Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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11/22/2010
Multi-train separators
Compressor
Multiphase pump
Controllers
Valves
Controllers
General Networks
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11/22/2010
Insulation requirement
Hydrates formation
Shut-down Cool-down
risk assessment
Slugging
Hydrodynamic Terrain
Parametric studies
Pigging
Controllers
Blow-down controllers
Viscosity/GOR tuning
Compositional Tracking
Water hammer
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11/22/2010
Why AMS?
Latest updated version
Support
Bug fixing
OVIP
OLGA Verification and Improvement Project
OLGA 7
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11/22/2010
(Next generation)
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11/22/2010
Launched
OLGA 5 with new GUI 2006
OLGA 6 2008
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12
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be dynamic
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Fluids in OLGA
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11/22/2010
FLUIDS
2. Water Options
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Limitations
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Non-existing Phase
Derivatives
Compositional
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Derivative Extrapolation
calculated at
d (p g 2- ) bubble-P for each T
p g s- p g 2- P for all properties
200 dP
Liquid
150 Regio Liquid
Pressure (bara)
n property is
100 copied from
dew point
line to gas
50 No
area
extrapolation
254 C in T
0
-100 0 100 200 300 400
Temperature (C)
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Compositional Extrapolation
p g s- p g 2-
gas is added to elevate the
bubble-pressures to fit the
Extrapolated pressure for each point in
the liquid region. Gas
200 properties for the liquid
region are calculated at
each artificial bubble-point
150 liquid is added to
Pressure (bara)
Temperature (C)
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Mass Fractions
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Boundary Pipeline
Conditions Section 1
Rsg Rsg
1 0
Rsg
P P
p 1 0
Rsg
T T
T 1 0
Rsg n 1 Rsg n 1
Rsgn 1 Rsgn P P n T T n
p T
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P1 P0 T1 T0
Rsg Rsg
Rsg1 Rsg 0
P T
Rsg
n 1
Rsg
n
Rsg
P
n 1 n Rsg
P
P
T
T
n 1
T
n
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FLUIDS
2. Water Option
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Justification
Oil V1
Water V2
Oil/water dispersions
high viscosity / high pressure drop
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Separate mass balance equations for water film and droplets are solved
Calculated by OLGA
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WATEROPTIONS Waterslip
WATERSLIP = OFF
WATERSLIP = ON
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WATEROPTIONS Flashmodel
FLASHMODEL = HYDROCARBON
Mass transfer between gas and oil only
FLASHMODEL = WATER
Assumes water vaporization/condensation
mass transfer
Remember
Total water flow in e.g. a mass source
=
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The mixture viscosity for oil continuous dispersions (mhw) and water
continuous dispersions (mwh) are expressed as
hw = h rel.h
wh = w rel.w
w is water viscosity
Dispersion viscosity
rel is relative viscosity =
Viscosity of continuous phase
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Use a two-phase flow table with water and tune the emulsion
(liquid) viscosity with PVTsim
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be dynamic
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Compositional Tracking
Tracks all components in three phases
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Compositional Tracking
Why use it ?
Reduce uncertainty and time spent on fluid table mixing and discussions
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Example 1
3 kg/s Fluid A
Fluid A+B = 75% Fluid A + 25% Fluid B
1 kg/s Fluid B
Example 2
3 kg/s Fluid A Fluid A+B = 50% Fluid A + 50% Fluid B
3 kg/s Fluid B
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Fluid of Fluid of
Source-1: composition A Source-2: composition B
C P
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Slippage
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60000
50000
40000
Measured
30000 OLGA with Comp. Track
Standard OLGA
20000
10000
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time, minutes
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44
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Comp Track
standard OLGA 5
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46
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standard OLGA 5
Comp Track
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FILES
Specify the .ctm file
(made with PVTsim)
The .ctm file is ALWAYS needed to
specify individual component properties
COMPOPTIONS
Viscosity option of LBC or CSP
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FEED
You may specify additional compositions (FEEDs) via the OLGA GUI
The components specified must be available in the component list in the .ctm file
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Mole fractions
XG, XH, XW, Z
Specific masses
CMG, CMHL, CMHD, CMWL, CMWD
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Computing Speed
are implemented
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Inhibitor Tracking
Consists of MEG-Tracking and Tracer Tracking
MEG-Tracking
Simplified and more time efficient version of Compositional Tracking
MEG-Tracking tracks MEG/Methanol and H2O in liquid water and H2O in vapor
Hydrate Curve, Liquid Density and Viscosity changes with inhibitor concentration
Tracer Tracking
Extended Tracer Tracking functionality
Hydrate Curve, Liquid Density and Viscosity does not change with inhibitor concentration
Typical for low concentration inhibitors like Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors (LDHI) and
Corrosion Inhibitors (CI)
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Black Oil
With water
Specific gravity of the water
Salinity
Watercut
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BLACKOILCOMPONENT
Contains a minimum of physical properties for the
Different components
Gas
Gas Specific Gravity
Oil
Oil Specific Gravity OR API Gravity
Water
Water Specific Gravity
OLGA help file gives good explanations of the equations used in the model
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BLACKOILFEED
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BLACKOILOPTION
Using the Black Oil Options it is possible to change/tune
GOR correlation
Standing, Beggs, Glas or Lasater (Default)
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Summary
Compositional tracking
reduces uncertainty
Typical cases
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be dynamic
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Liquid management
Sizing of pipelines
Operational procedures
- Rate changes
- Pigging
Pressure loss
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11/22/2010
Flow model
Pipe inclination
Production rate
Calculation uncertainties
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Noise
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-20
Depth [meter]
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000
Distance [meters] 63
0.35
0.3
0.25 Survey
Screened
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5
1 1.5 2
Angle [degrees] Well balanced angle distribution
for the screened data (screened
every 40 m)
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Simplified Profiles
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000
Distance [meter]
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Background
Based on empirical data
PI is
Dimensionless
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Theory L
S
Where
F(si) = liquid content in segment i
F(0) = liquid content in segment with reference conditions
Li = length of segment i
Where
L = Total length of pipeline (km)
PI = Pipeline Indicator
S = Cross sectional area (m2)
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78.6 km long
PI: 46
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25000
Total length of pipe within
P-I
20000
P-II
P-III
group (m)
15000
10000
5000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Angle group
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OLGA Certainty
Good field data are rare
At low pressure losses the uncertainty in the measurements are
considerable
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1.4
1.2
Pressure Drop Predicted/Measured
0.8
0.6
Value = 1 means 100%
match between OLGA and
field data
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Normalized Gas Velocity [m/s]
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1.4
1.2
Predicted Holdup/Measured Holdup
0.8
0.6
Value = 1 means 100%
match between OLGA and
0.4
field data
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Normalized Gas Velocity [m/s]
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Conclusions
Use a profile which follows the sea-bed (terrain) in a realistic
manner
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be dynamic
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Model Schematics
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Separator Geometry
A separator can be 2-phase or 3-phase
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Separator Geometry
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Separator
A network component
Can not be inserted the same way as inline process equipment (sources/valves)
All terminals allow both in and out flow from the separator
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Separators Valves/Controllers
Separator has no internal valves and controllers
Valves
Connected to the valves
Must also be defined outside the separator
Controllers
Connected to the valves
Must also be defined outside the separator
Recommendations
Water valve opening is controlled by a water level controller
Oil valve opening is controlled by a oil level controller
Gas valve opening is controlled by a separator pressure controller
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Output
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Separator Levels
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Separator Levels
Separator levels
HHWATHOLDUP/LEVEL
water holdup/level above which water drains together with oil
Initial conditions
Key INITTEMPERATURE
gives initial value for the separator temperature
Key INITPRESSURE
gives initial value for the separator pressure
Key INITWATLEVEL
gives initial value for the water level
Key INITOILLEVEL
gives initial value for the oil level
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Separator Efficiencies
Liquid carry-over
Controlled by gas/liquid separation efficiency effg
Kso = Time constant for separating oil from water, input value
Ksw = Time constant for separating water from oil, input value
Trsp = Liquid residence time
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Hints
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96
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98
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Turn-down Ramp-up
Source flow
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Separatpr
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102
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be dynamic
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Set point
Check success
Deviation from the desired state, Error
Continuous update
Control decision
Output signal
Action device
Valve
Heater
Speed
105
Control Objectives
150
100
Achieve stability 50
- stabilizing control 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
100
Controller
Controller startsstarts
Control value [%]
Inventory control 50
Supervisory control 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time [hour]
Optimizing control
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Manual Controller
Setpoint given as a time series
S
Valve opening and controller set-point vs. time p
1.5 1.5
Relative valve opening (-)
Valve opening
1 1
Controller set-point
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
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PID - Controller
P Proportional: How big is the
P I
D
error NOW?
1 t
de(t )
u Kc e e(t) dt d bias I Integral: How big has the error
i 0 dt been over i?
D Derivative: Is the error
increasing or decreasing?
Where
u = Controller signal, Output
e = Input error = (measured value set-point)
Note
Kc = Amplification factor Kc is outside the parenthesis
ti = Integral time constant
d = Derivative time
Error as defined in OLGA is
bias = Initial value
opposite of negative feedback
definition
109
Sp
PID - Controller FT FC Sp
PT PC
Sp
Compressor anti-surge
etc
PT - Pressure transmitter (measurement)
FT - Flow transmitter
LT - Level transmitter
PC - Pressure controller
FC - Flow controller
LC - Level controller 110
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Proportional Control
u Kc ( y ysp ) bias
With
u = output signal from controller (dimensionless)
y = the variable that shall be controlled (units)
ysp = the desired value of y ( i.e. the set-point)
Kc = amplification factor (with dimension 1/units)
Notes
At t = 0 (start-up) u = bias i.e. it is the initial value of the signal. Bias is user specified
When y=ysp i.e. at perfect control, u = bias for a purely P-controller
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Proportional Control
Kc
u ( y ysp ) bias
NORMRANGE
With
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11/22/2010
Proportional Control
51.0 0.25
50.9 Controller set-point
50.6 0.15
50.5
50.4 0.1
50.3
50.2 0.05
50.1
50.0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (min)
113
Adding Integral time will move the controlled variable towards its
50.8 0.2
50.7 Controller setpoint
P (bara)
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A
t
1
u Kc e
0 e(t) dt bias
i
With
u = Controller signal
Kc = Amplification factor
e = Input error (measured value setpoint)
i = Integral time constant
bias = Initial value
115
Cascade Controller
Combination of controllers (usually 2 PID-controllers) cascaded
Output from PID#1 (overall view, usually slow acting)
is fed as the set-point for (local, usually faster acting) PID#2
Sp
Level-flow cascade
FT FC Sp
PC
PT
Sp
V-101 LT LC
sp
FT FC
LT
LC
Sp
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Selector Controller
This controller uses two sub-controllers that are selected based on the
value of selected variables relative to low and high limits of these variables
Sp
LC1: Slow controller, controlling
FT FC Sp
Scaler when liquid level is within normal level
controller
PC
PT
Sp Sp LC2: Fast controller, controlling
V-101 LT LC1 LC2 when liquid level reached high level
LT
LC
Sp
Selector controller objective
switch between the two controllers according to
operating conditions
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Override Control
The override controller uses the Max or Min value
of two or more sub-controller signals
Sp
Sp
Controllers
Man Min.
Sel.
FC FT manual, PID and override
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Over-Ride Example
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PI - Controller Tuning
For field matching of existing systems, get the ACTUAL system PID
settings, units, and defined range
Set NORMRANGE to be a reasonable range for the system in the units of
the measured variable (e.g. vessel diameter for level, or Twice the set-point
for pressure or flow)
Set Amplification = [+/-] 0.1 to 1 (dimensionless), If an off-set is not
acceptable, set integral time = 10 to 1000 s
Rule of thumb!
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u u max - u min
Kc
y y acceptable,max y acceptable,min
121
Reverse acting
Measured value exceeds Set-point (too high)
Decrease control output signal (close valve a bit)
Kc needs to be NEGATIVE
Examples: Flowrate, Downstream pressure (flowline, manifold)
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Very fast process control loops Medium speed process control loops
Dynamic response less than one second Dynamic response from 1 to 5 minutes
Large amplification - typically Integral time constant from 1 to 3
no integral action minutes
Ex: Compressors Ex: Level controllers
Fast process control loops Slow process control loops
Dynamic response less than 10
seconds
Integral time constant from 5 to 10
Integral time in the range of
minutes
10seconds
Ex: Long distance between measurements
Ex: Pressure controllers
and actuator
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Controller in OLGA
Add Controller
Select the controller type (Manual, PID, ESD, etc)
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Controller in OLGA
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Controller in OLGA
Add transmitter
To specify the position of
input signal to controller
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Controller in OLGA
Controller Connections
Use connections page to specify the
controller input and output signals
127
Controller in OLGA
Second method
From display case tab (showing
all control loops)
Specify destination Signal from Signal to Signal type Signal variable and unit
eg: Flowpath (Eg: Transmitter ) (Eg: controller ) (Eg:measurment) (Eg: pressure)
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be dynamic
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Normal production
P=?
pressure build-up
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Normal production
P=?
pressure build-up
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P=?
pressure build-up
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Platform arrival
choke P ~ 70 bara
Separator design pressure (125 bara)
P ~ 200 bara
10 % overshooting allowed
above the separator design
pressure
Liquid
Tie-back pipeline
Over-Pressure Protection System
High pressure (OPPS) shuts-in the pipeline if a
gas well high pressure is detected upstream
of the platform choke
CITHP ~ 700 bar
135
Event: Blockage of separator outlet valves with platform choke valve open. Well
choke remains at fixed opening. High pressure and high level trips cannot be
relied on. PSV is the only outlet
Result
HIPPS requirement
Set point and activation time calculation using transient simulation
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Agree on
system boundaries
initial conditions
incident events in detail including sequence of events
cases that have priority (worst cases)
pressure limits (e.g. 10% above design pressure)
simplifications - systems are complicated!
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138
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Relevant Simplifications
Lump production use an average GOR
Water Hammer
What is water hammer?
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l = liquid density
K = Bulk modulus
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143
Limitation
It can result in error when pump moves beyond the rated point
Recycle flow/ bypass flow is not modelled/ controlled
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With
D1,2,3 = Input coefficients for pressure increase
E1,2,3 = Input coefficients for efficiency increase
= Gas volume fraction
P = Pump pressure increase
po = Pump pressure increase at rated density
Pr = Pump pressure increase at rated flow rate
145
Put D3 = 0, as = 0
Calculate D2 = based on flow / head curve
Calculate D1 = based on flw/hd curves at different RPM
For fixed speed pump operating at rated speed, D1 = 0
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147
Simulated
pump
operating line
Rated point
Flow (M3/hr)
The DCOEFF2 should be given considering shut off head if the pump
operation is to be studied from the rated point to the shutoff head
The shaded portion represents the degree of deviation (or error)
between the actual curve and the simulated curve when the pump is
operating from rated point to shut-off head 148
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Flow (M3/hr)
Deviation from
actual curve
Rated point
Flow (M3/hr)
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Original
Rated point
Flow (M3/hr)
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PCs
SC FC
FC
P-03
Pipeline
P-01
P-04
P-02
Booster Pumping station
Pumping
Station
Overview
286
284
282
y [m]
280
278
276
274
However, the highest elevation and the lowest elevation in between the
two stations should be captured
(important for the overall hydraulics of the system)
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y [m]
280
278
(Not just warning!) 276
274
Difficult to restart after a 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600
x [m]
shutdown due to phase
separation
be dynamic
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158
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Where do we encounter
single component fluids
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160
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162
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Drying of pipelines
SteamWater-HC option with modified hydrocarbon properties can also
be done with CompTrack, but simpler, faster and more robust with SCM
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164
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800
110
100
Such singular conditions
700 90 are extremely hard to
Pressure (bara)
Density (kg/m3)
600
Critical point 80
handle for a numerical
500 70
400 60
simulator
300 50
200 40
100 30
0 20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Temperature (C)
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169
170
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PM, TM
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Thermodynamic Properties
CO2: Span and Wagner EOS
S. Span and W. Wagner :A New Equation of State for Carbon Dioxide
Covering the Fluid Region from the Triple-Point Temperature to 1100 K
at Pressures up to 800 MPa J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 25, No 6, 1996
Up to 300 bar and 250 deg C
- < 0.05 % in density
- < 1.5 % in thermal capacity
H20: IAPWS-IF97 (Intern. Ass. for the Prop. of Water and Steam)
W. Wagner et al., "The IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the T
hermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam," ASME J. Eng. Gas
Turbines and Power, Vol. 122, pp. 150-182, 2000
Transport Properties:
The Corresponding States Principle (CSP)
Johannes Diderik van der Waals
P T v
Pr Tr vr
Pc Tc vc
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PC = Critical Pressure
2
TC = Critical Temperature
MW = Molecular Weight
CPIC = Coefficients in
equation for Sp heat
177
Water and steam fractions can be set in sources and initial conditions
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init.
cond.
liquid
gas
Minimum
Temperature
Final
druing
cond
blowdown
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be dynamic
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