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5.3-6 Dominique Greneche - A Nuclear Reactor How It Works PDF
5.3-6 Dominique Greneche - A Nuclear Reactor How It Works PDF
Dominique GRENECHE
Nuclear Consulting
CONTENTS
A quick look at history
The atoms
The fission process and the reaction chain
Basic principles of nuclear reactors
Genesis of nuclear reactor technology
1896
1898
1905
1911
1919
Albert Einstein
Ernest Rutherford
1932
1934
* Both received the Nobel price of physics in 1903 for their discovery
** The official unit of Curie is adopted in 1910
Nobel price in Chemistry (1935)
***
Marie Curie
. 1938 (Dec)
1939 (Jan)
1939 (May )
1941
1942 (Dec. 2)
1945 July 16
Aug.6
Enrico
FERMI
Frdric
JOLIOT
Gleen
SEABORG
We
CONTENTS
A quick look at history
The atoms
The fission process and the reaction chain
Basic principles of nuclear reactors
Genesis of nuclear reactor technology
Neutron
A
Z
Atomic number :
X
A = Z+N
Proton
(positive
electrical
charge)
= number of nucleons
Isotopes :
Periodic tables
of elements
U238 (99.3 %)
U235 (0.7 %)
CONTENTS
A quick look at history
The atoms
The fission process and the reaction chain
Basic principles of nuclear reactors
Genesis of nuclear reactor technology
The FISSION
process
U235 (nucleus)
Neutron
The RESULT :
= 2,5 )
E = m . C2
A nuclear reactor: how it works - Dominique GRENECHE
ONE TON of fissions is enough to supply the heat needed for the production
of the total electrical energy of 1 Gwe reactor operating at full power during 1
year (assuming an efficiency of 0,34).
This is equivalent to 2 Mtoe
TOTAL
Mev
Comments
Kinetic energy of
fission fragments
166.2
82.4
4.2
Kinetic energy of
neutrons from fission
4.8
2.4
GAMMA
7.2
3.6
RESIDUAL POWER
BETA
3.5
NEUTRINOS
(9.6)
( n , ) reactions
(without neutrinos) :
8.4
201.6
4.2
Mev / fission
The FISSION
process
U235 (nucleus)
Neutron
The RESULT :
1 Energy : very high
Probability
to emit
2%
17 %
36 %
31 %
12 %
3%
2. Energy spectrum
Note :
Average speed 20 000 km/s (2 Mev)
Maximum speed 45 000 km/s (10 Mev)
A nuclear reactor: how it works - Dominique GRENECHE
= 2,439
The nucleus
is an highly
excited state
For U235, = 2,439 and thus the number of neutrons recoverded from
ONE neutron absorbed the nuclmeus is
A nuclear reactor: how it works - Dominique GRENECHE
The FISSION
process
U235 (nucleus)
Neutron
The RESULT :
1 Energy : very high
= 2,5)
Residual power
Reactors: complex core cooling systems (safety) + pools of spent fuel
Transport : complex casks to evacuate the heat
Cooling systems in some parts of back-end facilities (ex : liquid storage of FP)
And ..
A nuclear reactor: how it works - Dominique GRENECHE
But some of them keep few neutrons after the fission : the delayed
neutrons which play a positive and fundamental role in reactor kinetic
(make the reactor core controllable)
to Z = 66 (Dysprosium)
More than 500 isotopes (up to 20 isotopes or so per
element)
Fortunately, after few years, about 15 only remains
CONTENTS
A quick look at history
The atoms
The fission process and the reaction chain
Neutron
Fissile atom nucleus
HEAT RELEASE
COLD SOURCE
Primary
pumps
Heat sink
DISADVANTAGES
CONTENTS
A quick look at history
The atoms
The fission process and the reaction chain
thermal reactors
(Log)
SLOWING DOWN
MODERATORS
V1
V2
V2 < V 1
as low as possible)
Olympic games
of moderators
SILVER
GRAPHITE
HEAVY
WATER
0,158
0,509
0,926
(D2 : 0,7261)
(H : 1,000)
Slowing down
parameter
1 down to 0)
Average and minimum of
chocks (*)
Capture CS
(macroscopic)
(10-4cm-1)
Quality Index
/ c
(x 100)
Optimum of the
moderation ratio
GOLD
124
and
59
27
and
BRONZE : H2O
19
and
2,73
0,44
215
223
4080
64
50
30
Enrichment
needed
SMALL
CORES
(submarines)
(*) : This the average number of collisions that a fast neutron (20000 km/s) needs to have with a nucleus of moderator to
achieve a thermal speed (about 1 km/s). The other number is the MINIMUM number of collision (maximum loss of speed)
A nuclear reactor: how it works - Dominique GRENECHE
New PWRs
(900 Mwe)
Bugey nuclear
power plants
(France)
A nuclear reactor: how it works - Dominique GRENECHE
A
FUEL
MODERATOR
Slow neutrons
CONTENTS
A quick look at history
The atoms
The fission process and the reaction chain
Neutrons born
Neutrons disappeared
At a given time in
a given volume
IF :
K > 1,00000 : divergence (rapid growth of the neutrons population )
K = 1,00000 : Maintain a reaction chain (all reactors in normal operation)
K < 1,00000 : shutdown of the reaction chain (the reactor stops)
Reactivity :
= (K1)/K
(1) :
1 dollar
Criticality
Multiplication
factor in an
infinite media
Keff =
0.71 %
3%
8%
100 %
0,456
0,677
1,0
1,882
1,364
1,879
2,027
2,12
kinf
_________
Surface S
1 + F/A
Multiplication
coefficient in a
limited volume V
(surrounded by a
surface S)
Fissile
Volume V
Sphere radius R
For a nuclear reactors, and for a given fissionable material (with Kinf >1), there a minimum
volume (thus a minimum mass) to reach a sustained reaction chain (k > 1). This is called :
CRITICAL SIZE
A nuclear reactor: how it works - Dominique GRENECHE
or
CRITICAL MASS
CONTENTS
A quick look at history
The atoms
The fission process and the reaction chain
Speed of neutrons:
from few 104 to 0,01 km/sec
Once they are slowed down, they scatter (mainly on the moderator nucleus) until
they are absorbed in a fissile nucleus (for most of them). The duration of this part
of their journey is between 10-5 and 10-4 sec.
In the overall
From its birth (from fission) and its death (by absorption in a fissile
nucleus), a neutron the total lifetime of neutrons in a reactor is
o = 2,5 10-5
A nuclear reactor: how it works - Dominique GRENECHE
t =
N(t)
0
=
N0
o
k N0
k (k N0) = k2 N0
k3 N0
k4 N0
o
With k = 1,0001, N (t) would be
UNCONTROLABLE
SO ..
Ex : Br 87 - (
sec.)
Kr86
There are about one hundred precursors which decay period ranges
from few fractions of seconds to several minutes
(about 20 have been explicitly identified)
A nuclear reactor: how it works - Dominique GRENECHE
This limit is :
k < 1+
CONTENTS
A quick look at history
The atoms
The fission process and the reaction chain
Temperature effects
VARIATION OF TEMPERATURE T
Thermal agitation
DOPPLER
effect
Variation of density
SPECTRUM
effect
Moderator
(liquids)
Geometrical
Expansion
Temprature coefficient :
Having
variation of k (ou )
variation of T (pcm/c)
For fuels containing a significant amount of plutonium (MOX fuels) the reactivity
decreases also INITIALLY but from a certain void fraction , the reactivity increases and
therefore the void coefficient may becomes positive.
This phenomena starts when plutonium concentration is greater than 12 - 12,5 %
(whatever the isotopic vector is): this is a limit of concentration of plutonium for MOX
fuels
Spectral effect
Reduced moderation as sodium density decreases
harder neuron spectrum increase of reproduction factor
() of Pu239 = number of neutrons emitted for one neutron
absorbed by Pu239
In fast regime, this is a positive reactivity effect
Leakage effect
Sodium density decrease allows more neutron leakage
This is a negative reactivity effect in the peripheral regions
Capture effect
Sodium density decrease results in less sodium capture
This is a relatively positive reactivity effect (but a minor one)
A nuclear reactor: how it works - Dominique GRENECHE
TOTAL
0.5
9.1
-5.2
4.4
0.4
6.4
-5.8
1.0
CONTENTS
A quick look at history
The atoms
The fission process and the reaction chain
Fuel depletion
A fundamental phenomena :
the conversion of fertile nucleus into fissile nucleus
For one neutron absorbed in a fissile nucleus, neutrons are emitted
1 Neutron
It remains - 1 neutrons
A fraction of them, L , are lost
because of sterile captures and leakages
Values of -1
U235
Pu239
Neutrons
"thermal"
1,085
1,11
Neutrons
fast FNR
0,88
1.33
If L is sufficiently low (case of Fast Neutrons Reactors) and sufficiently high (case
of Pu239), then F (-1) can be superior to ONE : this the BREEDING process
A nuclear reactor: how it works - Dominique GRENECHE
(per unit of time or along a given period of time which can be the total irradiation time of the fuel)
Recyclable materials
*NOTE :
U 475 to 480 kg
(94 to 96 %)
Pu 5 kg
(1 %)
Can be RECYCLED
Can be RECYCLED
Waste
FP 15 to 20 kg
(3 to 5 %)
FINAL RESIDUES
250
100
Energy production
100 fissions
100
60
90
Plutonium
production
Fissile
130
Sterile absoptions
+
leakages
60
290
NEUTRONS FAST
Multiplication factor for neutrons is much better for plutonium than for uranium 235 for fast neutrons : + 30 % to + 50 %
Almost all heavy nucleus are fissile for fast neutrons (including U238)
Sterile captures of neutrons are much lower for fast neutrons than for slow neutrons (capture CS are much lower for
almost all nucleus)
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250
100
Energy production
100 fissions
100
60
90
Plutonium
production
Fissile
130
Sterile absoptions
+
leakages
60
290
NEUTRONS FAST
Multiplication factor for neutrons is much better for plutonium than for uranium 235 for fast neutrons : + 30 % to + 50 %
Almost all heavy nucleus are fissile for fast neutrons (including U238)
Sterile captures of neutrons are much lower for fast neutrons than for slow neutrons (capture CS are much lower for
almost all nucleus)
A nuclear reactor: how it works - Dominique GRENECHE
T H U S
A fast breeder reactor can fabricate more fuel
than it consumes to make electricity !
The comparison with a breeding car
consuming 10 liters / 100 km
At the start
At the arrival
100 km
10L
12L !
Wet wood
(=U238) is
dried
(transformed
to Pu) to
make a new
fire
etc
CONTENTS
A quick look at history
The atoms
The fission process and the reaction chain
Basic principles of nuclear reactors
Genesis of nuclear reactor technology
Fertile
element
Neutron
energy
Fuel mix
Coolant
Moderator
Fuel form
U-235
U-238
Thermal
U natural
H2O pressurized or
boiling
H2O
Pellets in
rods
Fuel in pebble/matrix
U-233
Th-232
Fast
3% U-235
D2O
D2O
Pellets in
plates
Fuel element +
cladding
+ Spallation
U + Pu
MOX
CO2 gas
Graphite
Pebbles in
beds
F+C+
pressure vessel/tube
none
Spheres in
matrix
F+C+PV
+ concrete shell
Pu-239
He gas
Na liquid metal
F+C+PV+CS
+ steel liner
Pb or Pb/Bi liquid
metal
F+C+PV+CS+SL
+ core catcher
Molten salt
Barriers
Molten salt
= 45360 !
A nuclear reactor: how it works - Dominique GRENECHE
Molten salt
1000 :
Rockets : heating of liquid hydrogen with coated particle fuels in graphite matrix (US
programs like NERVA and ROVER)
Space vehicle: many sorts of energy transfer systems (thermoelectric or thermionic
conversion, heat pipes, even turbines with vapor of mercury !
Naval propulsion, either for surface ships or submarines, or even foaircraft propulsion
(the atomic airplane)
Heat production : industrial process, district heating,
Desalination
Medicine: radioisotopes production,
Reactor for experiments : material or fuel behavior under irradiation, computer codes
qualification, safety studies,
Teaching and training
and even aircrafts (the atomic airplane), trains and cars !
Only heavy-water reactors survive this invasion, but for how long time
still? (the species of the MAGNOX and English AGR is in the process
of disappearance
Two reactor systems incipient die out prematurely for various
reasons:
HTRs : they arrive badly (troubles of FSV) and too late and they finish
PWR
Boiling
BWR
(Boiling water)
WATER
Super critical
HEAVY WATER
PHWR (1)
(Pressurized heavy water)
Sodium
SFR (2)
(Sodium fast)
Lead
LFR (2)
LIQUID
(Lead cooled)
CO2
(1) or CANDU
SCWR
(Super-critical water)
METAL
G
A
S
(Pressurized water)
LIGHT
L
I
Q
U
I
D
Other systems
(variants)
GG France
(Gas-Graphite)
HLIUM
HTR
(High temperature)
MAGNOX (Unat) GB
AGR (UO2 enrichi) GB
2 kinds of fuel
Pebble bed
Prismatic
Startup date
Definitive
shutdown year
USA
20/12 - 1951
1963
Russia
27/06 - 1954
1988
UK
27/08 - 1956
2003
France
28/09 - 1956
Marcoule G1 (UNGG)
1968
Germany
17/06 - 1961
1985
Canada
04/06 - 1962
1987
Belgium
10/10 - 1962
1987
Italy
12/05 - 1963
1987
Japan
26/10 - 1963
1969
Sweden
20/03 - 1964
Agesta (PHWR)
1974
Switzerland
29/01 - 1968
Lucens (HWGCR)
1969
Spain
11/07 - 1968
2006
Netherland
25/10 - 1968
Dodewaard (BWR)
1997
India
01/04 - 1969
Tarapur-1 (PHWR)
269
92
45
15
18
1
440
248637
84062
22205
10219
8949
560
374632
66,4
22,4
5,9
2,7
2,4
0,1
100,0
MWe net
56
4
4
1
0
2
67
54471
5250
2154
915
0
1274
64064
85,0
8,2
3,4
1,4
0,0
2,0
100,0
PWR
BWR
PHWR
LWGR
GCR
FBR
are able to produce more new fissile nucleus (fuel) than they consume to
make electricity. This is achieved by the transformation of enough U238 in
plutonium while the reactor is operating.
Thank you
Questions ?