper Circul atio n IS partially associated
with nati onal literacy. In addi tio n, th e relative co untry
rank ings m ay illustrate th e ra nge of cu ltural vitality and
th e freedom-or lack of- in th e ability to express and
share ideas, opi n ions , and critical co m me ntary.
Personal Computers
Personal computers per
100 populat ion

M ore than 40
30 to 40
20 to 30
10 to 20
5 to 10
Less [han 5
No data ava ila ble

2001 Estimat e s
Source IM I Telecommunicat ion Unton
Perso nal co m p u te r owners h ip IS ge nera lly m sign rficanr 111 ASia ,

Eas tern Eu ro pe, and Africa. So m e o r all o f t he following reasons m ay
app ly: expe nse, illite racy, lack of techn o logy, and lit tle o r no eco no m
IC n eed . Also , au thoritaria n govern me nts may anem p[ to lirrur [h e
use o f co m puters, feanng the un resrrtcred acc ess to glo bal in fo rm s
n on [ ha c email and [he Intern et offer.
if
Internet Users, 2001
u.s. 142,823,000
J ap an 57,900,000
China 33,700 ,000

Germ any 30,000,000
South Korea 24,380 ,000
United Ki ngdom 24,000,000
Italy 16,000,000
France 15,653,000
Canada 13,500,000
Braz il 8,000,000
'f
Source Inte rnati o na l Teleco mmun icat ion Un ion
Cellular
Communications
Ce llula r t el ephone subsc rib e rs
per 100 populat ion
More than 60
45 to 60
30 to 45
15 to 30
5 to 15
Less tha n 5
No da ta available
2001 Est;mate ,
Source In1"lI eleco mmunicatron Union
Cellu lar telep hon es m ay be affor dable and Viab le a lrerna nves where
teleph o ne Ian d im es ar e non exist en t , rcchnolo gica lly ba ckwards, expensive,
or overlo ade d. Co nversely, where land lin es are m od ern and p rofi cien t, [he
demand fo r cellu lar telep hon es may be less [han expected.
Time Zones
2 A.M.
3 A.M.
4 A.M.
1 P.M.
5 A.M.
2 P.M.
3 P.M.
4 P.M.
5 P.M.
Non-standard time;
6 P.M.
7 P.M.
8 P.M.
+6
+7
+8
9 P.M. 10Pi
" +6
Hours
+11
12 -12
- 11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
The World IS drvidcd inro 24 tim e zo nes , beg in

ning at th e Prim e Meridian, whi ch ru ns th rough
Green wich , Eng land. T he twelve zo nes eas t and
twelve zo nes west of the Prim e M errdian meer
halfway aro und the glo be at the Intern ati on al
Date Lin e.
-5
-1
+1
Trave lin g It1 an easte rly drr ecnon , the time of

d ay m oves ahead o ne hour for eac h zo ne
cros sed . T ravelm g west , n rne falls beh ind o ne
hou r per zo ne . At the Intern ati on al Da te L1Ile a
tr aveler gall1s o ne day croSSIl1g It III an eas te rly
d irection, and loses one day rraveli ng west.
+2
+3
+4
+5
Note that th e run es shown a re "standard time."

Adjustm en ts a re necessary when "d aylight
saving ti me " IS use d.
Average Speeds of
Some Passenger Transportation
Walking 3-4 mph/ 5-6 kph
Bicycle 10 mph/16 kph
Ocean liner, Queen Elizabeth 1/ 33 mph/53 kph
Intercity bus, Greyhound ; u.s . 54 mph/87 kph
Air cushion vehicle, United Kingdom 69 mph/111 kph
Electric tr ain, Amtrak Ace la Express; East ern U.s. 150 mph/241 kph (top speed)
High-speed t rain, Shinkansen (Bullet Train); Japan 164 mph/263 kph (average speed between stations)
Jet airliner, Boeing 737 500 mph/80S kph
nes
Ocean Travel, New York City to London
P.M.
=-
1883 , Steamsh ip 6 days
~m.
2000 , Ocean line r, Q ueen Elizabeth II, 5 days
AirTravel, New York City to Paris
t:,_,~> -.c2~~~f)~
")
' '-.o S ),
1927, Spirit of St. Louis, sing le-engine propeller plane 33 hours 30 minutes
1958, Boe ing 707, fo ur-e ng ine jet 8 hours 41 minutes -
: 1977, Concorde SST, superson ic jet
3 hours 44 minutes
'i.~
-L._';::====~
Famous Airplane Flights
A'I
'd ne y
:;i
+10
Passengers at
M ajor Airports
2001
~ More than 40 million
~ 30 to 40 milli on
~ 20 to 30 million
Source Airports Coonctt International
1903
Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first engine-powered
flight in a heavier-than-aircraft at Kitty Hawk, NC.The
fiight lasted less than 12 seconds.
1908
Glenn Curtiss made the first official flight of more than
1 kilometer (0.62 miles).
1926
Floyd Bennett (pilot) and Richard E. Byrd (navigator)
claimed to have circled the North Pole.
1927
Charles A. Lindbergh made the first solo, nonstop, trans
atlantic flight. He flewfrom Garden City, NY to Paris in 33
hours 30 minutes.
1929
Richard E. Byrd estab lishedan Antarctic base at Little
America. On November 28 and 29, Byrd and his pilot, Bernt
Balchen, left the base and flew to the South Pole.
1932
Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly across the
Atlantic Ocean. She flewfrom Harbour Grace,
Newfoundland to Northern Ireland, a distance of 2,026
miles (3,260 kilometers) in 15 hours 18 minutes.
1933
Wiley Post made the first solo, round-the-world flight. He
flewfrom Floyd Bennett Fieldin Brooklyn, NY and covered
15,596 miles (25,099 kilometers) in 7 days 18 hours 49
minutes.
1949
AnAirForce crew made the first nonstop, round-the-world
flight. Using a B-50Abomber, they traveled 23,452 miles
(37,742 kilometers) in 3 days 22 hours 1 minute,
1992
French pilotsflew the supersonic Concorde around the
world, east-to-west, in a record setting 32 hours 49 minutes
3 seconds.
Internat ion al boun dary

State or prov incial boundary
National capital
ARCTIC
OCEAN
Symbol and label sizes

indicate relative sizes 0/ cities:
New York
Berin g
Sea
Balt imore
Cbartotte
400
,
800m;
400
800 km
n's
PACIFIC
OCEAN
{,~
Bermuda
_(U.K.)
,0""
Area: 9,36 1,791 square miles

(24,247,038 square kilomete rs)
Highest Point: Mt. McKinley, United States,
20,32 0 h . (6,194 m)
Lowest Point: Death Valley, United States,
282 h . (86 m) below sea level
600 W
Puerto
Af19U~ 20oN
IOOJ~U. K.}-St. Martin
(U.S.) .J~~~ .
(Fr . and N erh.)
Longest River: Mississippi-M issour i-Red Rock,

3,710 mi. (5,971 km)
~-I
Nat ions of the Lesser Antilles
Largest Lake: Lake Supe rior , United States!

Canada, 31,700 sq. mi. (82,103 sq. km)
Largest Country : Canada, 3,85 1,809 sq. mi.
(9,976,140 sq . km)
Larg est City: New York City , United State s,
21,200,000 (metrop olitan popu lation)
Iv
..,, ?':. ANTIGUA

AND
B1RBUDA
._ Montserrat (U.K.)
Virgin Islands /
(U.S. and U.K.)
Count ry
Capital
Count ry
Capit al
Antigua and Barbuda

51. Kitts and Nevis
Dominica
51. Lucia
Barbados
St. John's
Basseterre
Roseau
Castries
Bridgetown
St. Vi ncent and the

Grenadines
Grenada
Trinidad and Tobago
Kingstown
51. George's
Port-of-Spain
ST . KIrrS
Ii': Gua~eloupe (Fr .)

" DO ~tI NI CA
AND NEVIS
~OO mi
200km
GRENADA "
'1\ Martinique (Fr .)
d S~. LUCIA
C)
BA RB/\ D OS
~~~~~i>~~~
TRINIDAD AND
T OB AGO
IO'N
..
--------.;
BO'N
North
+ Pole
ARCTIC
OCEAN
,'IS
,:,"
"\
'00,.
tkcr~ /
,~
ATLANTIC
\
OCEAN
., Bermuda
800 mi
f--~7-'-----'-----"
800 km
International bo undary
'"
Mountain peak
Lowest point
Falls
[ Elevation Profile
I
100"W
I
, "'
70'W
_ _,,
': :J~~~ _ --_ GroT~ ~T~~k~H"=-.=~==--=l~
Sea A
Major Metropolitan
Areas
Antigua & Barbu da
St. John 's
22,000
Bahama s
Nassau
211,000
Belize
Belize City
Belmopan
Pe rso ns per
sq . km
Over 520
Barbados
Bridgetown
Population
Pe rso ns pe r
sq . mile
6,000
Over 200
260 t0 5 19
100 to 199
130 to 259
50 to 99
25 to 29
10 to 49
49,000
8,000
1 to 24
1 to 9
Canada
Toronto
Montr eal
Vancouver
Ottawa
Calgary
Edmonton
Quebec
Hamilton
Winnipeg
Costa Rica
San Jose
5,030,000
3,549,000
2,123,000
1,129,000
993,000
967,000
698,000
687,000
686,000
Major me tr opolitan ar ea s
Und e r 1 million
.Edmonton
~anco u ver . Calgary
1,305 ,000
~Se att l e-
Quebec.
Montreal.
Minneapo lisawa
51. Paul.
am1t0 11... e Toro nto
ost on
.
,
Detroltlil ~
( Sacrame nto . Sa lt Lake City
MllCwha,ukee
4t'jeveland
ew York-Newark
rcaqo ,
ephilade lphia
San Francisco-.
. I n d l a n ~ p,? I IS. ,.
~. ~sh ington , D,C.-Baltimore
Oak land
.Fresno
Denve re
Kansas City
Cincinnatie ('of, tts5~fg h
San Jose
Las Vegas
St Louis
"mbus
rf Ik V' . , B h
UN I T ED S T ATE S 'Nashville
.,.,,0 0 "g'OIa ea c
.
?
Los Angeles
.
Me
mphis
Charlott
e
Oklahomae
San Diego.
City Dallas At lant a
TIjuana
EI Paso
Ft. Worth
,
New . Jac ksonville
ad Ju arez"
.Orlea ns
Orland o
AustlO. .
San Antonio ( 1-i~
Tampa-. TH~~MIAM \S
51. Petersburg
Mffifl'I')
~ N~a u ST , KITTS" NE VIS
Mont er rey.
Cuba
Havana
Port land. Tacoma
2,192,000
Dominica
Roseau
16,000
Dominican Republic
SantoDomingo
2,677 ,000
EISalvador
San Salvador
Grenada
St. Geo rge 's
Guatem ala
Guat emala City
1,909 ,000
5,000
1,007 ,000
Haiti
Port-au-Prince
Honduras
Tegucigalpa
99 1,000
Monterrey
Pueb la
Ciudad J uarez
Tijuana
leon
578,000
16,203.000
3,349 ,000
3,131 ,000
1,272.000
1,187,000
1,149,000
1,021,000
Nicarag ua
Managua
1,148,000
Panama
Panama City
Puerto Rico
San Juan
1,002,000
2,450,000
St. Kitts & Nevis
Basseterre
St. lucia
Castries
13,000
11,000
St. Vincent & Grenad ines

Kingstown
15,000
Trinidad & Tobago
Port of Spain
Guad alajara.
835,000
Mexico
Mexico City
Guadalajara
Havana
~-:~~
. ~_, _
Jamaica
Kingston
Ove r 2 million
1 million to 2 million
48,000
United States
New York-Newark 21,200,000
Los Ange les
16,374,000
Chicago
9,158,000
Washington -Baltimore 7.608,000
Leon
? ~ . "Puerto
Rico
" ,
(u .S )
l A ,.........
Bassete rre
ANTIGUA"
,,(BARRUIM
~
~ t . Jo hn's
San Ju an . DOMI NI CA
n Port,'a U \' Santo ST , LUC IA': BARRAD OS

Prince \ Do rninqo
~ ST, VI NC ENT"
lP
Mexico
City
DO MI N ICAN
GRE N ADA'
RE Pu nl ~ C. -Port-ol-Sparr
TI lE G RENADI NES
I";~ ~,t6~
San FranciscoOakland-San Jose

Philadelph ia
Boston
Detroit
Dallas-Ft. Worth
Houston
Atlanta
Miami
Seattle-Tacom a
Phoe nix
Minneapolis-St. Paul
Cleveland -Akron
San Diego
St, Louis
Denve r
Tampe -St. Petersburg
Pitts burgh
Portland
Cincinnati
Sacramento
Kansas City
Milwaukee
7.039,000
6,188 ,000
5,819,000
5.456,000
5,222,000
4,670,000
4,112,000
3,876,000
3,555,000
3,252,000
2,969,000
2,946,000
2,81 4,000
2,604,000
2,582 ,000
2,396 ,000
2,359 ,000
2,265,000
1,979,000
1,797,000
1.776 ,000
1,690,000
Interna tiona l compa rabifi ty of
popolarion data is limited by varying

census methods. VVhere metropolitan
popvfation is unavailable, cor e city
population is sho wn.
Estimated 2002 Population (in millions)

United States 281
Mexico 103
Canada 32
Guatemala 13
Cuba 11
All other count ries 51
Source:
u.s. Census BureaIJ
...
Electricity Use
Ca nada 15,748
Gross Domestic Product IS a meas

u re of th e to tal goods and services
genera ted by a cmIntry. Ge ne ra lly,
manu facturing, hi gh-tech services,
a nd specialized agri cultu ral prod
uct s ad d m or e value th an raw mate
rial s and baSIC food sruffs.
Mexico p rofits from o il p roduc
tion and a major manufa ct urm g
zo ne adjace n t to th e U.S. bo rd er ,
whi le Cos ta Rica ha s becom e a sig
ru fica n r to unst desti nation. Hai ti IS
the poo rest co u ntry In the West ern
Hemi sp here.
Un ite d St at es
12,407
Virgi n
Island s
7,762
Ja ma ica 2,278
M exic o 1,676
EI Salv ador 583
Gross Domestic
Product
KWh (kilowatt hours) per person per year

So urce World Factbook CIA 2001
GOP per capita

Over 520,000
$10,000 to 520.000
$5,000 to 59,999
$2,500 to 54.999
Under 52.500
Land Use and
Resources
No data
SOurce World Facrbook. CIA. 2001
Predom inant land use
There is a p rofo un d nort h-south d ifferen ce

in No rt h Am erica , Can ada and the u.s. a re
models o f high -tech , glo bally co n nec ted
econom ies- largely urba n and service OrI
ented SOCieties wh ere a relative ha ndful o f
farmers pr oduces a su rplus of food stu ffs
and every lan d use, from the irngared field s
of the West to the d air y belt of th e
Nor theas t to th e for est s of th e No rth ,
seems to be mol de d by marker effic iency ,
Withou t a d ou b t, th is eco nom ic prowess
has been encouraged by Imm en se su p plies
San Francisco
of coal, oil, nat ural gas, wood, gold, iro n
ore, and othe r min era l reso u rces.
Altho ugh MeXICO has sub stantial oil and
mineral resources and ag ncul tu ral pr oducti on
thar succ essfully stru ggles agaIns r cha lleng ing
enviro n m en ral lirru ta rio ns , much o f irs growing
prospen ty IS lm ked to increased tr ad e with th e U.s.,
reflected in a major m anu factunng zo ne alo ng ItS
northern borderlands. Central Am er ica and th e
Carib bean co n ti n ue to wrestl e Wit h th e legacy of co m me r
cial planta tion agrIcult u re and su bsiste nce agrI culture, bur
tour ism, espec ially in the Ca rib bea n , a nd sma ll-scale assembly
and m an u factunn g have become eco no m ic backb o nes, as well.
Commer cial agriculture
D
D
Subsistence agriculture
Primarily forestland
Limited agricultural activity
Dairying
livestock ranChing
Major resou rces
Q
Cl
iA
Coal
Natural gas
Oil
Forest products
Gold
Silver
Iron ore
ill
Uranium
Bauxite
Ot her rnmerals
..:::;:xc Fishing

H SAl.V ADO R
Major manufacturing
and trade centers
Climate
Tropical wet
And
Semiarid
D
D
Med iterranean
,",
Humid continental
D
D
Subarctic
Ice cap
Humid subtropical
Marine
Tundra
Highland
Su rroun ded and envelo ped by warm water, th e co u n

tries of so u the rn North America ar e warm and wet.
T he Eas te rn U.S. and most of Ca nada a re striped by
clim ate zones offering ad equ ate pr ecip iran on and
progressively lower tem perarures as o ne travels north,
but the pat tcrn go es tops y-rurvy m the West , wh ere
swirling an d a nd se rn ran d zo nes abut coasta l regIOn s
in fluenced by bot h ram-bean ng wind s and cool ocean
currents.
See photograp hs taken in di fferenr kinds of eli
mates on pages 24- 25.
C A N A DA
Hend erso n Lake

Highest averag e annua l
pr ecipitation: 256 " {650 c
st. John's
Annual Precipitation
Cent imet ers
Over 203
San Francisco
U N IT E D
STATES
Bat ag ues
Lowest average annu al
precipita tion : 1.2 " (3.0 cm)
Atlanta .
Inches
Over 80
152to 203
60 to 80
102 to 152
40 to 60
51 to 102
20 to 40
25 to 51
10 to 20
Under 25
Under 10
J ust as moisture-rich rrade winds

sweep th ro ugh the Caribbean to
st rike a nd soak Cen tral Am erica,
p revailing westerly win ds eme rge
fro m th e No rth Pacific to collide
with the coastal mounrain s of
Ca na da a nd th e U.S. Leache d of rain
and snow, the movin g air remains
dry unril it once again ap proaches
warm war er-rhe Gulf of Mexico
and th e Gu lf Str ea m enrich ed
Atlanri c O cea n.
..
Vege tation
Climat e Graphs
Average daily
temperature
Average monthly
range(InoF)
(in inches)
' ~l ~~~h
Tundra and alpine tundra
l[~:
D
D
':j _ ::::::::_ [20'

--
Jul Oct
00
-, Jan Apr
- - 0'
Jul Oct
MEXICO CITY, Mexico
':j==- =[::
0"
Desert
Subtropicalbroadleaf evergreen
forest
Deserts span n ing the U.5./Mexico bo rd er join

the tropica l pla nt life o f Central Ame rica and
so uthe rn Mexico to the te mper ate and arctic
vegetatIO n o f Canada and the U.S.- vegetatio n
predominat ely for est lan d bu t spli t by the arc of
the Grea t Plains and in ter wo ven with scrub
lands able to end u re infreq uent ra in fall.
See p ho to gra ph s o f d iffer ent the kin d s of veg
eta tion o n page 26 - 27.
l210'o'
__
32".21 to -
0,
FAIRBANKS. USA
100"]
65 ~~
Mixed forest
10'
Jan Apr
0
0
Coniferous forest
ATlANTA. USA
:1
Unclassifiedhighlands or ice cap
preci pitation
Jan Apt Jul Oct
AN llGUA&
BARHUOA
MINNEAPOUS, USA
'~l-=:=-:-~ [~:
Oct
Jan Apr Jul
In the U.S. and

Ca nada, heavy con
su mption of en ergy
and other resou rces
is a sou rce o f m an y
en vironmental prob
lem s. Enviro n m ental
laws and regulatio ns
have help ed , but air
pollutants and gases
con tinue to cau se
health problem s and
may contribute to
global warming.
In the west ern
U.S. and parts of
Mexic o , large areas
a re suscep tible to
desertificat ion from
overgrazing and
ag ricul ture.
Deforestation is a
m ajor issue in Lat in
Am erica and th e
Caribbean . In Hai ti,
for example, all th e
native rain for est s
have been dest royed ,
causing irrev ersible
harm to ecosystems.
NUUK, Greenland
'~:j
---- =
12'
0" - - Jan Apr
Jul Oct
[20'
10'
NEWYORK CITY. USA
':j _--[20'
ll'
0"
Jan
- - 10 '
Apr
Jul
Oct
PHOENIX. USA
_=_[20
'OO'
65' j
--
- - 10'
12'
0"
Jan AfJr
Oct
Jul
ST. JOHN'S, Canada
100'
W j
12'
0"
- - --
=t=, .
-
Jan Apr Jul
l2o'
10'
Oct
-__[20'
SAN FRANOSCO. USA
l~: l -
_ _ - - - - 10'
11'
0"
Jan
Jut Oct
Apr
SAN JOSE, Cost a Rica
': j=== ==::::::::r

l~
I
Jan Apr Jul
[::
SANJUAN, Puerto Rico
':
====[::
1:1 1 1 1 1 0'
Jan Apr
Jul
Oct
12'
Ja" Apr
Jul
Currentforest
Cleared forest
~ Area at highest risk of dese rtification
Areas most affected by acid rain
Poor air quality'
"Cities exceed ing at least one of the World Hea lth
OrganIzation's (WHO ) annual mean guidelines for ai,
VANCOUVER. Canada
'~: l
r-r--:
0" .1:
Environmental Issues
O.
Oct
1
Oct
[20'
10'
qualit}'
SOurces: Global Distribution of Originaland Remaining Forests,
UNEPW CMC.
2002
World Soil Resources Map Index, USDAlNRCS. 2002

World De velo pment Indicarors. World Bank. 1999
_") TH E BAHAMAS
#
~,
A."IT1GUA e
/BARBUDA
ST KITTS &. NEVIS
..
-'.;
6 - .....;;;;;:'.....~_ ..;
...
~eno ~ro
AD'
..
'.
,pico, DO Mf N TC".A
ST . tUCIA~
BARBADO..CO
(u .s .)
... .
::=::-ST. VINCENT e
GREN AD A;
TIn GRF.NADlN[S
~ TR1NmAO
& T O BAGO
. ..
.. .
United States
Alabama
Alaska
..
... ...
....
~~
- } {" -
CAUFORNIA REPUB UC
Arkansas
Arizona
California
95'
Hawaii
Idaho
MONTANA
I
Billings.
:i ~\lOWstone \l .
KANSAS
Iowa
Kansas
Maine
Maryland
Minnesota
Mississip pi
NEW/MEXICO
Fort
Worth
RoswL
Nebraska
Abilene.
Odessa
Nevada
Dall
Wac
TEXAS
Be
IOS'W
I
Laredo.
New Mexico
New York
160'W
,pIG
'~
!f
' l! !'
Oklahoma
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Q =
Honolulu
HAWAII 'D D
OKLAHOMA
Ohio
lWW
o
lOOmi
f-----r---'
o 100km
13O'W
\
Sou th Dakota
Tennessee
I
15S'W
Texas
Utah
Corpus
ChnS1l
Brownsville
...
'0'
:m:
_
' ,
j
Colorado
Connecticut
District of Columbia
Delaware
Georgia
.. *... ..
."~* ~.,,
.,,-." -!f!__
*
11'
."
7O"W
n..LINOIB
....
I .. *
." ." 1.,, ."
Illinois
India na
Kentucky
Louisiana
Massachusetts
Michigan
'lAS
MONTANA
Missouri
Montana
New Hampshire
N ew J ersey
Total A rea: 3) 17) 96 sq uare

miles (9,629.091 square
kilom eters)
Hig hest Point: Mt. McKinley,
A laska, 20.320 ft. (6,194 m)
Lowest Point: Death Valley,
Califo rnia, 282 ft. (86 m)
b elow sea level
EJ
State bo unda ry
Nation al capi t al
Long est River: M ississippi

M issouri-Red Rock,
3)10 mi. (5,971 km)
State cap it al
2o'N
8CJ'W

indicate relative sizes of cities:
New York City

St . Lo uis
o
I
o
150
,
150
300
, mi
N o rth Carolina
N orth Dak ota
Oregon
Pen nsylvani a
Largest Lake (within U.S.):

Lake Mi chigan, 22,342 sq . mi.
(57,866 sq . km)
Large st State : Al aska, 570,374
sq . mi. (1,477 ,268 sq. km)
Largest City : New York City,
New York, 8,008,028
WISCONSIN
.n
.
w
-
Verm ont
.~"'-~
300 km
Carson City
..(~
~ ""~ "
. :"l::! '
n ~~.:.~ "
1848
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
State
2000 Population
and Rank
Capital
Abbreviation
Largest
City
Traditional
Postal
Service
Nickname
4,447,100
23rd
Montgomery
Birmingham
ALA.
AL
Heart of Dixie
626,932
48th
Juneau
Anchorage
(none)
AK
The Last Frontier
Arizona
5,130,632
20th
Phoenix
Phoenix
ARIZ.
AZ
Grand Canyon State
Arkansas
2,673,400
33rd
Litttle Rock
Little Rock
ARK.
AR
Land of Opportunity
California
33,871,648
1st
Sacramento
LosAngeles
CALIF.
CA
Golden State
Colorado
4,301,261
24th
Denver
Denver
COLO.
CO
Centennial State
Connecticut
3,405,565
29th
Hartford
Bridgeport
CONN.
CT
Constitution State,
Nutmeg State
783,600
45th
Dover
Wilmington
DEL.
DE
First State,
Diamond State
Florida
15,982,378
4th
Tallahassee
Jacksonville
FLA.
FL
Sunshine State
Georg ia
8,186,453
10th
Atlanta
Atlanta
GA.
GA
Empire State of the South,

Peach State
Hawaii
1,211,537
42nd
Honolulu
Honolulu
(none)
HI
Aloha State
Idaho
1,293,953
39th
Boise
Boise
IDA.
ID
Gem State
Illinois
12,419,293
5th
Springfield
Chicago
ILL.
IL
Prairie State
Indiana
6,080,485
14th
Indianapolis
Indianapolis
IND .
IN
Hoosier State
Iowa
2,926,324
30th
Des Moines
Des Moines
(none)
IA
Hawkeye State
Kansas
2,688,418
32nd
Topeka
Wich ita
KANS.
KS
Sunflower State
Kentucky
4,041,769
25th
Frankfort
Lou isville
KY. or
KEN .
KY
Bluegrass State
Louisiana
4,468,976
22nd
Baton Rouge
New Orleans
LA.
LA
Pelican State
Maine
1,274,923
40th
Augusta
Portland
(none)
ME
Pine Tree State
Maryland
5,296,486
19th
Annapolis
Baltimore
MD .
MD
Old Li ne State,
Free State
Massachusetts
6,349,097
13th
Boston
Boston
MASS.
MA
BayState,
Old Colony
Michigan
9,938,444
8th
Lansing
Detroit
MICH .
MI
Wolverine State
Minnesota
4,919,479
21st
St. Paul
Minneapolis
MINN .
MN
North 5tar State,

Gopher State
Mississippi
2,844,658
31st
Jackson
Jackson
MISS .
MS
Magnolia State
5,595,211
17th
Jefferson City
Kansas City
MO.
MO
Show Me State
Alabama
Alaska
Delaware
Missouri
State
2000 Population
and Rank
..
Capital
Largest
City
Abbreviation
Traditional
Postal
Service
Nickname
Montana
902,195
44th
Helena
Billings
MONT.
MT
Treasure State
Nebraska
1,711,265
38th
Lincoln
Omaha
NEBR .
NE
Cornhusker State
Nevada
1,998,257
35th
Carson City
LasVegas
NEV.
NV
Silver State
New Hampshire
1,235,786
41st
Concord
Manchester
N.H.
NH
Granite State
New Jersey
8,414,350
9th
Trenton
Newark
N.J.
NJ
Garden State
New Mexico
1,819,046
36th
Santa Fe
Albuquerque
N. MEX.
or N.M.
NM
Land of Enchantment
18,976,457
3rd
Albany
New York
N.Y.
NY
Empire State
8,049,313
11th
Raleigh
Charlotte
N.C.
NC
Tar Heel State
642,200
47th
Bismarck
Fargo
N. DAK.
or N.D.
ND
Peace Garden State,

Flickertail State
11,353,140
7th
Columbus
Columbus
(none)
OH
Buckeye State
Oklahoma
3,450,654
27th
Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City
OKLA.
OK
Sooner State
Oregon
3,421,399
28th
Salem
Portland
ORE.
OR
Beaver State
Pennsylvania
12,281,054
6th
Harrisburg
Philad elphia
PA. or
PENN .
PA
Keystone State
Rhode Island
1,048,319
43rd
Providence
Providence
R.1.
RI
Ocean State
South Carolina
4,012,012
26th
Columbia
Columbia
S.c.
SC
Palmetto State
754,844
46th
Pierre
Sioux Falls
S. DAK.
or S.D.
SD
Mt. Rushmore State
5,689,283
16th
Nashville
Memphis
TENN.
TN
Volunteer State
Texas
20,851,820
2nd
Austin
Houston
TEX.
TX
Lone Star State
Utah
2,233,169
34th
Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City
(none)
UT
Beehive State
608,827
49th
Montpelier
Burlington
VT.
VT
Gree n Mountain State
Virginia
7,078,515
12th
Richmond
Virginia Beach
VA.
VA
Old Dominion
Washington
5,894,121
15th
Olympia
Seattle
WASH .
WA
Evergreen State
West Virginia
1,808,344
37th
Charleston
Charleston
W.VA.
WV
Mounta in State
Wisconsin
5,363,675
18th
Madison
Milwaukee
WIS .
WI
Badger State
Wyoming
493,782
50th
Cheyenne
Cheyenne
WYO.
WY
Equality State
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
South Dakota
Tennessee
Vermont
ios-w
130' W
II
Internat ional bo undary
State boundary
'"
Mou ntai n peak
'V
Lowest point
40fy
1300W
I
I
I
3S'fy
Oahu
lia
*at '
lal}
Molokai
MEXICO
Lanai..
Kahoola we ..
/.
100
250
500 km \
IS0'W
100
140'W
Coast Ranges
Sierra Nevada
200 km
Great Basin
10S'W
Wasatch Range
Mount Elbert
1 5 ,OOO ft . ---- -----------h~-k;T~h;;-----+-------------+------------------10,OOOft. -
5,OOOft. - - Sea level :.A.:.....---.,..
--
-i
irei
L---------~~--------.,---t'ft. . =----''----..1\.-
- ---
~
&
_ --
--
I
95'W
..
9WW
~River
d Hills
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
-eat Plains
Appalachian Mountains
________j -_c_h_e~fr~~k e De~~~---_
_ _ _ __
- -------L---J-----F- -- ---s
_C..
Temperature of
State
Land Area and Rank
Highest Point
Highest
Recorded
Lowest
Recorded
Highest
Recorded
Lowest
Recorded
50,750 sq mi
131,443 sq km
28th
Cheaha Mtn.
2,405 ft
777 m
112 0
_27 0
106.57"
22.00'
570,374 sq mi
1,477,268 sq km
1st
Mt. McKinley
20,320 ft
6,194 m
100 0
_80 0
332 .29 "
1.61 "
Arizona
113,642 sq mi
294,334 sq km
6th
Humphreys Peak
12,633 ft
3,851 m
128 0
-40 0
58.92 "
0.07"
Arkansas
52,075 sq mi
134,875 sq km
27th
2,753 ft
839 m
120 0
-29 0
98.55 "
19.11"
California
155,973 sq mi
403,970 sq km
3rd
Mt. Whitney
14,494 ft
4,418 m
134 0
-45 0
153.54 "
0.00 "
Colorado
103,730 sq mi
268 ,660 sq km
8th
Mt. Elbert
14,433 ft
4,399 m
118 0
-61 0
92 .84 "
1.69 "
4,845 sq mi
12,550 sq km
48th
south slope of
Mt. Frissell
2,380 ft
725 m
105 0
_32 0
78.53"
23.60 "
1,955 sq mi
5,063 sq km
49th
Ebright Road at
DE-PA border
448 ft
137 m
110 0
-1r
72.75"
21.38"
Florida
53,997 sq mi
139,85 2 sq km
26t h
Sec. 30, T.6N, R.20W

in Walton Co.
345 ft
105 m
109 0
_2 0
112.43"
21.16'
Georgia
57,919 sq mi
150,010 sq km
21st
Brasstown Bald
4,784 ft
1,458 m
112 0
-17 0
112.16"
17.14"
Hawaii
6,423 sq mi
16,637 sq km
47th
Pu'u We kiu,
Mauna Kea
13,796 ft
4,205 m
100 0
120
704 .83"
0.19"
Idaho
82,751 sq mi
214 ,325 sq km
11th
Borah Peak
12,662 ft
3,859 m
118 0
-60 0
81.05 "
2.09 '
Illinois
55,593 sq mi
143,987 sq km
24th
Charles Mound
1,235 ft
376 m
117 0
_35 0
74.58"
16.59"
Indiana
35,870 sq mi
92,904 sq km
38th
Franklin Township
in Wayne County
1,257 ft
383 m
116 0
_35 0
97.38 "
18.67"
Iowa
55,875 sq mi
144,716 sq km
23rd
Sec . 29, T.100N, R.41W 1,670 ft

in Osc eola Co.
509 m
118 0
_47 0
74.50 "
12.11"
Kansas
81,823 sq mi
211 ,922 sq km
13th
Mt. Sunflower
4,039 ft
1,231 m
121 0
-40 0
67 .02 "
4.77"
Kent ucky
39,732 sq mi
102,907 sq km
36th
Black Mtn.
4,139 ft
1,262 m
114 0
-34 0
79 .68 "
14.51"
Louisiana
43,566 sq mi
112,836 sq km
33rd
Driskill Mtn.
535 ft
163 m
114 0
_16 0
113.74 "
26.44"
Maine
30,865 sq mi
79,939 sq km
39th
Mt. Katahd in
5,267 ft
1,605 m
105 0
_48 0
75.64 "
23.06"
Maryland
9,775 sq mi
25,316 sq km
42nd
Backbo ne Mtn.
3,360 ft
1,024 m
109 0
_40 0
72.59"
17.76"
Massachusett s
7,838 sq mi
20,300 sq km
45th
Mt. Greylock
3,487 ft
1,063 m
10r
-35 0
72. 19 "
21.76"
Michigan
56,809 sq mi
147,135 sq km
22nd
Mt. Arvon
1,979 ft
603 m
112 0
_51 0
64 .01"
15.64"
Minnesota
79,617 sq mi
206,207 sq km
14th
Eagle Mtn.
2,301 ft
701 m
114 0
-59 0
51.53 "
7.81"
Mississippi
46,9 14 sq mi
121,506 sq km
31st
Woodall Mtn.
806 ft
246 m
1150
_19 0
104.36 "
25.97"
Missouri
68,898 sq mi
178,446 sq km
18th
Taum Sauk Mtn.
1,772 ft
540 m
118 0
_40 0
92.77 "
16.14'
Alabama
Alaska
Connecticut
Delaware
Maga zine Mtn.
..
Temperature OF
State
Lowest
Recorded
12,799 ft
3,901 m
117 0
_70 0
55.51 "
2.97 "
5,424 ft
1,653 m
118 0
_47 0
64. 52 "
6.30 "
Boundary Peak
13,140 ft
4,005 m
125 0
-50 0
59.03"
Trace
Highest Point
Highest
Recorded
Lowest
Recorded
Montana
145,556 sq mi
376,991 sq km
4th
Nebraska
76,878 sq mi
199,113 sq km
15th
Nevada
109,806 sq mi
284,397 sq km
7th
New Hampshire
8,969 sq mi
23,231 sq km
44th
Mt. Washington
6,288 ft
1,917 m
106 0
_46 0
130.14"
22.31"
New Jersey
7,419sqmi
19,215 sq km
46th
High Point
1,803 ft
550 m
110 0
- 34 0
85.99"
19.85"
New Mexico
121,365 sq mi
314,334 sq km
5th
13,161 ft
4,011 m
122 0
-50 0
62.45"
1.00 "
NewYork
47,224 sq mi
122,310 sq km
30th
Mt. Marcy
5,344 ft
1,629 m
108 0
-52 0
82.06"
17.64 "
North Carolina
48,718 sq mi
126,180 sq km
29th
Mt. Mitchell
6,684 ft
2,037 m
110 0
_34 0
129.60"
22.69 "
North Dakota
68,994 sq mi
178,695 sq km
17th
White Butte
3,506 ft
1,069 m
121 0
-60 0
37.98"
4.0 2 "
Ohio
40,953 sq mi
106,067 sq km
35th
Campbell Hill
1,549 ft
472 m
113 0
_39 0
70.82"
16.96"
Oklahoma
68,679 sq mi
177,878 sq km
19th
Black Mesa
4,973 ft
1,516 m
120 0
-270
84.47"
6.53 "
Oregon
96,003 sq mi
248,647 sq km
10th
Mt. Hood
11,239 ft
3,426 m
119 0
_54 0
168.88"
3.33"
Pennsylvania
44,820 sq mi
116,083 sq km
32nd
Mt. Davis
3,213 ft
979 m
111 0
-42 0
81.6 4"
15.71"
Rh ode Island
1,045 sq mi
2,707 sq km
50th
Jerimoth Hill
812 ft
247 m
104 0
-23 0
70.21 "
24.08"
30,111 sq mi
77,988 sq km
40th
Sassafras Mtn.
3,560 ft
1,085 m
111 0
-19 0
101 .65 "
20.73"
South Dakota
75,891 sq mi
196,575 sq km
16th
Harney Peak
7,242 ft
2,207 m
120 0
_58 0
48.42"
2.89"
Tennessee
41,220 sq mi
106,759 sq km
34th
Clingmans Dome
6,643 ft
2,025 m
113 0
_32 0
114.88"
25.23"
Texas
261,914 sq mi
678,358 sq km
2nd
Guadalupe Peak
8,749 ft
2,667 m
120 0
-23 0
109.38"
1.64"
Utah
82,168 sq mi
212,816 sq km
12th
Kings Peak
13,528 ft
4,123 m
1170
_69 0
108.54"
1.34 "
Vermont
9,249 sq mi
23,956 sq km
43rd
Mt. Mansfield
4,393 ft
1,339 m
105 0
_50 0
92.88"
22.98 "
Virginia
35,598 sq mi
102,558 sq km
37th
Mt. Rogers
5,729 ft
1.746 m
1100
-30 0
81.78"
12.52 "
Washington
66,582 sq mi
172,447 sq km
20th
Mt. Rainier
14,410 ft
4,392 m
118 0
-48 0
184.56"
2.61"
24,087 sq mi
62,384 sq km
41st
Spruce Knob
4,861 ft
1,481 m
112 0
-370
94.01"
9.50 "
Wisconsin
54,314 sq mi
104,673 sq km
25th
Timms Hill
1,951 ft
595 m
114 0
_54 0
62.07"
12.00 "
Wyoming
97,105 sq mi
251,501 sq km
9th
13,804 ft
4,207 m
114 0
_63 0
55.46"
1.28"
South Carolina
Land Area and Rank
Highest
Recorded
West Virginia
Granite Peak
Johnson Township
in Kimball County
Wheeler Peak
Gannett Peak
Divide
CANADA
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Gulf of Mexico
DIVIDE: The boundary or high ground between river systems, Srr eams
o n one side of rh e divide flow in a different direcrion and into a
d ifferent drainage basin from th e strea ms on the other side. A
continental divide is the boundary that separates the rivers
flowing roward opposite sid es of a continent.
rthquakes
Major earthquake
Other earthquake
In North Am erica a conrinenral divide called the Great Di vide

runs along th e crest of th e Rocky Mounrains, d ividin g rivers that
flow ro the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean fro m th ose
th at flow into the Pacific Oc ea n . An o rhe r much lower d ivide
sep ar at es those rivers that flow north through Hudson Bay to the
Arctic Oc ean . T riple Divide Peak m Montana IS located on bo rh
these divides. Water from one side of rhis mountain flows eas r to
th e Atlantic; from ano ther side water flo ws west ro rhe Pacific;
and from th e norrh face , water flow s ro the Arcti c Oc ean.
.
. ...:-.:..:.
....
. I ~. .
..
.
..
i. . .
. .
.
....: .. ,- . . .
:...
....
I:: .
.. ':
.
..
....
-:. "
. .. .
..
,':
'.
..
.:: .
..
::',
.....
.....
,-,
MT
ND
OR
~.!"
WY
~:
.:
,',
: .. " . NV
.. CA
:"
:. 'UT
'.
. CO
'"
MN
"
NE
'
KS
AZ
\' NM
OK
".
<:;
HI
~:::J .
. ~
,
.l.
e
~
,
58
IL
IN
"
MO
"
.:.
:. ~~:.
'
KY
TN
NC
AR
MS
TX
,0
IA
. . .. wv
: .' ':;'"
. ...
.
.
.
..
.... .
. . .'. -r." .. .':::.:::'
:. . . '. ..'
.
..
.
..
'
AL
The major earthquake!

that have occurred in
Californ ia are d istrib
uted along the major
fault lines depicted on
the California map to
th e right.
Fall Line
Fall Li ne
FALL LINE: A geologic feature where uplands meet lowlands and a

series of waterfallsand rapids occur. Fall lin es are fo rm ed whe re a
regio n of ha rd roc k borders softe r rock, and th e softer rock has

erode d away. The eros ion creates a led ge t hat wate r flows over.
A maj o r fall hne exists in t he easte rn Un ited States. It ma rks the
bou n da ry betw een th e Coastal Plain a nd t he Piedmont an d runs
between New Yo rk an d Ala bama. Ci ties have gro wn into
ind us tri al an d co m mercial h ub s aro und eac h waterfall on th e
fall line for tw o reaso ns . First , t he energy o f the fa llin g wate r ca n
be captured an d used by in d u stry. Secon d , the fa ll lin e IS o fte n
the far t hest pomt reac hab le by sh ips carrying goods u p river,
which m ean s t hat goods a re transferred to lan d -based tr a nsp ort
at tha t po int. So me fa ll lin e cities on the East Coast incl ude
Trenton, Ph iladelp h ia, Baltimore. Washington , D.C., Richmond,
Petersbu rg, Co lu mb ia, Macon, an d Montgomery. If you d ra w a
line o n a m ap co n necting th ese city d o ts, yo u will h ave d rawn
the Eas tern Fall Line.
State boundary
National capital
9 ft. Cityelevation
(3 m)
Feet
Above
Meters
1~
40 - - Above
500
200
.
655
0
-0
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Fall Line
State boundary
(j ~)
National capital
100
City elevation
"
100
200 mi
I
200 km
GULF OF MEXICO
It
TN
Fault
he
:0
[ - - Fault line ]
FAULT: A break in the Earth's crustcausedby movement. So lid rock on one

side of the fa u lt no lo nger match es the so lid roc k o n t he o t h er side. T h e
moveme n t may tak e place in any d irecn onc-u p, down, or side ways . T h e
m ovement may be a few in ches o r t housands o f feet.
A fau lt that m oves u p o r down IS calle d a dip-sli p fault. Ni agara Falls
cascades over an esca rpment ca use d by rlus kin d o f
m ovem en t.
hquakes
rred in
listrib
major
(ted on
map to
PAC IFIC
OCEAN
a
I
a
100 km
A fau lt th at moves sideways is call ed a strike-sli p fa ult. T h e San

Andreas fault IS an exa m p le of t h is ki n d . Ho rizo ntal m ovem ent along
rlu s fa u lt cau sed th e devas ta ting Sa n Fra n cisco earthqu ak e in 1906 and
will cause more earthquakes in t he fu ture. T h is h ap pen s bec ause th is
fault marks t he bo und ar y bet ween the Pacific Plate and the No rrh
American Plate (see page 20).
Wh ere two parallel fa u lt s pu ll away fro m each other, th ey create a long,
su n ke n va lley be tween t he m ca lled a ri ft. T he G reat Rift Valley in Africa
IS th e wo rld's most visi b le exa mple (see page 9 1). Un derwater, t h e h u ge
Mid-O cean Ridge IS th e lo n gest rift on Earth (see pages 18- 19).
Mt. Baker
Most snow in one season:
1,140" (2,896 ern), 1998-1 999
Helena"
MONTANA
NORT H DAKOTA
SOUTH DAKOTA
WYOMING
NEBRASKA
UTAH
Mediterranean
ilver l:ake
~ Most snow in 24 hours:
~ 75.8" (192.5 clm;;.::::
), :::::
19::;:2=
1
- Denver
====
COLORADO
KANSAS
13
ARIZONA
Phoenix
OKLAHOMJ
IN EW
MEXICO
Da ll ~
T EXAS
1:f% Highest
Mt. WaiaJeale
. . ~
average annual preciprteti on:
460.0" (1,168 em)
Honolulu
HAWAII
~~
Hilo
Subarctic
Tropical wet
Most days
of rain: 277
...
Semiarid
TA
-A
D
D
IOWA
D
D
MISSOURI
St. Louis
Tri-Stats Tornad o
Deadliest tornado: 689 dead, 1925
'"
O MA
KENTUCKY
Nashville .
, T ENN ESSEE! ./
Atlanta
Dallas
\ MISSISSIPPI
SOUTH
CAROLINA
GEORGIA
ALABAMA
LOUISIANA
Alvin
Most rain in 24 hours:
430' (109.2 em), 1979
fi, ouston
'WI
'"
G)
. Galvesto n
Deadliest hurricane: over 8,000 dead, 1900
~jG) Hurricane Andrew
Tropical wet
Arid
Semiarid
Medite rranean
Humidsubtropical
Marine
Humid continental
Subarctic
Tundra
Highland
,r~
ARKANSAS /
Climate
Costliest hurricane
damage: $26.5 bill ion,
1992
NO R HDAKOTA
SOUTHlDAKOTA
-""""-.
NEBRASKA
KANSAS
OKLAHm
Da l a
ALASKA
,
Honolu u
HAWAII
- ..................
.. ~."..... .....
..
DTA
HA
IOWA
CA
.>
ISAS
MISSOURI
Vegetation
Tundra and alpine tundra

Coniferous forest
ARKAN SAS
Subtropical broadleaf evergreen forest

Mixed forest
i\S
eattle
Land Use
~a co ma
Farming
WASH IN GTO N
Grazing
Urbanarea
Portlana
M O NTANA
NORTH DAKOTA
OREGON
SOUTH DAKOTA
WYOMING
N EVADA
NEBRASKA
San Francisco
Denver
UTAH
Leading Agricultural States
COLO RAD O
CA $25.510
KANSAS
TX $13.344
IA $10.774
Wichita'
NE $8,952
K5 $7.905
Farm incom e
in millions of dollars
MN $7.522
ARIZO NA
Source: EconomicResearchService. 2000data.

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
OKLAHOM
Albuqu erque
Oklahoma Ci
N EW
M EXICO
hoe nix
Leading Corn Producing States
IL $3,170
IA $3,045
NE $1.978
MN $1,675
IN $1,509
OH $970
Valueinmillions of dollars
San
Antonio
Honolulu
H AWA II
Leading Soy Producing States

IL $2,230
IA $2.181
MN $1.348
IN $1.230
KS $939
ND $907
WA $459
MT $438
OH $895
MO $831
Leading Wheat Producing States
OK $386
Valuein millionsof dollars
SD $318
Value in million s of dollars
..
)TA
IOWA
leading Beef Producing States

TX $5,039
Omaha
NE $2,561
KS $2,418
OK $1,578
SAS
CO $1,337
ansas
City
CA $849
Value in millions of dollars
MISSOURI
chita
leading Hog Producing States

IA $2,679
NC $1,624
OMA
ity
ARKANSAS
MN $1,083
Il $762
NE $640
IN $545
Dall
Fort
'o rth
leading Poultry Producing States

GA $2,293
AR $2,169
FLO RIDA
AL $1,882
NC $1,430
MS $1,323
St. Petersburg
U.S. Percentage of World Production

Miami
United
States
Corn
World
43.4%
Cotton 19.5%
Leading Dairy Producing States
Leading Vegetable Producing States
CA $3,708
CA $6,192
NY $1,562
PA $1,528
WA $836
ID $754
AZ$608
MN $1,139
ID $766
,~ .. . .. ~\
:. c. til
\\
1.5%
44.1%
Wheat 10.5%
WI $2,721
FL $1,397
Rice
Soy
SOurce : Foreign Agricultural Commodjry C"cul ar Serie s.
2000 data , Fo re ig n Agricultural Se rvice .
U.S. Dept . of Agr iculture
y!
Value in mill ions of dollars
Source: Crop Produ ction, 2000 data, National Agricultural Statistics Se -v.ce. u .S Dept. of Agnculture
Energy Resources
Major oi l fields
C:?
Natu ral gas fields
Coal Dep osit s
Ant hracit e
Bitum inous
Lignite
OREGON
Mineral Resources
Bauxite
Copper
@. Go ld
Iron o re
1M
))
Lead
(jjiI, Mo lybd enum
[
[
[
fIjI, [
c;::)
fIjI, Silver
/Jill
Tin
NEVADA
'.
00
Tungsten
ill
Uranium
Zinc
NE BRASKA
cf) ~
Titanium
[
CALIFORNIA
U.S. Petroleum Overview
- Consumpt ion
20
- Production
- - - - - ----=
'-'
s-,
/.J. ARIZONA
~ [
'" f-----------''------,,L- - ''''''''- - -
~ 15
Q.
.0
10
f---------:?"'::..,.e--~=-----=:'--"'""k
.2
~ 5 i=-------f--~-'----
Area of inset
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Soc-ce u.S. Energ y Inform at ion Ad mmistratl on
TEXAS
~=:?
HAWAII
'UD
'"
AR TIC
OCEAN
T he United Sta tes Geo log ical Su rvey esti mates

th at th ere IS a 50 % chance o f extractin g 5 bill ion
barr els o f oi l from th e coas tal pl ain wit hi n th e
Arctic Na tio na l Wild life Refu ge. De bate sur
rounds the Issu e of drilling and pro ductio n and
ItS Impac t o n the enviro n me n t.
..
Wo rld 's Leading Energy Producers, 1999

U.S. 71.98
NEWJERSEY
Russia 41.54
China 30.87
INDIA
ILLINOIS
Saudi Arabia 19.64

Canada 17.71
-s>
MISSOURI
Pb
Pb F.
Pb
cu
Unit ed Ki ngdo m 12.01
,~
V~
I'
ARKA: : ;
.. ,
KENTUCKY
9'
,.,y
Quadrillion BTU,
SOurc e International Energy Database. U S Energy
Inform ati on
Adm,n,stratiOf'l
World 's Leading Energy Consumers, 1999
u.s. 92.87
China 31.88
j TENN: -SEE v'
Russia 26.01
Germany 13.98
Quadrillion BTU,
Canada 12.52
GEORGIA
\M ISSISSIP PI
Q>
Japan 21.71
SOurce. Int ernati o nal Energy Databas e, U.S. Energy Infor mation Ad m in istrat io n
ALABAMA
U.S. Percentag e of World Fuel Production, 2000
o
\S
Unit ed
St ates
23.2%
LOUISI ANA
Coal
Pet roleum
8.9%
Nat ural gas
22.0%
World
SOurce' M inerals Yearbook. U S, Geolo gic al Survey:
Inte rnatio nal Energy Annual.

U.S Energy Infor mation Adrr\in,sv ation
Leadin g Petroleum Producing States, 1999
Leading Natural Gas Producing States, 1999
Leading Coal Producing States, 2000

WY 338.9
TX $14,106
TX $7,767
WV 158.3
LA $11,649
AK$4,829
OK $3,223
CA $3,844
NM $3,191
LA $2,128
OK $1,254
WY $1,621
NM $1,124
CO $1,436
Va l ue in-"'~,",,'=~'
Source' Pet ro leum Supp ly Annual, U S, E:.ner gy lofceroeticn Ad n"lf1istrat io n
Source: Na tural Gas Annual, U,S. E:.ne rgy InforlT'ation Ad ministra tion
KY 104.9
PA 74.6
TX 18.2
MT 38.4
SOurce ' Coa l Ind ustry Annual
Million short t ons

2000. U.S. E:.nergy
Informat ion Ad ministrat ion
,r)P'
Transport at ion
Limited access (free)
Limit ed access (tol l)
Primary highway
Amtrak
Time zone boundary
Int erstate hig hway
U.S. highway
St at e hig hway
Nat ional capita l
St at e capital
O the r city
Population
Pe rsons pe r
sq . mile
Pe rso ns pe r
sq . km
a ve' 1040
Over 400
520 to 1039
260 to 519
200 to 399
100 to 199
130 to 259
25 to 129
1 to 24
SO to 99
10to 49
Under 1
Under 1
WA
MT
ND
1 to 9
I--
OR
Major cit ies

Ov er 1 million
500.000 to 1 million
250,000 to 500,000
ID
SD
WY
U.S. Resident Population

300
250
'E
c
g 200
.~
'S
a.
d"
__
, ,
150 --
100
- -- ---c:>.e=-- - -
Denver
- - - - - -- -
I
I
I
I
I
I
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Las Veg as
CO
-----
80 -
- -- -- --
>
.....
AZ
,; Phoeni
San Diego
A urora
Co lorado
Spring s
KS
Wie
Population per Square Mile
NE
--,
esa
,Oklahoma
Ibuq uerque
NM
Cit\"
Ft. Wort
Arlin
TX
10 --
---=->;;., . . - - -
Austin
AK
I
I'
I'
1"
'1 " '1 '
1790 1830 1870 1910
1950 1990
Source: U 5 Ce nsus Bureau
"
Honolulu
HI
\ "
Distribution of Population by Region: 1900, 1950, 2000

1900
1950
2000
Source ; u.s. Cens us Bureau
20 Largest Cities, 2000

Population
City
8,008,2 78
2 Los Angeles 3,694,820
2,896 ,016
3 Chicago
1,953,631
4 Houston
7,322,564
3,48 5,398
5 Philadelphia 1,517,550
1,321,045
6 Phoenix
1,585,577
7 San Diego
8 Dallas
1,223,400
1,188,580
9 San Antonio 1,144 ,646

10 Detroit
951 ,270
894,943
11 San Jose
12 Indianapolis
13 San Francisco
14 Jacksonville
KS
Nichit a .
15 Columbus
16 Austin
17 Baltimore
18 Memphis
19 Milwaukee
,Tulsa
oma
City
20 Boston
AR
OK
Vort
1990
2000
1 New York
2,783 ,726
1,630 ,553
983,403
1,110,549
1,006,877
935,933
1,027,974
782,248
MS
The center of u.s. populati on IS the cen te r o f "po p ulatio n

gr211fy, " or [he po int o n wh ich [he U. S. wo uld bal ance If ir
were a rigi d plan e, assu nll ng all mdividuals weigh the same
and exert influenc e p rop orti onal to [h eir di stance from a
22 .3%
-7.5%
14.4
71 1,470
632,910
12.4%
656,562
65 1,154
465,622
41%
736,014 -11.5%
6.7%
650, 100
610,337
6.5%
596,974
589,141
628 ,088
574,283
-5.0%
2.6%
10.0 to 14.9% Increase

5.0 to 9.9% increase
a to 4.9% Increase
Decrease
cen tr al P0l!1 L
2000
FL
Source U.S. Census Bureau
10.2%
18.0%
7.3%
15.8%
1990-2000
U.S. Center of Population
34.3%
635,230
Percent Change in State Population

More than 30% inc rease
25.0 to 30% increase
19.8%
-4.3%
735,617
AL
LA
6.0%
4.0%
74 1,952
723,959
Arl ingto
ti n
9.4%
79 1,926
776,733
Source: u.s. Census Bureau
alias
Change
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Per Capita Income

Per capita per son al income*
in do llars
WA
$24,000 and above
$ 18,000 to $24,000
$14,000 to 18,000
$ 12,000 to $ 14,000
MT
$6.000 to $12,000
ND
Not report ing
OR
"Per cao.ta pe rsonal Inco me is the

mean average Incom e co mp ut ed fo r
every man, wo man, and child in a
p articula r area. It 1$ d erived by d ivid
Ing the ro ral income o f a part icular
area by the tot al popu lation of that
area. The areas used in th IS map are
the co untie s and county eq uivalents.
WY
Based on latest availab le dat a.

Source: Bureau of Econo mic Ana lysis,
U S. Cen sus Bu reau
NE
San Francisc o
San Jo se-
Earnings
Denver
CA
CO
by Gender
KS
Male $40,257
Female $23,551
Earnings
.....
by Race
Los Angeles
Whit e
AZ
"
M ale $41,598
\.
Phoenix
Female $23,756
NM
Black
Male $28,821
Female $21,694
Dall
Hisp anic
TX
Male $24,970
Female $18,187
Source
Cu rre n l Popu /arron
ALASKA
Reports, u.s Censvs Bureau. 2000
San
Antonio.
--
............. ~...
Earnings
$100,000 , -- -$80,000
by Education
-
- --
Level
-
- --
f-- - - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - ,,.-
$60,000 f - - - --
- - -- - - - - -- - - ,I -- -
$40,000 f-- - --
- - - - - - - ,, ,""--- - - - -
$20.000
~-,..,.--~~~1111""'~~=~--------No hig h
schoo l
dip loma
High
school
Some A SSOci at e 's Bachelor's Master' s

coll ege
Doctorate
Source: Correot Population Reports, U.S. Census Bureau, 2000
..
Luxembourg $36,400
United States $36,200
Bermuda $33,000
San Marino $32,000
Switzerland $28,600
Aruba $28,000
Norway $27,700
Monaco $27,000
Singapore $26,500
Denm ark $25,500
MS
Belg ium $25,30 0

Austr ia $25,000
Jap an $24,900
Canada $24,800
Iceland $24,800
France $24,400
Neth erland s $24,400
Persons Below the Poverty Level
30% and above

25% to 30%
20% to 25%
15% to 20%
10% to 15%
Less than 10%
Pove rty level is based on the incom e a house hold

needs so that no more than a third of inco me
must be used for adeq uate food . House holds
with incomes below this le vel are conside red to
be poor. The U.s . governmen t adj usts the pover
ty leve l accord ing to house hold size, and revises
it each year for changes in the cost of living.
Source: Census 2000. U.S. Census Bureau
Ge rmany $23,400
*estimated ,2ooo
Aust ralia $23,200
Source: TheWorld Faetbook2000.
CIA
1400w
Canada
HI
Canada
Alberta
.-,
-
-
Sask a tch ewan
l!I
lil1l
==
Manitoba
Ontario
Sault Ste Mer.e
Vancouver
Toront o

md icate relative sizes of cities:
Other captial
Quebec
aI
New Brunswick
'lVDI.
-1
500 krn
St-Pierre &
Miquelon (Fr .)
500
mi
Nova Sco tia
Prin ce Ed ward Island
...
,' l~~
Newfoundland
and Labrador
'
250
I~
PI
~ ~
250
Largest City: Toronto, Ontario,

2,481,494 (city population)
Largest Lake: Great Bear La ke,

12,096 sq. mi. (31 ,328 sq. km)
Longest River: Mackenzie,

1,023 mi. (1,730 km)
Lowest Point: sea level
Highest Point: Mt. Logan,

19,551 ft. (5,959 m)
Area: 3,511,022 square miles

(9,093,507 square kilometers)
Lab r a d o r Sea
~E W:
~'X
All offshore island s in
Hudson Bay.j am es Bay, Ungava Bay.
and Hu dson Stra it are part of
Nu navut
' \
\~~'5(-,." ~
...
National capital
Provincial boundary
D
D
0W
130
~lS0OW
Mountain peak
Provincial bo undary
Internatio nal boundary
oI
250
250
1100W
500 km
'
'
500 mi
-z.U'
w
4'
Labrador
Sea
OCEAN
ATLANTIC
,<1""
SOOW
J?0""
National captial
Other capital
Cancun
Veracruz
Mexico City

State boundary
Oaxaca
Nuevo Leo n
Morelos
Michoacan
Gu err ero
Du rango
So n ora
Q uin ta na Roo
Puebla
Mexico
9o
*
San Pedro.
Saltillo*
de las Colon las
ZACATECAS
Concepcion de l Oro.
Liner 5
~'u a
UI5
Leon .
GUANA~~~T,O
, ......;>
*.Guanajuato:~.,~~\l Q,!ER~TtA~O
da1iljiJ/'iJ
" "
,.
'-,
e-
~oza
Tuxpan
Rica
, .
~a mpic o
.~ ~
CiudadMahte
Ciudad de Valles
*Ciudad Victo ria
10S"W
Tabasco
Queretaro
'
...
.".9
f--R.i~
- :;-- ' Tax*:o .
v,
PUEBLA .
T am auli pa s
San Luis Potosi
l00"W
v~~E~.z
Orizaba
*,
Tl axcala
Juchitisn. .
Salina Cruz. .
OAXACA
of
Campeche
Bay
Nayarit
Veracruz
aco~\CO~.
' ", VERACRUZ

Tehuac",n
I
ue .
Tuxtepec"
0*
.
Huajuapan Coa t 7.
.
Chilpanclnqo \ de Leo~ Oaxaca
Iguala
M ORl-:l OS
AcapUIcI'~
..~
-rk
Ixta pa"~. U &E RRER

=I
'\a.. . .....
Lazaro Cardena, ,,,",
..
COU~
. M JC H OAC AN .C.uem avaca e
Ameca"
. 'ALISCO
9S'W
Hidalgo
Gu anajuato
- - - Z S'N
"Matamor os
' ..
.~
~
Y rma
ilo "!ce"y~. . * Quere
I HIDar
;'L.GO h .
.
-, . --'- Laki --..vco a ~--' . AE:am baro -4-- , *fa~c~
.
W
utlan Chapala ~Ia *
MEl<ICO MexicoCity Xalapa
" Colima
Uru a p a n , lJI ST RIT O FED EJ{Al , @
T~x4T~~l a
Manzanlllo
*
,
Toluca * ,
* P bla ~,
(""
PACIFIC
OCEAN
ZO' N___
San
L
.
AULIPAS
TAM
* Monterrey
NUEVO '~
LE6N Re y n oRsa . ~
Pot osi SAN LUI!,

AGUASCAUENTES * POTOSI
Zacatecas
\;t;,' Aguascalientes *
Tep lc
Puerto valiartf 1
N~YA RJT
Aca pon~l:'
~'":o .~ ...
COAHUILA ~ 1" ~"'Nu e vo Lar~

\\
.
Mo nclova "
Anaihuac 0
Nueva Rosita.
-;::\:-p
~-"
~~
~~
~~~
Piedras Negras. , .
Ciu~ad Acu fia .:~
Distrito Federal
Colima
30"N
Coah uil a
Chihuahua
Chiapas
Campeche
Baja California Su r
Baja California
Matehuale,
Mazatlan: - - - - ----- -- - -F~e-;n"J lo-----
SINALOA our
DURANGO
Torreon .
Aguascalientes
oI
o
Yucatan
9O"W
90'W
200
] ali sco
'
200
8S'W "'.....
I '?? ?
0-6
400 rni
Zacatecas
Sin aloa
Caribbean
S ea
zooN -+
'7....
J;~C''7",
400 krn
Mexico
" Largest City: Mexico City,

Distrito Federal, 8,489,007
" Largest Lake: La ke Chapala,

417 sq. mi. (1,080 sq. km)
" Longest River: Rio Bravo del Norte,

1,240 mi. (1,996 krn), along U.S. border
" Lowest Point: Laguna Sala da,

33 ft. (10 m) below sea level
" Highest Point: Pico de Orizaba,

18,405 ft. (5,610 m)
" Area: 742,490 square miles

-lS'N
0N
20
Revillagigedo Islands
W
-*E
0 ()
<-um " "," ,
Marias Is.
'tl
10S'W
UNITED
d'
:= .2
o
o
rf/
-:--
200
-:::?
400 mi
90'W
11S'W
110'W
10S'W
10\l'W
9S'W
?-:
~
c;}
-:
'I
ASIA
25PN .
AUSTRALIA
- - TROPIC o.FCANCER
Lowest point
Mountain peak
International bou ndary
8S'W
IJCozumel to .
9~~
~'
A
Cape
Catoche
Gulf of l M exico
Bayaf
Camp eche
400km
9S'W
200
lH aa re lA goon
STATES
l00"W
I--;---+-~~~~
OCEAN
PACIFIC
- TROPIC OFCANCER __
-2S 'N
I
Guadalupe f.
-30'N
3S'N
South America
700N
Caribb ean
Sea
National capit al
Other capital
8O"W

Caracas
;::;:[a1~~~~~Lf-------- 1 0"N -
so"w
Rio de Jan eiro

Santos
I
400W
90"W
. '.
0 _
EQUATOR
Ga 'pagos
Isla ds
. Fo rt ale za
(Ec ador}
reTeresina
FI
~. >
jJ
Juaze ~o
. Natal
do Norte .
/'
d ampina Grandee
Petrolina.
_ 105
laos
PACIFIC
I
OCEAN
_ 20"5
205 _
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
San Felix Island

(Ch ile)
305_
_ 305
40"W
405

(17,800,000 square kilom eters)
Highe st Point: Mt. Aconc agu a, Arg ent ina,
22,834 ft (6,960 m)
o
I
o
300
,
300
Lowest Point: Valdes Peninsula, Argentina ,

131 ft (40 m) below sea level
omod ceo Rvadavi
600 km
Longe st River: Amazon, 4,000 mi (6,400 km)
\ _~~~~r'---1----+- 50"S ~St a n ley
Falkland
IslandS (U .K .)
(Islas Malvinas)
SooW
Largest Lake: Lake Titic aca, Peru/Bol ivia,

3,200 sq. mi (8,300 sq. km)
Largest Cou ntry: Brazil, 6,880,000 sq. mi
(17,8 19,000 sq. km) (slightly smaller than
the United States)
Largest Cit y: Sao
60"W
I
P~~o , Brazil, 17,834,000
40"W
ATLANTIC
I
OCEAN
EQUATOR
~"
Ga ) agos
Islands
ssoa
PACIFIC
OCEAN
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
B
...
300
600km
~i;%.'-/ I'F~__
lOQ"W
"""'iI
Elevation Profile
60"W
,
1IJ,lXXJh -t - - IO,lXXJh
Andes Mountains
-
Mountain peak
Lowest po int
Falls
~ Fa /klan d
Paraeas Peninsula
Internat ional boundary
50"W
,
Mato Grosso Plateau
- - - -- 1-------------------------- ---------
..
Major Metropolitan
Areas
Argent ina
Buenos Aires
Cordoba
Rosario
.'
Maraca;b6
Barranquillae ' (
\ \)
11,298,000
1,209,000
1,119,000
"l!;
Georgetown
Paramaribo
SURINAME
.Cayenne
Medellin
GUYAN A
.Bogota
Bolivia
La Paz
Santa Cruz
Cochabamba
1,484,000
1,136,000
517,000
Brazil
Sao Paulo
Rio de Janeiro
Belo Horizonte
Porto Alegre
Recife
Salvador
Fortaleza
Brasilia
Curitiba
Belem
Manaus
17,834,000
10,612,000
4,800,000
3,655,000
3,332,000
3,018,000
2,975,000
2,942,000
2,726,000
1,816,000
1,011,000
Chile
Santiago
Viiia de l Mar
Cali
CO LO M B IA
FRENCH
GUIANA
(Fr.)
.Manaus
. Fortaleza
Li ma
Salvador
BOLIVIA
La Paz
Ecuador
Guayaquil
Quito
Belo Horizonte .
4,647,000
299,000
6,422,000
2,129,000
1,885,000
1,549,000
2,118,000
1,616,000
L-,
50,000
Guyana
Georgetown
187,000
Paraguay
Asuncion
513,000
Peru
Lima
Arequipa
Chidayo
6,988,000
830,000
766,000
Uruguay
Montevideo
Venezuela
Caracas
Maracaibo
Barquisimeto
Valencia
Population
Pe rsons per
sq. mile
Over 520
260 to 519
130 to 259
25 to 129
1 to 24
French Guiana
Cayenne
Suriname
Paramaribo
Cochabamb
Santa Cruz
~)
CHILE
Rio de Janeiro
hI Cuntiitiba.
Asun ci o ~
(~
Persons per
sq. km
Over 200
100to 199
50 to 99
10to 49
1 to 9
-./
Sao Paulo
PARAGUAY"
Colombia
Bogota
Cali
Medellin
Barranquilla
Recife
BR AZIL
, Porto Alegre.
Cordoba.
I~
".,d. 7"''"' ' B:::~J':U::,,","
Major metropolitan areas

Over 2 million
1 million to 2 million
Under 1 million
.~
/ ~
)
I
t/
291,000
- -....- - - - - - - - - -
Colombia 39
3,061,000
1,220,000
896,000
742,000
Internationalcomparability of
population data is lImited by varying
censusmethods. Where metro
poliran population is unavaifabfe,

core city population is shown.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
r: -,..,...
I'

1,303,000
wI Brazil 172
I>
1!
I,
I)
<,
-~
-'
r
//
..
Electricity Use
Un ite d St at es 12,407
Gross Domestic
Product
GDP pe r capita
Over $20,000
$10,000 to $20,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$2,500 to $4,999
Less than $2,500
No data
Source: WorldFacrbook, CIA, 2001
Su rinam e 4,1 SO
Gr oss Domest ic Product is a

measure of th e to ta l goods and
serv ices gene ra ted by a cou ntry.
Gene ra lly, m an ufacturing, hi gh-tech
services, and specia lized ag ncu lrural
products add m o re value th an raw
ma ter ials and basic food stuffs.
Ch ile 2,311
C o lu m b ia 1,00S
Par agu ay 334
Source: WorldFaetbook, CIA. 2001
(
+!RJ.
f0.
BRA Z I L
Non-ma nu factunng eco no m ic

act ivity IS generated prim arily by
commercial plantation agric u ltu re,
livesto ck raisin g, and th e har vest of
forest products, plus the extractio n
of oil and mi nerals. Man ufacturing,
like pop u latio n, is co nce ntrated in
th e co ntine n t's coastal areas.
<;(J
Belo Horizonte.
0.
CH ILE
@
Valparaiso
1
~P 0.
Q fA
Land Use and Resources

Major resource s
Predom inant land use
Commerc ial agricult ure

Livestock ranching
Coal
ill
Uranium
GJ
fA
Natura l gas
Bauxite
Oil
~
0.
Oth er minerals
+
lii!:J.
Gold
Limit ed agricult ural act ivity
Silver
CD
!RJ.
Iron ore
Forest prod ucts
fA GJ.ffi
Santiago
Diamo nds
Fishing
Major manufacturing
and trad e cente rs
llii
D.
/"
Gl
fA
Rio de Janeiro
Mo st of the co mme nt IS u nder th e

influen ce o f wet and rropi cal air.
Warm curren rs III the Arlan nc
O cean as well as wet lowla nd
elevati o ns Iym g w rrlu n th e con fines
of th e rropi cal lariru des d irectl y
affect th e clim a te of th e majority of
th e land area. T he And es Mounrains
an d col d cu rrents thai hu g th e
Pacific coas t keep th e West ern and
South ern region s o f the co m m ent
tem pera te bu t dry.
See photograph s tak en in
d ifferent kind s of chrna res o n pages
24-25
-Recife
.. /
\
D
D
FREN Cll
GU IAN A
(Fr.)
.JI''''
Recife
Arica
l owest average annual
preeiptation: 0.03" (0.08 em)
Moist and unstable ai r above th e
Equa to r-as well as hi gh lan d s th at
wrin g o u t wa terlogged clo ud s
pr od uce heavy rain fall , bur alo ng
the coa st of Ch ile a nd else whe re,
cold ocean wate r and m ountaino us
barriers keep rainfall a r a mi n imu m .
Cent imet ers
Over 200
1S0 to 200
100 to 150
50 to 100
25 to 50
Under 25
Inches
Over 80
60 to 80
40 to 60
20 to 40
10 to 20
Under 10
Climate
Tropical wet
Tro pical wet and dry
Arid
Sem iarid
Med iterranean
Humid subtropical
Mann e
Subarctic
Highland
.. .
Climate Graphs
Average daily
temperature
range (in ' F)
Ave rage mon thly

preci pitati on
(in inch esJ
'~j ~ l:
ASUNCION, Paraguay
. -I [:
0
Jao Apr
J,I
Oct
South Am en ca IS dommated by
tr opi cal vegeta tlo n, including
Earth 's m ost extensive rain for est.
Farther so u th, a vast grassland, the
Pampa, fad es grad ually in to t h e dr y
and m eager vegeratlo n of Para gonia.
See ph otographs o f th e different
kin ds o f vegetation on pages 26 -2 7.
BRAZIL
BOGOTA.Colombia
,ecife
IW
j
65'
32'
~
Jan Apr
[20
10
J, I
O ct
Vegetation
Unclassified highlands
or ice cap
0'
BUENOS AIRES, Arg ent ina
Midlatitude decid uo us
[20
- = : - - 10'
1WI
65
32'
0" Jan
Apr
t
Jul
Oc
On
CARACAS, Venezuela
'~j
lry
I
Jan Apr
Jul
lorest
Mixed forest
Mid lat itu de scrubland
D
D
D
D
D
Midlat it ude grassland

Desert
Tropi cal seasonal and scrub
Trop ical savanna
l::
Oc t
CAYENNE,French Guiana
--f:::
'~ j
~
Jan Apr
Jul
Oct
0'
LA PAZ, Bolivia
::
lOOj
61' _
J2'
Jan Apr
J, I O ct
[
0'
UMA,Peru
I~j
_ [20
10
Jan Ap,
J,I
Oct
t.lANAUS, Brazil
I65lX'l'j
32' I
[20,
10'
~ ~ O'
Jan Apr
Jul
O ct
PUNTA ARENAS, Chile
':j~! ! ! ! ! -=
l ::
Jan
en
0'
Ap'
Jul
O CI
REC IFE,Brazil
IIXl']
65'
J2'
Apr
Ju l
_ [20,'
10'
~ ~ O
Jan
Environmenta l Issues
Oct
RIODEJANEIRO, Brazil
---[:
I~)
65'
32'
" Jao
I
Ap r
Jul
O.
Oe 1
_1[:,.
32
0'
Jan
Ap'
Jul
OCl
Current fo rest
Cleared forest
~ Area at highest risk of desertificat ion
SANTIAGO, Chile
100']
65:
Poor air q uality'
' Cures exceeamq at leas! one of the Wo rld Health

O'ganlzavons (WHO) onnual mean gUidelines fo,. dll
qualrry
Source s Glob al Dls rnb utlon 01 Ongmal a nd Remaining ro-esr s.
UNEPWC MC.2002
World 50 ,1Resources Map rndell. USDAl NRCS. 2002
World Developmenllndicarors. World Bank. 1999
T he d estru ction o f for est

a reas- especially in the
Amazon Basin - is one o f th e
leadin g en viro n m ental
issu es in South Am erica. In
Brazil , ir is estimated rhar an
average of 15 ,000 ac res of
forest ar e lost each d ay as
peop le clea r lan d fo r tim ber
and to gro w cro ps. Human
ac tiviti es have im pacted
other rypes o f vegerarion, as
well. Fo r example, over
g razin g has caused d amage
to grassla n ds in many areas,
p utti ng th em ar ris k of
beco mi ng in ferti le de serts.
Poor urban air q uali ty is
ano th er serio us co nc ern in
th e regio n, with nearly 80
percent o f the pop ulati on
living in citi es.
10' W
40o~
Gil"'all,Jr
SlTolj(Of
Porto.
Vigo_.
Bay of
o
I
o
250
'
250
500 km
0'
(S p.)
500 mi
1<J<E
0'
~t. )
Pan;elleria
Norwegian
Sardinia
{It.} .
MiooJra.
Balearic Is.
Medit erra n e an
' GI BRALTAR (U.K.) /
M.ijortoj;-q
.PalmaO
10"W
Faroe Is.
,~ ( D e n. )
. . ... ... . .
Balearic Sea
. Z. r~ g oza
Valencia-
~ Ma d r id
S PA I N
V.lla~ol id ''\.-l-
".
BJlbao
Di sc" y
.G ij6n
. Cordoba
-,
.
Allcante. de M..llorca
Malag.a Grenade
I
OCEAN
ATLANTI~
So"~
20"W
MALT A
Vallen a
20'E
20'E
Crete
30' E
lrakfio
J
3<J<E
61t1ck. Sea
S<J<E
60'E
40'E
.cr'"
Oth er capital
Varna
Helsinki
London

indicate rela tive sizes of cities:
N ational cap it al
Int ernat ional bo und ary
SO'E
60"E
.,rs'"
Largest City : Paris, France

9,645,000 (met ropol ita n pop .)
Larg est Co untry : Russia

(European), 1,663,870 sq. mi .
(4,309,400 sq. km)
Largest Lake: Caspian Sea,

143,244 sq . mi.
(371 ,000 sq. km)
Longest River: Vol ga,

2,290 mi. (3,685 km)
Lowest Poi nt : Caspian Sea

92 ft. (28 m) bel ow sea level
Highest Point: Mt. Elbrus ,

Russia, 18,510 ft. (5,642 m)
Area : 4,032,000 square mi.

(10,443,000 squar e kilo met ers)
' 400""
20' W
"-Sitt.
Inte rnati onal bou nd a ry
"' f"OC
'Faroe Is ~~
J Rhodes
Carpathian Mountains
Crete ~
ewe
.-ttl'
. ,. .... . ... .
Black Sea
30'E
\
"
Sea of Azov
.
. -
'.
. '... ....
' -~
..
.
," "J
'
~.c;"~la1es.,., '"" . ', ,, .
~S,,;oI' -"
's~ "
0\
9'
NORTH
.\
400E
250
2~0
500 krn
Sporn;
A SIA
Caspian Depression Caspian Sea
AMERICA
J::::=~ ~~-:-~~==-= ~~~:,

i;,~, ~ = ~=1 =--=~_~~~~ -_: ==-~, -~=~~ ~~= ~}
. _. . -_._-----. I-------I=-::::~-~
. .
M'TW'
OCEAN
ATLANTIC
'60~
Mounta in pea k
Lowe st p o int
It.
Ca nal
\l
30"W
Major Metropolitan
Areas
Albania
Tirana
244,000
Andorra la Vella
Ando rra
21,000
,~
Armenia
Yerevan
1,247,000
Aust ria
Vienna
1,562,000
Azerb aija n
8a ku
1.792,000
Belarus
Minsk
1,68 1,000
Perm'
t
Ufa-
8e lgium
Brussels
Antwerp
Kaza n'
- Niznij
Novgorod
Mosco w
g O(
ed
rn a
sen
Volgograd_
Kiev.
Bulga ria
Croat ia
Zagreb
an
978,000
449,000
Bosnia & Herzegovina

Sarajevo
529,000
Sofia
. Samara
UK
1.191.000
agr
me
ria!
Kharkiv
692,000
Czech Republic
Prag ue
1,179,000
PORTU
Denm ark
Cop enhage n
Eston ia
Tallinn
1,085,000
L
Madrid
Lisbon-
Vale nc
398,000
...
Finland
Helsinki
Population
965,000
France
Paris
Lyon
Lill.
9,645 ,000
1,350,000
1,349,000
1,001,000
Geo rg ia
Tbilisi
1,399,000
Marseille
(core city only)

3,382,000
1,715,000
Munich
1,210,000
Co log ne
963,000
Frankfurt
647,000
Essen
595,000
Dortmund
589,000
Stuttgart
584,000
Dusseldorf
569,000
Germ any
Berlin
Hamburg
Gree ce
Athens
Ireland
Dublin
Naples
Turin
Palermo
Ge noa
M ona co
Norw ay
Oslo
Warsaw
1,123,000
t6di
Krakow
Wrodaw
2,460,000
1,183,000
993,000
857,000
653,000
604,000
Portugal
Lisbon
Bucharest
27.000
1,207,000
1.161,000
793,000
Niznij No vg orod
Kazan'
5,000
Ut huania
578,000
77,000
F.Y.R. Macedonia
Skopje
545,000
2,939,000
1,504,000
738,000
685,000
Ufa
Perm
Rostov -na-Donu
San Ma rino
San Marino
10 0 to 199
50 to 99
25 to 129
10 to 49
Sweden
Stockholm
1,665,000
1 to 9
0
Major
m et rop o lit a n
areas
Ov e r
2 m illion
1 mi llio n to
2 million
Under
1 million
513,000
Switzerland
Zurich
1,610,000
787,000
741,000
634,000
Gen eva
933,000
451.000
Turkey (European)
Istanbu l
8,803,000
Ukraine
1,947,000
Kiev
2,009,000
Dnipr o pet rovs'k

Don et s'k
Odesa
Volg~g r ad
Luxembo urg
l uxembourg
264.000
Spain
Madrid
Barcelona
Valencia
Seville
Ov e r 20 0
13 0 to 2 59
2,590,000
1,494,000
1,109,000
1.050,000
1,002.000
Estimated 2002
Population (in millions)
Ru s s ia 145
Russia (Eur o p ean)
St. Petersburg
Liechtenst e in
Vilni us
Slovenia
Ljubljana
Kharkiv
Samara
Vaduz
658 .000
Romania
Moscow
Latvia
Riga
429,000
Pe rs o ns p er
s q . km
260 to 519
1 to 24
Bratislava
Polan d
175,000
O ve r 52 0
Slovak ia
8.000
Mon aco
1,825,000
Italy
Ro me
Milan
Moldova
Chi:;inau
3,073,000
Iceland
Reykjavik
Malta
Valle tta
Ne t her la nds
Amste rdam
Rotte rda m
Hungary
Budap e st
Persons pe r
s q . mi le
MALTA. Vallett a
G erman y
8,538 ,000
4,678,000
1,366,000
1.183,000
1,092,000
1,094,000
1,025,000
1.024,000
1,004 ,000
5,000
Ser bia & Montenegro

Belgrade
1.619,000
83
United Kingdom
London
Birmingham
Manchest er
Leeds-Bradford
Ne wcastle
Glasg ow
Liverpool
Sheffield
7,652,000
2,296,000
2,277,000
1,446,000
886,000
867,000
838,000
633,000
fnrernaMoal comparabi lity of

population dara IS limIted by
varying census me thod s.
Whe re met rop olitan po pu la tion
is unavailable, core city population
ts sbo wo.
Unit ed Kingdom 60
F ra n c e 60
It a ly
58
Uk rai ne 48
S p a in 40
P o la n d
Ro m an ia
39
22
All other c o u nt rie s 36'

Source: u.s. Cens us Berea
...
Electricity Use
Gross Domestic
Product
Icel an d 23,655
GOP per capit a

R
Over 520,000
5 10,000 to 520,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$2,500 to $4,999
Finla nd 15,768
Under $2,500
No data
Source. Wo rld
Facrboo~ .
Unite d St at e s
12,407
CIA. 2001
Gross Domestic Prod u ct IS
ameasure of th e to tal
goods and services gen era t

ed by a count ry, Ge nerally,
manufacturing, h igh -tcc h
s.:rl'ices, and specialized
agricultural products ad d
morevalue than raw ma te
nals and basic food st u ffs.
France
6,696
G e rm any 5,964
Unit ed Kin g d om 5,583
M o ldova 1,304
KWh (kilowat t ho urs) per person per year

So urce ' World f-actbOOlo:. CIA. 200 1
Land Use and
Resources
Predominant land use
Comrneroa! ag riculture
Da"ylng
Livestock. ranching
Nomadic berd mq
Subsistence agncu lture

Primanly forestland
Limited agncultural activity
",
Major reso urces
Coal
Natural gas
fJ.
Niznij
Novgorod
ali
Moscow.
Gold
@ Iron are
[f;ll Silver
@ Uranium
@ Bauxite
Minsk
BELARUS
Other minerals
FishIng
Major rnaouiactunnq
and trade centers
AZERBAIJAN
s 365
Eu ro pe, parti cu la rly West crn Euro pe, is a

co nsolida no n o f h igh- tech , m a rket
driven , glo ba lly co n nected eco no m ies,
wh ere m an u factunng and co m me rcial
ag riculture pr ed onuna cc. C ruc ial to
con tmc n tal eco no m ic Il1 tegr atl on IS t he
Eur opean UnIOn , a par tn ershi p o f 15
'::IMALTA
mem ber na tio n s whose co m bin ed

eco no m ic clo ut rivals th e U.S. RUSSIa a n d
form er Soviet-sa tellite natio ns ar e, in large
pan , reachmg ha rm on y with th e rest o f
Eu ro pe afte r a n iru u al and un serrlin g
period o f ad j usment. Despite centuries o f

expl ora tio n an d exp lo itatio n ,
co mme rcially -valuab le mineral resources
conti n u e to be m in ed , notably in Russia ,
th e Ukra in e, an d Scandinavia. The
bo u ntifu l oi l and ga s fields of the North
Sea are o ne o f the most im portant and
m ost recent dis coveries.
Climate
0
D
D
D
D
D
Semiarid
y~t'~ ch u 9 0 r
Lowest recorded
temperatUi;;f67'F (-55' C).
date unknown Ii
Tro ms ~.
Reykjavik
Mediterranean
Humid subtropical
Marine
Humid continental
Subarctic
Tundra
Ice cap
Highland
The far-reachmg influence and effects

of warm ocean curren ts cannot be
over stated . The ceaseless torren t d is
tributed by the Gu lf Stream along the
coasts o f Western Eu ro pe, even ro the
sho res o f Iceland and Norway, pro
duces much milder wea ther than
would be expected a t Its la titud es and
provides a ready so u rce of m o isture.
Along th e Mediterranean margin of
Eur op e th e typ ical weathe r-mild, wet
wmters and hot, dry su m me rs- has
been d efined as a climate category that
IS now used worldwide.
See photographs taken in different
kinds o f climates on pa ges 24 -25 .
Reykjavik.
,
-----.
(CElANO
Centimet ers
Over 200
l S0 to 200
100to lS0
50 to 100
25 to 50
Under 2S
Inches
Over 80
60 to 80
40 to 60
20 to 40
10 to 20
Under 10
Moscow
MAl TA
Though regionally form idable

mo untains rise to ext ract sn ow and
ram, no co ntinental-scale alpine
barrier extsts-v rh ereby perm itt ing
m o istu re-lad en , weste rly winds
sp n ng ing from warm ocea n ic waters
to di st ribute pr ecipitation uniform
ly across Europe. However, by the
tim e th ese currents of air reach the
lan dl ocked heart of Eastern Eu rope,
northeast of th e Black Sea , much of
the mo ist u re has already been spent.
Climate Graphs
Average dally
temperature
range(ln oFl
Average monthly
precipitation
Vegetation
(in inches)
lOO'Wl=
'9h- t[20'
lev.
10'
Jr
Jr
0' ----w-
=
_.
Tund ra and alpine t und ra
Coniferous forest
D Midlat it ude dec iduous forest

L:J Mixed fo rest
ARKHANGELSK, Russia
165
00'1
'
JCE IAN
Unclassified hig hland s or ice cap
[20'
10'
O
Jan Apr Jul Oct
Mid lat itude scrub land
Midlat itud e g rassland
ATHENS, Greece
':1= :_===
[20
10
Jr
(l'
Jan Ap.
Ocr
J",I
COPENHAGEN, Denmark
':1 Jr -
0'
Jan Apr
[20
'
10'
Jul
O ct
0'
DOBUN,Ireland
':1
3r = = D" Jan
Apr
Jul
Oct
[20,"
10'
Fo rests, nounsh ed by plentiful pre

cipita tio n , domina te in Eu ro pe, but
grass lan d and scrubland thrive where
ramfall becomes sparse o r IS seaso na l.
D eciduous trees disappear as the win
ters grow harsh , rep laced by vast and
hard y sra nd s of coniferou s forest that
are merely the west ern end of an
unrnen se belt srrerching across RUSSia
to rh e Pacific O cean.
See ph otogr aphs o f th e different
kind s o f vegetation on pages 26 -27.
USBON, Portugal
':1 ==-=[::
3~
I.
Jan Apr
Jul
0"
Oct
MOSCOW, Russia
':j -=-[:
Jr
0' :::;:: .
Jan Apr
l ui
Oct
NAPLES,ltaly
':j __ =
-
: --;- .
Jan Apr
l ui
[2100''
0'
OCI
ODESA. Ukraine
':=
:j ---=[::
..
O
Jan
Apr
l uI
Oct
PARIS, France
PO R
~ rs
ie ,
of
nt.
REYIUAVIK.lceland
[20'
100']
65'
Jr -
_ = _ 10'
0'
Jan Apr Jul Oct
0'
Area at hig hest risk of desert ificat ion
TROMS0, Norway
': ]
Jr
r --;- . =I
-
[2100''
Jan Apr lu i Oct
VlENNA, Austria
': j - ==== [20'

1r -
0"
10 '
Jan Apr
l ui
O ct
0'
Em issio ns from th e many ca rs, trucks, and facro ries in Eu ro pe have led
to prob lem s with air po llu tion and acid ram over a la rge parr o f rhe
co ntm ent. Land and water po llution (fro m ferri lizers, pesticides, and
industrial wast e) lS also widespread . Since the 1960 's, th e am ounr o f
fore sr ar ea in West ern and Central Eu ro pe has acru ally increased , but
many for esrs (nearl y 60%) ar e d am aged due ro acidification , po llution,
dro ug hr , o r fir es. Overfi shmg-vesp ecial ly 111 rh e North Sea-is a serious
problem for m arine ecos ystems.
Areas mo st affected by acid rain
Poor air qu ality'
"Cutes exceed ing at leasl one of the Wo rld Healt h

O rganizatio n's (WHO ) annua l mean gu ide hnes for
a ir
qu ality
So urces: Glob al D'st rib utlOn o f Or lgma l a r'td Remaining Fo res ts.
UNE
P-WCM
C.2oo2
World 5011Resources Map Index. USDAlNRCS,2002
World Develop ment Indicators. World Bank. 1999
Africa
Internationa l bou ndary

@
Nat ional capi al
Oth er capital
Symbo l and label sizes

indicate relative sizesof cities;
4O'N
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
10' E
Johannesburg
Dar es Salaam
Malabo
30'E
,~~--
Canar}' Islands
(Spa in)
30'N
-r
20'N -
-1--_ _
_-l-~-- l O' N
~ 0' -
EQUATOR
---h-~~
.u-+-,-~-.IL----+--- 0'
INDIAN
I
OCEAN
0'
Victorla @
) m, ,,,~
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
ntsir anana
Facts
Area: 11,677,239 square mi les
(30,244,049 square kilome ters)
F'anarant soa
19,340 h . (5,895 m)
Iola nar J
Lowest Point : Lake Assai, Djibout i

512 h . (156 m) below sea level
WE
40'E
Long est River: Nile

4.160 mi. (6,695 km)
Largest Lake: Lake Victoria, Uganda/Kenya/
Tanzania 26,828 sq. mi. (69,484 sq . km)
Largest Coun try : Sud an 967,500 sq. mi
(2,505,8 13 sq . km)
Largest City: Cairo , Egypt 6,801.0 00
& Port
Reunion Leers
. - j - - -(~:'~ -
Highest Point: Mt. Kilimanjaro , Tanzania
Cape Town
500
,
20'E
500
1.000 km
...
B
...
IJ
Mo untain peak
Lowest point
Falls
t--_--20'N
~~
n)
;r-="",~
__n:::2:'r t+- - l0' N
HrJf-- - - - - -+ - -
O'
INDIAN
ATLANTIC
..
OCEAN
OCEAN
Seychelles Is.
... Ascensio
rs
",St. Helena
us
)
1
S
500
1,000km
10"W
JebelToubkal
I :::: : :
5,000 ft.
Sea level A
---1-
40'E
10'E
L---\---t------t-~~.
Ah
'
5 h
5 h I
~ __ '_-g-_-_g_a---1":~
-r__ " : : :.:-:: :=.--'- ,,'=-_ -- _-.----~ ~----~-.-~:---:-~._4_ _--'
--------
-~-
r iI
-.
SO'E
Lk V"
60'E
/
M K.,.
-~-t
Gr-a-:-k. ~-- ;,sll-t~~-~-na- ~a-- ~~...,.l.-- ,__,m~_a__nj a ro
' j__
Major Metropolitan
Areas
Libya
Algeria
Algiers
Madagascar
Ant ananarivo
Oran
Consta ntine
1.904,000 (metro)
745.000
564.000
Angola
Luanda
Trip oli
1,500,000
1,103,000
Malawi
Blantyre
Alexandria
"
Porto-Novo
Bamako
CAPE
612,000
Nou akchott
Botswana
Gabor one
186,000
Mauritius
Port Lo uis
128,000
BurkinaFaso
Ouagadougou
Burundi
Bujumbura
634,000
234,000
Morocco
Casablanca
Rabat
M ar rakesh
2,943,000
1,220,000
602,000
Douala
Yaounde
810,000
649,000
Cape Verde
Praia
103,000
Maput o
989,000
Namibia
Windhoek
147,000
Niger
Central African Republic

Bangui
452,000
Chad
N'Djamena
547,000
Kane
Iba dan
Comoros
Moroni
30,000
5,195,000
2,167,000
1,835,000
Rwanda
Kigali
Congo, Republic of the

Brazzaville
596,000
Sao Tome
Senegal
Dakar
Yamou ssoukro
Victo ria
1,929,000
107.000
Persons per
sq . m ile
--,
. Luanda
100 to 199
130 to 259
50 to 99
25 to 129
10to 49
..
J-:::
~
~h
~
r"
.7
~""""'\ '\ . ~ (SOMALI}
-1~
\
NAM IBIA I
Sierra Leone
1 million to 2 m illion
"
Und er 1 million
'
Momb asa
J
SEYCH E.LLES
Lusaka
'..
COMOROS
Lubumbashi
./""
MALAWI
'::J
Z A M B I~
Jt-
Ma yon~
"Jl lantyreI
(France )
\ ,: IM8AB\t'E
~OTSWAN~H
Gaborone .~ Pretoria Map!

f\ r-.
uto
Joha nne 'burg
Over 2 m illion
'Mogadishu
."Dar es Salaam
~tfa ra re . ~10ZAM B IQUE
oek .
vrl,
N YA
, .b'
ano l
TANZA NI A
-...-,
AN G O LA , J -
1 to 9
. Djibout i "
\.
BJ~mfontein.
Major metropolitan areas
25,000
230,000
go 3 )
260 to 5 19
1,977,000
Somalia
Mogadish u
(An
,.-/
Ababa e
~
' \ ETHIO P I A
CENTRA L AF RICAN
Over 200
1 to 24
6.000
470,000
..
Persons per
sq . km
Ov e r 520
234,000
Freeto wn
~ .
Population
Seychelles
Cote d'ivoire
Abidjan
Accra
.l
OftBOUTJ
~
r Addis
U5'"ANDA
GUIN EA .
. -_-;-_' . ) CO NG O
Kampa a.
K
SAOTOMEAND
li breville ~.
RWANDA
'
\ I
PRiNCIPE
GABON I
,
~W
DE M . R E P . O F
.
r--------------~
Brazzaville ,. T H E C O N G O
UR DI
Ca b in da Kinshasa
Oodoma
Sao Tome & Principe
4.657,000
565,000
Monrovia
" ~. ~.
L~os", CAMEROON
REj'U8 L1C
l IBERIA""!
~ .oo ua la \,
' ''-'- .--c6TE
>"") " Yaounde - ? Bangu l
[)'IVOIRE EQUATOlUAL ~. -r-tRE l'iOt'THE
Congo, Democratic
Repubroc of the
Kinshasa
Lubumbeshi
Abidi
LEO NE' .
' ERITREA
" Asmara
..
\
A
I
r-""-..
397,000
N iam ey
Nigeria
Lagos
M A U R ITA NI A
: j MA LI
I
N IGER
V;EROE
"N OUakcho
.'
SEN ' AL
)
CHAD )
"
_ ~
Dakar.
~"
k
8 URKINA Niamey
Bama 0
,,-FASO ~"
~
)
GAMBIAr:;;: B'
GUiNEA.~,au ~ . .J "Ouagadoug o -= Ka o
' N'/
jamen\
a
BISSAU ' , GUINEA, / t
- n ENlN N I G E R t
.}1
GHANA , /
l,
Conakry" -e-,
~ Freetown
) TOGO{
' Abuja
<::SIERRA
,
I
ada n
'\
"
Mozambique
Cameroon
LI B YA
(-f
1,179,000
Mauritania
ALGER IA
sahara
(M oiocco
1,822,000
537,000
179,000
~.
West~rn
Mali
Benin
Cotonou
el-Aaiun .
502,000
440,000
Lilongwe
SOUTH
A F R IC A /
r"
Antananarivo
MAURITIUS
t-.'ADAGASCA R
SWAZILAND
- Durban
LESOTHO
Cape Town -~ Port Elizabeth
Djibouti
Djibout i
Egypt
Cairo
Alexandria
Giza
Equatorial Guinea
Malabo
Eritrea
Asmara
Ethiopia
Addis Ababa
Gabon
Libreville
The Gambia
8anjul
Ghana
Accra
62,000
6,801,000
3,339,000
2,222,000
30,000
358,000
2,424,000
420,000
271.000
South Africa
Durban
Cape Town
Joh a nne sbu rg
Preto ria
Port Elizabeth
2,992,000
2,898,000
2,885,000
2,086,000
1,312,000
Sudan
Omdurman
Khartoum
1,271.000
947,000
Swaziland
Mba ban e
Tanzania
Dar e s Salaam
Togo
Lom e
1,155,000
Tunisia
Tunis
705,000
Uganda
Kampala
Guinea-Bissau
Bissau
109,000
Western Sahara
el-Aai un
Lesotho
Maseru
Liberia
Monrovia

Nigeria 130
1,361,000
Egypt 71
Ethiopia
450,000
68
O e m . Re p. o f Th e Co ngo 55
Guinea
Conakry
Kenya
Nairobi
Mombasa
38,000
2,143,000
465,000
138,000
421,000
South Africa 44
674,000
Sudan 37
1.209,000
90,000
_-_...I
Tan zania 37
Algeria 32
Morocco 31
Zambia
Lusa ka
1,270,000
Zimbabwe
Harare
1,189,000
Kenya 31
.. .._ _.I Ug a nd a 25
Mozambique 20
Intemationalcomparability of population
dara is limited by varyingce nsus methods.
Where merropoliran population is
unavailable, core CIty population IS shown.
Gh an a 20
Source:
u.s. Cens us Burea u
All ot he r co u nt ries 230
.. .
Gross Domestic Produ ct is a m easu re o f

the total goods and ser vices gene ra te d by
a co u ntry. Ge nera lly, m anu fa ctu nng ,
hi gh -t ech se rvices, and s pecia lize d
agricu lt u ra l p rodu cts ad d mo re va lu e
th an raw m ater ia ls a nd ba sic foo d s tu ffs.
So uth Africa IS the o nly Afr ica n na tion
co ns idere d to h ave a d eveloped econo my,
even th ough thei r G O P is less th en h al f
that of t he Urured Sta tes.
EGYPT
MA UR IT A N I A
Electricity Use
Unite d States 12,407
MAL l
N IG E R
SEtt EGAL
(JAM8'"
RURK INA
GUINEA-,
BISSAU
D ,~~JI'iu.:
LEONE
ERITREA
S UD AN
FASO BEN I N
GHANA
N IGER IA
GlnNJ:;A
SIERRA
CHAD
"\.-
D}II\OUTI
~
'
TOG O
CENT lL\L AFRl CA:-.I
ETH I OP IA
REJ>UHUC
LlB EJUA
I:Q UATO RIAL <

GUINE A
SAUTOM E ANU
PRi N CIPE
U{iANDA
,
REP. OF T H E
CO NGO
GABON
D E M . R EP .
o r\
fJ..J
T H E C O N G O \ IURUNDI
Gross Domestic
Product
Cll.binda A
(Ango ld)
us
Seyche lles 1.867
T AN ZAN IA
S E Y C.HE L LE S
MA! W1
AN GO LA
Namibia 1,084
Zimbab we 611
Came roon 204
CO MO RO
'..
ZAMB IA
GDP per capita
ES
Sout h Africa 3,955
SOMA LI.\
~K E N Y A
RWA..mA
Z'M8AR"MOZAM8'QtlE
Over $20,000
$10,000 to $20,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$2,500 to $4,999
Under $2,500
No data
Source: World Pecrooor. CIA.2001
M j\URJ 'lJ US
iE
QTSWANA
....T
SOUTH
AF R JV
SW AZ I LA N D
'Sf
L ESO T H O
Source: World secrocoe. CIA, 2001
Agriculture su p p lies t h e liveli hood for t h e

vast majority o f Afr icans. Agncu lt u ra l
exports inclu d e coffee, cocoa beans, pean uts,
palm oil, and s p ices. T h ese impo rtant ex po rt
crops are ma in ly cu ltiva te d o n p ianrari ons
and large far ms. Areas o f s u bsi stence farrru ng
supply the need s of lo cal co m m un ines.
Unfort u na tely, p o or so ils a nd un favo rab le
climate co nd itio ns, as we ll as p olitical unres t
and unstab le eco no mies, a ll h ave an adverse
impact on ag ncu ltural ac t ivity a n d t he re fo re
the standard of hvin g.
Minerals acco u n t for m o re t he n o n e h alf
ofAfrica's expo rts. Oil, d ia m onds, go ld,
cobalt, and seve ra l o ther m ine ra ls a re leadi n g
exports. However, Im portan t m in e ra l
deposirs are lim ired to a h a n d fu l o f
countries.
Manufact urin g h as been s lo w to d evelop
on the conn nent. Lack of m o n ey a n d s ki lle d
labor are th e rnam d eterrents.
,> & Constantine

Tangier
AI~s ~. I.
Tunis
,
Rabat -;:;. Oran
r"\
n jNlslA
'
'-'
III
L-l, /
Casablanca
/
A III III
r-: Beng haz i~
~:7? 1
\11
i:""l
.m al
ALGERIA(.)
fill
CAPE
MAURITANIA
@
, V!'RDE
MALI
Dakar 0
N IGER
SENEGAL
GAMBIA BURKINA
GUINEA-:
IM\GUINE
A
I'ASO
llISSAU ~
'B ENI N
Conakry
GHANA
SIERRA'
@ TOGO
LEONE F. Abidjanfi!l::l9 t:::i.. Lagos

0
CHA D
~ T@
Major resources
Livestock ranching
Q Coal
(.) Natural gas
Nomadic herding
Primarilyforestland
130
Limited agriculturalactivity
Oil
fi!l::l Gold
fill Iron ore
Platinum
EIUTRE1
M~~wa
~
Addis
Ababa
IA
0 Likasi
ANGO LA
MAcA\l1
Lubumbashi 0
fill
Commercial agriculture
Khartoum
SUD AN
DliBOUT
7
~
ET HIO PI A
CENTRAL AI'RlCAN
~'I_e_aj, A
REPUBLIC
LIBERIA
- ~ _\II ~ CAM ER ON
COTE ~EQUATOlU i\L< O
.
. fi!l::l UGANDA
SOMALIA
D'lVOlRE
GUINEA .
fi2:i
K,sanganl Kampala
K E N Y~
SAO TOME AND
'GABONREP. Ol'THE RWANDA
I
Kisurnu
PRINCI PE A 0 CONGO
0 ' O~ 9 Nairobi
O EM. REP. O F BURUNDI
j,
Mombasa
pOinte_NOi:
re \ K ins~:':E CO NGO ~"
.: '
Cabinda
'if
Dar es Salaam
(Angola) j,
9
0
TANZANIA.
SEY C,HEL LES

Predominant land use
"-
LI BYA
(M oro cco)
A1.
d.
" ' .... exan ria
'
A;Tripoli l-~A
Sah a ra
:J
A A
o ro cc o
Q fi!l::l
'
Harare
ZIMBABWE
MuADAGASCAR MAURIJIUS
BOTSWANAQ P ret~:i~ AMBIQUE '
Q
Uranium
Bauxite
Diamonds
Other minerals
Fishing
Major manufacturing
and trade centers
'.,
ZAM nH 0
O .
NA
COMOROS
/ O
@ ~SWAZ I IAND
-.J:). A~ Q
o ':10
SOUTH
/ Johannesburg
~ Durban
/ " LESOTHO
<,
A F R I C A~
Cape Town ~
PortElizabeth
T he climate o f Africa is clea rly a

stu dy in geogra phic co n t ras ts .
Perp etually wet and tropical a reas
surro u nd in g th e Equ ator quick ly
acquire seaso n al var iety as you m ove
no rth an d so u t h . Ro am ing even
farth er lead s co the vast, h ot and
ar id zo nes o f no rt hern and
so u rhe rn Africa. The influ enc e o f
nei gh bori ng wate r bodi es IS h rm red
co sm all rcgio n s of nor th ern Afn ca ,
namely Morocco, Algeri a, a n d Libya,
where t he mi ld cu rr enrs o f th e
Med iterrane an Sea temper the
clima te, an d eas te rn So uth Africa ,
where th e mixtu re o f warm cu rren ts
flowing close co sh ore and t he
seas o na l o nsh o re winds st rik mg t he
D rakensberg u p lan ds provide fo r a
mo ist and te m p erate marine coast
climate.
See pho tog ra p hs ta ken III
differen t kinds of clim ates o n pages
24 - 25.
D
D
Climate
Tropical wet
S E Y~HELL E S
Arid
Semiarid
COMORO
"..
M editerranean
Humid subt rop ical

M arine
Hig hland
Africa 's precip ita tio n pattern is deter

rui n ed by its position on Earth 's grid .
Heavy pr ecip itation near the Eq ua tor
dwin d les b o th co north, ho m e of t he
Imm en se Sahar a , an d co t h e south,
real m of the Namib an d Kala h ari
De serts , MOist cond iti o ns exist on
Madaga scar as a resu lt o f the t ro p ical
in fl uen ces of winds an d cu rrents
fro m th e In d ian O cean.
CAI'E
.vE RDE
S '
Dakar.
GAM iliA
GUINEA
BISSAU
Conakry
S IER
LEON E
1I8EI
Cent im et er s
Inches
Over 203
Over 80
152 to 203
60
102 to 152
40 to 60
51 to 102
20 to 40
to
80
25 to 51
10 to 20
Under 25
Unde r 10
...
T he d en se, tr opica l ram for est

su rro u nd ing th e Equa to r IS offset by
the co n rrasringly spa rse veget atio n
o n th e rest o f th e co n tine nt. Vast
a rea s consist of grass land a nd scru b
vegetation W I rh tr ees on ly
oc casio na lly d otrin g the land sca pe.
Everg reen and m ixed forest s o f more
temperate chmar es are luru red to th e
Medi rerranean ar eas o f Morocco and
Algena, th e Erhio pia n Highlan d s,
and Ken ya.
See p hotog rap hs of th e d ifferent
kinds of vegeta tion o n pages 26 -2 7
Climate Graphs
A...eragedaily
Ave-age monthl y
p recip It at ion
tempe-arure
lini n, nesl
'ange (inF)
ADDIS ABABA.Ethiopia
,l"o.rrANANARIVO. Madagascar
C \I'E
- .Vp RD I3
Vegetation
Co nifero us fore st
CAIRO, Egypt
'~j
~
Mi xed for est
l~: :
Jan Apr Jul
Oct
M id lati tud e scrub land

M id latitu d e g rassland
Desert
Tro p ical seasonal and scrub
C,A.Pf TOWN, South Atrica
Trop ical rain forest

Trop ical savanna
CASAB LANCA,Morocco
'~l "."' l " "l! !::::l r~.::! r::

Jan
~r
Jul
Environmental Issues
Oct
':1-- 5~1
Jul Oct
SOurces Globa ! D istributIon of 0"91" al and Remammg Forests.

UNEPWC MC 2002
World SOil Resources Ma p !nde.., u SDA/ N RCS. 2002
World Devetonree nr Indil;4tors World Bar-k. 1QQ9
~ Y~ R I)E
Oct
DARESSAlAAM, Tanzania
FAYA.-l...ARGEAU, Chad
sxo T OME AND
p RiNCI PE '
SEYCIlELLES
(JNSHASA, Dem. Rep, of the Congo
tuSAKA., Zambia
[he World Hea'rh

gwde lrnes fo' arr
quality
'~j--- l::
LAGOS. Nigeria
01
Or ganizatIon 'S {WHO } a,mual me an
CA PE
Poor air q uality "
-Or.es e",ceed,ng 131 'east one
o:
DA.K:AR. Senegal
Jan Apr Jul
Cleared forest
I::
Current forest
~ Area at highest risk of desertihcation
CONAKRY, Guinea
Jan Apr
Desertifi cation (land tu rnIn g in to

de sert ) is on e of the leadi ng
environmenta l Issu es 111 Africa. Two
lead in g ca uses of desertification are th e
rem oval of vegeta tio n (o fte n for co o kmg
fuel ) a nd overgraz ll1g, especia lly in
se m iarid and drou gh t- pr o ne areas.
O ther enviro n m ental p rob lem s in clude
d eforest ati on, so il loss, d cchrung
biod iversuy , and decre asin g ai r and
wat er q ua lity. Wat er scarCity LS also a
con cern rn many Afncan co u n rne s, such
as Egypt. Libya, Algeria, Tumsia , and
Mo ro cco.
COMORO S
t
01
MAU RITI US
Other capital
Maqeda n
Chengdu
Bangalore
Symbol and lab el sizes
indica te relative sizes of cities:
National capital
-t>~
6O'E
1,000 km
EJ
'>lto
v'o~
~~
'
500
500
aI
,
-.'
0'
@ M, le
MALDIVES
INDIAN
1,000 mi
w
4
OCEAN
10'5
AR CTI C O CEAN
l00 'E
12O"E
.(>"'"
PACIFIC
OCEAN
,,/
\()""
Largest Country: Russia (Asian)

4,928,980 sq. mi. (12,766,000sq. km)
Largest Lake: Caspian Sea

143,244 sq. mi. (371,000 sq. km)
Longest River: Chang (Yangtze), China

3,964 mi. (6,379 km)
Lowest Point: Dead Sea, Israel/Jordan

1,310 ft. (399 m) below sea level
Highest Point: Mt. Everest, China/ Nepal

29,035 ft. (8,850 m)

40~N
50~N
60
0E
7lYN
'c'.
._
800E
-..!~~.: ~~-- -----~~~"!..~-~':~':~-~l/~~a ~------------------------------------------
~:~w_~=~
------- - ------------------\----------- -------- ---------------------- --- -- - - - --------------- -- - --
(i'
-~1~==
South
Korea --
1/
I
I
~mJ A
. ~~~-=~::;~;~ :~~-- ~_:_~~~~-.~~~~:== ==-.:..~~~=~~~=~=_~~~==:;:~ === =i~_B
"hI'",
.~
I I e. -.
INDIAN IOCEAN
W <N
30,000 It --~!df: s e a ---------~!~~~

~:.::.::. -~a g rol~~ ts---J
25,000It. - - - ----.------ - - - ------- - - ----- --- - ------- .- --] .
?o~
3erN
G
ar
Po pulat io n
Major Metropolitan
Areas
Afghanistan
Kabul
Bahrain
Manama
Bangladesh
Dhaka
Bhuta n
Thimphu
Persons per
sq. mile
Over 520
260 to 519
130 to 259
25 to 129
1 to 24
2,029,000
151,000
6,487 ,000
fa
Persons per
sq . km
Majo r metropolitan
tu
al
areas
Ove r 200
100 to 199
50 to 99
10 to 4 9
1 to 9
Ove r 2 million
1 million to
2 million
01
A~
al
8,900
Brunei
Bandar Seri
Begawan
Cambodia
PhnomPenh
China
Shanghai
50,000
1,000,000
Harbin
Nanjing
12,910,000
10,820,000
8,970,000
6,708,000
4,740,000
4,450,000
4,070,000
3,910,000
3,120,000
2,990,000
2,960,000
2,670,000
Cyprus
Nicosia
273,000
Beijing
Tianjin
Hong Kong
Shenyang
Wuhan
Chongqing
Guangzhou
Chengdu
Xi'an
East Timor
Dili
140,000
16,368,000
A
a
c
13,217,000
12,791,000
India
Mu mba i
(Bombay)
Kolkata
(Calcutta)
Delhi
Chennai
(Madras)
Bangalore
Hyderabad
'Male
6,425,000
5,687,000
5,534,000
~LALI> JVE S
n
];
Indonesia
Jakarta
Bandung
Bogor
Malang
Iran
Tehran
9,374,000
5,919,000
5,000,000
3,174,000
6,759,000
1,887,000
Iraq
Baghdad
4,336,000
Israel
Tel Aviv-Jaffa
Jerusalem
2,595,000
628,000
Hiroshima
\ Pakist an 148
Banglade sh 133
J apan 127
Philippin es 85
_ _ _- ' Vietnam 81
12,059,000
3,427 ,000
2,599,000
2,171,000
1,822,000
1,494,000
1,468,000
1,341,000
1,250,000
1,126,000
Thailan d 62
South Korea 48
All oth er coun tr ies 365
Sou rce: If.S. Cens us Bueau
Amman
1,147,000
Kazakhstan
Almaty
1,129,000
laos
Vientiane
2,741,000
SouthKorea (core city only)

Seoul
9,854,000
Susan
3,655 ,000
Daegu
2,474,000
Kyrgyzstan
Bishkek
Lebanon
Beirut
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
Maldives
Male
1,500,000
1,379,000
74,000
193,000
Mongolia
Ulaanbaatar
753,000
Philippines
Manila
Myanmar (Burma)
331,000
North Korea
Kuwait
Kuwait
...__ ,.,J Indonesia 232
_ _ _ ._._ _......
Jordan
P'yongyang
l:
China 1,284
India 1,046
Mashhad
Japan
Tokyo
Yokohama
Osaka
Nagoya
Sapporo
Kobe
Kyoto
Pukuoka
Kawasaki
760,000
Yango n
(Rangoon)
4,101,000
Nepal
Kathmandu
421,000
Oman
Muscat
Pakistan
Karachi
Lahore
Faisalabad
Islamabad
Qatar
Doha
477,000
9,339,000
5,143,000
2,009,000
529,000
9,933,000
Singapore
Singapo re
4,131,000
264,000
SriLanka
Colombo
642 ,000
Russia(Asian)
Novosibirsk
Yekaterinburg
Omsk
Chelyabinsk
1,400,000
1,314,000
1,177,000
1,111,000
Saudi Arabia
Riyadh
Jeddah
2,776,000
2,046,000
Syria
Halab (Aleppo) 1,813,000
1,394,000
Damascus
Taiwan
Taipei
Tajikistan
Dushanbe
2,720,000
529,000
Thailand
Bangkok
6,320,000
Turkey (Asian)
Ankara
lzrnir
3,203,000
2,232,000
Turkmenistan
Ashgabat
United Arab
Emirates
Abu Dhabi
407,000
904,000
Uzbekistan
Tashkent
2,142,000
Vietnam
HoChi Minh
City
Hanoi
4,990,000
2,464,000
Yemen
Sanaa
927,000
Intemationalcomparabilityofpop
ulation data is limited by varying
censusmethods. VVhere metro
poUtan population is unavailable,
core city population;s shown.
.. .
Electricity Use
Gross Domestic Pro duc t is a m ea sure o f rh e total goo ds

and services generated by a country. Gen era lly, manu
imuring, high-tech services, an d specialized agricu lrural producrs add mo re value t h an raw m ateri~san d basic food sru ffs. T he hi gh -rec h and
oilproducing cou ntries o n t he frin ges o f
Asia are the excep tio n s in rhi s gener
~Iy poor contine n t.
R
Gross Domestic
Product
GDP per capita
Unit e d Stat e s
12,407
Over $20,000
$10,000 to $20,000
$5,000 to $9,999
$2,500 to $4,999
Less than $2,500
No data
Kuwait
United Arab Emirates 14,177 14,377
Japan
7,470
Source: World Factbook. CtA. 2001
Israe l 5,372
China
Ind ia 851
442
Laos 31_
MALDI VES
Source: World Factbook. CIA. 2001
A'
Agriculture is the p redo m in ant lan d use In Asia , rhou gh on ly o ne-sixth of th e land IS
arable. Wer grain s, such as ne e, are t he pnncipal crops of China an d South east Asian
countries. Dry gr ai ns, su ch as wh eat, are gro wn In lim ited ar eas o f Ru ssia and
China. A lack of m ode rn farm in g m et h ods , exce p r In j apan, Ru ssia , an d Israel,
I
~;\!,~rica lly lim ited food production. Ho wever, pro-
ducrion is increas in g in so m e co u n t ries as govern menrs supply rhe needed rechn ology. T he ru gged ~
landand climate in Northe rn , Centra l an d
([
~
Southwesr Asia Iim irs lan d use ro n omad ic
herding. Here, ani m als sup ply food, sh el
flD,
ler, clothing, and rra n sp orra rio n.

R Q u
s
.' ~ .
p.
Y..
.- ~.
.;.f'
~
LJ
' . '17
r
.
Land Use and

Resources
,.
Pred ominant land use
Commercialagriculture
Nomadic herding
Major resources
Coal
Natural gas
Oil
Forest products
M Gold
J. Silver
ili::, Iron ore
ill Uranium
@
Bauxite
9 Diamonds
cs Other minerals
~ Fishing
Major manufacturing
and trade cente rs
to!
okyc
Most Asian count ries ha ve an
Insignificant num ber of man u fac
lUringjobs relarive ro o th er occu pa

nons.Japan, Sou th Ko rea, Taiwan,
MALD rvES
China,and Singa pore are excep ti o ns.
Natural resou rces ar e Asia's m ost
Iffiportant export. The o il fiel ds of Southwesr ASia su p p ly much o f th e
~'o rld' s energy needs. Sou t he ast Asia su p p lies t h e World wit h ItS un , an d
coal is plentiful in are as o f Russia , Ch ina and India. The lack of processin g
tacilities limirs many Asian co u ntries in th e use of th eir resources.
Asia has many clima res. T his ca n be expec red on a

land m ass rha r covers an area fro m below rhe Equ ator
co rh e Arcric O cea n and from rhe Medirerr anean Sea co
rhe Pacific Oce an . Wearher co nd irions flu cruate from
rhe su b-freezin g remperarures and sno w of rh e run dr a
climare in No rr he rn Russia, rh rough rhe m o re rem per
are h umid con n nen rai climate, pasr rh e arid co ndi
nons of Sou rh wesr a nd Cen tral ASia, a nd finally co rhe
warm an d wet zo nes of So ur h an d Southeast Asia.
See ph ocogr ap hs rak en In d ifferenr kin ds of clima tes
o n pages 24-25 .
Climate Graphs
Averag e d aily
te mper ature
range {in "Fl
Average mo nthly
precip itation
(in inches)
~~~h
';::]
( [:::
0'
O'
AlMATY. Kazakhstan
0
10os'']
Jr
=. =[::
-
Jan
Oct
Jul
Ap'
O'
BEIRUT, Lebanon
I ~l l -:-
okyo
Jan
=[::
Ap,
Oct
Jul
O'
COLOMBO, Sri Lanka
100'j
_ _ ==[20'
os . ~ 10'
J2'
,'/
Jan
Apr
J ul
Oct
O'
DHAKA, Bangladesh
Trop ical wet

Tro pical wet and d ry
Arid
Semiarid
100'j
Climate
Med iterranean
Humid subt rop ical
D
D
Subarctic
f
r4f;""
Hum id cont inental

D
'
. E S
...
J'
ft.
..".-...
203
152 to 203
102 to 152
S1 to 102
25 to 51
Under 25
Over
Apr
l:J2' j .
--
Jan
Apr
High land
1 ~~: l J
O'
Jul
Oct
[20'
10'
O'
_ = [20'
J~:
Jan
Inches
The co unr nes of Sour h and

So u theast Asia expe rienc e rhe
mosr rainfall. T his ra in fall occurs
primarily between rhe monr hs of
April a nd O ct ob er. Warm , moisr
winds from rh e so urh, called
Mon soo ns, bnn g rhe rain to t his
part of rh e co nr ine nr and also
pil e snow deepl y upo n rhe pe aks
of rh e Himalayas. T he Mo nsoons
d o nor reach rh e inrerior of rhe
co nri ne n r, which remains d ry
rhro ug ho u r rh e year. T he dri esr
co unr ries are III rh e so u thwest.
80
60 to 80
40 to 60
20 to 40
10 to 20
Und er 10
Over
Oct
Jul
JAKARTA. Indonesia
Centimeters
Jan
[20'
10'
HONG KONG. China
('
A,
" '-"..
II
J2'
OS"
0'
~;~ST
' o/TI MO R r
Tund ra
T"'"'l z::::::;:
I
Apr
Jul
:~ .
Oct
NEW DELHI, India
1~~: 1 _ _ _
r=l= [20'
I
10'
J2'
00
J ul
Ja n
Apr
Oct
RIYADH, Saudi Arabia
1::1 _- --[:
::
32'
Jan
Apr
Jul
Oct
O'
TEHRAN, Iran
TIANJIN, China
,"
10ss-0']
32'
00
Jan
Apr
,--" [20'
I
-
Jul
10'
Oct
TOKYO, Japa n
1~~ 1
J2' ,,--,
00 ---:Ja n
__ -I [20'10'
I I
O
Apr
J ul
Oct
YAKUTSK, Russia
~~3 2 :~ j ~;Jf~
T,m p
---, [:: :
00 _
4 5,-=~~~__---,_
Jan
Api
Jul
Oct
O.
"
Ith ly
ti on
..
T he contin en r's vegera rion is as

vaned as irs clim are, ranging
fro m rh e lush rropi cal vegera
rion of rhe Sour h , Sourheas r,
and Easr Asian co untries co rh e
sparse vegera rion of Russia's
vast areric t u n d ra,
See phorographs of rhe di ffer
ent kinds of vegerarion on pages
26 -27.
Veget at ion
hes)
[ ~: :
Unclassified highland s or ice cap

Tundra and alpin e tund ra
Coniferous forest
Mid latltude decid uous for est
r20 "
Subtro pical broad leaf everg reen

forest
~ 10
Mixed forest
Mid lant ude scrub
Mldl at itu de grassland
Desert
D
D
Tropical rain for est

Tropical savanna
'20 "
10
'0"
'20
10"
' 20
Environment al Issues
' 10
O
20
10
Current forest
Area at high est risk of desert ificati on
o
D
Cleared forest
Areas most affe cted by acid rain

Poor air q uality '
0"
'Cue s exceed mg ar reast one
,.
0'
th e Wo rld He alth
OrganJzanon s (WHO) a nnua l m ean g u rd e lmes for dlr
quality
20 "
10
Sources Global Dlstrrbutlo n of 0 6gmal and Remaining Forests,
UNEPWCMC, 2002
World Sorl Resources Map Ind ex, USDAJNRCS, 2002

World Developme nTIndicato rs, World Bank. 1999
0"
!O.
0"
)"
)"
./
1"
.'HILIPPIN ES
M an jl~~~
i~
MA l D IVES ..
Asia's h igh popu lat ion dens iries

have led co a mulrirude of env i
ronm ental problem s, includi n g
polluti on , d eforestation, over fish
ing , and war er sho rt ages. Wirh
rapid po pulation growrh , pr es
su res o n land and war er resources
will o nly conrinue co in creas e. In
wesrern Asia, desertificari on and
gro un d warer issu es are rh e mo sr
pr essm g co ncerns. Mo st land in
rhe region IS eirher cur renrly
des ert o r IS vulnerable co beco m
m g desert in rh e fu ru re, and
wat er IS bein g wit hdrawn mo re
quickly rhan ir can be rep laced.
300S
'
1,000 km
500
~';,
INDIAN
OCEAN
Kalgoorhe
'" ..,
120 E
t"" I
-:"\..
Hon iara
Perth
Sydney
ind icate re la tive sizes of cities:
National capital
State boundary
'j
", -
J
AUS T~LI A
1\
1,000 m i
-- ~-f--~----
. Carnarvon ~WES TE RN
500
'" . ,
oI
o
Philippin '!...I ,
Sea
135E
"
r~i
., . .
..:
I
.
Wake/.
"I
't
I
Nukua loja
(N.Z.)
;;'1
01
~I
wi
51
wi
: Kermadec Is. I
I
I
,
165'E
~I
- I
I
Chatham Is, I
(N.Z.)
I
'll
I
ffi l
FI
~I
lS0 ' E
H
Niue I.
(N.Z.)
(U.S.)
Samoa
.. .
oV
I~
(U.S.)
Jarvis I.
'
,..."
Fr en ch"' :Po IJne~ ia

Tahiti
(Fr.) "
~_.
.- ., '
15'S
" -; .TROPIC OF CAPRICORN -
Date Line.
thou gh t hey are posit ioned on

Opposite sides of the Internatio nal
Republic of Kiribati observethe same

date as the Islands west of 180, eve n
Allislands east of 180 with in the
l S0'W
15'N
150'W
Largest City: Sydney, Australia, 3,997,000
Largest Country: Australia, 2,967,909 sq. mi.

(7,686,850 sq. km)
Largest Lake: Lake Eyre,

3,500 sq. mi. (6,475 sq. km)
Longest River: Murray-Darling,

2,510 mi. (4,039 km)
Lowest Point: Lake Eyre,

52 ft. (1 6 m) below sea level
Highest Point: Mt. Wilhelm,

Pa pua New Guinea 15,400 ft. (4,694 m)

(N.Z.)
Palmyra Is, (U.S.)
OCEAN
(U.S.)
Hawaiian
Cook Islands
165'W
165W
- - - , - - - 1- - - - - -
I
I
I
180"
I
I
American
'. ';] "
T_L_ I
T~!fG~
I,n.} I I
\
U u-l _
: Baker/. (U.S.)
Hoy-land I, (U.S.)
Tasman
Sea
Fiji
Sea
F unaf~ ti
TINALU
I \
PACIFIC
Johnsto n I.
(U.S.)
K IIRIB A' TI
Tarawa (Bairiki)
O<'
c-
a
~
<!.
z
~
o
r ur
Z
::J
w
.1
180
61
i.
~ -~
f: .
MARSHALL
IS'L ANDS
(U.S.)
N
NorfolkIsland
.
(Australia)
\AI ~
C
~
- - ~
.. .....
165"E
AUSTRALIAN CA PITA L T ERRITORY
r~'e' iWo li o n g o n g
:,Sydney
LordHowe /.
(Australia)
:Newcastle
.'
Coral Sea ~ <: 0 ~~.
Palikir~
: : rJ : ! 1(; Old Coast
.. , t .o
:~~
,
F E DERATE ~ S T A"TES
b r MI CRO N ESI A'
(u.S.)
Guam
15" N - 1
Mariana Is.
(U.S.)
Northe
150"E
1-..
120'E
~ -~ ~-' " ~
i"
P
OCEAN
13S'E
ut:" /u w :tt:"d i1~/ ::~
INDIAN
Babe lth ua~
1 3S~E
M
C
_r
'"
0
f]
Cape
IS0'E
. South Ea$t
Caroline Is"/ nd; .
Guam-
: Northern
. Mariana I:
15 0 "E
e
'. '
.LordHowe I.
'"
Sea
Tas ma n
lWE
16 5 "'E
.Norfolk Island
Tarawa ,
Marshall
Islands
. Wake I.
Sea
Fiji
Tuvalu
Gilbert Is.
180'
HiO'
5~:~~v: i ~
' 7- - .-
...
.- ....
""""'--'cO'=- - - r -
3,000 ft . - - -....- - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - .-
"
Tonga
: Saker I.
..
. - - - - - . - - -...- .
7.,.
I.
.J
Manihiki I. .
"'====="-.
-f"
CookIslands .
16S'W
O ahu
" ~ Ma u i
"\l
Polynes ia ~ .
Fre nch' -;
:'''';0
I
1,000 mi
Kosciuszko
Mount
lS0'W
--
"'\.
State boundary
Mountain peak
Lowest point
1,000 km
~.....,..
<, ~-:s:
" '<.
Islands
Marque s~;
lS'N-
45'S
30'S
. - -; - TROPIC OF CAPRICORN" -
90 1,
:~~
JOel"'o,$l'~
Flint I.
500
El
Tongareva Is. ~
Rarotonga I.
. ..
K aUil'
Hawai ian 15. _ Hawaii
OCEAN
16 S--N
w4
Niue I.
--~=
Chatham Is
" ..Phoenix Is.
Howland I.
: Kermadec Is.
- . - . - - - - - . -..- - - - - -....- - - ..- - - - -
.Johnston I.
PACIFIC
: ~~~ ~: =:~=-'---~~~~~='='~~'=='
'
I ~ ~=~ ~"-"- "- - - -'~-' =-~~~f~e"z~_,__'. '._. ._.---'_-'-_.-_.=_-_'-._-.-.~~-~1.~~:=~~~-.~3~t~::---. ~-
_ 3005
N O RTH
A MERIC A
Major Metropolitan
Areas
Australia
Sydney
Melbourne
Brisbane
Perth
Adelaide
Newcastle
Gold Coast
(Southport)
Canberra
Fiji
Suva
Lautaka
Kiribati
Tarawa (Bairiki)
3,997,000
3,367,000
1,628,000
1,340,000
1,073,000
471,000
397,000
312,000
Ashmore and
Cartier Is.
I
!---_ ._~-
Brisbane
I---
Canberra
Melbourne
1,075,000
340,000
334,000
Tasmania
Samoa
Apia
34,000
Solomon Islands
Honiara
61,000
Tonga
Nuku 'alafa
30,000
Hobart
Estimated
2002 Population (in millions)
Aust ralia 20
4,000
Papu a New Guinea 5
New Zealand 4
30,000
InrernarlOOal comparabIlity of
popu/arlon d.na is limited by varying
census methods. Where metropolitan
population IS unavailable, core city
popula tIon IS shown.
S h
' out port
Gold Coast
;Newcastle
Sydney
Papua New Guinea

Port Moresby
332,000
Lae
81,000
Madang
27,000
Wewak
23,000
Vanuatu
Port-Vila
--
4,000
13,000
All other countries 2
Source: u.s. CensusBureau
Persons per
sq. km
Over 200
100 to 199
50 to 99
10 to 49
1 to 9
Major met ropolitan areas
~U S TRA L IA
15,000
3,000
Tuvalu
Funafuti
Over 520
260 to 519
130 to 259
25 to 129
1 to 24
o
25,000
Micronesia
Wena
Colonia
Palau
Karar
Popu lation
Persons pe r
sq. mile
167,000
29,000
18,000
New Zealand
Auckland
Wellington
Christchurch
...
Coral Sea
, Islands
MarshallIslands
Majuro
Nauru
Yaren
Over 1 million
250,000 to 1 million
100,000 to 250,000
Electricity Use
Gross Demes ne Product IS a m easure o f the total

goods and services ge ne ra te d by a co u mry.
Generally, m anufactunng, hi gh -tech serv ices, and
specialized ag ric ultural product s add m o re value
than raw m aterials and basi c food stuffs.
Australia de rives its wea lth and h igh standard o f
livin g fro m service indust ries an d m in eral ext rac
ti on a nd p rocessing. New Zea lan d 's eco no my IS
orien ted to wa rds th e export of an imal product s.
Papua New GUine a's su bsiste nce eco no my ge ner
at es lit tle excess wealth.
Un ited St at es 12,407
Gross Domestic
Product
GDP of Island Nati o ns

Fiji
Kiribati D
M,rshallisiands D
MICronesia D
Nauru
Palau
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
O ver $20.000
".
"-\.
$10,000 to $20,000
$5,000 t o $9,999
$2,500 to a$4,999
Pap ua New Gu inea 3S3
Less tha n $2,500

No data
KW h (kilowatt hours) per pe rson per year
Source: World Factbook. CIA, 2001
~.
on
Source; WorldFacroooe . CIA, 2001
,
. '
fA
Ashmore and
Carti er Is.

Predomina nt lan d use
~~i\.
D
D
Commercial agr icult ure
Dairying
Livestock ranching
Primarily fo restla nd
G>
Limite d agricult ural act ivity

Majo r reso urces
Natural gas
fA
Oil
,.
@
as
fA
G>
Australia is rich in mineral

resources. It ranks first 111 th e min
mg ofbauxite, dia mo nds , lead, and
zac while being a lead ing pr odu cer
ofcoal, gold, and Iron ore . Its ura
mum deposits are th e largest In the
u'o rld, though largely un d evelop ed.
.iedern methods of farm in g and
rrigation allow a very limited area
ofcommercial agricultu re to be
highlyproductive. Despite a rid co n
ditions,vastareas of the mr eri o r
su p port shee p and ca ttle grazing.

The New Zealand eco no my IS
buil t o n livestock, raisin g more am
mals per person then an y other
co u n try In th e world. Meat and
dairy prod uc ts are important
exports.
The eco nom ies o f Papu a New
GUinea and the o th er Island
natio ns In the regIOn rely pr imarily
o n su bs iste nce ag nculture a nd
tounsm .
Gold
!HJ.
IE:::.
Iron ore
ill
Silver
Uraniu m
Bauxite
Diamond s
Ot her min erals
Tasm ania
Fo rest prod uct s
&J.
==<
Co al
CJ
Fishing
Maj or manufact uring
and trade cente rs
Australia's climate IS pr edominately

wa rm an d dr y. The northern half of
the co untry lies within th e tr opi cs
and has very warm condit ion s year
ro un d. The so uthern half of th e
country lies below th e tropics and
expe ne nces a warm su m m er and a
cool winter.
New Zealand 's climate IS like th at
of th e U.S. Pacific No rt hwe st- mi ld
and moist. Papua New Guinea and
o the r Island nations su rrou nd ing th e
equato r have climates th at are m ain
ly very warm and moi st year rou nd .
See ph otographs taken in di fferent
kinds of climates on pag es 24-25.
Ashmore and
Cartier/so
Coral Sea
, Islands
D
D
D
pert~
Climat e
Tropical wet
Arid
Semiarid
Mediterranean
Humid subtropical
Marine
Highland
Charlotte Pass
Lowest recorded te mperat ure,
-9.4'F (-23C), 1994
Tasmania
Ashmore and
Cart/er Is.
Centimeters
Over 200
150 to 200
100 to 150
50 to 100
25 to 50
Under 25
AUSTRALIA
Mulka 6
Lowest average annual
precip itation: 4" (10.3 em)
Perth...
~. Adelaide
Sydney
Tasmania
.,...
."
~f
Inches
Over 80
60 to 80
40 to 60
20 to 40
10 to 20
Under10
While Papua New Gu inea and

o the r island nations within the
tropi cs receive plentiful an d reli
abl e rai nfall, rai n can be a prob
lem in Australia- rypically a case
of feast o r famine or bad timing
West erly winds off of the
Tasm an Sea deposit precipita
n on o n th e mo un tain ra nges of
New Zealand , often in th e form
o f snow th at can be seen on
so me pea ks year ro u nd.
Climate Graphs
,l,ver~ dai ly
Average monthly
temperaillre
precipit ation
rallge(in "Fj
(in in ches)
BRISBANE,A ustralia
':1_=__
[20'
-
17'
10
I .
Jan
Apr
O.
II
Oct
Jul
PERTH, Australia
'~I -------,I - - -.
, - [:
Jail Apr
lu i
DC!
Abundant Australian for est

lan d s ar e lirru red to relatively
narrow coastal regIon s where
m oistu re, even if seas o n al, IS
adeq uate. Mo st o f th e rest of
th e contin en t is cove red by
s pecIes of tr ees, bush, and
grass es adapted to arid condi
tions. Eucalyptus are th e m ost
common t rees 111 Australia.
Pa p u a New GUlI1ea has
d en se tropical ra m fore sts,
and New Zea la nd has m ixed
forests and g rassla n ds anslI1 g
from ItS temperate ch rnare.
See photographs of differ
ent kmds of vege ta ti o n on
pages 26- 27 .
Veget at ion
,.
-,
D
D
EA
Ashmore and
Cartie r Is.
~
CoralSea
Islands
Mixed forest
D
D
o
o
Subtropical broadleaf
evergreen forest
Desert
Tropical savanna
SOU~
h . NE W
TdsmaniaV
Island .
Z EALA ND
"
AUCKLAND,New Zealand
65' _=_- [20'
11lI'1
io-
Ir
Jan
Apr
Jul
0'
Oct
D
PORT MORESBY, Papua New Guinea
':'1_ : : : : _ ==[20
10 '
1~ 1 1
Ashmo re and
Ca-ner Is.
Jul Oct
Jan Apr
Environ ment al Issues
Coral Sea
, Islands
I22a
AOeL:JDE,Austrafia
'~l' ====[:.
Jul
Cleared forest
Area at highest risk of desertification
Poor air quality*
"Dries exceeomq at least one of the World Health
O'
Jan Apr
Current forest
Or ganization'S (WHO) annual mean gUidelines for air
Oct
quality
d
he
reli
:>brase
Sources: Global Distribution of Ori ginal and Remaining Forests.

UNEPWCMC.2OO2
World Soil Resources Map Index. USOAlNRCS, 2002
World Deve lopme nt Indicato rs. World Baok. 1
MEtBOURNE.Australia
IIlI'
MI::::-
_-_
[20'
: . . --=- .
Jan Apr Jul Oct
TO'
in g.
of
SYDNEY,Austraiia
rm
OiRISTCHURCH, New Zealand
J1l]
6S
II
tI"
r--"""':
_ [20'
10'
Jan Apr Jul Oct
O'
Biod iver sity loss (a de cr ease It1 t he vanety of life

forms a n d ecos yste ms ) IS a lead in g enviro n m en tal
p rob lem In both Australia and New Zealand. Ov er
th e pa st two h u n d red years, vast areas have been
clea red for set tle me nts an d far m land. ThIS land
clean n g, along WIth th e mrrodu cnon of n on -native
p lan t and an imal spe CIes, has permanently alte red
the ecological balance. In New Zealan d , It IS
est imate d t hat eig hty-five percen t of t he o rigmal
lowla n d fo rests and wetlands have been lost du e to
human in fl u en ces. D esertification, often brought
o n by over grazmg, IS anoth er serio u s en vironmen
tal threat in many parts of Aus t ralia.
'..,
.
Tasmani a
ngitude
IS"OS'E
ll"OO'W
'roow
4S"00'E
;219'W
n-oow
l1"OO'W
23"S4'E
'200 'W
'139'W
S' OO'W
'(J49'W
22' OO'E
22'oo 'E
S'OO'W
O"OO'W
59' oo'E
43'OO'E
37'oo' E
36'OO'E
l'OO'W
O'OO'W
19'oo'E
14'oo' E
4'OO'W
2518'E
13' On
12' oo 'E
0'00 'W
9'09 'W
s-cow
18' oo 'E
1'S6'W
1'3 8'W
)'S l'W
3"08'W
''OO'W
s-cow
S'19'W
l126' E
W 06'E
~' 16 'E
!5S9'E
11' oo 'E
/' oo'W
1' 17'W
roow
I ~OO 'W
" 49'W
roow
~021 'W
IOJ 9'W
~ 049 'W
I'OS'W
jOOO'w
j003'W
,0OO'W
I'OO'W
" oo'W
!OO6'W
l'oo'W
"'31'W
l03S'W
8' oo'E
7' SO'E
"02 'W
B051'E
1'26 'E
,'29'E
2' 37'E
'OO'W
' OO'W
' 09'W
' oo'W
800'W
'OO'W
827'W
' S6'W
' 32'W
' 10'W
'42 'W
'49' W
'01'W
'38'W
'27W
'S6'W
'S6'W
'08'W
tTw
OO'W
42 'W
OO'W
llO'W
OO'W
SOW
08'W
OO'W
4j 'W
OO'W
S6'E
OO'W
S2'E
'W
OO'W
DO'W
OO'W
~:~
DO'W
2'W
'W
Page Latitude l ongitude

<"wrbta Mts" mountalns . 15
54
~a Plat. , pla tea u
,,",M. GA.
51
ra.-. OH .
51
~. Mexico . . .
76
.ooa ,
S100'N
4s ooo'N
32"28'N
39S8'N
161S'N
11'rOO'W
118eX)'W
B4S9'W
83"00W
srsr
~ RlVadav la ,
c..m.C.Cd!"
Caooros.country ..
Caroms Is.. islands .
Cooairy,Guinea ...
~, Chl le . " ..
CcrcepciOn.Paraguay .
78
97
90
91
90
78
78
45"51'5
8"00'N
12"00'5
11'00'5
931'N
36' 48'5
23' 23'5
67"29W
78'oo'E
43'OO'E
43' oo'E
13'42W
13'02W
SI'2SW
""""" ,,,IOro.
..........
76
54
77
UJwd. NH,.
51
Cltgo,nver.
91
l#Igo Sasln, basrn..
91
'1l'ItICUt,nver ..
55
-.::Kut.state, IJ S
51
--.ce,L., lake ..
85
mtta , Romanl<l .
84
'~,A lge Fla ..
90
',def""d",cy. NZ 102
ott ls.. I $i'~ nds .
103
lI1. Mt,peak .
103
Str"strait ..
103
84
~ , Denmark .
~,cn ,Je ..
78
Unyon, canyon
77
SeJ,sea. .
103
Se.1 Is1ands Ierr.,
~, AustJ .
102
'lCob.1.Argerltina .
78
'lIilba, Spaln..
84
Irela nd..
84
Brook Canada .
74
.Ceaca.
74
1rjM 000stl.TX ...
50
",les, Atgentma ..
78
'flle!1t~.c. ,ca pe .
77
\.O'SQ.lsland,.
85
~, Braz il ....
78
'15laRica.counrry .
44
CDlf d'''''OIre, counrry..
90
___ I. ..", ..
77
14
Crtt L,Jake ..
75
U!I!,i5Jar,d .. . . . . .
85
tftt!.Seaof.sea ....
85
Crmea, peninsu!a , .
85
Uo.Jt.a,coontry .. . . . .
84
CslizefodoSul,BraziJ..
78
Cuwldo,river .
91
uatltemoc.Me...cc .
76
44
Ula"""tty.......
45
C......'" .....
Ubango,llV{'r ......
91
GIMa, Colombia . .
78
GJenca,Ecuador. .....
78
~aca, Mex ico ..
76
Gaba.8laziI..
78
Ub. Mexico........ 76
IiJl'lJ'Ia,VenellJela .
.. 78
J'l'tlerland, river , ........ 55
Ccrapb:n, Pt., cape. .

Cmx:nos,rr.'t'f. .
2436'N 10126W
34' oo'N 120'OOW
29'OO'N 10S"OOW
4312'N 1I' 32W
2'oo'N 22'oo'E
1' 00'5 23' OO'E
42' OO'N 13'OOW
42' oo'N 13' OOW
48' oo'N 9' OO'E
4411'N 28'39'E
36' 22'N
6' 36'E
20'00'5 IS8'OOW
20'00'5 IS8'ooW
44' 00'5 170'OO'E
41' 00 5 17400'E
S541'N 12' 35'E
21'2 3'5 IO' I8W
27'ooN 108' OO'W
15'00'5 ISS'oo'E
.. 78
.. 85
:l!i.rounuy .......... 96
lIJI6,iSlatTd . ,
. 97
Q, reglon........ . 91
UJdl Rep., country ., . . . . . 84
11'00'5 ISO'OO'E
31' 23'5 6411W
37'S3'N 447W
S1'S4N 8'28W
48' S7'N 57'51W
45' 02N 7445'W
2748'N 97"24W
27'30'5 S8'49W
2O'OON 100"OOW
9' oo'E
43'OO'N
19'01'5 SI'38 W
10'OON 85'OOW
S'OO'N s-cow
20'OON 81' 00W
49"31"N 11S046W
SI'OO'N 108'OOW
3S'OO'N 2S'00'E
36' oo'N 2S'oo'E
4500'N 34'OO'E
45'OO'N 15' OO'E
7' 38'5 7240'W
15'00'5 22'OO'E
28'2S'N 106'SIW
22"00' N 8O'OOW
22"OON 80' OOW
15' 00'5 18oo'E
1'53" 12'29W
2'54'5 7901W
18' SS'N 99'14W
15'35'5 S6'OlW
2447'N 10r 23W
10'27"
64' I1W
37'OO' N 88'OOW
66'ooN 6S'ooW
3S' oo'N 8S'OOW
6S'oo'N 6S' OOW
1210'N 69'OOW
25'215 4916W
13'32 5 71"S6W
31'OO' N 2S'oo'E
3S'OO'N 33' oo'E
3S'OO'N 33' oo'E
2S'OO'N 24' OO'E
49000'N lS'OO'E
s..g.1 .......... 90
JX .
........ 50
.reglon. .. . ..... 85
_ Iand. legion, .
. 91
~scus, Syria .
..... 96
:!~. Cap , cape
... 91
OtNallg,Vretnam .
. 96
.rlVer.
. 85
DnbeDeita,deita. .
.. 85
~, s rrait ........ 85
ts Sa~ am. Tanzania . .. 90
.. 103
OIrimg, river" .
!wrJ,Australia ...... .. 102
t:til1+Kavir. desert ...... 97
. 84
~1Il . Can adJ ....... 74
Dfoo.Philippines . ...... 96
o...,.n, lA .......... 51
r.vtsSea. sea .
.. . . . 15
Of..Is S:r.,walt . ...... .. . 45
~. CJna da ........ . 74
Oiwlon Creek. Canada .... 74
1It,Ioo. 0H . .. . . . . . . . . . . 51
~Sea, depressIon ..... 97
Val., dE'fJl'f.'S sion
54
r.t.ao,H ""9' ~ ....... 84
'\aIa.I1....... ...... 51
im.r1P1al, plateau ...... 97
r-uware,nver . . .. .. .. 55
_are, slate, U.S,.
. 51
I'IoIIm Bay, bay ........ 55
1Igm.c..cape.
. 91
. 96
, Me ~ ico
........ 76
c..",,*, .......... 74
1442'N lr27W
32'4/'N 9648W
44' ooN 16"00'E
21'00'5 19' OO'E
33'31'N 36' 18'E
12' 00'5 48' 00'E
16"03'N 108"2 'E
49000'N 10' oo'E
45'OO'N 29'OO'E
.lO"OO'N 21'OO'E
6'495 39' 17'E
31'00'5 144'oo'E
12"2S'S 130' S3'E
3S'OO'N S400'E
SS'53'N 26'32'E
51"10'N l 00"04W
1'04'N 125'36'E
4131'N 9O'3SW
65'005 9S'OO'E
66'ooN S8' ooW
6404'N 13924W
55"4S'N 12001SW
39'46'N 8412W
31'oo'N 3S'oo'E
36'00'N 117'OOW
47'32N 21'39'E
3950'N 88' SIW
23'ooN 79'OO'E
42'00'N 75'OOW
39'00'N 74' OOW
39'OO'N 7500W
10'00'5 41' oo'E
28'41'N 1I'1 2'E
2812'N lOs028W
6S012'N 1232TW
_.ea_..
ItIOerland Pen. penmsula . 75

55
.... 75
lQliO. isJand... . , ...... 45
BrazIJ............ 7B
~and PlaL. pla tea u , .

~nd Sound , bay
Pou
:lldes. l5lands. .
o..g."".L.,...
....
-n:ra!lc Rep
~the Coo go. country ." 90
1'00'5
21' oo'E
Page LatitudeLongitude
Denekil,region
Denmark, country
Denmerk Str., strait

Denver, CO
Dese, Ethiopia.
Des Memes, IA
Des MOines. nver
Desne, nver
Detroit, MI
Devon I , Isla nd
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Dretenbaker, L. fake
DIJon, France
Dill. EastTImor
Dmanc Alps. mountams
Dire Dews, Ethiopia
DirkHartog I., ,sland
Drstnto Federal,
fed dlst., Mex
DJibouti. country
91
84
45
50
90
51
55
85
51
75
96
75
84
96
85
90
103
76
90
Djibouti, DJibouti.
90
Dnieper. flvel
85
Dnieper Upland, highlands 85
Druester, river
85
Drupropetrovs'k. Ukraine
84
Dcd oma. Tanzania
90
Doha, Datar
96
Dommca. country
44
44
Dominican Rep, country
Don. river
85
Dc nets. fiver
85
Donets Basm. basm
85
Donets'k. Ukrame
84
Douala. Cameroon
90
Douredos, BrazJl
78
Dourc , nvet .
85
Dover,DE
51
Dover.Str of, strait
85
Drakensberq, mountains
91
Drake Passage. strait
14
84
Dresden, Germany
Dryden, Canada
74
Dobawnt. fiver
75
Dubawot L, lake
75
Dublin, Ireland
84
84
Dubrovmk.Croatia
Duluth, MN
51
Dund-Us. Mongolia
96
Dunedin, New Zealand
102
Durango, Mex!Co
76
Durango, state, Mex
76
Durban. S Afflca
90
Dushanbe, Tajikistan
96
Dzonqanen Basn . basm
97
97
Esst Cbma Sea. sea
16
Easter ' , dependency
Easter I ,I sland
14
91
Eastern Desert, desert.
Eastern Ghats. mountarns
97
East London. 5 Afflca
90
East Sibenan Sea, sea
97
East Timor, country
96
Ebro, fIVer
85
Ecuador, country
78
Edinburgh, United Kingdom . 84
Edmonton. Canada
74
Edwards Plat.. plateau
54
90
Egypt, country.
Elba, Island
85
Elbe, fiver
85
Elbert,Mt., peak
54
Elbrus. Mt., peak
85
Elburz Mts., mountams
97
Eldoret, Kenya
90
EI Fashlr. Sudan
90
90
EI Kharga. Egypt
Ellesmere I, Island
75
EllJo t Lake, Canada
74
Ellsworth Land, region
'5
Ellsworth Mts., mountains
15
EIObeld, Sudan
90
EIPaso, TX
50
EISalvador, country
44
EITigre, Venezuela
78
Eml Koussl, peak
91
EncarnaCio n. Paraguay
78
Encounter Bay, bay
103
Enderby Land, region
15
England. dIVISIon, U.K
84
English Channel, strait
85
Ensenada, MeXICO
76
Equatonal GUinea, country 90
Erg Chech, desert
91
Ene, PA
51
Ene, L., lake
45
Entrea, country
90
Esfahan, Iran
96
Esmeraldas, Ecuador
78
Esplntu Santo, ,sland
103
Esquel, Argentina
78
Essen. Germany
84
Estevan. Canada
74
Estonia, country
84
Ethiopia, country
90
Ethio pian Highlands, plateau. 91
Etna, Mt., peak
85
Eugene, OR
50
Eugenia Pt., cape
77
Euphrates, river
97
Europe. continent
15
EvanSVille, IN
51
Everest, Mt., peak
97
Eyre, L., lake
103
Eyre Pen , peninsula
103
13"00'N
S6'OO'N
6S"00'N
3944'N
1110'N
41' 36N
43' ooN
S2'OON
4220'N
16'OON
23'43N
SO'oo'N
47"20'N
8'35'5
44' OON
9'36N
26' 00'5
41"00'E
lO"OO'E
31'OO'W
104S9W
39"311
93' 31W
94OOW
32' oo'E
83' 03W
85'OOW
9O"26'E
10l ' OOW
S' 02'E
12S'36 'E
17"00'E
41' 52'E
I13' oo'E
19' OON 1OI'ooW

l1'oo' N 4I' OO'E
1134'N 43'08 'E
4I' OO'N 33'OO'E
4900'N 32'OO'E
49'OO'N 26' oo'E
4827'N 34' S9'E
6' 09'5 3S'4 2'E
2S'lS 'N SI' 26'E
1600'N 61' OOW
20'oo'N 10' OOW
4800'N 40' OO'E
4900'N 38'OO 'E
4800'N 38' oo'E
48' 01'N 37'48'E
403'N
9'4 3'E
22"14'5 54"48W
430l)'N r or
39'09'N 7S' 31W
I'OO'E
51'OO'N
30' 00'5 30'OO 'E
60'00'5 10'OOW
SI' 03'N 13'44'E
4947'N 9249W
63'OON 104'OOW
63' oo'N teo-cow
S3' 21'N 6' I6W
42' 39'N 18'OS'E
4647'N n'06W
41' S9N 9,'39 'E
45'52'5 110'28'E
24' 02'N 104'39W
24'OO' N 100'OOW
29'5 0'5 31' 01'E
38'34'N 68'48 'E
45'OO'N 88' OO'E
29' oo'N I24'OO'E

21'07'5 109' 22W
21' 07'5 109'22W
26'OO'N 32' oo'E
lS'OO'N 82' OO'E
33'00'5 21'5 4'E
73'OO'N 165'OO'E
9'00'5 12S'oo'E
4300'N 2' OOW
2'00'5 80'00W
SS'S7'N 3'11W
S3'3S'N 113'31'W
31'oo'N 10l'ooW
26'OO'N 29'OO'E
4300'N 10' OO 'E
S400'N l1'oo 'E
39' OO'N 106'OOW
43' oo'N 42' oo'E
36'0 0'N S3' oo'E
O'32'N 3S' 16'E
13' 38'N 2S'21'E
2S'27'N 30'33 'E
83' OO'N 16' OOW
46' 23'N 82'39W
76'00'5 90'OOW
80' 00'5 8S' OOW
13l 1'N 3O'13'E
31'46 'N 106'29'W
14'OON 89'OOW
8'S3'N 64'16W
19' OO'N 2I'OO'E
27'20'5 SS' S2W
31'00'5 139'00'E
70'00'5 40'00'E
52' OO'N 2"OOW
SO' OON 4'OOW
31' S2'N 116' 31W
2'OO'N ll 'OO'E
24' OON 3'OOW
42'08N 80'05W
43'OON 83' OOW
18'OO'N 38'OO'E
32' 39'N SI'3 9'E
O'SI N 7940W
15'00'5 167"00'E
42' 55'5 1I' 20W
51'2 1N
7'03'E
49'08N 103' OOW
59'OO'N 29'OO'E
8' OO'N 40"00'E
9' OO'N 39'oo'E
38'OO'N IS'oo'E
44'0 3'N 123'OSW
28' OO'N 115'OOW
33'ooN 42'OO'E
SO'OO'N 10' OO'E
31'58'N 81'33 W
27'S9'N 86'S6'E
29"00'5 137'00'E
33'00'5 I36'oo'E
Page Latitude Longitude
Fairbanks,AK
50
Farsalebad. Pakistan
96
Falcon Res" lake
77
Falkland Is.
dependency, UK
78
Falkland Is., Islands
79
Farewell, C , cape
45
Fargo, ND
50
Faro. Canada
74
Faroe ls., dependen cy, Den. 84
Faroe ts..Islands
85
Faya-Largeau, Chad
90
Fear, C , cape
55
Federated States
of Mrconesra,country
102
78
Feee de Santana. Braz,1
Fes. Morocco
90
Feuriles. Raux, fiver
75
Fe narantsoa. Madagascar. 90
FiJI, country
102
FijiSea, sea
103
Filchner Ice Shelf, ICe shelf 15
Fnobulke Shelf, Ice shelf
15
Fsusterre . C; cape
85
Finland, country
84
Finland, G of, gulf
85
Fitzroy, river
103
Flagstaff, AZ
50
54
Flattery. C. cape
Fhoders, fiver
103
Fhnders I., Island
103
Flinders Ranges, rnounran s 103
FlmHen Canada
74
Flmt,MI
51
Flmt.nver
55
Flint Hills. hIlls
55
Fllntl, Island.
103
Florence. Italy
84
Florence . Colombia
78
Floneno. BrazJI
78
Plonanopohs.Brazil
78
Honda. state, U.S
51
Honda Keys, Islands
55
Honda, Straits of, strait
45
Former Yugoslav Rep.
of Macedonia. country.
84
Fortaleza. BraZIl
78
Fort Collms. CO
50
Fort Frances, Canada
74
Fort l auderdale, Fl
51
Fort McMurray,Canada
74
74
Fort McPherson, Canada
Fort Nelson, Canada
74
Fort Peck L, lake.
54
FortSt John, Canada
74
FortSrmpson, Canada
74
Fort Smith, AR.
51
74
FortSmith, Canada
FortWorth, TX
50
Poxe Basin, bay
75
Foxe Pen.. penmsula
75
France. country
84
Franceville, Gabon
90
FranCistown, Botswana
90
Frankfort, KY
51
Frankfurt, Germany
84
Franz Josef lan d, ,slands.
97
Fraser, nver
75
Fraser L,,sland
103
Fredericton. Canada
74
Freetown. SIerra leo ne
90
French GUiana.
dependency, Fr
78
French PolyneSia.
dependency,Fr
102
French Polynesra. ,slands
103
Fresndlo. Mex!Co
76
Fresno.CA
50
Frla. C , cape
91
FriSian Is,. islands
85
FrODlsher Bay, bay
75
Front Range, mountains
54
Fuerte , fiver
77
FUJI, Mt., peak
97
Funafuti, Tuvalu
102
Fundy. Bayof, bay
75
Fuzhou. China
96
Gabes. G of, gulf

Gabon. country
Gaborone, Botswana
Galapagos Is" Islands
Galdh0plggen, peak
Galveston Bay, bay
Gambia. country
Gander, Canada
Ganges, river
Gangetic Plain, plain
Gao,Mali
Garonne, nver
Garoua, Cameroon
GarryL., lake
Gary, IN
Gaspe, Canada
Gaspe Pen., pe ninsula.
Gdansk, Poland.
Gedaref, Sudan
Geelong, AustraiJa
Genesee. fiver
Geneva. SWitzerland
Geneva, L., lake
Genoa, Italy
Geog rapfle Bay, bay
91
90
90
79
85
55
90
74
97
97
90
85
90
75
51
74
75
84
90
102
55
84
85
84
103
64"SO'N 141'43W
3124'N 73'On
21'OON 99' OOW
52"00'5
52'00'5
60' OO'N
46'S3'N
62'1 6'N
62'OO'N
62' OO'N
1I' 56N
34'OO'N
59'OOW
S9'OOW
44OOW
96' 41W
133'24W
7"OOW
6' oo'N
12"15'5
34'04'N
S8'OO'N
21'2 7'5
19'00'5
21'00'5
80'00'5
10'00'5
43'oo'N
66"OO'N
60'OO' N
18OO 'S
3S' 12'N
48'OO'N
19'00'5
40'00'5
32' 00'5
S448'N
43'OI'N
31' oo'N
38'OO'N
11' 00'5
43'46'N
l'36 'N
6'4 7'5
21' 36'5
29'OO'N
2S'oo'N
24' OO'N
ISO'oo'E
38'S8W
4'58W
73'OOW
41' 04'E
118' OO'E
177'OO'E
40'OOW
S'OO'W
9'OOW
26'OO' E
26'OO' E
12S' oo'E
111'39 W
125'OO W
14100'E
148' OO'E
139' OO'E
101S2W
83c4 1'W
8400W
97'00W
IS2' OOW
1115'E
IS'3SW
43' ooW
4B034W
82"OOW
82' OOW
82'OOW
r ar
19' OI E
18'OOW
4I' OO'N 22'OO'E

3' 46'5 38'33W
40'3S'N 10S'OSW
48'38'N 93'23W
26' Ol'N 80'00W
S641'N 11122'W
67'26 'N 134' S2W
S84] N 122' 42W
48' OO'N 101'00W
S6'13 'N 120' Sl W
6150'N 12121W
3S'23N 9424W
6O'00'N 111' SIW
32' 44'N 97c19W
66'OON 79"OOW
6S' oo'N 7800W
4I' OO'N
2' OO'E
1'39'5 13'34'E
21'12'5 27'32'E
3Bo12'N 8452W
841'E
SO'07' N
81'OO'N SS'oo'E
S2' OON 123'OOW
25' 00'5 IS3'OO'E
4S' S7'N 6640W
8'27N 13' 13W
4'OO'N S2'OOW
15'00'5 140'OOW
15'00'5 140' OOW
23'10'N 102'SIW
36' 45'N 119' 46W
18' 00'5 12' OO'E
54'OON 6'OO'E
64'OO'N 66'OOW
40' OO'N 10S'OO'W
26'oo'N 109' OOW
3S'21'N 13844'E
8' 37'5 m ' 07'E
45' OON 67'00W
26'04N 119' 18'E
34'OO'N 12'0 0'E

0'00' 12'OO'E
24'38'5 2S'SS'E
1'00'5 9100W
62'OO'N
8' OO'E
29'OO'N 95' OOW
12'oo' N 18'oo'E
48' S7'N 54'36'W
2S'OO' N 80' OO'E
28'oo'N 81' oo'E
16'16'N
O' OO'E
0'00'
4S' OO' N
9' 18'N 13'231
WOO'N 100'OOW
41' 36'N 87'2 1W
48' SO'N 64"30W
49'OO'N 63' OOW
S4'22'N 18'38'E
14"02'N 3S' 23'E
38'11'5 144' 23'E
43'OO'N 18'OOW
4612'N
6' 09'E
4600'N
7'OO'E
442S'N
8' S6'E
33' 00'5 I1S'OO' E
Page LatitudeLongitude
George, fiver.
75 S7"OO' N II "OOW
Georgetown, Guyana
78 6"41N 58"01W
Georgia, country
84 4300'N 43"00'E
Georgia, state, U.s
51 33"00'N 83"00W
Germany, country
84 S2'00 'N 11"oo'E
Ghedamrs.libya
90 30'08 'N
9'3 0'E
Ghana. country
90 9'OO'N 2"00W
Gbardae . Algena
90 32'30'N
3'40'E
Gibraltar, dependency, U.K 84 37"00'N 5'OOW
85 36' OO'N 6'OOW
Gibraltar. Str.of, strait
Gibson Desert, desert
103 25' 00'5 12I'OO'E
84 43'32 'N S041W
Gllon, Spam
Gila, fiver
54 33'oo'N 112'OOW
Gilbert ls., ,slands
103
0'00' 173'oo'E
90 30'01'N 31' 13'E
Giza, Egypt
Glama.flver
85 60' OO'N l1'OO'E
Glasgow.United Kmgdom 84 5S'51'N 416W
Gobi, desert
97 43' oo'N ' OS' OO'E
Gcdaven. fiver
97 19' OO'N 78'OO'E
GoliIOla, Braz,/.
78 16' 42'5 491SW
Gold Coast, Australia
102 27'57'5 IS3' 23'E
Gold Coast, region
91 S' oo'N roow
Gonder, Ethiopia.
90 12' 34'N 37'26'E
91 35'00'5 18'oo'E
Good Hope. C of, cape
84 S7"42'N 11' 56'E
Goteborg. Sweden
Gotland, Island
85 S7'OO'N 18' OO'E
Govemedor valadares.
Brazll
Grain Coast, region
Granada, Spain
Gran Chaco. plain
Grand, fiver.
Grand Canyon, canyon
Grande, river.
Grande Prame. Canada
Grand Erg OCCidental,
desert
Grand Erg Onental. desert
Grand Falls-wmdsor.
78
91
84
79
55
54
79
74
18'51 '5
6oo'N
37c ll 'N
23' 00'5
4300'N
36'OO'N
20' 00'5
Ss011'N
41'S9W
10'OOW
3'3 6W
62' OO'W
86' OOW
113'OOW
48'OO W
llB 048W
91 3100'N
91 31' 00'N
8' OO'E
74
50
51
54
Graz,A ustfla
84
Great ArtesianBasin, baSin 103
Great Australian Sight. bay 103
Great BarnerI, 'sland.
103
Great BarnerReef, reef
103
54
Great Bassi. baSin
Great Bear l. . /ake
75
Great Dlvldmg Range,
mountams
103
Greater Antilles, Islands
45
Greater Khmgan Range,
mountainS
97
Greater Sunde ts., ,slands
97
Great Falls, MT
50
Great Plalns,plaln
45
Great Salt L, lake
54
Great Salt Lake Desert,
54
desert
Great Sandy Desert, desert . 103
Great Slsve L, lake
75
Great VletOna Desert,
desert
103
Greece, country
84
Green, fiver
55
Green, fiver
54
Green Bay,WI
51
Greenland. ,sland
45
Greenland (Kalaalht Nunaat),
44
dependency, Den.
GreenlandSea, sea
15
Green Mts., mountains
. 55
Greensboro, NC
51
Grenada, country
44
GnJalva, fIVer
77
Groote I., Island
103
84
Groznyy, RUSSia
Guadalaj31a, MeXICO
76
Guadalcanal l , ls/and
103
Guadalupe I, Island
77
Guadalupe Peak. peak .
54
Guadeloupe,
dependency, Fr.
44
Guadlana, fiver
85
Guaw a-Mlnm, BraZil
78
Guam, dependency, U.S. 102
Guam, lsland
103
GuanaJuato, MeXICO
76
Guanajuato, state. Mex
76
Guangzhou, China
96
Guapore, liver.
79
Guasave, MeXICO.
76
Guatemala, country.
44
Guatemala CIty.Guatemala 44
GuayaqUIl, Ecuador.
78
GuayaqUILG of, gulf
79
Guaymas, MeXICO
76
Guernsey, ,sland
85
Guerrero, state. Mex
76
Guerrero Negro, MexICO
76
GUIana Hrghlands, plateau 79
GUinea, country.
90
GUineaBISsaU, country
90
GUinea. G of, gulf
91
GUlyang, China
96
GulfCoastal Plain. plain
55
Gurupl. BraZIl
78
Guyana, country
78
Gwardafuy, C, cape
91
Gweru, Z,mbabwe.
90
Canada
Grand Forks,ND
Grand Rapids. MI
Granrte Peak. peak
Harnan, Island
Hartl, country
Halifax,Canada
2'O~'E
49' OO'N SS' 3SW

41' S6'N 97'02W
4258'N 85' 40W
45'OO 'N 110'OOW
47"OSN IS'21'E
22'0 0'5 141'oo'E
34'00'5 130' OO'E
36' 00'5 175'OO'E
15'00'5 146' OO'E
40' OO'N II I'OOW
6S' OO'N 120' OOW
22'00'5 149'OO'E
18'OON I S'OOW
4s 000'N
5'00 '5
4r 30'N
4S' OO'N
4I' OO'N
118' OO'E
110' OO'E
11118'W
105'OOW
113'OO W
4100N 11400'W
21'0 0'5 12S'OO'E
63' OO'N 115'OOW
28'0 0'5
39'OO'N
38'OO'N
42' OO'N
4431'N
I S' OON
I28'OO'E
22' OO'E
8I' OO'W
110'OOW
88' 01W
40' OOW
IS' ooN
6S' OON
4400'N
3604'N
12'OON
II'OON
14'00'5
4324'N
40'00W
IO'OOW
73'OOW
7948W
62'OOW
93'OOW
137'OOE
45'41'E
20'4~'N 103'21'W
10'00'5 160'oo'E
29' OO'N 118'00'W
32' OON 104' OOW
18'OO'N 62' OOW
39"00'N 8"OOW
10'48'5 6S'2 2W
13'OO'N 14S'OO'E
1300'N 14S'OO' E
2100'N 10117W
22'OO'N 101'OOW
23'08N 113'18'E
'3'00'5 63'OOW
2S'34 'N 108' 29W
16"OO' N 91'OOW
1437'N 90' 31W
2' 12'5 7954W
3'0 0'5 80'OOW
27'5S'N 110' S3W
49' OO'N 3'OOW
1I' OO'N 10l'OOW
21' S8'N 114'0 3W
S'OO'N 62'OOW
l1' OO'N 12'OOW
12'OO'N 16'OOW
3' OO'E
2' OO'N
26'36 'N 106'41'E
30'OO'N 93'OOW
1146'5 49' OS W
7'OO'N S9'OOW
12' OO'N SI' OO'E
19'28'5 29'49 'E
. 97 19'OO'N 110'OO'E
44 19'OO'N 73'OOW
74 4438'N 63'36W

Halifax Bay, bay
Hall Pen , peninsula.
Hamburg, Germany
Hamersley Range,
mocn tems
Hamilton. Canada
Hamilton. New Zealand
Hernrnertest. Norway
Hannover, Germany
HanOI, Vietnam
Happy Valley-Goose Bay.
Canada
Harare, Zimbabwe .
Harbin, China
Hargeysa, SomalIa
Harnsourg , PA
Hartford. CT
Hatteras, C. cape
Havana, Cuba
Havre-St-Piene. Canada
Hawaii, Isla nd
Hawaii, state, US
Hawauan Is.. ,slands
Hay, fiver
Hay River, Canada
Hearst, Canada
Hecate Str., strait
Helena. MT
Helsnkr,FInland
Hermosillo, MeXICO
Herrero, Pt., cape
HIdalgo, state. Mex
Hidalgo del Parra', MeXICO
Highlands, mountams
High Level. Canada
Hnumea I.. ,sland
Hilo, HI
HImalayas, mountains
Hindu Kush, mountains
HIspaniola. ,sland
Hobart. Australia
Ho Chi Minh City. Vietnam
Hokkao o. Island
Holman,Canada
Homel', Belarus
Honduras, corJfltry
Hong. rwer
Hong Kong. Chrna
Home-a,Solomon Islands
Honolulu. HI
Honshu. Island
Hood. Mt., peak
Hormuz. Str of, strait
Horn, C. cape
Hornof Afnca, regIon
Horen. China
Houston, TX
Howland I,
dependency, U S
Howland I., Island
Hrodna. Belarus
HuaJuapan de Leon, Mex!Co
Huambo, Angola
Huancayo, Peru
Huang (Yellow), fiver
Huanuco, Peru
Huascaran. MI.. peak
Hudson, fiver
Hudson Bay, bay
Hudson Str, strait
Hull, Canada
Humphreys Peak, peak
Hungary. country
HuntSVille. Al
Huron. L, lake
Hyderabad, India
lasl. Romania
Ibadan, N'gefla
Ibague, Colombia
Iberian Pen , peninsula
Iblza, Island
Ica, Peru
Iceland, country
Iceland, ,sland
Idaho, state, US
Iguala, MexICO
Iguazu Falls. falls
lIebo. Dem. Rep of Congo
Ilheus, BraZil
IIhmanl. MI., peak
illinOIS. fiver.
illinOIS, state, U.s.
1I0rln, Mgefla
Imperatnz, Brazr!
I.n-Amenas,Algena
India. country
Indiana. state, US
Indianapolis, iN
Indian Ocean, ocean
Indochina Pen , penmsula
IndoneSia, country
Indus, fiver
Infie rnilioRes., lake
I-n-Salah, Algena.
Inuvlk, Canada
Ionian Sea. sea
Iowa. liver
Iowa, state, U S
Iqalutt, Canada
IqUlque, Ch,le
IqUitos, Peru
Irakho, Greece
Iran, country
Irapuato. MeXICO
Iraq, country
103 19"00'5 147'OO'E

75 65"00'N 66"00W
. 84 53"33'N 10'01'E
118'OO' E
19'5I W
175'18'E
23'42'E
9'4S'E
105' 49'E
103
. 74
102
. 84
. 84
. 96
23'00'5
43' I6N
31'415
70'40N
S2'22'N
21'02'N
. 74
. 90
. 96
. 90
. 51
. 51
. 55
44
74
. 54
. 54
. 75
74
. 74
. 75
. 50
84
. 76
. 77
. 76
. 76
. 85
74
. 85
50
97
. 97
. 45
102
. 96
. 97
. 74
. 84
. 44
97
. 96
'02
. 50
. 97
. 54
. 97
. 79
. 91
. 96
. 51
S3' 20'N 60'23W

11'49'5 31"03'E
4S'4 3N 126'43 E
931'N 44"03'E
40' I6N 16'S3W
4146'N 72'41'W
35'OO 'N IS'OOW
23'09'N 82'23'W
SO'IS'N 63'36W
20'oo'N ISS'OO'W
2I'OO' N IS8'OOW
2I'OO'N ISI "OOW
58'00 N 118' OOW
60' 49'N 115'46W
4942'N 83'40W
S3'OO'N 13I'ooW
46'36N 112'02W
6O'11'N 24'56'E
29' 04'N 110'SSW
19'00 N 81'OOW
21'OO'N 99'OOW
26'S6'N IOS'41W
SI'OO'N S'OO'W
S8'31' N 117'06W
S9' OO'N 22'OO'E
1944'N 15S0S'W
27'00'N 86'oo'E
3S'OO N 71'OO'E
18'OON 69'OO'W
42'48 '5 14r18'E
IO' 43'N 106' 43'E
4400'N 143' oo'E
70043'N llr41'W
S2' 29N 31'oo'E
1rOO'1\I 8S'OOW
23'oo'N 100'oo'E
22'1SN 11411'E
9'19'5 :W44E
2118'N 157Sl' W
31'OON 140' OO'E
45' OON 122'OOW

26' OO' N S6'OO'E
56' 00'5 6800W
9'oo'N 4r OO'E
3I'OS'N 19' 54'E
29' 46'N 9S'22W
102
103
84
76
. 90
78
97
78
79
55
75
75
74
54
84
51
45
96
l' oo'N 177'OOW

I' OO'N 177'OOW
53'41'N 23'Sn
11'48'N 91'41'W
12'46'5 IS'44'E
12'05'5 7S13'W
37'OO N 111"OO'E
9' 54'5 76' I6W

9' 00'5 18'OOW
42' OO'N 14'OOW

S9'OON 8S'ooW
63'OON 73'OOW
4S' 26'N 7s044'W
3S'00'N I1I "OOW
47'0 0'N 19'OO'E

3444'N 86'3SW
41'oo'N 82'OOW
11' 20'N 7831'E
84
90
78
85
85
78
84
85
SO
76
79
90
78
79
55
51
90
78
90
96
51
51
15
97
96
97
77
90
74
85
55
51
74
78
78
84
96
76
96
41' ION 21'36'E

7' 24N
3'S3'E
424'N 7S01SW
41'OO'N 4'OOW
39'OO'N
I' OO'E
14'03'5 I S' 4SW
6S'ooN 18' OOW
6S' oo'N 1B"OOW
44"OO'N 11400'W
18'21N 9'I'32W
26' 00'5 S5'OOW
4' 20'5 20' 38'E
1447'5 39'03W
1rO O'S 68' OO'W
4I'OO'N 90'OOW
4I' OO'N 89'OOW
8' 29'N 4' 33'E
5'29'5 47' 30'W
28'03'N 9'34'E
23'oo'N 79'oo'E
4I' OO'N 86' OOW

39'46'N 86' 09W
10'00'5 80'00'E
16' oo'N 10S' oo'E
2'00'5 119'oo' E
31'OO'N 71'OO'E
19'oo'N 102"OO'W
21'12'N
2"31'E
68'22'N 133'42W
37'00N 19'00'E
43' OON 93'OOW
43'ooN 94'OOW
63'4S'N 68'26W
2014'5 70'07W
3'45'5 73' 11W
3S'20N 2S'08'E
3I'OO'N S7'oo 'E
20' 39'N 10l' 22W

32'00'N 4I' OO'E
. SO
Page Latitude lo ngitude
ongitud.
S7"OOW
6S'33W
I13'S4 'E
15"06'(
92'OOW
90'OOW
89' OO'W
07'OOW
93'OOW
74' OOW
06' OOW
82' OOW
28'OO'E
88' 03W
88' OO W
4S' 21'E
17' OO W
28'OO'E
2S'OO'E
S7"OOW
128' OO 'E
39' 39'E
7'OO'E
DI'2 6W
64"47'W
l03' OO'E
i0400'E
1O"44'W
J9'OOW
21"OO'E
22'OOW
7S'S2W
JO'I 9W
I3'SOW
56"13'W
16' 18W
72'3SW
73'3SW
12'OOW
lS' 31W
10' 39W
)l ' 12W
19' OO W
8' OO W
37'40'E
43' I6 'E
!a'OOW
37"36' E
16'OS'E
37' OO 'E
42"OO' E
40' 12' E
3I' OO'E
3' OO W
72' SO'E
11"34'E
23'OO'E
33'OS'E
43'OO'E
24'OO'E
S8' 39'E
32'OO'E
32'38 'E
3:'S4'E
29'OO'E
9S'OO'E
32'Ol'E
S2"28'E
40'4 2'E
79'06'E
,1"43'W
36'S O'E
36'04'E
14'OO'E
19' OO'E
39'lS'E
!3"57'W
lS'S6'E
l S' 49'E
08' 19'E
l ' 34W
14'I7'E
"" 47W
'l' I9W
31'OO'E
'S'13W
l S'OO'E
"7"OO 'E
67'OO'E
19' 26W
~'OOW
l S' 04'E
2S'4 0'E
(J' OO'W
,8'4SW
~'OO W
S' I6 W
13'1 6'E
6'OOW
Bl'OO'E
S'OO'E
,9'OOW
'OOW
S'03W
7' OOW
4"1OW
Sl ' OO 'E
'OOW
IS' OO'E
S' OO 'E
~ l '4 4 ' E
131'W
7'13'E
S' OO W
'OOW
' 39 W
l 'OO'E
OOW
iIIr'o:l.island.
.ny. state, US
~, s ta ! e,U S
~IA .
News. VA .
~1s. , isJan ds
103
51
SO
51
51
97
3000'5
40' OO' N
34' OO 'N
29'STN
3659'N
7S' OO 'N
l S2'OO'E
74'OOW
106'DOW
9O'OSW
76'26W
142ooo'E
102
51
SI
102
45
90
44
45
84
97
96
90
91
91
90
54
91
91
54
75
78
102
103
84
76
50
51
29'D0'S 149' OO'E

40"43"N 74"OO'W
44' OO'N 7S'DOW
42' OO 'S 17S' OO'E
17'00'N 94'OOW
44"OO'N 83'OOW
13'31'N
2' OTE
12' OO'N 84'OOW
12'OO'N 8S'DOW
43'43'N
7' 16'E
8'oo' N 93'D0'E
3S'DTN 33'2 1'E
19'DON ,O'oo'E
0' 00'
17'00 N
SoooN 6' oo'E
9'oo'N
9'D0'E
22'oo 'N 160' OOW
2S'OO'N 32'OO'E
3I' OO'N 3I'OO 'E
43' OO'N 102' OOW
SO'OO'N 89' OOW
22'S2'S 43' 08W
19'OO 'S 170' OOW
19'OO'S 170' OOW
S6'19N 43' S6'E
31'I9N 110' S6W
M'30N 16S'24W
36S1'N 76'ITW
102
103
96
14
74
74
85
51
97
SO
85
29'00'S
29' OO'S
69'24 'N
SO'OO 'N
S2' 47'N
46'1 9'N
WOO'N
3S' OO'N
37' OO'N
48' OO'N
M'OO'N
168'D0'E
168'D0'E
88'10'E
teo -cow
108'I8W
79'28W
2S' OO'E
79' OOW
118' OO'E
10l' OOW
42' OO'E
85 SS'OO 'N
22'OO'E
84 SS'OO'N
8"OOW
~ Wa l es ,
Ausd.. ...
Itd,NY ..
Yctk, St.l le, U. S.

Ze ~ a nd , country.
w kO yotIRes" lake
falls,falls. .
N9"...
~, cou n tly .
~ L , Ja k e .
m. ....
It. ISlands .
....,CJ!l'1'S.
QoJI1 oy..
lIIef
"I' o. ~, ,,, , "
..
''In. CM'Y.
h "M " .
77
Irt! land.
I'III:J\ U.( .. .
Mwnals.,
....,U.s ,
102 16'OO' N 146' oo'E

Mwna ls.,
W ,..
103 16' oo'N 14600'E
" ' Terr, . stale.Austl 102 18'OO 'S I33'OO'E
1 ,1~la nd ..
103 39'D0'S I76' OO'E
Korea,countly
96 4100'N 12800'E
~ ~ne . n v e r ., .
54 43'OO 'N IOS"OOW
0'00'
Pde.pole..
14 90"00'N
Sasttltchewan,nver 75 S4' OO'N 111'OOW
.Se.se. .. .
3'OO'E
85 S6'OO'N
Terr~ones ,
...my, u n. .
"""
""''1 "
~~ Sea, sea .
74 6500'N 119"OOW
9' OO'E
84 62'D0'N
6'oo'E
85 67'OO'N
DmM\S "
75 47'OO'N 70'OOW
90 20'SS'N 17"02W
Wchott. Mauntanla
90 18' OS'N 15"59W
IbJmea,Npw Caiedonia 102 22' 10'S 16646'E
NMxotia,penlnsula .
75 4S'oo'N 6S'DOW
tbI Scotia,pro vi nce, Can . 74 47'00'N 6S'OOW
~iYfIZ Ml I ~ a . is la n ds .
97 74'OO 'N S7'OO'E
)ad, Yugoslavia.
84 4S' IS'N 19'5rE
lbct.Jnetsk. Russia . , . 96 S3' 46'N 87'11'E
"""",,- I_ "" ... 96 SS' 02'N 82'S6'E
o...t",,,,, " ", 91 20'OO' N 35"OO'E
.. """",, 55 28'oo N 98'DOW
"", 76 27'S6'N I01' I2W
IlQIltalM.......
~~ . Ma untanl a
........... . . . . 16
.. . 76
.... 76
" " ". 102
"", 103
" " , 74
. 44
.. .. . "",, 90
.. 91
,Illt
30'2S'N
27'29'N
26'OO'N
21"11'5
31' OO'S
6S' OO 'N
M' 10'N
12' 02'N
12' OO' S
l07'SSW
9930W
l00'0OW
175"11W
127'00'E
9O'DOW
51"41'W
24"S3'E
3S"00'E
54 4S'OO' N l oo' ooW

54 22'OO 'N IS8' ooW
SO 37"48'N 122"16'W
,
76 17"04'N 96"43W
sule. Mex, .
76 l7'DO'N 97'OOW
~t. pla rea u .
77 17'OO'N 97' OO W
~~ \$' ..... ..
97 62' oo'N 69"00'E
1l>Ugoe, ,,", ,, ,, ,
55 33'OO' N 83"OO'W
Cttnee. rmo r.....
55 33'oo'N 82'OO W
~, Me ~ ic o .
76 20'21'N 102' 47W
LGrist, Denmark. .
84 SS' 24'N 1O"23'E
O" f1'Iel', .... ...
85 S2' OO'N 17' 00'E
I"dN. l.lralne.,
84 46'28'N 30"46'E
SO 3I'SI 'N 102' 22W
_ :x ,," "
91 8'OO'N 46' OO 'E
"",ur
SO 41"13'N 111"S8'W
,
55 39'OO'N 56'OOW
51ilf.US .
51 41'OO 'N 84'OO W
"9l Me~,(j) ...
76 29' 34'N 104' 2SW
85 SS'OO'N 37"OO'E
~,- ,
91 19'00'S 19' oo'E
.L,lakt' , .. 55 27'OO'N 81' OOW
Suof,sea..
97 SS'DO'N 149'OO'E
. I ~a nd . . . , ...
9726.3'DO'N 128'oo'E
~.sl<1 l e, U. S . ..
50 37"00'N 99' OOW
Clty, OK, .
50 3S"28'N 97' 31W
85 S7"00'N 19' OO'E
SO 47"02'N 122'S4W
WA ..
~., p' ''
85 40"00'N 22'OO'E
>IE
51 4116'N 9S"S6W
Cl),I'I lJ)" ......
96 19'00'N SS'oo'E
97 24'OO'N 6O'OO'E
Gd,!I'H..
90 IS'38'N 32'27'E
,SOOao ".
96 SS'01'N 73'20'E
lao "
, ,", ,,
85 62'DO'N 36"OO'E
N;gen.l '" .. .. . 90 6'08'N
6'4TE
o/rd ..
CA ,
......
"","!I""
..
."
... .
Page Latitude lon gitude

74
Ontano. province, Can
Ontano. L., lake
45
Oren, Algena
90
Orange, river.
91
Oregon, state, U.S
SO
84
Orenburg,RUSSia
Orinoco, river
79
Onzaba, MexICO
76
77
Oreaba. PICO de, peak
Orkney ls., Islands
85
Orlando, Flo
51
Oruro. BolIVia
78
Osaka. Japan
96
Oslo, Norway
84
Osterdal, nver
85
84
Ostrava. Czech Rep
Ottawa, Canada
74
75
Ottawa, river
Ouachita, nver
55
OuachitaMts., mountams , 55
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 90
Oulu.Finland
" 84
Outer Hebridesls., Islands 85
74
Owen Sound. Canada
54
Owyhee, nver
Oxnard.CA
SO
Ozark Plat., plateau
55
Ozarks. L. of the, lake
55
Pachuce, MeXICO
Pachc Ocean, ocean
Padang. IndoneSia
Padre I.,lsland
Pakistan, country
Palau, country
Pelawan. Island
Palembenq, IndoneSJa
Palermo. Italy
Pabkn; Fed. States
of Mcronesa .
Palmade Mellorce. Spam
Palmyra ls.,
dependency, U5
Palmyra Is.. Islands
Parmrs.mowtta.os
Pampas, plam
Panama, country
PanamaCanal,cana l
PanamaCity, Panama
76
14
96
55
96
102
97
96
84
S2' OO'N 88'OOW

4S' OO'N 78' OOW
3S'42'N 0'39W
28'00'5 20'00'E
44'OO'N 121'OOW
Sl'SO'N SS'03'E
8ooo'N 65"OOW
18' SO'N 97'DSW
19'D0'N 97"OOW
S9'OO N 3"OOW
28'32 N 81'23W
17'S7'S 67'06W
3S'STN 137' lTE
S9'SS'N IO'47 'E
62'OO 'N 14'OO'E
49'SO'N 18' 17'E
4S'24'N 7S'4 1W
46'oo 'N 78'OO'W
34'oo'N 92' OO W
3S' OO' N 9S'OOW
12'23 'N l'34W
6S'D2'N 2S'26'E
S8'OO'N 7"OO W
44' 33'N 8O'S6W
4300'N 11800W
3412'N 11911W
36'oo'N 9300W
38'OO 'N 93' OOW
20'OTN
30'00'N
O'SS'S
27'00'N
29'OO 'N
9' oo'N
930'N
2'S6'S
38'D8'N
98'4SW
140"00W
loo"21'E
97"OO W
6S'OO'E
133' oo'E
118'30'E
1Q4"43'E
13'2rE
102 6'S6'N IS8' 10'E

84 39'3S'N 2"40'E
102
103
97
79
44
45
44
79
45
74
85
162'OOW
162'OOW
73'OO'E
60' OOW
81' OOW
79' SSW
79"32'W
79'OOW
79'OOW
6S'42W
12' oo'E
98"OO W
102
79
78
79
, 78
78
79
79
84
78
79
75
, 103
, 78
" 78
79
84
, 96
75
74
55
85
84
54
, 84
55
85
~: I~~; ;v;; lake
75
Peloponese Pen., penmsula. 85
Pelotas,BraZil .
78
Pemba I., Island
91
Pembroke, Canada
74
Pennmes, The, mountains 85
Pennsylvania,state, U.S.
51
55
Penobscot, rIVer
Pensacola Mts., mO untains 15
Penza, RUSSia
84
Peona, IL
51
Pereira, Colombia
78
84
Perm', RUSS ia
PerS ianG., gulf
97
Perth, Australra
102
, 78
Peru,country.
77
PetacalcoBay, bay
Peterborough, Canada
74
78
Petrohna, BraZil
Pelropavlovsk-Kamchatskly,
Russia ,
96
84
Petrozavodsk, RUSSia
Phane Is., ,slands
97
Phllrppmes, country.
96
Philippine Sea, sea
97
PhnomPenh, Cambodia
96
Phoemx, AZ
SO
Phoel1lX Is., lslands .
103
Piedmont, hIghlands
55
Piedras Negras, MeXICO.
76
Pierre, SO
SO
Pletermantzburg, S. Afnca 90
Pikes Peak, peak
54
Pilcom ayo, over.
79
Pitcairn I.. Island
14
Pitcairn Is., dependency .
16
Pittsburgh, PA
51
Plura, Peru
78
Platte, river .
55
Plenty.Bayof, bay.
103
Plolestl, Romal1ia
84
84
Plovdlv. Bulgaria
Po, over
85
Pocatello, ID
SO
Podgorlca, YugoslaVia
84
6' OO'S 149' OO'E

14'OO'S ))'OOW
24'OO 'S S9' OOW
20'OO 'S S8' OOW
S'SO'N SS'l1 W
3I' 44'S 60'31W
22'00'S S3' OOW
7'00'S 81'OOW
48"53'N
2'21'E
2' SS'S 41"46W
7'OO 'S 4400W
77'oo'N 10S'OOW
34'OO'S 124' oo'E
28' IS'S S2'24W
" 13'N 7717W
46' OO'S 70' OOW
38'16'N 2I' 44'E
S2'20'N 76' SS'E
S8'OO'N l1S'OOW
S6'IS' N 117'14W
32' OO'N 90'OOW
67'00'N S2' OO 'E
6S"10'N S7'18'E
35"OO'N 104"OO W
46'OS'N 18' 14'E
3S'oo'N 80000W
S8'oo'N 27'oo'E
63'OO 'N 13S'DO W
3800'N 23"OO'E
31' 4S'S S2' I8W
S'OO'S 40' 00'E
4S'49'N ))'08W
S4' OO'N 2' OOW
42' OO'N 77'OOW
47'00'N 69'OOW
84"00'S SS' OOW
S3"10'N 4S'OO'E
40042'N 89' 3SW
44S'N 7S'41 W
S7'S9'N S6' I8'E
27'oo'N SI' OO'E
31"53'S 11S'S2'E
8'OO 'S 78'OOW
18'OO'N 102' OO W
4418'N 78' I9W
9'22'S 40'33W
~:~ :~:: ~~h~I~r.~~~hmus
Panqnrrtunq, Canada.
Pantelene. ls'and .
Panuco. rrver.
Papua New GUinea,
country
Parecas. peninsula
Paraguay, country
Paraguay, nvet.
Parama ribo, Surmame
Parana. Argentll1a
Parana, river
PeranasPt., cape.
Pans, France
Parnaiba. Brazl'
Parnaiba, rtver
Parryls., Islands
Pasley,c., cape.
Passe Fundo, Brazil
Paste. Colombia
Patagonia. region
Patras, Greece..
Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
Peace, river.
Peace River, Canada
Pearl, rtver.
Pechora. nver
Pechora, RUSSia
Pecos, rIVer
Pecs, Hungary
Pee Dee, rIVer .
6'OO'N
6' OO'N
38'OO'N
38'OO'S
9' oo'N
9'20'N
9'OO'N
8"00'N
IO'OO'N
66'08N
37ooo'N
77 22' OO'N
S3' OS'N
6141'N
14'00'N
l1"OO 'N
IS'oo'N
l1' 33'N
33'2TN
S'OO'S
36'OO'N
28' 42N
44'22'N
29'37'S
38' oo'N
23'OO'S
2S'04'S
2S' 04'S
40' 26'N
S'l1 'S
" ' OO'N
37'00'S
44S7'N
42'09'N
4S'OO'N
42'S2'N
42' 26'N
IS8' 34'E
34'1TE
123'OO 'E
124'OO 'E
133'OO 'E
I04' S4'E
112' 04W
17l'OO W
80'OOW
l00' 32W
l00'21W
30'23'E
lOS' ooW
61'OOW
!30'OSW
!30'OSW
80' OOW
80'38W
98' OOW
177' OO'E
26' 02'E
24'4S'E
l1' OO'E
112'27W
19' 16'E
Page la titude lo ngitude

PO insett, c.. cape
15
POinte-Noire, Rep. of Congo. 90
84
Poland, country.
Polynes ia, region
103
Pood Inlet, Canada
74
Pootchartram. L., lake
55
Poopc, L., lake
79
Popccatepetl, peak
77
Portagela Prairie, Canada 74
44
Port-au-Pnnce. Haltl
74
Port-Carner, Canada
90
PortElizabeth, S. Afnca
Port-Gentd, Gabon
90
Port Harcourt, Nigena
90
74
PortHardy. Canada
PortHedland, Australta
102
Portland, ME
51
Portland, OR
, SO
Port LoUIS . Mauntlus
90
Port Moresby.
102
Papua New Gwnea
84
Porto, Portuga l .
Porto Alegre, BraZil
78
Porto-Novo, Benin
90
Porto veho. BraZIl.
78
Port Sard, Egypt
90
Portsmouth,
84
UmtedKmgdom
Port Sudan, Sudan
90
84
Portugal. country.
Port-vile. Vanuatu
. 102
Potomac, nvet,
55
78
Potosi, BoliVia
Po Val., valiey
85
54
Powder, river.
Powell, L., lake
54
PozaRica, MeXICO
76
84
Poznan, Poland
84
Prague, Czech Rep.
90
Praia, CapeVerde
Pretona, S. Afnca
90
Pnnce Albert,Canada
74
PrinceAlbert Mts.,
rncuorems
15
Prince Charles I., Island
75
Pnnce Charles Mts.,
mountams
IS
Prmce Edward I., Island
75
Pnnce Edward Island,
74
provmce, Can.
74
PnnceGeorge, Canada.
, 75
Pnnceof Wales I., lsland
Pnnce Petnck I., Island
75
PnnceRupert, Canada.
74
Pnnope, ,sland
91
Pnpet. nver
85
Providence. RI
. 51
Provo, UT
SO
Prut,rtver
85
Prydz Bay. bay.
IS
Pucallpa. Peru
78
Pueble. MeXICO
76
Pcebla, state, Mex.
76
Pueblo, CO.
SO
Puerto Ayacucho.
Venezuela
78
Puerto Escondido, Mexico. 76
PuertoMaldonado, Peru
78
78
PuertoMontt, ChIle
PuertoPenasco, MeXICO
76
Puerto RICO ,
44
dependency. U.S
45
Puerto RICO, lsland
Puerto Vallarta, MeXICO
76
Puget Sound. bay.
54
Punta Arenas, Chtle.
78
Purus, rtver
79
Putumayo, rtver..
79
PU VlrI1ltU q, Canada
74
96
p'yongyang, N. Korea
Pyrenees, mountains
85
Qaraghandy,Kazakhstan .
Qatar,country
Papua New Guinea

Race, c., cape
Raini er, Mt., peak
Raleigh, NC .
Rancagua, Chile
Rankin Inlet, Canada
Rapid City.SO.
Rarotonga I., Island
RasDashen, peak
Rawson, Argentina
ReCife, Brazil
ReconqUista, Argentma
Red, river
Red, river
Red Deer, Canada
9' 2TS 147"11'E

41'D9'N 8'3TW
30' OO'S Sl' I2W
6"29'N
2' 41'E
8'46'S 63'S4W
31"15'N 3211'E
SO'48'N 106W
19"3TN 37' 13'E
40"OO'N 8'OOW
17"44'S 168'2 4'E
40"OO'N 78' OOW
19' 36'S 6S' 4SW
4S'OO 'N 10'OO'E
4S' oo'N 106' OOW
37'00'N m-eow
20'33'N 97'27W
S2' 24'N 16' SS'E
SO' 06'N 14'2S'E
15"01'N 23"3S'W
2S' 4S'S 28'l1 'E
S3'I O'N 10S' 4SW
7S'D0'S IS8' oo'E
67'00'N 77'OOW
74'OO'S 63'D0'E
46' OO 'N M' ooW
48' oo'N
S3'S2'N
73'OO'N
77' OO' N
S4' 18'N
2' oo'N
S2' oo'N
4149N
40014'N
48' OO'N
68'OO'S
8'23'S
19'03'N
18' OO'N
38' IS'N
63' OOW
122'46W
lOO' OOW
120' OOW
130' I8W
8' OO'E
28' oo'E
71'2SW
11139'W
28ooo'E
7S'OO'E
74'32W
98' I2W
97'00W
104' 37W
S' 40'N
IS'S2'N
12' 3TS
"'28'S
31' 19'N
67' 37W
97'06W
69' I2W
72' S8W
113' 32W
18'OON 66'OOW
18' oo'N 66'OOW
20'3S'N lOS'l SW
48' oo'N I23'OOW
S3'08'S 70' SSW
8'OO 'S 66'OO'W
3'OO 'S 74' OOW
60'02'N )) ' 29W
39' Ol'N 125"44'E
I' OO'E
43' oo'N
96 49'S2'N 73'08'E
96 26'OO'N S2' oo'E
Qattara DepreSSIon,
depresslon.
91
Qlngdao, China.
96
Qu'Appelle, rtver.
75
Quebec, Canada
74
74
Quebec, provtnce, Can
Queen Charlotte Is.,
Islands. .
75
Queen Charlotte Sound.
bay
75
Queen Elizabeth Is.,Islands. 75
Queen Maud Land, region IS
Queen Maud Mts.,
mountains
IS
Queensland,state, Austl 102
Quelimane, Mozambique
90
Queretaro,Mexico
76
76
Queretaro, state, Mex
Quezon City, Philippines
96
QUi ntana Roo, state, Mex.. 76
QUi tO,Ecuador
78
Quoddy Head. cape
55
Rabat, Morocco.
Rabaul,
66'00'5 113' OO' E

448'S l1' S2'E
SI'OO 'N 2I'OO' E
2' 00'5 163'OOW
72' 42'N 7747'W
30'OO 'N 90'OOW
19'D0'S 67'DOW
19'D0'N 99' OOW
49"58'N 98' I8W
18"32'N 72'21W
SO'02'N 66'SlW
33"57'S 2S'3S'E
0'40'S
844'E
4"47'N
7"00'E
SO'43 'N 127' 31W
20'22'S 118'3 TE
4340'N 70'l SW
4531'N 12240'W
20'06 'S S7' 31'E
29'OO'N
36'D6'N
S2'OO'N
46"4S'N
S2'OO'N
S4'OO 'N 133' OOW

S2'OO 'N 130'OO W
80'OO'N 109' OOW
7S'OO 'S 30'oo 'E
84'OO'S 17S'oo'E
23'OO 'S 148'oo'E
17'S2'S 36'S4'E
20"36'N 100"24'W
21' oo'N 99'OOW
14"44'N 121' 02'E
19'00'N 88'OOW
O'12'S 78' 29W
4S"00'N 67'OO W
90 33' S9'N
102
75
54
51
78
74
SO
, 103
91
78
78
78
75
55
74
29'oo 'E
120' 22'E
100'OOW
71'I3 W
72'OO' W
6"51'W
4' 13'S IS2' 08'E

47'OO 'N S3"OO W
47'OO 'N 122'OOW
3so46'N 78'38W
3410'S 70'47W
62'49' N 92'IOW
440S'N 103"14W
21'OO'S 160'0OW
14'OO'N 38'OO 'E
43'l7' S 6S'06W
8'0 4'S 34'STW
29'1 0'S S9'36W
49' OO'N 98'OOW
34' oo'N 94OQ'W
S2'13'N l 13' SO W
Page Latitude lo ngitude
Page lat itude Longitude

Red Rive r of the North, rrver 55
91
Red Sea, sea
Regina, Canada
74
, 75
Reindeer L., lake
Remqa. c., cape
103
Reno, NV
50
Republica n, fiver.
55
Rep. of the Congo, country 90
74
Repulse Bay, Canada.
78
Reslstencla, Argentma
74
Resolute, Canada
Reunion, dependency. Fr
90
Reunion, Island .
91
Revelstoke, Canada
74
77
Revillagigedo Is" lslands
84
Reykjavik. Iceland
76
Reynosa. MeX ICO
Rhine, nver
85
Rhme Delta, delta
85
Rhode Island, state, U.S
51
Rhodes, Island.
85
85
Rhone, fiver.
Ribeldio Prete, Brazil
78
78
Ribeealte. BolIVIa
Richmond, VA
51
Rift Val., valley.
91
84
Riga, Latvia
Riga, G. of. gulf.
85
Rirser-Larsen tee Shelf,
Ice shelf. .
15
Rrnouskr, Canada
74
78
RIOBranco, BraZil
77
Rio Bravo del Norte, fiver
Rio Cuarto, Argentma
. 78
RI o de Janeiro, BraZi l.
. 78
RIo de la Plata, gulf.
79
RIOGallegos. Argentma
78
RIO Grande, over.
54
RIO Grande de Santiago,
fiver.
48' OO 'N 97'OOW

21'D0'N 39'OO 'E
So028'N 10436'W
S7' OO'N 103'OOW
34'00'5 173'OO 'E
39'3 2'N 119'49W
40' OO 'N 99'OOW
I' OO'N 16' OO 'E
66'32'N 86'D9W
27"2TS S9' OOW
74"41'N 94S4'W
21'OO 'S S6ooo'E
21'OO'S S6' oo'E
S1"OO'N 118"11'W
19' OO'N 112'DOW
64'08'N 21'SSW
26' OS'N 98'I7W
7'OO'E
SI'OO'N
S2' OO 'N
3'OO'E
43' OO 'N 72' OOW
36' OO 'N 28'OO 'E
4S' OO'N 4'00'E
21' 10'S 47'47W
11'OI'S 66'OSW
37'33'N 77'28W
2'OO'N 38'OO'E
S6'S7'N 24'08'E
S8'D0'N 24'OO'E
73'OO 'S
48'2TN
9'S6'S
29'OO 'N
33'06'S
22'S3'S
3S'OO 'S
SI'3 8'S
3S' OO'N
20'OOW
68'3 1W
6748'W
101'OOW
64"20'W
43' 1SW
S6'OOW
69' 14W
106' OOW
77 2I'OO'N 100'OO'W
RIO Negro, nvet.

Rivera, Uruguay.
Riverside, CA
RiVl eredu-Loup,Canada
Riyadh, SaudI Arabia.
Roanoke, nver.
Roanoke, VA
Robson, Mt., peak.
Rochester, MN
Rochester, NY
Rock, nver..
Rockefeller Plat.. plateau
Rockford, It.
Rockhamptcn, Australia
RockyMts., mountams
ROJo, C; cape..
Romania. country .
Rome, Italy .
Ronn e IceShelf, ice shelf.
Roosevelt I., Island
Rosano, Argentina.
Ross Ice SheJf, e shelf .
Ross I., Island .
Ross Sea, sea
Rostov-na-Donu, RUSSia
Roswell, NM
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Rouen, France,
Rouyn-Noranda, Canada
Ruapeho Peak, peak
Rub' AI-Khali, desert
Rumbek, Sudan
RUSS ia, country
Russia, country
Ruvuma, nver
Ruwenzon Mts., mountains
Rwan da, country
Ryazan', Russia .
Ryblnsk Res., lake.
Ryu kyuIs.,Islands
79
78
SO
74
96
55
51
75
, 51
, 51
55
15
. 51
102
45
84
84
IS
IS
78
15
IS
IS
84
SO
84
84
74
103
97
90
96
84
91
91
90
84
, 85
, 97
l'OO'S 6S'OOW
30'S6'S SS'33W
33' STN 117'24W
47"49'N 69'33'W
24'40 N 46"42'E
38'OO 'N 80'OOW
37'I6 N 79' S7W
S4'OO 'N 119'OOW
4401'N 92'28W
43'09'N 77'37 W
42'OO 'N 90'OOW
80'OO 'S 140' OOW
42'lI'N 89'06W
23'2 S'S lS0'31'E
SO'OO'N 116'OOW
22'OO'N 97'OO W
47'DO N 2S' OO'E
41"S4'N 12'29'E
80'OOS 60'DOW
79'OO 'S 162'OO W
32'S6'S 60'41W
82'OO'S 170' OOW
77'OO'S I68'OO'E
74'OO'S 170'OOW
47'16'N 3944'E
J3' 24'N 104"31W
SI'SS'N 4"29'E
49' 27'N
1' 06'E
48'14 'N 7901'W
39' OO'S 17S' OO'E
20' OO'N SO' OO'E
648'N 29' 41'E
60'oo 'N 80'oo'E
S9'oo'N 4S'OO'E
12' OO 'S 38"OO'E
I' OO 'S 29'0 0'E
2'D0'S 30' 00'E
S4'37'N 39'4 TE
S8' OO'N 38' oo'E
27'00'N 127' OO'E
Saaremaa l., lsland

Sabme,river
Sable,c., cape .
Sable J., ,sland . .
Sacramento, CA
Sacramento, nver
Saguenay, Mer
Sahara, desert. ..
Sahel, region
Salmaa, L., lake
St. Anthony.Canada.
St. Cathannes, Canada
St. Clair, L., lake
St. CrOIX , fiver
Ste. Mane, Cap. cape
St. George, UT
St-Georges, Canada .
St. George'sChannel, strait.
St. Helena, Island.
St. Helens, Mt., peak..
St-Jean, Lac, lake .
Saint John, Canada
St. John, rIV er ..
St.John's, Canada.
St.Johns, river
St. Kitts and NeVIS, country.
St. Lawrence, river.
St. Law rence, G 01,gulf
Sf. Lawrence I., island
St. LOUIS, MO
St-LOU IS, Senegal,
St. LUC ia, country.
St. Martln,
85
55
75
75
SO
54
75
91
91
85
74
74
55
55
91
50
74
85
91
54
75
74
75
74
55
44
45
75
54
51
90
44
S8' oo'N 22'OO 'E

33' OO'N 9S' OOW
44"OO'N 66'OO W
,,"OO'N 60'OO W
38'3S'N 121'30W
40' oo'N 122' OO W
49"OO'N 73'OO W
21' oo'N 10' oo'E
12'D0'N 13' oo'E
6I'OO'N 28' oo'E
SI'22 'N 55"36'W
43'1 0'N 79'14W
43' OO'N 83' OOW
46' OO'N 93' OOW
2S' OO'S 4S'OO'E
37'06'N 113'3SW
46' 07'N 70' 41W
S2'OO'N 7'OO W
16'OO'S 6' OOW
46'oo'N 122' OOW
48'OO'N 7S'OOW
4S'18'N 66"01W
47"OO'N 68"OO W
47"34'N 52"43'W
30000'N 82'OOW
18' oo'N 6300'W
47"OO 'N 72"OOW
4800'N 63'OOW
63"00'N 170' OO W
38"J8'N 90'12W
16'OO 'N 16' 29'W
l4 'OO 'N 6l 'OO 'W
dependency, Fr.INeth.
44
51
51
84
19'oo 'N 62'OO W

44"57'N 93'06W
27'46'N 82'41W
S9'S6'N 30'19'E
St.Paul, MN
St. Petersburg, FL
St. Petersburg.RUSSia
St'Pierre and Miquelon,
dependency, Fr..
St-Pierre and Miquelon,
Islands
St.Vincent and
the Grenadines, country
St. Vincent, c., cape
Sakakawea, L" lake
Sakami, Lac, lake. .
77
44 47'00'N S6'OOW
45 47"OO'N S6'OOW
44
85
54
75
13'OO' N 61'OOW
37'00'N 9"00W
48'00'N I02'OO W
5400'N 78"00W
Sakhalin, Island
Salado, fiver
Salem,OR
Salerno, Italy
Salina Cruz, MeXICO
Salinas, CA
Salmon, nver
Salt, fiver
Salta. Argentma.
Saltillo, MeXICO
Salt Lake City,UT
Saito, Uruguay
SaltonSee. lake
Salvador, Brazt!
Salween, rIVer
Samara, RUSSia
Semarqand, Uzbekistan
Samoa, country
Samoa ts., Islands.
Sanaa, Vemen
San AmbrOSIOI., Island
San Aotor uo. TX
San Aotoruo Pt., cape
San Bernardi no, CA.
San Carlosde Banloche.
Argenrma
SanCnstobal.Venezue la
SanCristobal de las Casas,
Mexico
Sand Hills, hills
San Diego, CA
San Felipe, MexIco.
San Felix I, Island
San FranCISCO , CA
San Frenosco Bay. bay
Sangre de Cristo,
mountams
San Joaquin. fiver
San Jorge, G. of, gulf
San Jose, CA
SanJose, Costa Rica
San Juan, PuertoRICO
SanJuan, twer
San Lazaro, c., cape
San Lucas. MeXICO .
San Lucas, c., cape
San lUIS Potosi, MeXICO.
San LUIS Potosi, state, Mex
San LUIS Rio Colorado,
MeXICO
San Manno, country .
San Matias, G. of, gulf
San Miguel de Tucumen,
Argentma
San Pedro, nver.
San Pedro de las Colonlas.
MeXICO
San Salvador, EI Salvador

San Salvador de JUJuy,
Argentll1a
Santa Barbara. CA
Santa Cruz, BoliV ia
Santa Cruz,nver
Santa Fe, Argentina.
Santa Fe, NM
Santa lsabell., Island
Santa Marla. Brazil.
Santarem. BraZil
Santa Rosa, Argentll1a
Santa Rosalia. MexICO
Santiago, Chile
Santiagode Cuba, Cuba.
Santiagodel Estero,
Argentll1a
Santo Domingo,
Dorml1lcan Rep,
Santos, BraZil
Sao FranCISco, river
Sao Jose do RIOPreto,
BraZil
Sao Luis. Brazd
Sao Paulo. Brazil
Sao Roque. c., cape
Sao Tome, Island
Sao Tome.
SAo Tome and PrinCipe
Sao Tomeand PrinCipe,
country
S" OO'N 143'OO'E

28' 00'5 63000W
44S1'N 123"02'W
40'41 'N 14"45'E
16' 11'N 9S' l1W
36'41 'N 121'39W
46' OO'N 116"OO W
34'OO 'N 111' OOW
24'48'S 6S'2SW
2S'2S'N 101'OOW
40"46'N 111S3W
31'23'S S7'STW
33'OO'N 116'OOW
12'S9'S 38' lOW
21"OO'N 98"00'E
S3' lTN SO'1 3'E
39"42'N 66'S8'E
13'OO'S 174' OOW
13'OO'S 172'OOW
1523'N 44' 14'E
26' OO'S 80' OO W
29'2S'N 98' 30W
, 77 30' OO'N 116"OOW
, 50 34' 06'N 117'l TW
, 97
, 79
, SO
, 84
. 76
. 50
, 54
, 54
. 78
, 76
, 50
, 78
, 54
, 78
, 97
, 84
, 96
102
103
, 96
, 79
, 50
, 78 41'09'S 7111'W
, 78 7'46'N 72' 14W
, 76
, 54
, SO
, 76
, 79
. SO
. 54
16'4S'N 92"38W
42' OO'N un-ocw
32"43'N 11709'W
31"02'N 114S0W
26'00'5 80"0OW
37'46'N 122"2SW
3800'N 123"OO'W
, 54
, 54
, 79
. SO
, 44
, 44
, 54
38' oo'N 10S' OO W

37'00'N 121'OOW
46' OO 'S 66'OOW
37'20'N 121'S4W
9'SS'N 84'OSW
18' 2S'N 66'OS'W
37"OO' N to7"OO'W
2S"00'N 112'OOW
22"33'N 104"26W
23"OO 'N 110"00'W
22'10'N loo' S9W
23'oo'N l00'00W
, 77
, 76
, 77
, 76
, 76
, 76 3228'N 11447W
, 84 4300'N 12' OO 'E
, 79 42' OO'S 6S' OOW
, 78 26"S3'S 65'13'W
. 77 23' OO'N 10S' OOW

, 76 2S' 4S'N 102'STW
, 44 1342'N 89' 11W
, 78
, 50
, 78
, 79
.i8
, 50
103
, 78
, 78
, 78
, 76
78
44
24' I2'S 6S' 18W

34'2S'N 119'42W
17"41'S 63' l1W
SO'OO 'S 70'OOW
31"37"5 6O'42W
3S'41'N IOS'S6W
8'OO 'S l S9'OO'E
29'39'S S3'49W
2'2 TS 5444'W
36' 3S'S 6417'W
27'2 0'N 112'17W
33'28'S 70' 39W
20' 02'N 7S'49W
78 27'48'S M'16W
44 18' 29'N 69'S4W
, 78 23'S6'S 46' I7W
79 13'OO'S 42' OO'W
78 20'49 S 49' 20W
78 2' 33 S 44"14'W
78 23'33'S 46' 37W
79 S'OO'S 3S'OO'W
91 I' OO'N
7'OO 'E
90
90
96
, 84
84
85
90
74
Sapporo, Japan.
Sarajevo, 80S. & Her..
Saratov. RUSSia
Sardinia. Island
Sam, Chad
Sarnla, Canada
Saskatchewan,
, 74
prOVince, Can
Saskatchewan, fiver.
, 75
, 74
Saskatoon, Canada
.. 96
SaudiArabia, country
, 74
Sault Ste. Mane, Canada
, 51
SaultSte. Mane. MI.
Sava, river
, 85
. 51
Savannah, GA
Savannah, river.
, 55
, 97
Sayan Mts., mountams
ScandinaVian Mts.,
mountatns
. 85
SciOto, river .
, 55
Scotland,diVISion, U.K.
, 84
, IS
Scott I, Island
, SO
Seattle. WA .
Sebastian Vizcaino Bay. bay. , 77
, 90
Segou. Mali.
Seine, (lver
, 85
, 96
Semey, Kazakhstan
Sendal, Japan
, 96
, 90
Senegal, country
Senegal, river
, 91
, 96
Seoul, S. Korea
Sept.lles, Canada
, 74
, 84
Serbia, diVISion, Yugo.
Serbia and Montenegro,
, 84
counrry
, 90
Serowe, Botswana
Serrado Mar, mountains
, 79
Sevan, L, lake
, 85
, 84
Sevastopol', Ukrame
Severn, fIVer
. 75
Severnaya Zemlya,islands , 97
, 84
SeVi lle. Spain
OO 18'N
6'4 4'E
l'oo' N 7'00 E
43'02'N 141"21'E
43"S2'N 18' 26'E
51"31'N 4S'SS'E
40"00'N
9'oo'E
9'09'N 18'23'E
4258'N 82' 24W
S6' oo'N
S4' oo'N
S2'09'N
27'00'N
46' 31'N
46"30'N
4S'oo'N
32"OS 'N
J4"00'N
S3'oo'N
97'OOW
l03' ooW
106'4 0W
41'oo'E
84'2 0W
84' 21W
18' oo'E
81' 06W
83' OOW
96'oo'E
6S'OO'N l S'oo'E
4O'00'N 83'OOW
S8'OO 'N S'OOW
67'OO'S I79'00'E
47' 36'N 122'20W
29' ooN 11S'OOW
13' 26'N 6"lo'W
49' oo'N
l'oo 'E
SO'23'N 80'19E
38' 16'N 140'S4'E
IS'oo'N 16' OOW
IS'OO'N 13OOO'W
37' 34'N 12)'On
SO'1 2'N 66'22W
44"OO'N 22'OO'E
43'OO' N 21'OO E
22' 23'S 26'42'E
23' OO'S 4S' OOW
41' oo'N 4S' oo'E
4434'N 33'28'E
S6' oo'N 9O'00W
79'00'N 98' oo'E
37' 23'N S' S9'W
Page lat itude Longitude

Sewarc Pen , penrnsula
Seychelles, country
SeychellesIs., Islands
Sfax, Tunls,a
Shackleton IceShelf,
ICe shelf
ShanghaI, Chilla
Shasta, Ml., peak
Shaweuqan, Canada
Sheffield, UnJted Kingdom
Shenyang, Chona
Shert eooke, Canada
Shetland Is ,lslands
Sbxokc, Island
Shdke. river
Sh,raz, lran
Shreveport, LA
Siberia, region.
SICI ly, Island
SrcdyStr oisrra
Sidra, G of, gulf
SierraAw l, mountams
SierraLeone, country
Sierra Madre de Cbepas.
mountains
Sierra Madre del Sur,
mountains
SierraMadre OCCidental,
mou'ltams
Sierra MadreOriental.
mountams
Serra Morena, mountaIns

SierraNevada, rnounta.ns
Sierra San Pedro Martlr,
mounrams
Seoferopol', Ukraine
SI'Ial Pen, penrnsula
Smaioa,stat e, Mex
Smcelejo. Colombia
Singapore, country
Singapore, Singapore
SiouxCity, JA
Sioux Falls,SO
Siple I, IsJand
Siwah, Egypt
Skaqerrak, strait
Skeens. rIVer
Skeleton Coast, region
Skopje, FYR Maceoone
Skovorcdmo, RUSSia
Slave, rwer
Slave Coast.region
Slovakia, country
Slovenia, country
SmallwoodRes.,lake
Smoky Hill, fiver
Smolensk RUSSia
Snake. rrver
Snake River Plain, plain
Society ls., Islands
Socotra. Island
Sofia, Bu/garra
Sokoto, N!gerla
Solomon Islands, country
Solomon Islands. Islands
Solomon Sea, sea
Somalia, country
Somali Pen, penmsula
Somerset L ts'anc
Songea, Tanzania
Sonora, fiver
Sonora, state, Mex
Sonoran Desert, desert
South Africa, country
SoutnAmerica, continent
Southampton I, Island
South Aostraba.
state, Austl
South Bend, IN
South Carolina, state, U.S
Soutn Chrna Sea, sea
South Dakota, state, US
South Eastc' cape
SouthernAlps, mountains
Southern Indian L.,/ ake,
South Georgia, Island
South L, ls/and
South Korea. country
South Orkney Is., Islands
South Platte, river
South Pole, pole
SouthSaskatchewan, river
South Shetland Is., Islands
Spain, country
SpencerG, gulf
Split, Croatia
Spokane, WA
Sprlngbok, S Africa
Sprrngfleld, JL
Springfield,MO
Sri Lanka, country
Sn Lanka, Island
Snnagar, India
StanJey, FalHand Is
Stanovoy Range,
mounta,ns .
Starbuck I, Island
Stavanger, Norway
Steep Pt., cape
Stewart I,I sland
Stockholm, Sweden
Strasbourg, France
Stuttgart, Germany
Sucre, BoliVia
Sudan, country
Sud::>ury, Canada
Sudd, swamp
Sudeten Mts" mountains
SuezCanal, canal
Suez, G of, gulf
Sukhona, rIVer
SulaweSI(Celebes), Island
Sumatra, ,sland
Sunda Str, strait
Sundsvall, Sweden
Supenor, L., lake
Surabaya, IndoneSia
Surgut. RUSSia
Surrname, country
Susquehanna, rrver
54 65'OO'N 165' OOW

9'00 '5 S2'OO'E
90
8' 00'5 S2'OO'E
91
90 34"47N IO'46'E
IS
96
54
74
84
96
74
85
97
97
96
51
97
85
85
91
77
90
64' 00'5 100'00 '[
31"12'N 121'28 '[

42' OO'N 122'OOW
46'33 'N 72'4SW
S3'22 'N 1' 28W
41"49'N 123'30 '[
45"24N 71"53'W
l"OO'W
60' OO'N
33' OON
S2' OO'N
29'37 'N
32'31'N
64' OO 'N
37'00'N
37'00 'N
32'OO'N
23'OO'N
9'OO'N
133'00' [
10S'OO'E
S2'32 'E
77 16'OO'N
93' OOW
93"45'W
98' OO'E
14' 00'[
12' OO'E
19' OO'E
99'OOW
12' OOW
77 P'OO 'N 99' OOW

77 27' OO'N 107'OOW
77 25' 00'N IOO'OOW
85 38' OO'N S' OOW
54 38'OO'N 120'OOW
77
84
91
76
78
96
96
51
50
15
90
85
75
91
84
96
75
91
84
84
75
55
8'
54
54
103
, 97
, 84
32'oo 'N 116'OOW

44cSSN 34' 06'[
29' oo'N 34' 00'[
2, ' OON 107' OOW
9'18 'N 7S'2 'W
l ' OO'N 10" 00'[
l' I 8' N 103S1'E
,2 '3 0'N 96'2 ' W
'3'33'N 9642'W
74'00'5 13S' OOW
29' I l' N 25'3 1'[
S8'OO'N
9'00 '[
SS'OO'N 129' OOW
22'00 '5 12' 00'[
'2'OO'N 21'25' [
5"02'N 123'59'[
61' OO'N 112'OOW
2' 00'[
6' OO'N
48' OO'N 19'00'[
,7 ' OO'N 15'00'[
55'00'
6''OOW
39' OO'N 99' OOW
S4c48N 32' 03'[
44coo'N 116"OO'W
l'
75
'3' OO 'N II S'OOW

18'00'5 IS2'OOW
12' 30'N 54' 00' [
42"43'N 23'2 0'[
13'02'N
5' 1" [
7'00' 5 160'00 '[
9'00 '5 165'00 '[
8' 00'5 153' 00' [
, ' OO'N '5'00 '[
10'00 'N ' 9'00 '[
7"OO' N 9S' OOW
10"41'5 35'39 '[
30' 00 N I II ' OO W
29'OO'N II I'OOW
3"OO'N II " OOW
21'00 '[
30'00'5
10' 00'5 SO'OOW
6S' OO'N 8S' OOW
102
51
51
97
50
103
103
75
79
103
96
15
5'
15
75
15
84
103
8'
50
90
51
51
96
97
96
78
32' 00'5 135'00' [

4141'N 86'I SW
3" oo'N 81' OOW
"'OO'N 115'00 '[
'S ' OO'N 10l'OOW
44' 00'5 " 7' 00'[
44"00'5 171'00'[
S7' oo'N 98' OOW
5" 00'5 37' OOW
44' 00'5 171' 00'[
3S'OO'N 128' 00'[
61'00 '5 'S'OOW
'O'OO'N 10" OO W
90' 00'5
0'00 '
SI' OO'N II O'OO W
62'00 '5 60' OOW
S'OO'[
" ' OO'N
35'00 '5 137' 00'[
' 3' 31 N 16' 27'[
' 7" O'N I P ' 2SW
29"0'5 17'5"[
39"8'N 89'3 9W
37'13'N 93'I 8W
7'OO'N 81' 00'[
7' OO'N 81' 00'[
34"11'N 7"'8'[
51'43'5 S7' Sl' W
97
10 3
84
' 03
103
8'
8'
8'
78
90
74
91
85
91
91
85
97
97
97
8'
45
96
96
78
55
S6'OO'N
6' 00'5
S8'S 7'N
26' 00'5
' 7' 00'5
S9'2 0'N
48' 3S'N
130'00'[
I S6'oo W
5"5'[
113'00 '[
168'00 '[
48"48'N
911'E
, 90
10 2
103
103
, 90
. 91
. 75
, 90
, 77
, 76
, 54
, 90
18'On
7" 6'[
19"03'5 6S'1S W
II'OO'N 29'00 '[
'6'29' N 81'OOW
9' OO'N 29' 00'[
SI'OO'N 16'00 '[
31' OO'N 3" 00'[
28'OO'N 34'00 '[
60000 'N ' 2"00'[
2'00 '5 121'00 '[
0' 00' 101' 00 '[
6'00 '5 105'00'[
62' 22'N 17'17'[
'7'OO'N 86"OO'W
7'13'5 112"44'E
61"OS 'N 73'2 7'[
4"OO'N 57"OO'W
" 'OO'N 76' OOW
Page lati tude Longitude

Sude], five'
Suva, Fiji
Svalbard, Islands
Swaziland. country
Sweden, country
SWift Current, Canada
SWitzerland, country
Sydney, Australia
Sydney, Canada
Syktyvkar, RUSSia
Syracuse, NY
SyrDarya,fiver
SYria, country
Synan Desert, desert
Szczecn . Poland
97 31'OO'N 73' 00'[

102 17" 8'5 178' 32'[
15 78'OO'N 18'00' [
90 28' 00'5 29' 00'[
84 61' OO'N 15'00' [
74 SO"17'N 107"47'W
84 '6' OO'N
8' 00'[
102 33'5"5 151' 12'[
74 46"09'N 60"12'W
84 61"4TN Sl"02'E
51
97
96
97
84
Tebasco. state, Mex

Tabora. Tanzania
Tabre. Iran
Tacna, Peru
Tacoma, WA
Tademart Plat.,plateau
Tagus, M er
Tahat, peak
Tahiti, !s/and
Tahoe, L, lake
Taipei, Taiwan
Taiwan, country
Taiwan, ,sland
Tatyuan, China
Tejikrstan. country
Iakhmakan Desert,desert
Talca. Chile
Tallahassee, FL
Tarhnn, EstOnia
Tamale, Ghana
Tamaorssset. Algena
Tarneuhpas, state, Mex

Tambov, RUSSia
Terruahua Lagoon, bay
Tampa , FL
Tampa Bay,bay.
Tampere, Finland
Tampico.MeXICO .
Tana. L., lake
Ia nqa. Tanzania
raoqanyika, L., /ake
Tangier, Morocco
Tanzania, country
Iapechula. MeXICO.
Iapajcs , fiver.
Taranto, Italy
Taranto, G of, gulf
Tarawa, Island
Tarawa (Bamkll, KlrrbatJ
Tanja. BoliVia
Tenm Basm, baSin
Iartu. Estonia
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Tasman ia, Island
Tasma nia, state, Austl
Tasman Sea, sea
Tatnam, C , cape
Taupo, L., lake.
Taxco, MeXICO
Taymyr Pen., peninsula
TbdlSI, Georgia
TegUCigalpa, Honduras
Tehran, Iran
Iebvacan. MeXICO
Iehoantepec, G. of. gulf
Iehuantepec, Isth of,
Isthmus
tecpe o. Pt., cape
Teles Pues, Me r
Temuco, Ch!le
Tenere, region
Tennessee, nver
Tennessee, state, US
Teplc, MeXICO
Tereslna, Brazil
Termlnos Lagoon, bay.
Tete, Mozambique
Texas,state, U.S.
Thabana Ntlenyana, peak
Thailand, country .
Thailand, G. of, gulf
Thar Desert, desert
Thelon, fiver
The Pas, Canada
Thessalonlkl, Greece
Thlrnphu, Bhutan
Thohoyandou, S. Africa
Thompson, Canada
ThunderBay, Canada
Thurston Lis/ and
TlanJln, China
Tlan Shan, mountains
Tibestl Mts., mountains
Tibet, Plat. of, plateau.
Tiburon I., ,sland
Tierra del Fuego, Island.
Tlgns, nver
Tijuana, MeXICO
Timan Ridge, highlands
Tlmlsoara, Romania
TimminS, Canada
Timor, ,sland
Timor Sea, sea
Tirana, AJbania
Tlsza, Mer
Tltlcaca, L., lake
Tlzlmin, MeXICO
Tlaxcala, MeXICO
Tlaxcala, state, Mex
Toamaslna, Madagascar
Tobruk, Libya
Tocantlns, nver
Togo, country
Tokelau Is"
dependency, N.l
Tokelau Is.,Islands,
Tokyo, Japan
Tolanaro, Madagascar
Toledo, OH
Tollara, Madagascar
Toluca, MeXICO
'3' 03'N 76'09W

44'OO'N 68'00 '[
3S'OO'N 38'00'[
32"OO'N '0'00'[
S3'26 'N 14' 33'[
76
90
96
78
50
91
85
91
103
54
96
96
97
96
96
97
78
51
84
90
90
76
84
77
51
55
84
76
91
. 90
91
90
90
76
79
84
85
103
102
78
97
84
96
103
102
103
75
103
76
97
84
44
96
76
77
77
77
79
78
91
55
51
76
78
77
90
50
91
96
97
97
75
7'
8'
96
90
74
7'
15
96
97
91
97
77
79
97
76
85
84
74
97
97
8'
85
79
76
76
76
90
90
79
90
18' OO'N
5' 01'5
38'OS'N
18'0 2'5
,7 ' 1S'N
28'OO'N
' O'OO'N
2''OO'N
18'00 '5
39'OO'N
2S' 04'N
2" OO'N
2" OO'N
37'SS 'N
39' OO'N
39' OO'N
35'26 '5
30'26 'N
S9'2 " N
9' 2"N
22" 6'N
2"O O'N
S2"3 'N
22'OO'N
27'S7'N
28' OO'N
61'29 'N
22' 12'N
12'OO'N
5'04' 5
8' 00'5
3S',7 'N
5' 00'5
14S4'N
5' 00'5
' O'28 N
39' OO 'N
l"OO'N
98' OOW
32" 9'[
46"lS'E
70' ISW
122'27W
5' 00' [
8'0 0'[
5' 00'[
" 9'OO'W
120' OOW
121' 33'[
121'00'[
121' 00'[
112'36' [
71'00 '[
81' 00'[
71'38 W
8, ' I7W
2" 44' [
O'SOW
5'32 '[
99'OOW
" ' 26'[
97' 00W
82'28W
83' OOW
23" 7'[
97' SI'W
38'00 '[
39'0 6'[
30'00 '[
S" 8W
32' 00'[
92' ISW
S7'oo W
17'15 '[
19'00 '[
173'00 '[
172' 58'[
l'I 9' N
21'33'5 6443'W
'O 'OO'N 83'00 '[
S8' 22'N 26"2'[
41"14'N 69' 16'[
' 2' 00'5 " 7' 00'[
' 2' 00'5 " 7' 00'[
38' 00'5 159' 00'[
S6'OO'N 89' OOW

39'00 '5 176' 00'[
18'32'N 99'36W
74"OO'N 96' 00 '[
41"41'N 44"47'E
14"06'N 87' 12W
3S"41'N 51'2 6'[
18'28N
I S'OON
97'2'W
9S' OOW
17"OON 9S' OOW

18' OO'N
10'00' 5
38'44 '5
19' OO'N
3S' oo'N
104'OOW
S6' OOW
72'36W
12' 00'[
86' OOW
36"OJ'N 87' OOW
21'28 'N 104'S2W
5'03'5 42"47'W
19' OO'N 92'OOW
16' 11'5 33'35 '[
3I'OO'N 99' OO W
29' 00'5 29' 00'[
16' OO'N 102' 00' [
8' OO'N 103' 00'[
2S' OO'N 71'00 '[
64' OO'N 10"OOW
S3"7 'N 10l ' I 6W
, O' 39'N 22'5 7'[
27'2 7'N 89'39 '[
22"57'5 30'28 '[
55"44'N 97"51'W
48"26'N 89' I''W
72' 00'5
39' 07'N
'2' oo'N
21' oo'N
3" OO'N
29' OO'N
54' 00'5
37'OO'N
32'3 1'N
66'OO'N

Tombiqbee. M er.
55
90
96
76
10 2
103
103
102
51
85
74
76
103
90
84
84
84
102
74
Tombouctou, Mal,
Iomsk, RUSSia
Ionala. MeXICO
Tonga, country
Tonga, Islands
Tongareva Is. ,slands
Ioowoomba.Australia
Topeka. KS
Iormo, river.
Toronto, Canada
Torreon, MeXICO
Torres Str., straIt
Touggourt, Algena
Toulon, France
Toulouse, France
Tours, France
Townsville, Australia
Trail, Canada
Iransaotarcnc Mrs..
mountains
Transcaucasia, regIon
Transylvanian Alps,
mountains
Trenton, NJ.
Trinidad, BolMa
Touded . Island
Trinidad and Tobago,
country
Trinity, M er
Tripoli, Libya
Inpohtama. region
Trors-Rvreres.Canada
Irornse. Norway
34' oo'N
16' , S'N
S6'28 'N
16'03 'N
20' 00'5
20' 00'5
10'00'5
27'3 "5
39'03 'N
68'OO'N
43'3 9'N
2S'32 'N
10' 00'5
33'07 'N
43'08 'N
43'36 'N
89'OOW
3'02W
8"59'[
93' 44W
17S'OO'W
17S'OOW
I S8'OOW
151' 59'[
9S' 41W
21'00 '[
79"23W
103"27W
"2'OO'E
6'0 " [
5'57'[
1' 28'[
47"24'N 0' ,1'[
19'1 7'5 " 6" 8'[
49"06'N 117"44'W
15 86'00' 5
85 42' OO'N
180'00 '
'5' 00'[
85 46' OO'N 23' 00'[

51 40' 13'N 7"'SW
78 14'50'5 64"S4'W
45 11' OON 61' OOW
44
55
90
91
74
84
84
78
7'
Trondheim, Norway.
Ircjillo. Peru
Truro, Canada
Tstukapa,
Oem. Rep of Congo
Tsnnlyansk Res., lake
Tsumeb. Namibia
Tuamotu Arch , ,slands
Tucson, AZ
Tela. RUSSia
Tulsa, OK
Iurnbes. Peru
TunIS, TUniSia.
Iur usre, country
TUrin, Italy
Turkana, L.. lake
Turkey, country
Turkey, country
Tcrkrneus tan, country
Turksand CeicosIs"
dependency, (U.K.)
Tcrku, Finland
Tuvalu, country
Tuvalu, Islands.
Tcxpan. MexICO
Tcxtepec. MexICO
Tuxtla Gutierrez,MeXICO
Tver', RUSSia
Tyrrhenian Sea, sea
90
85
90
10 3
50
84
51
78
90
90
84
91
96
8'
96
11"OO'N 61'OOW
32' OO'N 96'OOW
32'S3 'N 13' ll 'E
30' OO'N " 'OO'E
46"21'N 72'33 W
69'3 9' N 18' 55'[
63' 2S'N 10'26 '[
8' 08'5 79' 01W
'S ' 21'N 63' I6 W
6' 23'5
' 8' OO'N
19' 15'5
17'00 '5
32'I3'N
S"IS'N
36' 09'N
3'35 '5
36"9'N
37' OO'N
'S ' OS'N
400'N
38' OO'N
41OQ'N
39' OO'N
20'52 '[
' 3' 00'[
17"41'[
" " OOW
110' S6W
37'36 '[
96' OOW
8O' 26W
10' 11'[
10'00' [
7" ,'[
38' 00'[
36' 00'[
28'00' [
55'00 '[
2144N 71"3S'W
44
8'
102
103
76
76
76
84
85
22' 16'[
P8'OO '[
178' 00'[
97'26W
96' 07W
93'OSW
56"54'N 35'53 '[
41"00'N 12'00 '[
91
78
79
90
84
84
96
96
84
84
90
75
75
4"oo'N 18'00'[
18' 55'5 ,8' 13W
6'00 '5 7S' OOW
2' OO'N 31' 00'[
63'36 'N 53'5 1'[
'9' 00'N 29' 00'[
47"S6'N 106'5 3'[
51"49'N 10 7'36 '[
54"18'N '8' 17'[
63'SO'N 20' 15'[
31'33'5 28"2'[
S9' OO'N 69'OOW
61'OO'N 7"OO W
96
84
44
55
84
85
85
76
78
79
96
78
97
77
50
96
2" OO 'N 53'00 '[

0'00 '
S"OO'N
39'OO'N 98"00'W
4600'N 87' 00W
S9'S2 'N 17' 39'E
S, ' OO'N S9'OO'E
S7' OO'N 59'00 '[
19' 2S'N 102'O'W
33' 00 '5 SS' OOW
29' 00'5 SS' OOW
43"4TN 87'37 '[
5, " 7'5 68' ISW
' 3' OO'N 55' 00'[
18' OO'N 92' OOW
Ubangl, nver
Uberlandla, BraZIl
Uceyab,fiver
Uganda, country
Dkhta. Russ!a
Ukrame, country
Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia
Ulan-Uda, RUSSia
UI'yanovsk, RUSSia
Umea, Sweden
Umtata, S Afrrca
Ungava Bay, bay
Ungava Pen" penmsula
United ArabEmirates,
country
United Kingdom, country
United States, country
Upper Pen" peninsula
Uppsala, Sweden
Ural, river
Ural Mts., mountams
Uruapan, MeXICO
Uruguay, country
Uruguay,fIVer
Urumql, Chma
Ushuaia, Argentina
Ustyurt Plat,plateau
Usumaclnta, rIVer
Utah, state, U.S
Uzbekistan, country
6O'28'N
8' 00'5
8'00 '5
20' S7'N
18' 06'N
16" S'N
39"oo'N 112"OO'W
42"OO'N 69' 00'[
lOO'OOW
117' 10'[
80'00'[
19'00' [
90' 00'[
113'OO'W
68' OOW
44' 00'[
117' 03W
50' 00'[
Vaal, nver
Vaasa, Finland
Valdal Hills, hJghlands
Valdes Pen , peninsula.
ValdiVia, Chile
Vald'Or, Ca'lada
ValenCIa. Sparn
91
84
85
79
78
74
84
25' 00'5 27' 00'[

63"06'N 21'39' [
S7' OO'N 32'00' [
' 3'00 '5 64'OOW
39" 7'5 73'13 W
'8'0 7' N 7r47'W
39' 29'N O'21W
vatencra. Venezuela
Valera, Venezuela
valladohd. MeXICO
valladohd. Spam
Valletta, Malta
valparaiso, Chile
Vancouver,Canada
Vancouver I., Island
vanem. lake
vanua Levu, Island
Vanuatu, country
Varna, Bulgaria
Vatican City, country
Vatnajokull, glaCier
va rtem. face
Velikly Novgorod, RUSSia

Venezuela, country
venice, Italy
Veracruz, MexICO
Veracruz, state, Mex
Verde, nver
Verde, nver
Verkhoyansk Range,
mountains
Vermont, state, U.s
Verona, Italy
Vert, Cap, cape
vrcebsk. Belarus
vrctcna.Canada
vrctcna. Seychelles
Vrctcna, state, Austl.

Victoria Falls, falls
Victoria I, Island
Victoria, L., lake
vredma.Argentina
Vienna, Austrra
Vientiane, Laos
Vietnam, country.
VlgO, Spam
VillaAhumada, MeXICO
viltahermosa. MeXICO
vilmus. Lithuania
Vinson MaSSif, mountains
Virginia, state, U.s
Virginia Beach, VA
Virgin ts.,
78
78
76
84
84
78
74
75
85
103
102
84
84
85
85
84
78
84
76
76
54
77
4"43'W
" '39'N
3S'S''N , " 31'[
33' 02'5 71'38 W
'9' I S'N 123' 07W
'9'OO'N 127' OOW
S9"00'N 13' 00'[
16'00 '5 179'00 '[
17"00'5 167'00 '[
' 3"12'N 27'55'[
' 2' OO'N 12'00' [
67' OO'N 16'OOW
S8' OO'N 14' 00'[
S8']2'N 3114'E
8'OO'N 66' OOW
'S' 26'N 12'2 0'[
19'O?'N 96'08W
18' oo'N 96' OOW
3S' OO'N 112' OOW
16"OO'N 98' OOW
97
51
84
91
84
74
90
102
91
75
91
78
84
96
96
84
76
76
84
15
51
51
6S' OO'N 130' 00'[

44' OO'N 73'OOW
4S"26'N 11' 00'[
" ' OO'N 18' OOW
SS' 13'N 30' 13'[
'8'26'N 123' 22W
" 37'S 55'27 '[
37'00 '5 " 5' 00'[
19'00 '5 26' 00 '[
72'OO'N 109' OOW
1' 00'5 33'00 '[
'0'51'5 62'S9W
'8'13'N 16' 23'[
P'S8'N 102' 38'[
14'OO'N 109'00 '[
'2' 13'N S"44'W
30'3 7'N 106'30W
17' S9' N 92'S SW
S4"41'N 25' 16'[
78'00 '5 88' OOW
38'OO'N 77'OOW
36'S l'N 7S' S9W
44
dependency, U.S./U.K.
10'Il'N
9' I9'N
200 41N
18' oo'N
67'S8W
70'38W
88'I2W
6S' OOW
Viscount MelVilleSound,
straIt
75 7S' OO'N 108'OOW
V,stula, nver
85 S3'OO'N 19' 00'[
Viti Levu, lsland

103 18'0 0'5 178'00 '[
Vlt6rra, BraZil
78 20'18 '5 400 19'W
vttcna da Conqursta. BraZil 78 14'51 '5 ' O' SOW
Vizcaino Desert,desert
77 27'00 'N I I"OO W
Vladivostok, RUSSIa
96 43"08'N 131' 55'[
volcan MiStl, peak
79 16' 00'5 72' OOW
Volga, fIVe r
85 S7'00 'N 35' 00'[
Volga Delta, delta
85 '6'OO'N '8'00'[
Volga-Don Canal, canal
85 ' 8' OO'N '5'00 '[
Volga Upland, highlands
85 S2' OO'N '5'00'[
84 4845'N 44'30'[
Volgograd, RUSSia
Volgograd Res., lake
85 S2'OO'N 46' 00'[
Volta, L., lake
0' 00'
91 8'OO'N
Volta Redonda, BraZil
78 22'285 44"04'W
Voronezh, RUSSia
84 SI'36 'N 39'2"[
Vychegda, river
85 62' OO'N ' 7'00'[
Wabash, river
55 39' OO'N
Waco, TX
50 31'33 'N
WaddIngton, Mr., peak
75 S2'OON
WakeI., dependency, U.S 102 19' OO'N
Wake I., Island
103 19' OO'N
Wales, dIVISion, U,K
84 S2' OO'N
wallachre. region,
85 'S ' OO'N
Wallis and Futuna,
dependency, Fr
Wallis and Futuna, ,slands

WalVISBay,Namibia
Warrego, fiver
Warsaw, Poland
Wasatch Range, fTlounta ms
Washlflgton, DC
Washlflgton, state,U .S
Washington, Mt., peak
Watson Lake, Canada
Wau,Sudan.
Wawa, Canada
Webl Jubba, nver
WeddellSea, sea
Wellesley Is., ,slands
Welhngton, NewZealand
Weser, nver,
West Cape Howe, cape.
West Dvina, nver
Western Austraha,
state, Austl.
Western Ghats, mountams
Western Plat., plateau
Wes!ernSahara,
disputed territory, Mor.
West Ice Shelf, Ice shelf.
West Indies, Islands
West Palm Beach, FL
West Siberian Plain,
102
103
90
103
84
54
51
, 50
55
74
90
74
91
15
103
102
85
103
85
13'0 0'5
13'0 0'5
22'57' 5
27' 00'5
S2' IS 'N
' 0' 00'N
38"S4'N
' 6"OO'N
44"OO'N
6O'09N
7"42'N
176' 00W
176'00W
1432'E
" S' oo'E
20'S9 E
I II ' OOW
77' 02W
121' OO W
71' OOW
128"6W
28' 00'[
'7'S9N 8445'W
S' OO'N '2' 00'[
73' 00'5 'S 'OOW
16'00 '5 "0'00'[
41"16'5 174"47'E
S2' OO'N 11'00'[
35"00'5 118'00 '[
S7"OO'N 25' 00'[
102 24"00'S 119' 00'[

97 13' OO'N 75'00 '[
103 25' 00'5 125' 00'[
90 2S' OO'N IS' OOW
15 66'0 0'5 83' 00'[
14 19' OO 'N 70'OOW
51 26"3 'N 80'0 3W
97 61'OO'N
plateau
88' OOW
97' 09W
126' OOW
167' 00'[
167' 00'[
S'OOW
2" 00'[
Page
WestVirginia, state, US
Wheeler Peak, peak
Wheeling, \AIV
White, fiver
Whlte, rlver
White, river
whrtecourt. Canada
Whitehorse, Canada
White Mts., mountains
White Nile, Mer
White Sea, sea
Whitney, Mr., peak
w hcldaraL., lake.
w hyalla. AustralIa
Wlchlta,KS
Wiihelm, Mt.,peak
Wilkes Land, region
Williams l ake, Canada
Wililston L., lake
Wilmington, DE
Windhoek, Namibia
WIndsor, Canada.
Wmdward Is" Islands.
WlflIsk,flver
Winnipeg, Canada
Winnipeg, L., lake
wmmpeqosrs.L" lake
winston-Salem. NC
WiSCOnSin, river
WiSCOnSin, state, U,S
Wollaston L., lake
Wollongong, Australra
Woods, L. of the, lake
Worcester, MA
Wrangel l , lsland
Wrath, C., cape
Wroclaw, Poland
Wuhan, Chma
Wyndham, Australia
Wyoming, state, U.S
Latitude Lo~
.. 51 39'oo'N 81
.. 54 37' OO'N 10S'OOI
.. 51 ' O"04'N 80"
55 3S'OO'N 91m
.. 55 39"00'N 87'OCl
.. 54 44"OO'N 101'00'1
. 74 S4"OTN 115'39'1
.. 74 6O'44'N 13S't'
.. 55 'S ' oo'N 71'1l1l
.. 91 12' OO'N 32't\
.. 85 66' oo'N 36W!
.. 54 37'OO'N 119'1lJ'1
, 75 62' OO'N 105'001
, 102 33'01'5 137':;::
50 37"2'N 97'2'1l
, 103
6'00'5 145'0:'
15 70"00'5 12O"t(':
.. 74 S2' 09'N 122W'
.. 75 S6' OO'N 135Wl
.. 51 39"4S'N 7S'm
.. 90 22'335 17'CoI:
.. 74 ' 2' 18'N 83'Oll
.. 45 I" OO' N 61'00'1
.. 75 SS'OO'N 88'00\1
.. 74 49"S4'N 97'm.
.. 75 S3'OO'N 98'00'1
75 S3'OO'N l 00Wf
, 51 36"06' N 80'11'
. 55 4S' OO'N 9O'OO't
. 51 44"00'N 89'001
. 75 S8' OO 'N 104'001
102 3"2"5 150';('
. 5 5 49"OO'N 95'OC1
. 51 ' 2' I6'N 71'';
. 97 71' OO'N 1m
. 85 S8' OO'N 5
. 84 SI'06 'N 17
, 96 30'32 'N 114' m
102 15'29 '5 128
50 43"oo'N 77'W1
Xmqu, river
90 25' 03'5 33 'l~
76 19' 32'N 96'54'
97 2" OO'N I lOW!
96 3"1 7' N l oa'~:
7' 00'5 52'00
79
YablonovyyRange,
mountains
'rakutsk. RUSSia
97 S3"OO'N I1S'OO!
96 62' O"N 129,j.\ :
Xar-Xer, Mozambique
Xalapa, MeXICO
Xl, nver
Xi'en, China
'ramoussoukro.
Cored'JvOlrc
Yangon (Rangoon),
, 90
Myanmar
Yaounde, Cameroon
'raqur. river
Yaren, Nauru
Yarmouth,Canada
'rarostavl'. RUSSia
Yazoo, fIver
'rekatennburq, RUSSia
Yellowknife, Canada
YellowSea, sea
Yellowstone, river
Yellowstone L., lake
Vemen, country
'remsey fiver
Yerevan, Armenia
Yokohama,Japan
York, C" cape
Yorkton, Canada
Yucatan, state, Mex
YucatanChannel, strait
Yucatan Pen., peninsula
Yukon, river
Yukon Terr., temtory, Can
Yuma,AZ
Yumen, China
96
, 90
, 77
102
, 74
, 84
, 55
, 96
74
, 97
, 54
, 54
, 96
, 97
, 84
96
103
, 74
, 76
77
. 77
45
. 74
, 50
, 96
Zacatecas, MeXICO
Zacatecas, state, Mex
Zagreb, Croatia
Zagros Mts., mountains
Zambezl, river
Zambia, country
ZanZibar, Tanzama
ZanZibar I, Island
Zaporlzhzhla, Ukrame
Zapolltlan, Pt., cape
Zaragoza, Spain
Zaria, Nlgena
Zed,Mt., peak
Zhengzhou, China
Zimbabwe, cOuntry
Zinder, Niger
Zurich, Switzerland
, 76
. 76
, 84
. 97
. 91
90
, 90
, 91
, 84
, 77
, 84
. 90
103
. 96
, 90
. 90
84
6" S'N
5'1:
16"49'N 96'(1'
3'S2 'N 1" 31=
28' OO'N 110'00'1
0' 31'5 166'5.::
'3"8 N 66~7 '
S7'36 'N 39'5):

33' OO 'N 90'00'1
S6'S l'N 60'. ;
62"29'N 1l4'm
3" OO'N 123'001
46"OO'N 108'lXJ"iI'
44'OO'N 110'00'
IS'oo 'N 49"00 :
)1, ':
67'OO'N 88''1
40"04'N 44'21:
3S' 27'N 139'3l'!
11'00'5 142'0;1
SI'1 2'N 102' 2n
21' OO' N 89' 00'/
22' OO'N 86'1:0'
20' OO'N 89' 00'/
6S'OO'N 150'00'1
6S'OO'N 138'001
32' 44'N 11" 37
39' S2'N 97'3r:
22"6'N 102'35
2" OO'N 103'00'1
4so49'N
15'5i:
30' OO'N
15"00'5
15"00'5
6'10 '5
6' 00'5
53'0:'
32'OC;
25'0::
4r 44'N
39'1r.
39'00!
35'15,
WOO'N 95'00'
4139'N
O' 5 3 ~
7"44:
11' 06'N
23'0 0'5 13m,
34"47'N 113'40t
19' 00'5
13"8'N
' 7'2 3'N
29' OOl
9'001
g032t
79'00 '[
4546'N 21"14'E
4828'N 81' I9W
9'00 '5
13'00 '5
" ' 20'N
' 6' OO'N
16' 00'5
21' 09'N
125' 00'[
127' 00' [
19" 9'[
20' 00'[
69"OOW
88'0 9W
1919'N 98' 1, W
19' OO'N 98"OO'W
18' 10'5 '9'22'[
32'OS'N 23'5 7'[
10'00 '5 49"OO'W
1"OO'E
9"OO'N
9'00 '5 172"00'W

102
9' 00'5 172'OO'W
103
96 3S" O'N 139"5'[
90 25'02 '5 '6'59 '[
51 ' , " O'N 83'33W
90 23'2 1'5 ' 3' 39'[
76 19"lS'N 99'39W
. cE~.:,
Abbreviations
Arch,
Austl.
Ba s. &
Her.
C.
Ca n
Cen,
African
Rep ,
Czech
Re p
Oem,
Rep , of
Congo
Archipelago
Australia
Bosnia &
Herzegovina
Cape
Canada
Central
African
Republic
Czech
Republic
Democratic
RepubliCof
the Congo
Denmark
Dommican
Rep UbliC
fed. d ist. Federal District
Fed erated
Fed .
States of
States of
Micronesia Micronesia
Fr,
France
Den
Dominican
Rep
Ft.
EY.R.
Maced onia
Fort
Former
Re~~b~~I~f
Maced onia
G.
Gu lf
G r,
I.
Is.
Ism,
It.
L
Uecht.
Mex.
Mor
Mt.
Mtn
Mts,
Net h,
Greece
Island
Islands
Isthmus
Ita ly
lake
Liechtenste in
Mexico
Morocco
Mount
Mounta in
Mountains
Netherlands
N, Korea
Pt.
R.
Rep .
North Korea
New Zealand
Peninsula
Plateau
Point
River
Rep ubliC
Rt~~~~h e
of
N,l .
Pen.
Plat.
Res,
Russ.
Se rb. &
Mont.
S. Africa
S. Korea
Sp ,
St., St
Ste., SteStr.
Terr.
SoumA fna
South Kore;
Spa r
San
Sainte
Strat
th :t~~~i~
UK
U.S,
Terntory
United Kingdom
Untted States
Reservoir
Russia
Serbia and
Montenegro
Val.
Valley
For U,S. two-letter state

abb reViations, see pages
52-53.
Igitude
'OO'W
i"OO'W
1"43'W
' oo'W
' oo'W
' oo'W
;o39 'W
04'W
' OO'W
l'oo'E
\'OO'E
' oo'W
' oo'W
/' 34'E
' 20'W
iOOO' E
roos
""
' 09'W
' oo'W
33'W
r"D4'E
' 02'W
D ese rt
-oow
'oo'W
'09'W
' 00'W
' 00'W
l15'W
'OO'W
'00'W
>OO'W
" SO' E
'OO'W
'48'W
:0' 00'
'OO'W
'0 2'E
" 8'E
' 08'E
DO'W
river
' _O asis
Arch ipel ago
Peninsula
Point
S e a
' 39'E
S4'W
"OO' E
' S6'E
OO'W
' oo'E
' 44 'E
' S'W
'08'E
' 31'E
)(l'W
'S4'E
J7'W
' S3'E
'XJ'W
'36'E
12'W
'OO'E
'XJ'W
'YJ'W
W E
WE
28'E
37'E
oo's
~8 ' W
KJ'W
KJ'W
KJ'W
KJ'W
(l 'W
'W
l4'E
S'W
O'W
Glossary
Archip elago a group of islands
M esa a tlat up land area wit h steep sid es, sm aller than a plateau
Basin an area surro unded by hi gh er land; an ar ea d ra in ed by a

riverand its trib utaries
Mountain an ar ea o fland n sing m uch higher tha n the land

ar ound u , with steep slo pes and po inted or rounded tops
Bay a coastal ind entatio n of [h e sea or a lak e in to [he la nd

Canal a man-ma de wa[erway. for Irn gatl on o r t rans po rtatio n
Mouth, of river th e pom t where a river empties into an o ther

body of wat er
Canyon a deep valley wit h steep Sides, usually wu h a n ver

flowi ng through it
Oasis a place rn the desen with en o ugh water to suppo n

vegetation
Cape a point ofl an d extend in g ou t m to a bo dy of water
Peak [he po in ted top of a mou ntain
Channel a narrow stretch of water co n nec tin g two larger bodies

of water
Peninsula a lon g piece of lan d surrounded on three sides by

wa ter
Cliff a high, steep rock-face
Plain a la rge a rea of flat o r gen tly ro lling land
Coast a strip ofl and bo rdering t he sea
Plateau a la rge elevated area of fla t land
Continental D ivide a rid ge ofland (d ivide) th a t separa tes th e

great drainage basins of a co n tinent, eac h ba sin em ptying into a
separate body of water
Point a na rrow piece of la nd juttin g O llt into a body of wat er,

usu ally low-lym g
'E
lOW
lOW
4' E
'E
O'E
O'E
OE
2'E
Reef an und erwat er ndge, lying near the surface of the water
Desert an area ofland with littl e ra infall or veget ati on
Re se rvoir a man -made lake, sometimes formed by a river dam
Fjord a narrow inlet of the sea, with st eep slop es, form ed by a
glacier
Riv er any strea m of fresh water flowing by gravity from an

up land source into a body of wa ter or anoth er river. Perennial
rivers flow all year ; interm itt ent ar e dry pa rt o f the year
Glacier a large mas s of ice th at m oves slowl y, fr om high er to

lower ground
Gulf an extension of the sea partly sur ro un ded by land, lar ger
than a bay
Harbor a sheltered area along a coa st wh ere sh ips can safely
anchor
Hills an upland area, sm aller than m ountains, with gentle slo pes
ra
Range a ch ain of mountains
Delta an area ofland formed by deposit s at th e mo u th of a river
i9'E
IO'E
IO'E
IO'E
2'E
'E
Island a body ofland com pletely sur ro u nded by wat er

Isthmus a narrow strip ofl and t hat co n nec ts two la rger bodi es
of land
Lake a body of water com pletely surro und ed by lan d
Sea a large bo dy of salt wa ter, smaller than an ocean

Sound a stretc h of water betw een an island and t he mainland
Strait a stretch of water joining two larg er bodies of water,
narrower th an a chan nel
Swam p low-lying land perma nently waterlogged
Tributary a river tha t flo ws into a larger river
Valley a lo ng, low a rea, usually with a river flowing through it,
and often lying between m o u ntain s or hills
Vo lca no a cone-shape d hill or m ou ntain form ed by lava an d ash;
may be acti ve o r exti nc t

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Malestrom

T o tal Lengt h (mi.)

Mediterran ean Sea

Area (sq. m i.)

5,426 ,000 sq. mi .

Dep th Below Sea Lev el (ft .)

All nqhts reserved.

While everycare has been taken to trace and acknowledge copy

Allnghts reserved. No part of thrs book may be reproduced or trans

"How to use this Atlas" written by ElspethLeacock

MeXICO Statecoat of arms on page 76. 200J mextcan-Ilaq.com

Brazu,Arctic). 26-27 (Landscapes. Nature, Australia, China/ Tibet), 59

(rivers), 60--61(nature, Landscapes, Hawaii, Caribbean), 62- 63 (Arctic)

Copynqbt 2005 Corel corp. and their suppliers.

62-<>3 1V01. 16, 44)

Copyright 2005 Pbotolxsc. Inc.

Photograph on page 42 (Wright brother's flight)

Copynght 2005 NASA

Ccpynqbt 2005 Drqital Stock Corp.

Copynqbr 2005 Corbrs Corp.

World Facts and Figures

World Forest Cover

Life Expectancy: 1999, 2025

Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal

Inside front cover

North America Political

North America Physica l

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification,

Un ited States Political

United States Political Facts

Un ited State s Physical

Un ited States Physical Facts

Geographic Featu res

United States Cli mate

United States Land Use

United State s Resources

United States Population

Distribution of Population by Region: 1900, 1950,2000

United States Economy

Per Capita Income

South America Political

South America Physical

South America Themes

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

South America Themes, continued

Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Environmental Issues: Deforestat ion, Desertification,

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification

Gross Domestic Product (GDPr

Australia and. Oceania Political

Australia and-Oceania Themes

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Envi ronmental Issues: Deforestation , Desertification

To get th e most o ut of this a tlas you need to

44' 00'N 16'0 0'E

3J'J l' N 36' 18'E

16' OJ'N 108' 12'E

4S' OO'N 29'OO'E

3. Go to page 50 and find th e lin e of

' 400 km '