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PIPESIM Fundamentals PDF
PIPESIM Fundamentals PDF
Workflow/Solutions Training
Version 2010.1
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Table of Contents
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Learning Objectives
After completing this training, you will know how to:
PIPESIM 2010.1
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What to Expect
In each module within this training material, you will encounter the
following:
Learning objectives
Scenario-based exercises
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Course Conventions
Characters typed in
Bold
Characters typed in
italics
Characters typed in
fixed-width
toolbar button.
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Icons
Throughout this manual, you will find icons in the margin
representing various kinds of information. These icons serve as
at-a-glance reminders of their associated text. See below for
descriptions of what each icon means.
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Workflow Diagram
Figure 1 illustrates the workflow of the PIPESIM application.
Figure 1
PIPESIM workflow
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Summary
In this introduction, we:
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NOTES
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NOTES
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PIPESIM Introduction
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Lesson 1
Introduction
PIPESIM Introduction
Figure 2
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Network Analysis
(NET)
Compositional Model
Multiflash Package
Multiflash Hydrates
Multiflash Wax
Thermodynamics
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PIPESIM Introduction
PIPESIM OLGAS
Steady State Flow
Correlation 2-Phase
PIPESIM OLGAS
Steady State Flow
Correlation 3-Phase
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PIPESIM Introduction
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Lesson 2
Figure 3
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PIPESIM Introduction
Menu Bar
Status Bar
Standard
Toolbar
Figure 4
Single
Branch
Toolbar
Figure 5
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PIPESIM Introduction
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Network
Toolbar
Figure 6
Network toolbar
NOTE: Icons in the Network toolbar and the Net Viewer bar
are not highlighted in the Single Branch model. Similarly,
icons in the Single Branch toolbar are not highlighted in
the network model.
From the Network model, you must access the Single
Branch viewing mode by double-clicking on the object to
insert necessary equipment, such as compressors,
pumps, chokes, and more.
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PIPESIM Introduction
Lesson 3
PIPESIM
File System
ASCII files
Binary files
Type of File
Single branch
model
PIPESIM file
Application Files
All the data necessary to run a model. Single
Branch model file includes data for units, fluid
composition, well IPR, system data, and more.
The support team requires these files when you
make support queries.
*.bpn
Network
model
PIPESIM file
15
PIPESIM Introduction
Extension
*.out
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Type of File
Output file
Output Files
All output data in ASCII format. The output file is
produced from both Single Branch and Network
models. Node by node results are reported in output
files.
The output file is divided into sections. You have the
option to show or hide a section by using Setup >
Define Output.
Mostly, errors are reported in output file. Remember
to check this file in case of an error in a PIPESIM
model.
*.sum
Summary file
*.plc
Profile plot
*.plt
System plot
*.psm
*.tnt
*.mdb
Access
database file
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Extension
*.pvt
PIPESIM Introduction
Type of File
PVT file
Miscellaneous Files
A single stream composition and a table of fluid
properties for a given set of pressure and
temperature values.
If needed, this file can be created by a commercial
PVT package, such as Multiflash, Hysys,
DBRSolids or others, or using the Compositional
module in PIPESIM.
*.unf
Unit file
*.env
*.map
Output Files
The PIPESIM output file is an ACSII format file, generated by
either a Single Branch or a Network model. This is a very large file
divided into many sections. You can customize the output report
by selecting Setup > Define output (Figure 7).
Figure 8 is a sample of the output from the primary output section.
Figure 7
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PIPESIM Introduction
Figure 8
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PIPESIM Introduction
Lesson 4
Plots
Figure 9
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PIPESIM Introduction
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Figure 10
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PIPESIM Introduction
Lesson 5
Figure 11
System Analysis
The systems analysis operation enables you to determine the
performance of a given system for varying operating conditions on
a case-by-case basis. Results of the system analysis operation
are provided in the form of plots of a dependent variable, such as
outlet pressure, versus an independent variable, such as flow
rate.
You can generate families of X-Y curves for the system by varying
either a single sensitivity variable (such as water cut) or by
applying permutations of a group of sensitivity values.
The ability to perform analysis by combining sensitivity variables
in different ways makes the system analysis operation a very
flexible tool for plotting data on a case-by-case basis.
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PIPESIM Introduction
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Figure 12
Pressure/Temperature Profile
You can generate pressure and temperature profiles of the
system as a function of distance/elevation along the system.
Both temperature and pressure profiles are generated on a nodeby-node basis for the system.
NOTE: The system analysis operation also generates Pressure/
Temperature profile plots for each case. Likewise,
Pressure/Temperature Profile operations generate a
system plot.
Data Matching
Select parameters that will be automatically adjusted to match
measured pressure and temperature data for a particular system.
These parameters include multipliers for heat transfer coefficient
(to match temperature measurements), as well as friction factor
and holdup factor multipliers (to match pressure measurements).
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PIPESIM Introduction
NODAL Analysis
A common way to analyze well performance is through a NODAL
analysis plot to visually assess the impact of various system
components.
This is done by splitting the system at the point of interest known
as the NODAL analysis point and graphically presenting the
system response upstream (Inflow) and downstream (Outflow) of
the nodal point.
The point at which the inflow and outflow curves intersect is the
operating point for the given system, as shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13
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PIPESIM Introduction
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Reservoir Tables
For the purposes of reservoir simulation, it is often necessary to
generate VFP curves for input to a reservoir simulation program.
The VFP curves allow the reservoir simulator to determine
bottomhole flowing pressures as a function of tubing head
pressure, flow rate, GOR, water cut and the artificial lift quantity.
The reservoir simulator interface allows you to write tabular
performance data to a file for input into a reservoir simulation
model. Currently, the following reservoir simulators are supported:
ECLIPSE
PORES
VIP
COMP4
Wax Deposition
With various deposition model/methods, generates wax
deposition profile (Distance vs. Wax deposition thickness) and
system (Wax Volume against time) plots.
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PIPESIM Introduction
Review Questions
Summary
In the module, you gained an understanding of PIPESIM toolbars,
file system and engines, and operations. You also learned about:
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PIPESIM Introduction
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NOTES
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Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
perform operations
Lesson 1
Figure 14
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The pressure change per distance L for single phase flow is given
by Bernoullis equation:
dp
dL total =
dp
dL frictional +
dp
dL elevational +
dp
dL accelerational
fv 2
dp
dL total = 2 gd (frictional) - g sin (elevational)
Where:
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Exercise 1
In this exercise, using the data in Table 1 and assuming the flow is
isothermal, you perform a hand calculation to determine the
delivery pressure of the pipeline using single-phase flow theory.
NOTE: You will need a hand calculator or MS Excel to complete
this exercise.
Table 1: Water Pipeline Modelling Data
Pipeline Data
Diameter
in
Length
20,025
ft
Elevation Change
1,000
ft
Horizontal Distance
20,000
ft
Ambient Temperature
Tamb
60
degF
Inclination Angle
2.866
Roughness
0.0015
in
Relative Roughness
/d
0.0005
in
(= 0.25 ft)
(=.05002 radians)
Fluid Data
Water viscosity
1.2
cp
Water density
63.7
lbm/ft3
(= 8.06e-4 lb/ft-s)
Operating Data
Source Temperature
Tinlet
60
degF
Inlet Pressure
Pin
1,200
psia
Qw
6,000
BPD
(= 0.39 ft3/s)
Constants
Gravitational
32.2
ft/s2
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Qw
2
d
4 = _____________ ft/s
Re
vd
= ______________
f = __________________________
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Figure 15
Moody diagram
dp
dL friction
fv 2
2 gd
= __________ psf/ft
dp friction
= _____________ psi
dp friction
= __________ psf/ft
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dpelevation
= _____________ psi
dp
dp
dp
9. dL total = dL frictional + dL elevational
dp
dL total = ________ psi/ft
10. Multiply by the given length of pipe, L, to get the total
pressure drop
dptotal
= _____________ psi
Exercise 2
dptotal
= __________ psia
In this exercise, you use PIPESIM to build the water pipeline you
hand calculated in . You will define parameters for each
component in the model, perform operations, view and analyze
the results, and compare PIPESIM results to your hand
calculations.
There are three parts to this exercise:
1. Starting the application
2. Creating the fluid model (water) and selecting flow
correlations
3. Building the physical model.
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Getting Started
To start the application:
1. Start PIPESIM by selecting Start > Program Files >
Schlumberger > PIPESIM.
2. Click NEW Single Branch Model.
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3. Click Flowline
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8. Click the Heat Transfer tab and fill in the form for an
adiabatic process, as no heat was gained or lost between the
system and its environment.
9. Click OK to exit the user form and accept the overall heat
transfer coefficient (U value) defaults.
36
Fill in the Black Oil user form and click OK when you are
finished.
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5.
Click OK.
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Performing Operations
PIPESIM Single Branch mode offers several simulation
operations, depending on the intended workflow. Many of these
operations are explained in the exercises that follow.
The Pressure/Temperature Profile operation is used to acquire
the distribution of pressure, temperature and many other
parameters across the flow path.
To perform these operations:
1. In the Operations menu, select the Pressure/Temperature
Profile operation.
NOTE: The Pressure Temperature Profile operation requires
that you designate a calculated variable and specify
all other variables. Generally, two specifications are
provided for use with the rate, inlet pressure and
outlet pressure, while the third is calculated.
However, all three can be specified and a forth
variable will be calculated, for example choke size.
2. Enter the known flowing conditions.
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The Liquid holdup value displayed (175 bbl) is the total liquid
volume for the entire pipe.
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Hand
Calculation
PIPESIM
Pfrictional (psi)
Pelevational (psi)
Ptotal (psi)
Outlet Pressure (psia)
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Figure 16
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Elevation (absolute)
Pressure
Temperature
Slug Number
Flow Pattern.
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Figure 17
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Node number
Elevation (absolute)
Liquid viscosity
Gas viscosity
Reynolds number
Fluid Enthalpy
TIP: The values of the Reynolds number indicate that the flow
regime is turbulent (NRE > 2000) and are consistent with
the results of the hand calculations.
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Exercise 3
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Re
vd
f
dp
dL friction
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4. Select the Data tab in the Plot window to see all the data for
each temperature in a tabular format.
5. Open the output file (*.out). The output file can be opened in
one of two ways:
Click the Output File button from within the Operations
(Pressure/Temperature Profiles) dialog:
OR
Select Reports > Output File.
By default, the output file contains the information for the first
case only. (T = 20 degF).
6. To report all sensitivity cases:
a. Select Setup > Define Output.
b. Ensure that options are selected as shown in the figure.
c. Set the number of cases to print to 4.
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Exercise 4
2. Under the Setup > Define Output menu, uncheck the box
labeled Segment Data in Primary Output.
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50
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pM
zRT
Where:
g = gas density
p = pressure
M = Molecular Weight
z = gas compressibility factor
R = ideal gas constant
T = Temperature
Notice that the highest inlet temperatures yield the highest
pressure drop. This is because, as the temperature increases the
density decreases, which results in a decrease in the Reynolds
number.
Correspondingly, the friction factor increases and, as a result, the
frictional pressure gradient is higher. In other words,
T g
Re
dp
vd
f dL frictiona
Also, because
fv 2
dp
dL friction = 2gd
the velocity increase due to gas expansion has an exponential
effect on the frictional pressure term. This accounts for the
increase in the frictional gradient along the flowline and the
curvature in the pressure profile plot.
NOTE: The viscosity of the gas increases slightly with
increasing temperature, but this effect is small and does
little to offset the effects of decreasing density.
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Exercise 5
Inlet pressure
Outlet pressure
Flow rate.
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6. Observe the output files (*.out). The iteration routine for this
operation can be seen in the output file, as shown below.
NOTE: To view this report, you must check Iteration
Progress Log under Setup/Define Output)
Lesson 2
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Figure 18
Figure 19
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Figure 20
56
Liquid Holdup
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Exercise 1
2. Click on the flowline to highlight the object and drag the tip
connected to the source to the first Report icon.
4. Repeat the previous step for the second Report Tool icon.
5. Select Connector
the Source icon.
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6. Select the Boundary node and press the Delete key. Your
model should now displays as shown below:
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10. Select Setup > Black Oil and specify the fluid properties.
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11. From the Setup > Flow Correlations menu, select Beggs
and Brill Revised (Taitel-Dukler map) for the horizontal flow
correlation and Hagedorn and Brown for the vertical flow
correlation.
NOTE: Observe that the Swap angle is set to 45. This is the
angle that corresponds to the switch between use of
the vertical and horizontal flow correlation. In this
example, the pipeline inclination angle is about 3,
which means that only the horizontal flow correlation is
used.
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16. From the Reports menu, open the output file. The following
display can be seen in the primary output section of the
output file.
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Figure 21
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The flow regime map (Figure 22) can also be viewed in PsPlot by
selecting Reports > Flow Regime Map.
Figure 22
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Review Questions
How do you describe a Black Oil fluid model for water or dry
gas?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
performing operations
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NOTES
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Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Lesson 1
NODAL Analysis
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Nodal Analysis
Psep
PR
Inflow
Outflow
Pwf
Pwf
PR
Psep
17
Figure 23
Flow rate
Getting Started
Before beginning an oil well performance analysis:
1. Select File > New > Well Performance Analysis.
2. From Setup > Units, set the engineering units.
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Exercise 1
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70
Completion model
Well PI
Use Vogel?
Yes
Reservoir Pressure
3,600 psia
Reservoir Temperature
200 degF
8 stb/d/psi
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1,000
1,000
2,500
2,450
5,000
4,850
7,500
7,200
9,000
8,550
Geothermal Gradient
50
9,000
200
Tubing Data
Bottom MD (ft)
8,600
3.958
9,000
6.184
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10 %
GOR
500 scf/stb
Gas SG
0.8
Water SG
1.05
Oil API
36 API
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Exercise 2
N.A. Point
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Results
(Outlet) Wellhead Pressure
300 psia
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Exercise 3
Performing a Pressure/
Temperature Profile
Results
Wellhead Pressure
300 psia
Production Rate
Flowing BHP
Flowing WHT
Depth at which gas appears
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Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
Lesson 2
Fluid Calibration
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Multi-Point calibration.
Multi-Point Calibration
In multi-point calibration, black oil correlations are tuned so that
the correlation honors all data points (Figure 24).
Figure 24
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Figure 25
NOTE: This is not a best fit method, as all points are fitted
exactly. Any outlying data should be smoothed before
entering it into PIPESIM.
Exercise 1
Viscosity
Temperature
(degF)
Value
200
1.5 cp
60
10 cp
5. For Live Oil Viscosity, ensure that the Chew and Connally
correlation is selected.
6. For the Emulsion Viscosity Method, select the Brinkman
1952 correlation.
7. For the Undersaturated Oil Viscosity, select the BergmanSutton correlation.
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8. Select the Advanced Calibration Data tab and click SinglePoint Calibration.
9. Enter the measured data to calibrate the PVT model.
PVT Calibration Data
Range
Property
Value
Pressure
(psia)
Temp
(degF)
P > Pb
OFVF
1.18
3,000
200
P = Pb
Sat. Gas
500 scf/stb
2,100
200
P <= Pb
OFVF
1.22
2,100
200
1.1 cp
2,100
200
Gas viscosity
0.029 cp
2,100
200
Gas Z factor
0.8
2,100
200
Correlation
Saturated gas
Lasater
Standing
Gas Z
Standing
11. From the Advanced Calibration Data tab, select Plot PVT
Data (Laboratory Conditions GOR = GSAT) to generate a
plot of the PVT properties for various pressures and
temperatures.
12. Select Series and change the y-axis to Oil Formation Volume
Factor.
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13. Verify that the predicted values match the calibration points.
14. Repeat steps 12 and 13 for Oil viscosity and Gas viscosity to
ensure the predicted values are correct.
NOTE: Dead Oil conditions are at 14.7 psia.
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15. Now that the fluid model is calibrated, rerun the PressureTemperature Profile.
16. Determine the flowing bottomhole pressure, flowing wellhead
temperature, and production rate for the given wellhead
pressure.
17. Compare your answers to the uncalibrated model results in .
18. Inspect the plot and summary output to determine answers.
Results
Wellhead Pressure
Calibrated
Uncalibrated
Production Rate
Flowing BHP
Flowing WHT
Depth where gas appears
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Lesson 3
Pressure/Temperature
Matching
Figure 26
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Exercise 1
An FGS is available for this well. In this exercise, you use the
measured data to select the most appropriate vertical flow
correlation.
To perform a flow correlation match:
1. Select Data > Load/Add Measured Data.
2. Click New.
3. Enter the test data, as shown.
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Results
Best Vertical Correlation
Flowing BHP
Head Factor Multiplier
Friction Factor Multiplier
U Factor Multiplier
85
Exercise 2
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6. Run the model and review the PsPlot for calculated Liquid PI.
WARNING: Update the PI for the completion with the matched
value.
Results
Matched PI
STB/d/psi
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
What is the minimum data requirement for black oil fluid model
in PIPESIM?
How can you use lab PVT data to improve black oil
correlations?
Lesson 4
After you define the well and fluids descriptions and match them to
generate an accurate model for the well, several simulation
operations can be performed to evaluate a variety of operating
scenarios.
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Results
Critical Water Cut
Exercise 1
The basic principle behind gas lift injection in oil wells is to lower
the density of the produced fluid in the tubing. This results in a
reduction of the elevational component of the pressure gradient
above the point of injection and a lower bottomhole pressure.
Lowering the bottomhole pressure increases reservoir drawdown
and, thus, production rate.
In this exercise, you examine how this well responds to gas lift by
introducing a Gas Lift Injection point at 8,000 feet MD in the tubing
equipment.
You have two tasks to accomplish:
Determine how the well responds to gas lift when the water
cut is 10% and 60%.
300
Injection Gas SG
0.6
100
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Results
Gas Lift Rate
(mmscf/d)
1
2
4
6
10
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Exercise 2
Figure 27
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3. Modify the upper tubing string to extend only to the top of the
upper perforations.
a. Modify the Deviation survey such that it will extend to only
7,200 feet TVD.
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Pseudo-steady state
Gas
Use Pseudo-pressures?
yes
Reservoir pressure
3,000 psia
Reservoir Temperature
180 degF
Thickness
5 feet
Permeability
20 md
Mechanical Skin
6. Select the Fluid model tab within the completion dialog and
enter the following:
a. Use a locally-defined fluid model with an OGR of 0 STB/
mmscfd and a WGR of 0 (all gas).
b. Specify a gas gravity of 0.67.
c. Leave all other properties and correlations at their default
settings.
NOTE: The fluid data used for a well/source is defined by a
default, local data set or an override value [for water
cut and/or GOR/GLR/OGR/LGR]. If there are
multiple fluids present in the system with different
intrinsic properties, define the main fluid as the
default and all others as local fluids.
7. To analyze the effect of perforating the upper zone (compared
with gas lift injection), run a Pressure/Temperature Profile for
the 60% water cut case.
a. From Setup > Black Oil, set the water cut to 60%.
NOTE: This water cut affects only the lower zone because
the lower zone uses the default fluid model, while the
upper zone is defined with a local fluid model.
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Results
Wellhead Pressure
300 psia
Question
Comparing the results of gas lift injection versus perforating the
upper zone, roughly how much gas lift injection would result in the
same liquid rate achievable through perforating the upper zone?
Equivalent gas lift injection rate: ______________
Lesson 5
A downhole flow control valve (FCV) allows you to model socalled 'intelligent' or 'smart' wells. The methodology implemented
provides a simple way of modeling single branch (non-multilateral)
intelligent wells in which FCVs are located close to the reservoir.
An FCV can restrict the completion flow rate through the system;
however, they are available only for vertical completions. The
purpose of an FCV is to provide a restriction to fluid flow, thereby
reducing the productivity (or injectivity) of a given completion.
They are useful in a model containing multiple completions.
An FCV is very similar to a choke. Like a choke, it can be modeled
as a fixed-size orifice, in which form it presents a restriction to flow
resulting in a pressure drop that increases as flow rate increases.
Unlike a choke however, a maximum flow rate can also be
specified. This is applied to the completion and, if necessary, the
choke bean diameter is reduced to honor the limit.
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The choke diameter and flow rate limit can be applied separately
or together. If they are both supplied, they are treated as
maximum limits.
As shown in Figure 28, the Flow Control Valve dialog uses radio
buttons to present a choice between a Generic Valve and a
Specific Valve.
Figure 28
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You must choose a specific valve from the list of available valves
provided in the PIPESIM database. Many of the specific valves
are multi-position devices, as they allow you to select the effective
choke area from a range of pre-installed fixed chokes.
If a flow rate limit is supplied, the simulation selects the choke
position required to honor the limit. Because the choke area
cannot be calculated to match the limit exactly, this usually results
in the flow rate being lower than the limit.
The valve position can be specified or omitted. If specified, the
FCV is modeled with the corresponding choke area, but if the
resulting flow rate exceeds the limit, a lower position number is
used.
Valve positions are numbered in order of increasing choke size,
starting with position zero. This position usually specifies a
diameter of zero to allow the valve to be shut. An FCV can have
as many as 30 positions.
Exercise 1
A formation integrity test indicates you should not flow more than
2 mmscfd of gas from the upper formation. To make sure, install
the FCV in the upper completion.
To model a flow control valve:
1. Double-click on the upper completion and check Flow
Control Valve.
2. In the FCV Properties window, set the Maximum Rate through
Valve to 2 mmscfd.
3. Leave Equivalent Choke Area empty.
4. Select Operations > Pressure Temperature Profile.
5. Ensure that the Liquid Rate is the calculated variable and the
outlet pressure is set to 300 psia.
6. Run the model and view the output file for Bean Size.
Required Bean Size: _______________
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Review Questions
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
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NOTES
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NOTES
100
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Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Lesson 1
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2-Parameter Peng-Robinson
3-Parameter Peng-Robinson
2-Parameter Peng-Robinson (advanced)
3-Parameter Peng-Robinson (advanced).
102
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Multiflash
Standard Peng-Robinson
Advanced Peng-Robinson
Standard Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK)
Advanced Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK)
Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling (BWRS)
Association (CPA).
DBR Flash
ECLIPSE
300 Flash
NIST
Refprop
Flash
Viscosity
Compositional fluid models also use Viscosity models based on
corresponding state theory. Available Viscosity models include:
Pederson (default)
Lohrenz-Bray-Clark (LBC)
Aasberg-Petersen
103
Figure 29
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Figure 30
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Emulsion Viscosities
An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquid phases. One
phase (the dispersed phase) is carried as droplets in the other
(the continuous phase). In oil/water systems at low water cuts, oil
is usually the continuous phase.
As water cut is increased, there comes a point at which phase
inversion occurs, and water becomes the continuous phase. This
is the Critical water cut of Phase Inversion, otherwise called the
cutoff, which occurs typically between 55% and 70% water cut.
The viscosity of the mixture is usually highest at, and just below,
the cutoff.
Emulsion viscosities can be many times higher than the viscosity
of either phase alone.
Three mixing rules have been implemented that are identical to
the options currently available in the Black Oil section.
You can choose any of these options (Figure 31):
Figure 31
Mixing options
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Flashing Options
Flash calculations are an integral part of all reservoir and process
engineering calculations. They are required whenever you wish to
know the amounts (in moles) of hydrocarbon liquid and gas
coexisting in a reservoir or a vessel at a given pressure and
temperature.
These calculations are also performed to determine the
composition of the existing hydrocarbon phases.
Given the overall composition of a hydrocarbon system at a
specified pressure and temperature, flash calculations can
determine four factors:
Figure 32
106
Flashing options
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Interpolation
Interpolation
when close to
a phase
boundary
Rigorous
Exercise 1
107
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Methane
Butane
Ethane
Isopentane
Propane
Pentane
Isobutane
Hexane
214 degF
C7+ MW
115
C7+ SG
0.683
108
Methane
78
Ethane
Propane
3.5
Isobutane
1.2
Butane
1.5
Isopentane
0.8
Pentane
0.5
Hexane
0.5
C7+
6.0
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Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
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Lesson 2
Based on the analysis for flow data obtained from a large number
of gas wells, Rawlins and Schellhardt (1936) presented a
relationship between the gas flow rate and pressure drawdown
that can be expressed as:
Qsc = C(pR2 pWF2)n
Where:
Qsc
pR
pWF
= non-Darcy exponent
Fluid properties
This equation is commonly called the deliverability or backpressure equation. If you can determine the coefficients of the
equation - n and C - you can calculate the gas flow rate Qsc at any
bottomhole flow pressure pWF and construct the IPR curve.
Deliverability testing has been used for more than sixty years by
the petroleum industry to characterize and determine the flow
potential of gas wells.
There are essentially three types of deliverability tests:
Isochronal test
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Exercise 1
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2. Edit the reservoir and tubing data according to the data in the
table.
Reservoir Data
Static Pres
4,600 psia
Reservoir Temp.
280 degF
Gas PI
1 x 10-6 mmscf/d/psi2
Tubing Data
11,000 feet
Mid perf MD
11,000 feet
Ambient temp
30 degF
EOT MD
10,950 feet
Tubing ID
3.476 inches
Casing ID
8.681 inches
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Results
Pres = 4,600 psia, Tres = 280 degF
% H2O @ saturation
Po = 800 psia
QG
Pwf
BHT
WHT
Exercise 2
Pwf (psia)
9.7
3,000
11.9
2,500
14.3
1,800
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Results
Back Pressure Equation
Parameter C
Parameter n
Po = 800 psia
QG
Pwf
Tbh (degF)
Twh (degF)
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Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
Lesson 3
Erosion Prediction
Figure 33
API 14 E
The API 14 E model comes from the American Petroleum
Institute, Recommended Practice, number 14 E. This is a solidsfree model which calculates an erosion velocity but not a rate).
The erosion velocity Ve is calculated with the formula:
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Salama
The Salama model was published in Journal of Energy Resources
Technology, Vol 122, June 2000, "An Alternative to API 14 E
Erosional Velocity Limits for Sand Laden Fluids," by Mamdouh M.
Salama.
This model calculates erosion rate and erosional velocity. The
parameters required for the model are Acceptable Erosion rate,
Sand production ratio, Sand Grain Size, Geometry Constant and
Efficiency.
The equations in Salama's paper use a sand rate in Kg/day. This
is obtained from the supplied volume ratio using Salama's 'typical
value' for sand density - 2,50 kg/m 3.
Exercise 1
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119
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Results
Po = 800 psia
QG
Pwf
BHT
WHT
Well-head, Selected Tubing
Max. Erosional velocity ratio
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
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Lesson 4
Choke Modeling
Figure 34
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Exercise 1
In this exercise, you add a horizontal flow line and a choke to the
model. You use the gas rate calculated in the previous exercise to
determine the choke bean size that results in a manifold (end of
flowline) pressure of 710 psia.
To model a flowline and choke:
1. Ensure the tubing ID is set to 3.958 inches.
2. Insert a choke at the wellhead and reconnect the tubing to
the choke.
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300 feet
Flow-line ID
6 inches
Pipe Roughness
0.001 inches
Wall thickness
0.5 inches
Ambient Temp
60 degF
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Results
Po = 710 psia
Choke size
Pressure losses across system
P Reservoir
P Tubing
P Choke
P Flow-line
Exercise 2
In this exercise, you use System analysis to calculate the gas rate
as a function of reservoir pressure.
To predict future production rates:
1. Right-click and choose Active to deactivate the choke and
flowline. These objects should be highlighted in red to
indicate they are inactive.
2. Select Operations > System Analysis.
3. Choose Gas Rate as the calculated variable.
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Results
Reservoir Pressure
(psia)
Gas Rate
(mmscfd)
4600
4200
3800
3400
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
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Lesson 5
Liquid Loading
Figure 35
126
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Where:
g = gas phase density (lbm/ft3)
l
vt
127
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Exercise 1
Review Question
What actions can be taken to prevent liquid loading?
128
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Summary
In this module, you learned about:
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NOTES
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Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Lesson 1
Inflow Performance
Relationships for Horizontal
Completions
Heterogeneous
reservoirs
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Reduce water/
gas coning
Vertical
permeability
132
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PseudoSteady State
Production
Distributed
Productivity
Index Method
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Exercise 1
Wellbore Deviation
Survey Data
MD (ft)
TVD (ft)
7,000
7,000
7,700
7,600
8,400
8,000
9,000
8,200
9,500
8,300
Geothermal Survey
MD
134
Ambient Temperature
(degF)
U Value
(Btu/hr/ft2)
50
9500
200
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Tubing Configuration
Bottom MD (ft)
ID (in)
9500
2.992
Completion Data
Static Pressure
4,600 psia
Temperature
200 degF
Completion Model
Distributed PI
Distributed PI
Distributed PI
1.00E-9 mmscf/d/psi2/ft
Wellbore Data
Length
10,000 feet
ID
2.992 inches
Tambient (degF)
200 degF
Methane
Iso-butane
Ethane
Butane
Propane
Water
Mol %
Methane
0.846
Ethane
0.087
Propane
0.038
Isobutane
0.013
Butane
0.016
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Exercise 2
Exercise 3
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Results
Po = 200 psia
QG
Bhp
Review Questions
Summary
In this module, you learned how to:
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NOTES
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Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
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Lesson 1
Flow Assurance
Considerations for Subsea
Tieback Design
Figure 36
Subsea Tieback
Exercise 1
140
Moles
Component
Moles
Carbon Dioxide
Butane
Methane
72
Isopentane
Ethane
Pentane
0.5
Propane
Hexane
0.5
Isobutane
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Boiling Point
(degF)
Molecular
Weight
Specific
Gravity
Moles
C7+
214
115
0.683
12
Water
10
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11. Select Setup > Compositional Local Default and add mole
fractions for all library and pseudo components, as per
Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5.
12. Generate the hydrocarbon phase envelope by clicking Phase
Envelope.
Exercise 2
142
Temperature
176 degF
Pressure
1,500 psia
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Horizontal Distance
6 miles
Elevational difference
0 feet (horizontal)
Available IDs
9,10,11 inches
Heat Transfer:
Ambient temperature
38 degF
35 Btu/hr/ft/degF
0.15 Btu/hr/ft/degF
Ambient fluid
water
1.5 ft/sec
Burial depth
Ground conductivity
1.5 Btu/hr/ft/degF
Riser (use detailed profile)
Horizontal Distance
Elevational difference
1,600 feet
Available IDs
9,10,11 inches
Heat Transfer
38 degF
42 degF
48 degF
56 degF
68 degF
35 Btu/hr/ft/degF
0.15 Btu/hr/ft/degF
Insulation thickness
Ambient fluid
water
1.5 ft/sec
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Exercise 3
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You will now determine the required ID for the subsea tieback,
such that the separator pressure for the maximum expected rate
is no less than 400 psia.
The expected production rate is 14,000 STBD. The system will be
designed to accommodate between 8,000 STBD (turndown case)
and 16,000 STBD, should the wells produce more than expected.
The riser must be the same ID as the tieback, and you must not
exceed the erosional velocity.
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Results
Property
Value
Lesson 2
Hydrates
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Figure 37
Hydrate curve
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Thermal insulation
Heat transfer between the fluid and surroundings occurs,
depending upon the temperature gradient. There are two options
for modeling the heat transfer in PIPESIM: Input U value and
Calculate U value.
Input U value is an overall heat transfer coefficient (U value)
based upon the pipe outside diameter is entered.
Calculate U value includes the following information, which can
be entered to compute the overall Heat Transfer coefficient.
Pipe coatings
Thickness of the pipe coat.
K (Thermal conductivity) of the material.
Pipe conductivity
Chemical Inhibitors
Thermodynamic inhibitors can be used to shift the hydrate curve
towards the left, thereby lowering the hydrate formation
temperature. Examples of inhibitors include methanol and
ethylene glycol.
Kinetic and anti-agglomerate inhibitors comprise a category
known as Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors (LDHIs). These
inhibitors do not lower the hydrate formation temperature; instead,
they help prevent the nucleation and agglomeration of hydrates to
avoid blockage formation. The effects of these types of inhibitors
cannot be modeled with PIPESIM.
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Exercise 1
Results
Property
Value
Exercise 2
Assume the flowline and riser have been insulated but they are
under-insulated with only 0.25 inch of insulation. In this exercise,
you determine the required injection volume of methanol to ensure
that hydrates do not form.
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149
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Results
Property
Value
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
Lesson 3
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Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Figure 38
151
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where:
Z
= Temperature (K)
WG
WL
LF
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Exercise 1
Results
Severe Slugging
8,000
stb/d
14,000
stb/d
16,000
stb/d
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Lesson 4
Hydrodynamic slugging
Pigging
Ramp-up.
Hydrodynamic Slugging
Most multiphase production systems will experience
hydrodynamic slugging. Designing systems simply to avoid
hydrodynamic slugging, such as larger pipe ID, is not a common
practice. Because hydrodynamic slugs grow as they progress
through the pipe, long pipelines can produce very large
hydrodynamic slugs.
PIPESIM calculates the mean slug length as a function of
distance traveled by using the SSB or Norris Correlations. A
continuous intermittent flow regime is required for this to occur. A
probabilistic model (again, based on Prudhoe Bay field data) is
applied to calculate the largest slug out of 10, 100 and 1,000
occurrences.
The 1/1000 slug length is often used to determine slug catcher
volume requirement.
The slug output from PIPESIM yields the length and frequency for
the selected slug size correlation:
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N/A
It should be noted that the slug size data output is only printed if
SLUG is specified in the Windows menu option Define Output
(Figure 39).
Figure 39
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Alternatively, you can insert the Report tool and check Slugging
values and Sphere-generated Liquid Volume values, as shown in
Figure 40.
Figure 40
Pigging
In multiphase flow in horizontal and upwards inclined pipe, the gas
travels faster than the liquid due to lower density and lower
viscosity. This is called slippage. Multiphase flow correlations
predict the slip-ratio which depends on many factors, such as
fluid properties, pipe diameter and flow regime.
To preserve continuity, recall the definition of liquid holdup
discussed in Module 2.
In steady-state flow, the gas travels faster, so it will slip past the
liquid and occupy less pipe volume. This gives rise to a higher
liquid volume fraction than if the gas traveled at the same velocity,
resulting in liquid holdup, as illustrated in Figure 41.
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Figure 41
Liquid Holdup
Figure 42
Pigging operation
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Ramp-up
When the flow rate into a pipeline increases, the overall liquid
holdup typically decreases because the gas can more efficiently
sweep out the liquid phase. When a sudden rate increase (rampup) occurs, the liquid volume in the pipeline is accelerated
resulting in a surge.
A ramp-up operation is illustrated in Figure 43. The size of the
surge is influenced by the sensitivity of liquid holdup with respect
to the overall flow rate. A simple material balance approach can
be applied to estimate the volume of the associated surge.
For more details, see Cunliffe's method entry in the PIPESIM help
system.
Figure 43
Ramp-up operation
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Exercise 1
In this exercise, you screen for severe slugging and determine the
required size of the slug catcher based on the largest of the
following criteria, multiplied by a safety factor of 1.2.
Consider these criteria:
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Results
Slug Catcher Sizing
8,000
stb/d
14,000
stb/d
16,000
stb/d
Review Questions
Why should the SGVL not be greater than the total liquid
holdup?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
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NOTES
161
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NOTES
162
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Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Lesson 1
163
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Boundary Conditions
To solve the network model, you must enter the correct number of
boundary conditions. Boundary nodes are those that have only
one connecting branch, such as a production well, injection well,
source or sink.
The number of boundary conditions required for a model is
determined by the models Degrees of Freedom:
number of wells (production and injection) +
number of sources +
number of sinks
For example, a three-well system producing fluid to a single
delivery point has 4 degrees of freedom (3+1), regardless of the
network configuration between the well and the sink.
Each boundary can be specified in terms of Pressure OR Flow
rate OR Pressure/Flow rate (PQ) curve.
Additionally, the following conditions must be satisfied:
Solution Criteria
A network has converged when the pressure balance and mass
balance at each node are within the specified tolerance. The
calculated pressure at each branch entering and leaving a node is
averaged, and the tolerance of each pressure is calculated from
the equation:
If all Ptol values are within the specified network tolerance, that
node has passed the pressure convergence test. This is repeated
for each node.
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The total mass flow rate into and out of a node are averaged. The
tolerance is calculated from the equation:
Ftol =
If the Ftol value is within the specified network tolerance, that
node has passed the mass convergence test. This is repeated for
each node.
The network has converged when all of the foregoing conditions
are satisfied.
Exercise 1
Getting Started
1. Open PIPESIM and go to File > New > Network to create a
new network model.
2. Go to File > Save As to save the model in your training
directory, such as c:\training\pn01.bpn.
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167
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168
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10/1000
Horizontal distance
30,000 feet
Elevation difference
0 feet
Inner diameter
6 inches
Wall thickness
0.5 inches
Roughness
0.001 inches
Ambient temperature
degF
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10/1000
Horizontal distance
10,000 feet
Elevation difference
0 feet
Inner Diameter
8 inches
Wall Thickness
0.5 inches
Roughness
0.001 inches
Ambient Temperature
60 degF
171
a. Click Connector
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172
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Exercise 2
Pressure
Well_1
2,900 psia
Well_2
2,900 psia
Well_3
3,100 psia
Sink_1
800 psia
5. When the network has solved, you should see the message:
Gas_networkbpn01 Finished OK.
When this message displays, click OK.
6. Click Report Tool
7. Hold down the Shift key and select the flow route from Well_3,
branch B3 and branch B5.
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Figure 44
Network layout
Table 6: Completion and Tubing Data
Well_1 and Well_2
Well_3
Gas PI
0.0004 mmscf/d/psi2
0.0005 mmscf/d/psi2
Wellhead TVD
4,500 feet
4,900 feet
Mid perforations MD
4,500 feet
4,900 feet
Tubing I.D.
2.4 inch
2.4 inch
60 degF
60 degF
130 degF
140 degF
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Moles
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
72
Ethane
Propane
Isobutane
Butane
Isopentane
Pentane
0.5
Hexane
0.5
Boiling Point
(degF)
Molecular
Weight
Specific
Gravity
Moles
C7+
214
115
0.683
12
176
Component
Volume ratio
(%bbl/bbl)
Water
10
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Moles
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
71
Ethane
Propane
Isobutane
1.5
Butane
1.5
Isopentane
1.5
Pentane
0.5
Hexane
0.5
Boiling Point
(degF)
Molecular
Weight
Specific
Gravity
Moles
C7+
214
115
0.683
10.5
Volume ratio
(%bbl/bbl)
Water
177
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10/1000
Horizontal distance
30,000 feet
Elevation difference
0 feet
Inner diameter
6 inch
Wall thickness
0.5 inch
Roughness
0.001 inch
Ambient temperature
60 degF
0.2 Btu/hr/ft2/degF
178
Separator type
Liquid
Separator efficiency
100%
400 psi
Compressor efficiency
70%
120 degF
15 psi
10/1,000
10,000 feet
0 feet
8 inch
0.5 inch
Flowline Roughness
0.001 inch
60 degF
0.2 Btu/hr/ft2/degF
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Pressure
Temperature
Well_1
2,900 psia
130 degF
Well_2
2,900 psia
130 degF
Well_3
3,100 psia
140 degF
Sink_1
800 psia
(calculated variable)
Review Questions
What are the rules for pressure and flow rates in PIPESIM
Net?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
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NOTES
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Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Lesson 1
Figure 45
181
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Exercise 1
Figure 46
182
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4,000
psia
Temperature
200
degF
100
STB/d/psi
Tubing Model
simple
Orientation
vertical
Tubing depth
6,000
ft. TVD
50
degF
Tubing ID
in
ESP depth
2,000
ft. TVD
ESP model
Centrilift IB700
ESP stages
30
ESP speed
3,600
rpm
50
degF
HTC
0.2
BTU/hr/ft2/degF
Flowline Data
Flowline
Distance
(ft)
Elevation
Difference
(ft)
Diameter
(in)
B1
150
B2
15,000
B3
10,000
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Zone
Reservoir
Pressure
(psia)
Res
Temp
(degF)
Zone 1_1
4,400
210
7,800
No FCV
Zone 1_2
4,600
220
7,900
Maximum Liquid
= 1,500 STB/d
Zone 1_3
4,800
235
8,200
MD/TVD Injection PI
(ft)
(stb/d/psi)
FCV
Injection Well 2
Zone
Reservoir
Pressure
(psia)
Res
Temp
(degF)
Zone 2_1
4,500
220
7,900
No FCV
Zone 2_2
4,800
250
8,500
Maximum Liquid =
1,000 STB/d
Zone 2_3
5,000
270
8,800
FCV Closed
MD/TVD Injection PI
(ft)
(stb/d/psi)
FCV
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Pressure
Producer
4000 psia
Well_1
4800 psia
Well_2
5000 psia
11. Plot the pressure profiles for the entire network by selecting
all objects in the network and click Profile Plot.
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Review Questions
Summary
In this module, you learned about modeling:
186
an ESP.
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NOTES
187
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NOTES
188
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= 7.9ft/s
= ~ 0.0193
4. dP(friction)
= 662 psi
5. dP(elevation)
= 442 psi
6. dP(Total)
= 1,106 psi
7. Outlet Pressure
= 94 psia
Liquid velocity
= 7.91-7.94 ft/s
dP (frictional)
= 667.6 psi
dP (elevational)
= 443.1 psi
dP (total)
= 1,111 psi
P(outlet)
= 89.33 psia
Flow rate
= 10.47 mmscfd
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= 300 psia
= 8,510 stb/d
= 2,536 psia
AOFP
= 21,290 stb/d
= 300 psia
Production Rate
= 8,518 stb/d
Flowing BHP
= 2,535 psia
Flowing WHT
= 134 degF
= 7,200 ft
= 300 psia
Production Rate
= 7,808 stb/d
Flowing BHP
= 2,624 psia
Flowing WHT
= 129 degF
= 6,730 ft
190
Wellhead Pressure
= 300 psia
Vertical Correlation
= TUFFP-2Phase
Flowing BHP
= 2,681 psia
Head Factor
= 1.0059
Friction Factor
= 0.93035
U Factor
= 0.7907
Schlumberger
= 300 psia
PI
= 6.669126
= 300 psia
Water Cut
= 53.4%
7,918
5,364
8,800
6,349
9,649
7,122
10,101
7,400
10
10,485
6,846
= 300 psia
= 6,885
= 4.161
Question (Optional)
191
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1.8549
Po = 800 psia
QG
18.21 mmscfd
Pwf
1,716 psia
BHT
237 degF
WHT
169 degF
7.9793682e-007
Parameter n
1
Po = 800 psia
192
QG
14.97 mmscfd
Pwf
1,548 psia
Tbh (degF)
233 degF
Twh (degF)
165 degF
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15.39 mmscfd
Pwf
1,370 psia
BHT
229 degF
WHT
163 degF
Wellhead, Selected Tubing
0.7657
1.5145 ins
3,231.5 psia
P Tubing
569.55 psia
P Choke
86.75 psia
P Flow-line
1.79 psia
Flow rate
3,400
8.051
3,800
10.272
4,200
12.723
4,600
15.387
193
Schlumberger
24.40 mmscfd
Bhp
2,683 psia
= 10 inch
= 0.825
= 947 psia
= 1,265 psia
Lesson 2: Hydrates
Exercise 1: Selecting Tieback Insulation Thickness
Req. Insulation thickness = 1 in
194
Schlumberger
8,000
stb/d
14,000
stb/d
16,000
stb/d
1.01
1.266
1.332
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
14,000
stb/d
16,000
stb/d
165
181
215
465
435
427
Property
= 42.28 mmscfd.
= 44.902 mm/year
= 38.26 mmscfd.
195
Schlumberger
NOTES
196