A

a (an) [, e(n)] art.

abandon [bndn] v.
ability [blt] n.
able [eb()l] a.
abnormal [bnm()l] a.
aboard [bd] prep.

abolish [bl]v.
abortion [b()n] v.
about [bat] ad. ;; prep.;

above [bv] prep. a. ad.

abroad [brd] ad.

abrupt [brpt] a.
absence [bsns] n.
absent [bsnt] a.
absolute [bslut] a.
absorb [bsb] v.
abstract [bstrkt] a./ n.
absurd [bsd] a.
abundant [bndnt] a.,,
abuse [bjuz] v.,,
academic [kdemk] a. / n.
academy [kdm] n.,
accelerate [kselret] v.
accent [ksnt] n.
accept [ksept] vt.
access [kses] n. / v. ,,(
)
accessible [ksesb()l] a.,

accident [ksdnt] n.
accommodation [kmde()n] n.
accompany [kmpn] v.

accomplish [kmpl] v.
according to [kd t] ad.
account [kant] n. ;
accountant [kant()nt] n.
accumulate [kjumjlet] v.
accuracy [kjrs] n.
accuse [kjuz] v. ,
accustomed [kstmd] a. ,
ache [ek] vi.& n.
achieve [tiv] vt.
achievement [tivmnt] n. ,,
acid [sd] a.
acknowledge [knld] v.
acquaintance [kwentns] n. ()

acquire [kwa(r)] v.

1 43

acquisition [kwz()n] n.
acre [ek(r)] n.
across [krs] prep.
act [kt] n. v.(), (
), ();
action [k()n] n.
active [ktv] a.
activity [ktvt] n.
actor [kt(r)] n.
actress [ktrs] n.
actual [ktl] a.
acute a.,
AD n.
ad [d] () =advertisement n.
adapt [dpt] v.
adaptation [dpte()n] n.

add [d] vt.

addicted [dktd] a.
addition [d()n] n.;
address [dres] n.
adequate [dkwt] a.

adjust [dst] v.,,,

adjustment [dstmnt] n.
administration [dmnstre()n]n.,

admirable [dmrb()la.,

admire [dma(r)] v.
admission [dm()n] n. ,
admit [dmt] vt. (
))
adolescence [d'lesns] n.
adolescent [dlesnt] n.
adopt [dpt] v.
adore [d(r)] v.()

adult [dlt] n.
advance [dvns; (US) dvns]v.,

advantage [dvntd] n.
adventure [dvent(r)] n.
advertise [dvtaz] vt.
advertisement [dvtsmnt] n.
advice [dvas] n.
advise [dvaz] vt.
advocate [dvkt] v.
aeroplane [`er,plen] n. ()
affair [fe(r)] n.
affect [fekt] vt.
affection [fek()n] n.
afford [fd] vt. ();

();
afraid [fred] a.
Africa [frk]* n.
African [frkn] a&n.
after [ft(r)] ad.; prep&onj.
afternoon [ftnun] n.
afterward(s) [ftwd(z)] ad.
again [en] ad.
against [enst] prep.
age [ed] n.
agency [edns] n.
agenda [dend] n. ()
agent [ednt] n.
aggression [re()n] n.
aggressive [resv] a.
ago [] ad.
agree [ri] v.
agreement [rimnt] n.

agricultural [rkltr()l] a.
agriculture [rklt(r)] n.
ahead [hed] ad.
aid [ed] n.
AIDS [edz] n.
aim [em] n. v.

air [e(r)] n.
aircraft [ekrft] n. ()
airline n.
airmail [emel] n.
airplane [eplen] n.
airport [ept] n.
airspace [espes] n.,
alarm [lm] n.
album [lbm] n.
alcohol [lkhl] n.
alcoholic [lkhlk] a. / n.
algebra [ldbr] n.
alike [lak] ad.
alive [lav] a.
all [l] ad. ; ;; pron.;

allergic [ldk] a.
alley [l] n.
allocate [lket] v. ,,
allow [la] vt.
allowance [lans] n.
almost [lmst] ad.
alone [ln] a.
along [l; (US) l] ad. prep.;
alongside [ lsad] ad...,..
aloud [lad] ad.
alphabet [lfbet] n.

2 43

already [lred] ad.

also [ls] ad.
alternative [ltntv] a.,

although [l] conj.

altitude [lttjud; (US) lttud] n.

altogether [lte(r)] ad.

aluminium [ljmnm] n.
always [lwez] ad.
am/m/ v. be
.m./A.M. n.
amateur [mt(r)] a.
amaze [mez] v.
amazing [mez] a.,;
ambassador (ambassadress) [m
bsd(r)] n.
ambiguous [mbjs] a.
ambition [mb()n] n.,,,

ambulance [mbjlns] n.
America [merk] * n.
American [merkn] a&n.

among [m] prep.;()

amount [mant] n. / v.
ample [mp()l] a.
amuse [mjuz] vt.
amusement [mjuzmnt] n.
analyze/ `nl,az / v.
analysis [nlss] n.
ancestor [nsst(r)] n.
acchor v. / n.
ancient [ennt] a.
and [nd, nd] conj.
anecdote [nkdt] n.
anger [(r)] n.
angle [()l] n.
angry [nr] a.
animal [nm()l] n.
ankle [k()l] n.
anniversary [nvsr] n.
announce [nans] vt.
announcement [nansmnt] n.

annoy [n] vt.

annual [njl] a.

another [n(r)] a.; pron.

answer [ns(r); (US) nsr] n&v.,

ant [nt] n.
Antarctic [ntktk]a.
the Antarctic [ntktk]
Antarctica [n't:ktik] * n.
antique [ntik] n.
anxiety [zat] n.
anxious [ks] a.
any [en] pron.();,;(
,);
anybody [enbd] pron.
anyhow [enha] ad.
anyone [enwn] pron.
anything [en] pron. ();
anywa [enwe]y ad.
anywhere [enwe(r)] ad.
apart [pt] ad, / a.
apartment [ptmnt] n.(),
apologize [pldaz] vi.
apology [pld] n.
apparent [prnt] a.
appeal [pil] v.
appear [p(r)] vi.
appearance [prns] n.
appendix [pendks]n.
appetite [ptat] n.
applaud [pld] v. / n. ,,
apple [p()l] n.
applicant [plknt] n.
application [plke()n] n.
apply [pla]v.
appoint [pnt] v. ,,,(,
)
appointment [pntmnt] n.
appreciate [priet] v.
appreciation [prie()n] n. ,,
approach [prt] n. / v.

appropriate [prprt] a. a
approve [pruv] v.,,,
approximately [prksmtl] ad.
apron [eprn] n.
arbitrary [rbtrer] a.

arch [t] n.
architect [ktekt] n.
architecture [ktekt(r)] n.

April [epr()l] n. 4
Arab [rb] * a. n.
Arabic [rbk] a. n.
Arctic [ktk] a.
the Arctic [ktk]
the Arctic Ocean [ktk ()n]

3 43

are [(r)] v.(be)

area [er] n.

argue [ju]vi.
argument [jmnt] n.
arise (arose, arisen) [raz] vi.

arithmetic [rmtk] n.
arm [m] n., v., n.()
,
armchair [mte(r)] n.
army [m] n.
around [rand] ad.; prep.
;
arrange [rend] v.
arrangement [rendmnt]n.
arrest [rest] v.
arrival [rav()l] n.
arrive [rav] vi.
arrow [r] n.
art [t] n.
article [tk()l] n.;,;
artificial [tf()l]a.
artist [tst] n.
as [z, z] ad.& conj.; prep.
,
ash [] n. ;
ashamed [emd] a.
Asia [e]* n.
Asian [e()n, e()n] a. () n.

aside [sad] ad.

ask [sk] v.
asleep [slip] a.
aspect [spekt] n.
assess [ses] v.,,
assessment [sesmnt] n.
assist [sst]v.
assistance [sst()ns] n.

assistant [sst()nt] n.
associate [set] v.
association [sse()n] n.

assume [sjum; (US) sum] v.

assumption [smp()n] n.
astonish [stn] vt.
astronaut [strnt] n.
astronomer [strnm(r)] n.
astronomy [strnm] n.
at [t] prep.()
athlete [lit] n.

athletic [letk] a. ,
athletics [letks] n.
Atlantic [tlntk] a.
the Atlantic Ocean [tlntk ()n]
atmosphere [tmsf(r)] n.
atom [tm] n.
attach [tt] v.
attack [tk] vt. / n.
attain [ten] v.,
attempt [tempt] vt.
attend [tend] v. ,,;,
attention [ten()n] n.
attentively ['tentivli] ad.
attitude [ttjud; (US) ttud] n.
attract [trkt] v.
attraction [trk()n] n.
attractive [trktv] a.
audience [dns] n.
authentic [entk] a.
author [(r)] n.
authority [rt] n.,,,
automatic [tmtk] a.
autonomous [tnms] a.
August [st] n. 8
aunt [nt; (US) nt] n.
Australia [strelj] * n.
Australian [streln] a&n ()
autumn [tm] n.
available [tm] a.
avenue [vnjuvnu] n.
average [vrd] a. n.
avoid [vd] v.
awake (awoke, awoken) [wek] v. a.

award [wd] n.
aware [we(r)] a.
away [we] ad.
awesome [sm] a.,
awful [fl] a.
awkward [kwd] a.,

Baby [beb] n.
bachelor [btl(r)] n.
back [bk] ad. (); a. n.,

backache [bkek] n.
background [bkrand] n.
backward(s) [bkwd] ad.
bacon [bekn] n.
bacterium [bktrm] ( bacteria) n.
bad (worse, worst) [bd] a.;,
badly [bdl] ad.

4 43

badminton [bdmntn] n.
bag [b] n.
baggage [bd] n.
bake [bek] v.
bakery [bekr] n.
balance [blns] n.
balcony [blkn] n.
ball [bl] n. n.
ballet [ble] n.
balloon [blun] n.
ballpoint = ballpoint pen/ `bl,pnt /

bamboo [bmbu] n.
ban [bn] n. v.
banana [bnn; (US) bnn] n.
band [bnd] n.
bandage [bndd] n.
bang [b] int.
bank [bk] n. n.
bank account [bk kant] n.
bar [b(r)] n. (),, n ;

barbecue [bbkju] n.
barber [bb(r)] n.
barbershop/ `brbr,p / n.
bare [be(r)] a.
bargain [bn] n v.
bark [bk] v. n.
barrier ['br] n.
base [bes] n.
baseball [besbl] n.
basement [besmnt] n.
basic [besk] a.
basin [bes()n] n.
basis [bess] n.
basket [bskt; (US) bskt] n.
basketball [bsktbl] n.
bat [bt] n. n.
bath [b; (US) b] n.
bathe [be] vi.
bathrobe [brb] n.
bathroom [brum] n.
bathtub ['b:tb] n.
battery [btr] n.
battle [bt()l] n.
battleground [bt()lrand] n.
bay [be] n.
BC/bisi/ n.
be [bi] v. ,
(am, is, are, was, were, being, been)

beach [bit] n.
beam [bim] n.

bean [bin] n.
beancurd ['bi:nk:d] n.
bear [be(r)] v. ,,;; n.
beard [bd] n.
beast [bist]n.
beat (beat, beaten) [bit] v.; n.
beautiful [bjutf()l] a.
beauty [bjut] n.
because [bkz; (US) bkz] conj.
become (became, be come) [bkm] v.;

bed [bed] n.
bedclothes [bedklz] n.
beddings [bed] n.
bedroom [bedrum] n.
bee [bi] n..
beef [bif] n.
beehive [bihav] n.
beer [b(r)] n.
before [bf(r)] prep&conj.... ad.
beg [be] v.
begin(began,begun) [bn] v.,
beginning [bn] n.
behalf [bhf] n.
behave [bhev] v.
behaviour/ b`hevjr / n.
behind [bhand]prep. ()
ad.
being [bi] n.
Belgium [beldm] * n.
belief [blif] n.
believe [bliv] v.
bell [bel] n. ,;();
belly [bel] n.
belong [bl] vi.
below [bl] prep.
belt [belt] n.
bench [bent] n.
bend (bent, bent) [bend] vt.
beneath [bni] prep.
beneficial [benf()l] a.,,
benefit [benft] n. / v.,,
bent [bent] a.
beside [bsad] prep.
besides [bsadz] prep...() ad.
best(good, well ) [best] a.n & ad.
best--seller [best- sel(r)] n.
v.
betray [btre] v.,,
between [btwin] prep.

beyond [bjnd] prep. ()

5 43

bicycle [bask()l] n.
bid [bd] v./ n.
big [b] a.
bike = bicycle [bak] n.
bill [bl] n.

billion [bln] num.

bingo [b] n.
biochemistry n.
biography [barf] n.
biology [bald] n. ()
bird [bd] n.
birdcage [bdked] n.
birth [b] n.
birthday [bde] n.
birthplace [bples] n.
biscuit [bskt] n.
bishop [bp] n.
bit [bt] n.
bite (bit, bitten) [bat] v.
bitter [bt(r)] a.

black [blk] n. a.
blackboard [blkbd] n.
blame [blem] n.& v.
blank [blk] n.& a.,();

blanket [blkt] n.
bleed [blid] vi.
bless [bles] vt.
blind [bland] a.
block [blk] n.;(,) vt.
;
blood [bld] n.
blouse [blaz; u.S. blas] n.

blow [bl] n.
blow (blew, blown) [bl] v.

blue [blu] n. a. a.

board [bd] n. ;;()

v.(,,)
boat [bt] n.
boat--race [bt-res] n.
boating [bt] n.
body n.
body--building [bd-bld] n.
boil [bl] v.
bomb [bm] n. v.
bond [bnd] n. /v.
bone [bn] n. bones


bonus [bns] n.
book [bk] n. v.

bookcase [bkkes] n.
bookmark [bkmk] n.
bookshelf/ `bk,elf / n.
bookshop [bkp] n.
bookstore [bkst(r)] n.
boom [bum] n. / v.
boot [but] n.
booth [bu] n.;(),
telephone booth [telfn- bu]
border [bd(r)] n.
bored / brd / a.
boring / `br / a.
born [bn] a.
borrow [br] v.
boss [bs] n.
botanical [btnk()l] a.
botany [btn] n.
both [b] a. pron.
bottle [bt()l] n.
bottom [btm] n.
bounce [bans] v.
bound [band] a.;;
v.& n.
boundary [bandr] n.
bow [b] v.& n.
bowl [bl] n.
bowling [bl] n.
box [bks] n.
boxing [bks] n.
boy [b] n.
boycott [bkt] v.
brain [bren] n.
brake [brek] n. vi.
branch [brnt] n. ;;,;
brand [brnd] n.
brave [brev] a.
bravery [brevr] n.
bread [bred] n.
break [brek] n.
break (broke, bro ken) [brek] v.(,);
,
breakfast [brekfst] n.
breakthrough [brekru] n.
breast [brest] n.
breath [bre] n.
breathe [bri] vi.
breathless[brels]a.,
brewery [brur] n. ()
brick [brk] n.

6 43

bride [brad] n.
bridegroom [bradrum] n.
bridge [brd] n.
brief [brif] a.
bright [brat] a.
brilliant [brlnt] a.,

bring (brought, brought) [br] vt.

Britain [brtn] * n.
British [brt] a.

the British [brt] n.

broad [brd] a.
broadcast [brdkst] n.
broadcastbroadcast, broadcast --ed,-ed[brdkst] vt.
brochure [brr] n.()
broken [brkn] a.
broom [brum] n.
brother [br(r)] n.
brotherhood [brhd] n.
brown [bran] n. a.

brunch [brnt] n.
brush [br] v. n.
bucket [bkt] n.
Buddhism [bdz()m] n.
Buddhist ['budist] n.
budget [bdt] n.
buffet [bfe; (US) bfe] n.
build (built, built) [bld] v.
building [bld] n.
bun [bn] n.
bunch [bnt] n. ,,,,
bungalow [bl] n.
burden [bd()n] n.

bureaucratic [bjuru'krtik] a.
burglar [bl(r)] n.
burial [berl] n.
burn (-ed,-ed burnt, burnt) [bn] v.,
;
n.;

burst [bst] v.
bury [ber] vt.
bus [bs] n.
bus stop [bs stp] n
bush [b] n.
business [bzns] n.(),;,
;
businessman (pl. businessmen)

[bznsmn] n.
();
businesswoman (businesswomen)
[bznswmn]
n. ();
busy [bz] a.
but [bt, bt] conj. prep. ,

butcher ['bt] n. vt.; ();

()
butter [bt(r)] n.
butterfly [btfla] n.
the butterfly
button [bt()n] n. ;() v.(
)
buy (bought,bought) [ba] vt.
by [ba] prep.,;...;;;;
()
bye [ba] int.

cab [kb] n.
cabbage [kbd] n.
caf [kfe; (US) kfe] n.
cafeteria [kftr] n.
cage [ked] n
calculate [klkjlet] v.
cake [kek] n.
call [kl] n. ,;, v.;;,
calm [klm] a., v.
camel [km()l] n.
camera [kmr] n.
camp [kmp] n.() vi.,
campaign [kmpen] n.
can't = can not (modal) [ken, kn] v.,
a garbage can [bd]
a can opener [pn(r)]
Canada [knd] * n.
Canadian [knedn] a&n.,
canal [knl] n.
cancel [kns()l] vt.
cance [kns(r)]r n.
candidate [knddet] n.,
candle [knd()l] n.
candy [knd] n.
canteen [kntin] n.
cap [kp] n.()(
)()
capital [kpt()l] n...
capsule [kpsjul; (US) kpsl] n.
captain [kptn] n.();,;
caption [kp()n] n.(,)
car [k(r)] n. ,
carbon [kbn] n.

7 43

card [kd] n.
card games [kd em]
care [ke(r)] n.,; v.,;

careful [kefl] a.
careless [kels] a.
carpenter [kpnt(r)] n.
carpet [kpt] n.
carriage [krd] n. ;

carrier [kr(r)] n.;;

();()
carrot [krt] n.
carry [kr] vt.,,,,,,,
cartoon [ktun] n.
carve [kv] vt.
case [kes] n.;;; n.;;

cash [k] n., v.

cassettle [k'set] n.
cast (cast, cast) [kst; (US) kst] v.

castle [ks()l; (US) ksl] n.

casual [kl] a. ,,

cat [kt] n.
catalogue ['ktlg] n.
catastrophe [ktstrf] n. ,,

catch(caught,caught) [kt]v.;;
;()
category [ktr] n. ,
cater [ket(r)] v.
catholic [klk] a.
cathedral [kidr()l] n.
cattle [kt()l] n.
cause [kz] n. vt.

caution [k()n] n.
cautious [ks] a.
cave [kev] n.
CD [si:'di:] (compact disk )
CD ROM [si:'di: -rm,rm]
(compact
disk read only memory
)
ceiling [sil] n.
celebrate [selbret] v.
celebration [selbre()n] n.
cell [sel] n.();()
;
(), ;()
cellar [sel(r)] n.

cent [sent] n. 100 cents = 1 dollar

centigrade [sentred] a.
centimetre ['sentimi:t(r)] ( centimeter) n.
,
central [sentr()l] a.
centre ( center ) n.
century [sentr] n.
ceremony [sermn] n.
certain [st()n] a ,
certainly [stnl] ad.
certificate [stfkt] n.
chain [ten] n.
chain store(s) [ten st(r)]
chair [te(r)] n.
chairman [temn] (pl. chairmen) n.,;

chairwoman (pl. chairwomen) ['twumn] n.

,
;
chalk [tk] n.
challenge [tlnd] n.()
challenging [tlnd] a.
champion [tmpn] n.
chance [tns; (US) tns] n.
changeable [tendb()l] a.

change [tend] n.; v.,;;

channel [tn()l] n.
chant [tnt] v./ n.
chaos [kes] n.
character [krkt(r)] n..
characteristic [krktrstk] a.
charge [td] v. ;;()
n.
chapter [tpt(r)] n.
chart [tt] n.
chat [tt] n. & vi.
cheap [tip] a.
cheat [tit] n. & v.
check [tek] n.; vt.,;;
cheek [tik] n.
cheer [t(r)] n. & vi.
Cheer up [t(r)-p]
cheerful [tfl] a.
cheers [t(r)] int. ()
cheese [tiz] n.
chef [ef] n.
chemical [kemk()l] a. n.
chemist [kemst] n.
chemistry [kemstr] n.
cheque [tek] ( check) n.
chess [tes] n.

8 43

chest [test] n.
chew [tu] vt.
chick [tk] n.
chicken [tkn] n.
chief [tif] a. , n.
child ( children) [tald] n.
childhood [taldhd] n.
chimney [tmn] n.
China [tan] * n.
Chinese [taniz] a.
n.

chips [tp] n. (pl.)

chocolate [tklt] n.
choice [ts] n.
choir [kwa(r)] n.
choke [tk] n. & v.
choose (chose, chosen) [tuz] vt.
chopsticks [tpstks] n.
chorus [krs] n.
Christian[krstn]n.

Christmas [krsms] n. 12 25

Christmas card [krsms kd]

Christmas tree [krsms tri]
Christmas Eve [krsms iv ]
church [tt] n.
cigar [s(r)] n.
cigarette [sret] n.
cinema [snm] n.
circle [sk()l] n. /vt.
circuit [skt] n.
circulate [skjlet] v.(),

circumstance [skmstns] n.,,

circus [sks] n.
citizen [stz()n] n.
city [st] n.
civil [sv()l] a.

civilian [svln] n.
civilization [svlaze()n; (US) svl
zen] n.
clap [klp] vi.
clarify [klrfa] v.
class [kls; (US) kls] n.

classic [klsk] a.

classical [klsk()l] a.
classify [klsfa] v.

classmate [klsmet] n.
classroom [klsrum] n.
claw [kl] n.
clay [kle] n.
clean [klin] vt. a.
cleaner [klin(r)] n..,.,
clear [kl(r)] a.
clearly [kll] ad.
clerk [klk; (US) klrk] n.
clever [klev(r)] a.
click [klk] v.
climate [klamt] n.
climb [klam] v.
clinic [klnk] n.
clock [klk] n.
clone [kln] n.
close [klz] a.;, ad., vt.,

cloth [kl; (US) kl] n.

clothes [klz; (US) klz] n.
clothing [kl] n. ()
cloud [kl] n.
cloudy [klad] a.
club [klb] n.
clumsy [klmz] a.
coach [kt] n.
coal [kl] n.
coast [kst] n.
coat [kt] n.;;; vt.;

cock [kk] n.
cocoa [kk] n.
coffee [kf; (US) kf] n.
coin [kn] n.
coincidence [knsdns] n.
coke [kk] n.
cold [kld] a. n.
cold--blooded [kld bldd] a. ()
collar [kl(r)] n.
colleague [kli] n.
collect [klekt] vt.
collection [klek()n] n.
college [kld] n.
collision [kl()n] n.
colour ( color) ['kl] n. vt.
comb [km] n. v.
combine [kmban] vt.
come (came, come) [km] vi.
comedy [kmd] n.
comfort [kmft] n.
comfortable [kmfrtbl] a.;
comma [km] n.
command [kmnd] n. & v.

9 43

comment [kment] n.
commericial a.
commit [kmt] v.(,)
commitment [kmtmnt] n. ,,

committee [kmt] n.
common [kmn] a.
communicate [kmjunket]v.;
communication [kmjunke()n] n.;

communism [kmjnz()m] n.
communist [kmjunst] n.
a.

companion [kmpnn] n.
company [kmpn] n.
compare [kmpe(r)] vt.
compass [kmps] n.
compensate [kmpenset] v.
compete [kmpit] vi.
competence [kmptns] n.,,

competition [kmpt()n] n.
competitor [kmpett(r)] n.

complete [kmplit] a. vt.

complex [kmpleks]a. / n.
component [kmpnnt] n.

composition [kmpz()n] n.
comprehension [kmprhen()n] n.
compromise [kmprmaz] v. ,,

compulsory [kmplsr] a. ,

computer [kmpjut(r)] n.
computer game [kmpjut(r) em]

comrade [kmrd; (US) kmrd] n.

concentrate [knsntret] v.
concept [knsept] n.
concern [knsn] v. / n.
concert [knst] n.
conclude [knklud] v.
conclusion [knklu()n] n.
concrete [kkrit] a.
condition [knd()n] n.
condemn [kndem] v.
conduct [kndkt] vt.
conductor [kndkt(r)] n.;;
(
),;
confident [knfdnt] a.

confidential [knfden()l] a.
conference [knfrns] n. ()
confirm [knfm] v.
conflict [knflkt] n.
confuse [knfjuz] v.
congratulate [knrtjlet] vt.
congratulation [knrtjle()n] n.

connect [knekt] v.
connection [knek()n] n.;,
conscience [knns] n.
consensus [knsenss] n.
consequence [knskwens] n.
conservation [knsve()n] n ;(
)
conservative [knsvtv] a.,;

; n.
consider [knsd(r)] vt.
considerate [knsdrt] a.
consideration [knsdre()n] n.
consist [knsst] v.
consistent [knsst()nt] a.,,

constant [knstnt] a.
constitution [knsttun] n. ,,

construct [knstrkt] v.
construction [knstrk()n] n.,,
consult [knslt] v.
consultant [knsltnt] n.
consume [knsltnt] v. ,(,,
)
contain [knten] v.
container [knten(r)] n.
contemporary [kntemprer] a.,

content [kntent] a., n.

continent [kntnnt] n.
continue [kntnju] vi.
contradict [kntrdkt] v.
contradictory [kntr'diktri] a.,

contrary [kntrr; (US) kntrer] n. / a.

contribute [kntrbjut] v.
contribution [kntrbjut] n.
control [kntrol] vt.& n.
controversial [kntrv()l] a.,

convenience [knvinns] n.
convenient [knvinnt] a.
conventional [knvenn()l] a.

conversation [knvse()n] n.

convey [knve] v.

convince [knvns] v.
cook [kk] n., v.,
cooker [kk(r)] n. ()
cookie [kk] n.
cool [kul] a.
copy [kp] n. ,;()
v.;;(),()
coral [kr()l; (US) krl] n.
cordless [kdls] a.
corn [kn] n.
corner [kn(r)] n.
corporation [kpre()n] n.
correct [krekt] v.; a.,

correction [krek()n] n.
correspond [krspnd] vi.;;
(),
corrupt [krpt] a&v.,,,

cost (cost, cost) [kst] v.(), n.

cosy ['kuzi] a.,

cottage [ktd] n. (),,
cotton [kt()n] n. a.
cough [kf; (US) kf] n.& vi.
could modal [kdmd()l] v.(can
)
;(),
count [kant] vt.
counter [kant(r)] n.
country [kntr] n.
countryside [kntrsad] n.
couple [kp()l] n.
courage [krd] n.
course [ks] n.
court [kt] n.
courtyard [ktjd] n.
cousin [kz()n] n.(), ()
cover [kv(r)] n.; v. ,;
cow [ka] n.
cowboy [kab] n.();
co-worker [k wk(r)] n.
crash [kr] v. / n.
crayon [kren] n
crazy [krez] a.
cream [krim] n.
create [kriet] vt.
creature [krit(r)] n.

10 43

credit [kredt] n.
crime [kram] n.
criminal [krmn()l] n.
crew [kru] n.
criterion(pl.criteria)[kratrn]n.,/
crop [krp] n.
cross [krs] a. ,
n. vt.;
crossing [krs] n.
crossroads [krsrd] n.
crowd [krad] n. vt.
crowded [kradd] a.
cruel [krul] a.
cry [kra] n. v.
cube [kjub] n.
cubic [kjubk] a.
cuisine [kwzin] n.
culture [klt(r)] n.
cup [kp] n.
cupboard [kbd] n.
cure [kj(r)] n. & vt.
curious [kjrs] a.
currency [krns] n.
curriculum [krkjlm] n.
curtain [kt()n] n.
cushion [k()n] n.
custom [kstm] n.
customer [kstm(r)] n.
customs [kstm] n.
cut (cut, cut) [kt] v. / n. ,
cycle [sak()l] vi.
cyclist [saklst] n.

dad = daddy [dd] n.

daily [del] a. ad. n.
dam [dm] n.
damage [dmd] n.& vt.
damp [dmp] a. & n.
dance [dns; (US) dns] n.& vi.
danger [dend(r)] n.
dangerous [dendrs] a.
dare [de(r)] v.& aux..( to ;

,),
dark [dk] n.;; a.;;

darkness [dkns] n.
dash [d] v. & n.
data [det, dt; (US) dt] n.
database [detbes] n.

date [det] n. n.
daughter [dt(r)] n.
dawn [dn] n.
day [de] n.
daylight [delat] n.
dead [ded] a.
deadline [dedlan] n.
deaf [def] a.
deal [dil] n.
dear [d(r)] int.()!! a.;

death [de] n.
debate [dbet] n. & v.
debt [det] n.
decade [deked] n.
December [dsemb(r)] n. 12
decide [dsad] v.
decision [ds()n] n.
declare [dkle(r)] vt.
decline [dklan] v. ,,,
decorate [dekret] vt.
decoration [dekre()n] n.
decrease [dkris] v.
deed [did] n.
deep [dip] a. ad.
deeply [dipl] ad.
deer [d(r)] n.
defeat [dfit] vt.
defence ( defense) [di'fens]n.& v.;

defend [dfend] vt.

degree [dri] n.
delay [dle] v& n.,,,;
delete [dlit] v.
deliberately [dlbrtl] ad.,,
delicate [delkt] a.
delicious [dls] a.
delight [dlat] n.
delighted [di'laitid] a.
deliver [dlv(r)] vt.
demand [dmnd; (US) dmnd] vt.

dentist [dentst] n.
department( Dept.) [dptmnt] n.;
(
),;()
department-store [dptmnt] n.

departure [dpt(r)] n.
depend [dpend] vi.

deposit [dpzt] v&n.,,,,

11 43

depth [dep] n.
describe [dskrab] vt.
description [dskrp()n] n.
desert [dzt] n. vt.
deserve [dzv] v.()
design [dzan] n.& vt.,;,,
desire [dza(r)] vt&n. ;
desk [desk] n.
desperate [desprt] a.(),

dessert [dzt] n.
destination [destne()n] n.
destroy [dstr] vt.
detective [dtektv] n.
determination [dtmne()n] n.
determine [dtmn] vt.
develop [dvelp] v.(), vt.()
development [dvelpmnt] n., ,
devote [dvt] vt. ,
devotion [dv()n] n.
diagram [darm] n.
dial [da()l] vt.
dialogue ( dialog) [dal] n.
diamond[damnd]n.,,
diary [dar] n.
dictation [dkte()n] n.
dictionary [dkner] n.,
die [da] v.
diet [da] n.
differ [df(r)] v.
difference [dfrns] n.
different [dfrnt] a.
difficult [dfklt] a.
difficulty [dfklt] n.
dig (dug, dug) [d] v. ,
digest [ddest, dadest]v.,
digital [ddt()l] a. .
dignity [dnt] n.

dilemma [dalem] n.

dimension [dmen()n] n.,,,,

dine [dan] v.
dining-room ['daini-rm]
dinner [dn(r)] n.
dinosaur [dans(r)] n.
dioxide [daksad] n.
dip [dp] vt.
diploma [dplm] n.
direct [drekt, darekt] a&vt.;;

;;;;;();()

direction [drek()n, darek()n] n.

director [drekt(r)] n.,,;;

directory [drektr] n.
dirt [dt] n.
dirty [dt] a.
disability [dsblt] n..
disabled [dseb()ld] a.
disadvantage [dsdvntd] n.

disagree [dsri] vi.

disagreement [dsrimnt] n.
;;
disappear [dsp(r)] vi.
disappoint [dspnt]vt.
disappointment [dspntmnt] n.

disaster [dzst(r); (US) dzstr] n.

discount [dskant] n.
discourage [dskrd] vt.();(
)
discover [dskv(r)] vt.
discovery [dskvr] n.
discrimination [dskrmne()n] n.
discuss [dsks] vt.
discussion [dsk()n] n.
disease [dziz] n.
disgusting[dsst]a.,,

dish [d] n.
disk =disc [dsk] n.
dislike [dslak] vt.
dismiss [dsms] vt.

disobey [dsbe] vt.

distance [dstns] n.
distant [dst()nt] a.
distinction [dstk()n] n.,,,

distinguish [dstw] v.

distribute [dstrbjut] v.
district [dstrkt] n.
disturb [dstb] vt.
disturbing [dstb] a. ,

dive [dav] vi.

diverse [davs] v.,,

divide [dvad] vt.

12 43

division [dv()n] n.
divorce [dvs] v.
dizzy [dz] a.
do (did, done) don't=do not [d, du]v&aux.

doctor [dkt(r)] n.
document [dkjmnt] n.
does doesn't =does not v. do
dog [d; (US) d] n.
doll [dl; (US) dl]n.
dollar [dl; (US) dl] n.
door [d(r)] n.
dormitory [drmtr]n.( dorm)
dot [dt] n.
double [db()l] a. . n. .
doubt [dat] n.& v.
down [dan] prep. ad.
download ['daunlud] n.& v.
downstairs [danstez] ad.
downward [danwd] ad.
dozen [danwd] n.
Dr() = Doctor n.
draft [drft] n&v.,,,
drag [dr] v.
draw(drew,drawn)[dr]v.;,;()
drawback [drbk] n.
drawer [dr(r)] n.
drawing [dr] n. ,
dream (dreamt, dreamt -ed,-ed)[drim] n&vt.
,
dress [dres] n.,; v.;
drier =dryer [dra(r)] n.
drill [drl] n.;()
vt. (), ;
drink [drk] n.
drink(drank,drunk) [drk] v.
drive(drove,driven) [drav] v.,(),
driver [drav(r)] n.
drop [drp] n. v....
drown [dran] vi.
drug [dr] n.
drum [drm] n.
drunk [drk] a.
dry [dra] v.;; a.;
duck [dk] n.
due[dju; (US) du] a.
dull[dl] a.
dumpling [dmpl] n.
during [djr; (US) dr]prep...;..

dusk [dsk] n.
dust [dst] n.

dustbin [dstbn] n.
dusty [dst] a.
duty [djut; (US) dut] n.
DVD ['di:'vi:'di:] (digital versatile
disk)
Dynamic [danmk] a.,

Dynasty [dnst; (US) danst] n.

each [it] a.& pron...

eager [i(r)] a.
eagle [i()l] n.
ear [(r)] n..
early [l] a. ad.
earn [n]vt.
earth [] n.
earthquake [kwek] n.
ease [iz]v.
easily [izl] ad.
east [ist]a. ;;; ad.
;
; n.,;
Easter [ist(r)] n.
eastern [ist()n] a.
eastwards [istwdz] ad.
easy [iz] a.
easy--going [iz-] a.
eat (ate, eaten) [it] v.
ecology [kld] n.
edge [ed] n.
edition [d()n]n.

editor [edt(r)] n.
educate [edjket] vt.
educator ['edju:keit(r)] n.
education [edjke()n] n.
effect [fekt] n.
effort [eft]n.
egg [e] n.
eggplant [eplnt]n.
Egypt* [idpt] n.
Egyptian [dp()n] a&n.;;

eight [et] num.

eighteen [etin]num.
eighth [et] num.
eighty [et] num.
either [a(r)] a. conj.;
..

13 43

ad. [d] ()
elder [eld(r)] n.
elect [lekt] vt.
electric [lektrk] a.
eletrical [lektrk()l] a.
electricity [lektrst] n.
electronic [lektrnk] a.
elegant [elnt] a.,,
elephant [elfnt] n.
eleven [lev()n] num.
else [els] ad.
e-mail/e [i- mel]]n.
embarrass [mbrs] v.
embassy [embs] n.
emergency [mdns] n.
emperor [empr(r)] n.
empire [empa(r)] n.
employ [mpl] vt.
empty [empt] a.
encourage [nkrd] vt.
encouragement [nkrdmnt] n.
end [end] n. v.
ending [end] n.
endless [endls] a.
enemy [enm] n.
energetic [endetk] a.
energ [end] y n.
engine [endn] n.
engineer [endn(r)] n.
England* [lnd] n.
English [l]a.,, n.
English -speaking [l-spik] a.
enjoy [nd] vt.
enjoyable [ndb()l]a.
enlarge [nld]vt.
enough [nf] n.; a.
enquiry [nkwar] n.
enter [ent(r)] vt.
enterprise [entpraz] n.
entertainment [enttenmnt] n.
enthusiastic [njuzstk] a.
entire [nta(r)] a.
entrance [entrns] n.;;
entry [entr] n.
envelope [envlp] n.
environment [nvarnmnt] n.
envy [env] vt.& n.
equal [ikw()l] a. vt.
equality [ikwlt] n.
equip [kwp] vt.
equipment [kwpmnt] n.
eraser [rez(r)] n.
error [er(r)] n.

erupt [rpt] v.
escape [skep] n.& vi.
especially [spel] ad.
essay [ese] n.
Europe* [jrp] n.
European [jrpin] a.
n.
evaluate [vljet] v.
even [iv()n] ad.
evening [ivn] n.
event [ 'vent] n.
eventually [ventjl] ad.
ever [ev(r)] ad.
every [evr] a.
everybody pron.
everyday [evrbd] a.
everyone [evrwn] pron.
everything [evr] pron.
everywhere [evrwe(r)] ad.
evidence [evdns] n.
evident [evdnt] a.
evolution [ivlu()n; (US) ev-] n.

exact [zkt] a.
exactly [ex'actly] ad.
exam = examination[zmne()n]n.
,;
examine [zmn]vt.
example [zmp()l; (US) zmpl] n.

excellent [ekslnt] a.
except [ksept]prep.
exchange [kstend]n.
excite [ksat]vt.
excuse [kskjuz] n.. vt..
exercise [ekssaz]n. ,;, vi.

exhibition [eksb()n] n.
exist [g'zst] vi.
existence [zst()ns] n.

exit [ekst] n.
expand [kspnd] v.
expect [kspekt] vt.
expectation [ekspekte()n] n.
expense [kspens] n.
expensive [kspensv] a.
experience [ksprns] n.
experiment [kspermnt] n.
expert [ekspt] n.
explain [ksplen] vt.
explanation [eksplne()n] n.
explicit [ksplst] a.,

14 43

explode [kspld] v.
exploit vt....
explore [kspl(r)] v.
explorer [ksplr(r)] n.
export[kspt] n. / v.
expose [kspz; (US) ekspze] vt.
express [kspres] vt. ;; n.,

expression [kspre()n]n. ;;,;

extension [ksten()n] n.
extra[ekstr] a.
extraordinary[-dner]a.;
extreme [kstrim] a.
extremely [kstriml] ad.
eye [a] n.
eyesight [asat]n.
eyewitness [awtns] n.

f () =female ( =foot,feet) [ef]n. ()

()
face [fes]n. vt.
facial [fe()l] a.
fact [fkt]n.
factory n.
fade [fed] vi.
fail [fel] v.
failure [felj(r)] n.
fair [fe(r)] a. , a. ()
() n. ;;
fairly [fel] ad. ,;()
fairness ['fnis] n.
faith [fe] n.
fall [fl] n.
fall [fl] (fell, fallen) vi.
false [fls] a.
familiar [fml(r)]a.
family [fml] n.
family name
famous[fems] a.
fan [fn]n.(,);
();
fancy [fns]a.
fantastic a. ()
fantasy [fnts] n
far [f(r)] (farther, farthest further ,
furthest) a.& ad.
fare [fe(r)] n.
farm [fm] n.
farmer [fm(r)] n.

fast [fst; (US) fst] a&ad.,;

fasten [fs()n; (US) fsn]vt.

fat [ft]n. a.
father [f(r)] n.
fault [flt]n.
favour ['feiv] ( favor) n.

favourite ['feivrit] ( favorite) a.

n.()
fax [fks] n.
fear [f(r)]n.
feast [fist] n., , ()
feather [fe(r)] n.
February ['februri] n. 2
federa [fedr()l]l a.
fee [fi]n.
feed (fed, fed) [fid] vt.
feel (felt, felt) [fil]v.& link

feeling [fil]n.
fellow [fel]n.
female [fimel]a.
fence [fens]n.
ferry [fer] n.
festival [festvl]a.
fetch [fet]vt.

fever [fiv(r)] n.
few [fju] pron.
fibre ['faib] ( fiber) n.
fiction [fk()n]n.
field [fild]n.
fierce [fs] a.
fifteen [fftin]num.
fifth [ff]num.
fifty [fft] num.
fight [fat] n.
fight [fat] (fought, fought) n.()
()
fighter [fat(r)] v.
figure [f(r); (US) fgjr] n.;;;
;
();;(,) vt.
( ),.()

file [fal]n.()
fill [fl]vt.
film [flm] n. ;; vt.,

final [fan()l] a.
finance [fanns]n.
find [fand] (found, found) vt.

15 43


fine [fan]a.;;() n.& v.
finger [f(r)] n.
fingernail [fnel] n.
finish [fn] v.
fire [fa(r)] n.;; vi.,(,),

firefighter n.
fireplace [faples] n.
firewood ['fairwud] n.
firework [fawk] n.
firm [fm] n.; a.,
firmly [fml] ad.
first [fst] num. a&ad.;; n.;

fish [f] n. vi.

fisherman [fmn] n.
fist [fst] n. ()
fit [ft] a. , v.
fitting room [ft-rm]]
five [fav] num.
fix [fks] vt.
flag [fl] n.
flame [flem] n.
flaming [flem] a.
flash [fl] n.
flashlight [fl] n.
flat [flt] a. n.;()
flee [fli] (fled, fled) v.
flexible ['fleksbl] a.
flesh [fle] n.
flight [flat] n. n.
float [flt] vi.
flood [fld] n. vt.
floor [fl(r)] n..
flour [fla(r)] n.
flow [fl] vi.
flower [fla(r)] n.
flu [flu] n.
fluency ['flunsi] n.
fluent [flunt] a.
fly [flunt] n.
fly (flew, flown) [fla] vi ;;()
vt. (,);(,)
focus [fks] v&n.(,),
fog [f] n.
foggy [f] a.
fold [fld] vt.
folk [fk] a.
follow [fl] vt.
following [flw] a.
fond [fnd] a.
food [fnd] n.

fool [ful] n.
foolish [ful] a.
foot ( feet) [ft] n.
football [ftbl] n.();()
force [fs] vt.
forecast [fkst; (US) frkst] n. & vt.

forehead [frd; (US) frd] n.

foreign [frn; (US) frn] a.
foreigner [frn(r)] n.
foresee [fsi] (foresaw, foreseen) vt.
.
forest [frst; (US) frst] n.
forever [frev(r)] ad.
forget [frev(r)] (forgot, forgotten) v.
;
forgetful [fetfl] a.
forgive [fv] (forgave, forgiven) vt.

fork [fk] n.
form [fm] n.
format [fmt] n.
former [fm(r)]a.,,
fortnight [ftnat] n.
fortunate [ftnt] a.
fortune [ftjun, ftun] n.
forty [ft] num.
forward [fwd] ad...
found [fand] vt.
founding ['faundi] n.
fountain [fantn; (US) fantn] n.
four [f(r)] num.
fourteen [ftin] num.
fourth [ftin] num.
fox [fks] n.
franc [frk] n.
France* [frns] n.
fragile [frdal; (US) frdl] a.

fragrant [frernt] a.
framework [fremwk] n.

free [fri] a.
freedom [fridm] n.
freeway [friwe] n.
freeze [friz] (froze, frozen) vi.
freezing ['fri:zi] a.
French [frent] n. a

Frenchman [frentmn] ( Frenchmen)

n.()

16 43

frequent [frikwnt] a.
fresh [fre] a.
Friday [frad] n.
friction [frk()n] n.
fridge =refrigerator [rfrdret(r)] n.
fried [fraid] a.
friend [frend] n.
friendly [frendl] a.
friendship [frendp] n.
fright [frat] n.
frighten [frat()n] vt.
frog [fr; (US) fr] n.
from [frm, frm] prep...
front [frnt] a. n.

frontier [frnt(r); (US) frntr] n.,;

frost [frst; (US) frst] n.

fruit [frut] n.
fruit juice [frut dus] n.
fry [fra] vt.
fuel [fjul] n.
full [fl] a.
fun [fn] n.
function ['fkn] n. / v. ,,
fundamental [fndment()l] a.

funeral [fjunr()l] n.
funny [fn] a.
fur [f(r)] n.
furnished ['f:nit] a.
furniture [fnt(r)] n.
future [fjut(r)] n.

gain [en] vt.

gale [el] n. 60
gallery [lr] n.
gallon [ln] n.
game [em] n.
garage [r, -rd; (US) r] n.
()
garbage [bd] n.
garden [d()n] n.
gardening [dn] n.
garlic [lk] n.
garment [mnt] n.
gas [s] n.
gate [et] n.
gather [(r)] v.
gay [e] a.
general [denr()l] a.
generation [denre()n] n.
generous [denrs] a.

gentle [dent()l] a.
gentleman [dent()lmn] n.,;
,
geography [drf] n.
geometry [d'mtr] n.
German [dmn] a&n.,,

Germany [dmn]* n.
gesture [dest(r)] n.
get (got , got) [et] vt.

get--together [et-te(r)] n.
gift [ft] n.
gifted [ftd] a.
giraffe [drf; (US) drf] n.
girl [l] n.
give (gave, given) [v] vt. ,,,

glad [ld] a.
glance [glns /glns] vi.
glare [le(r)] v. ,,
glass [ls; (US) ls] n.,
()
glasshouse [lshas] n.
globe [lb] n. ,
glory [lr] n.; ;
glove [lv] n.
glue [lu] n.
go (went, gone) [] vi.;;;;
n. ()
goal [l] n.
goat [t] n.
god [d] n.
gold [ld] n. a
golden [ld()n] a. ()
goldfish [ldf] n.
golf [lf] n.
good (better ,best) [d] a.
good-bye [d- ba] int.
goodness [dns] n.
goods [d] n.
goose ( geese) [us] n.
govern [v()n] v.
government [vnmnt] n.
gown [an] n.
grade [red] n.;();,

gradually [rdjl] ad.

graduate [rdjt] v.
graduation [rdje()n] n.

grain [ren] n.
gram [rm] n. ()

17 43

grammar [rm(r)] n.
grand [rnd] a.
grandchild ['grntald] n.().
granddaughter [rndt(r)] n.
grandma = grandmother[rnm,
rndm] n.
grandpa = grandfather [rnp, rndp]
n.
grandparents [rndpernt] n..

grandson [rndsn] n.
granny [rn] n.
grape [rep] n.
graph [rf; (US) rf] n.
grasp [rsp; (US) rsp] v.
grass [rs; (US) rs] n.
grateful [retfl] a.
gravity [rvt] n.
great [ret] a.,, ad.()

Greece [ris] * n.
greedy [rid] a.
Greek [rik] a&n. ,,
green [rin] a. n.
greengrocer [rinrs(r)] n.()
greet [rit] vt.
greeting [rit] n.
grey / gray [re] a.
grill [rl] n.
grocer [rs(r)] n.
ground [rand] n.
group [rup] n.
grow (grew, grown) [r] v.

growth [r] n.
gruel [rl] n.
guarantee [rnti] v.
guard [d] n.
guess [es] vi.
guest [est] n.
guidance [adns] n.
guide [ad] n.
guilty [lt] a.,,
guitar [t(r)] n.
gun [n] n.
gym =gymnasium [dm] n.;;
gymnastics [dmnstks] n.

ha [h] int. ()
habit [hbt] n.

hair [he(r)] n.
haircut [hekt] n.
half [hf; (US) hf] a.& n.
hall [hl] n. ,,;
ham [hm] n.
hamburger [hmb(r)] n.
hammer ['hm(r)] n.
hand [hnd] n. v.;;,;

handbag [hndb] n.
handful [hndfl] n.()
handkerchief [hktf] n.
handle [hnd()l] n. v.
handsome [hnsm] a.
handtruck ['hndtrk] n.
handwriting [hndrat] n.
handy [hnd] a.
hang(hanged,hanged) v.

hang (hung, hung) [h] v.,;

happen [hpn] vi.

happily ['hpl] ad.
happiness [hpns] n.
happy [hp] a.
harbour ( harbor) ['h:b] n.
hard [hd] ad.;; a.;

hardly [hdl] ad.

hardship [hdp] n.
hardworking ['ha:d'w:ki] a.
harm [hm] n.&v.
harmful [hmfl] a.
harmless [hmls] a. ;
harmony [hmn] n.
harvest [hvst] n.& vt.
hat [ht] n.()
hatch [ht] v.
hate [het] vt.& n.
have (has, had, had) [hv] vt.;;;
;
hawk [hk] n.
hay [he] n.
he [he] pron.
head [hed] n. ;();;;;
a.;; v.;;
;; ()
headache [hedek] n.
headline [hedlan] n.()
headmaster [hedmst(r)] n. ()

headmistress ['hed'mistrs] n.
headteacher n.

18 43

health [hel] n.
healthy [hel] a.
heap [hip] n. v.
hear (heard, heard) [h(r)] v. ,
hearing [hr] n.
heart [ht] n..,
heat [hit] n. vt.
heaven [hev()n] n.
heavy [hev] a.
heavily [hevl] ad.
heel [hil] n.
height [hat] n.
helicopter [helkpt(r)] n.
hello [hl] int.;(,
)
helmet ['helmt] n.
help [help] n. & vt.
helpful [helpfl] a.
hen [hen] n.
her [h(r)] pron. (),
herb [hb; (US) rb] n.
here [h(r)] ad.
hero [hr] n.
heroine [hern] n.
hers [hz] pron.
herself [hself] pron.
hey [he] int.
hi [ha] int.
hibernate [habnet] vi.
hibernation [hab(r)'nen] n.
hide (hid, hidden) [had] v.
hide and seek [had-nd-sik]
high [ha] a. ; ad.
highway [hawe] n.,
hill [hl] n. ;;;
hillside [hlsad] n.
hilly [hl] a.
him [hm] pron.
himself [hmself] pron.
hire [ha(r)] vt.
his [hz] pron.
history [hstr] n.
hit (hit, hit) [ht] n.& vt. ,,
hive [hav] n.
hobby [hb] n.
hold (held, held) [hld] vt.

hole [hl] n.
holiday [hld] n.
holy [hl] a.
home [hm] n. ad.
homeland [hmlnd] n.
hometown [hmtan] n.

homework [hmwk] n.
honest [nst] a.
honey [nst] n.
Hong Kong [h k] * n.
honour( honor)['n]n.,
vt.,
hook [hk] n.& v.
hooray [hre] int.
hope [hp] n.& v.
hopeful [hpfl] a.
hopeless a.,
horrible [hrb()l] a.
horse [hs] n.
hospital [hspt()l] n.
host [hst] n. v.

hostess [hsts] n.
hot [ht,ht] a.
hot dog [ht- d] n. ()
hotel [htel] n.
hour [a(r)] n.
house [has] n.
housewife [haswaf] n.
housework [haswk] n.
how [ha] ad.,
however[haev(r)]ad. conj.,

howl [hal] vi.

hug [h] v.
huge [hjud] a.
human [hjumn] a.
human being [hjumn bi]
humorous [hjumrs] a.
humour ( humor) ['hju:m] n.,
hundred [hndrd] num.
hunger [h(r)] n.
hungry [hr] a.
hunt [hnt] vt.
hunter [hnt(r)] n.
hurricane [hrkn] n.
hurry [hr] vi.
hurt (hurt, hurt) [ht] vt.

husband [hzbnd] n.
hydrogen [hadrd()n] n.

I [a] pron.
ice [as] n.
ice--cream [as- krim] n.
Iceland [aslnd] * n.

19 43

idea [ad] n. ,,,

identity [adentt] n.
identification [adentfke()n] n.
idiom [dm] n.
if [f] conj.,,,
ignore [n(r)] v.
ill [l] a.
illegal [li()l] a.
illness [lns] n.
imagine [mdn] vt.
immediate [midt] a.
immediately [midtl] ad.
immigration [m'gren] n.
import [mpt] v.& n.
importance [mpt()ns] n.
important [mptnt] a.
impossible [mpsb()l] a.
impress [mpres] vt.
impression [mpre()n] n.
improve [mpruv] vt.
in [n] prep.();; ad.,,
inch [nt] n.
incident [nsd()nt] n.
include [nklud] vt.
income [nkm] n.
incorrect [nkrekt] a.
increase [nkris] v. & n.
indeed [ndid] a.
independence [ndpendns] n.
independent [ndpendnt] a.,
India [nd] * n.
Indian [ndn] a&n.();
Indicate ['ndket] v.
industry [ndstr] n.
influence [nflns] n.& v.
inform [nfm] vt.
information [nfme()n] n.
information desk [nfme()n desk]
initial [n()l] a.
injure [nd(r)] vt.
injury [ndr] n.
ink [k] n.
inland [nlnd, nlnd] a.
inn [n] n.
innocent [nsnt] a.
insect [nsekt] n.
insert [nst] vt.
inside [nsad] prep. ad.
insist [nsst] vi.
inspect [nspekt] vt.
inspire [nspa(r)] vt.
instant [nst()nt] a.
instead [nsted] ad.

institute [nsttjut; (US) nsttut] n.(

),,
institution [nsttun]n.(,
)
;
instruct [nstrkt] vt.
instruction [nstrk()n] n. ,;
instrument [nstrmnt] n. ;,
insurance [nrns] n.
insure [n(r)] vt.
intelligence [nteldns] n.,,
intend [ntend] vt.
intention [nten()n] n. ,,
interest [ntrst] n. ;
interesting [ntrt] a.
international [ntnn()l] a.
internet [ntnet] n.
interpreter [ntprt(r)] n.
interrupt [ntrpt] v.
interval [ntv()l] n.
interview [ntvju] n.& vt.,,
into [nt, nt] prep. ;
introduce [ntrdjus; (US) -dus] vt.
introduction [ntrdk()n] n.
invent [nvent] vt.
invention [nven()n] n.
inventor [nvent(r)] n.
invitation [nvte()n] n.
invite [nvat] vt.
Ireland [alnd] * n.
Irish [ar] a.
iron [an; (US) arn] n. vt.

irrigate [ret] vt.

irrigation [re()n] n.
island [alnd] n.
it [t] pron.
Italian [tljn] a&n.();

Italy [tl] * n.
its [ts] pron.
itself [tself] pron.

jacket [dkt] n.
jam [dm] n.
January [dnjr; (US) dnjer] n.
1
Japan [dpn] * n.
Japanese [dpniz] a&n.,
,

20 43

jar [d(r)] n.
jaw [d] n.
jazz [dz] n.
jeans [dins] n.
jeep [dip] n.
jet [det] n.
jewel [dul] n.
jewelry [dulr] n.
job [db] n.
jog [d] v.
join [dn] v.,;;
joke [dk] n.
journalist [dnlzt] n.
journey [dn] n.
joy [d] n.
judge [dd] n. vt.

judgement ['ddmnt] n.
juice [dus] n.
juicy [dus] a.
July [dla] n. 7
jump [dmp] n. v.
June [dun] n. 6
jungle [d()l] n.
junior [dun(r)] a.
junk [dk] n.
junk mail [dk mel]
junk food [dk fud]
just [dst] ad. a.
justice [dsts] n.

kangaroo [kru] n.
keep (kept, kept) [kip] v.;;
vt.
keeper [kip(r)] n.

kettle [ket()l] n. ()
key [ki] n. ;;;
keyboard [kibd] n.
kick [kk] v.& n.
kid [kd] n.
kill [kl] v.
kilo [kil] n.
kilogram [klrm] n.
kilometr ['kilmi:t(r)] e n.
kind [kand] n. ; a. ,
kindergarten [kndt()n] n.
kind-hearted [kand- 'h:tid] a.
kindness [kandns] n.
king [k] n.

kingdom [kdm] n.
kiss [ks] n.& vt.
kitchen [ktn] n.
kite [kat] n.
knee [ni] n.
knife [naf] ( knives) n.;;
knock [nk] n.& v.
know(knew,known) [n] v.

knowledge [nld] n.

lab [nld] = laboratory n.

labour ( labor) [leb(r)] n.
labourer (laborer) ['leibr] n.
lack [lk] n.& vt.
ladder [ld(r)] r n.
lady [led] n.
lake [lek] n.
lamb [lm] n.
lame [lem] a.
lamp [lmp] n.
land [lnd] n., v.()
language [lwd] n.
lantern [lntn] n.
lap [lp] n. ().()
large [ld] a.
laser [lez(r)] n.
last [lst; (US) lst] a.;
ad.; n. v.
late [let] a., ad.,
lately [letl] ad.
later [let(r)] a.
latest [letst] a.
latter [lt(r)] n.
laugh [lf] n.& v.
laughter [lft(r); (US) lftr] n.

laundry [lndr] n. ;
lavatory [lvtr; (US) lvtr] n.

law [l] n.
lawyer [lj(r), l(r)] n.
lay (laid, laid) [le] vt.
lazy [lez] a.
lead (led, led) [lid] v. n.
leader [lid(r)] n.
leading [lid] a.
leaf ( leaves) [lif] n.
league [li] n.
leak [lik] vi.
learn (learnt, learnt;-ed,-ed)[ln] vt.,

21 43

,
learned [lnd] a.
least [list] n.
leather [le(r)] n.
leave (left, left) [liv] v. ;
lecture [lekt(r)] n.
left [left] a. ad. n.,
left-handed [left- ' hndid] a.
leftover ['leftuv] a., n.
left-wing [left-w] n.
leg [le] n.
legal [li()l] a.
lemon [lemn] n. a. ()
lemonade [lemned] n.
lend (lent, lent) [lend] vt.(),
length [le] n.
lesslittle [les] a.& ad. ,
lesson [les()n] n.
let (let, let) [let] vt.
letter [let(r)] n.
letter-box [let(r)- bks] n.
level [lev()l] n.
liberty [lbt] n.
liberate [lbret] vt.
liberation [lbre()n] n.
librarian[labrern]n.;
library [labrr; (US) labrer] n.

license [lasns] n.
lid [ld] n.
lie (lay, lain) [la] v.;;; n& vi. ;

life ( lives) [laf] n.

lifetime [laftam] n.
lift [lft] v.,;(,) n.()
light [lat] n.,;, vt.(),
a.;;
lightning [latn] n.
like [lak] prep. vt.
likely [lakl] a.
limit [lmt] vt.
line [lan] n.,,,, v.,()
link [lk] v.
lion [lan] n.
lip [lp] n.
liquid [lkwd] n. & a.
list [lst] n.
listen [ls()n] vi. ,
literature [ltrt(r); (US) ltrtr] n.
literary [ltrr; (US) ltrer] a.
litre ( liter) [lit(r)] n.
litter [lt(r)] v.

little (less, least) [lt()l] a.,

ad.,, n.
,
live [lv] vi.;;
a.,;,()
lively [lavl] a. ;
living [lv] a. n.
load [ld] n.
loaf [lf] n.
local [lk()l] a.
lock [lk] n. vt.
locust [lkst] n.
London [lnd()n] n.
lonely [lnl] a.
long [l; (US) l] a. ad.
look [lk] n. v. v. link

loose [lus] a.
lorry [lr; (US) lr] n.

loss [ls; (US) ls] n.

lose (lost, lost) [luz] vt.
Lost & Found [lst; (US) lst]
lot [lt] n.
loud [lad] a.
loudly [ladl] ad.
loudspeaker [ladspik(r)] n.

lounge [land] n.
love [lv] n.& vt. ;
lovely [lvl] a.
low [l] a.& ad.
luck [lk] n.
lucky [lk] a.
luggage [ld] n. ()
lunch [lnt] n.
lung [l] n.

machine [min] n.
mad a.
madam/ madame [mdm] n. ,
magazine [mzin] n.
magic [mdk] a.
maid [med] n.
mail [mel] n. , v. ()
mailbox ['melbks] n.
main [men] a.
mainland [menlnd] n.
major [med(r)] a.
majority [mdrt] n.

22 43

make (made,made)[mek]vt., n.;

male [mel] a.
man ( men) [mn] n. ;
manage [mnd] v.
manager [mnd(r)] n.
mankind [mnkand] n. ;
man-made [mn- med] a.
manner [mn(r)] n.
table manners [teb()l mn(r) z],

many (more, most) [men] a&pron.(

)
map [mp] n.
maple [mep()l] n.
maple leaves [mep()l-li:vz]
marathon [mr()n] n.
marble [mb()l] n.
march [mt] n.
March [mt] n. 3
mark [mk] n. vt.,
market [mkt] n.
marriage [mrd] n.
married [mrd] a.
marry [mr] v.()
mask [msk; (US) msk] n.;();

v.;;
mass [ms] n. ;;
master [mst(r); (US) mstr] vt.

mat [mt] n.
match [mt] vt., n., n.

material [mtrl] n.
mathematics =math/maths [mmtks]
n.(
), ()
matter [mt(r)] n&v.,,;
mature [mtj(r); (US) mtr] a.
maximum [mksmm] a.& n.();

may modal [me md()l] v. ;,

May [me] n. 5
maybe [mebi] ad.
me [mi, m] pron. ()
meal [mil] n.
mean(meant,meant) [min] vt.,
meaning [min] n.
means [minz] n.
meanwhile [minwal; (US) mnhwal] ad.

measure [me(r)] v.
meat [mit] n.

medal [med()l] n.
gold medal [ld med()l]
media [mid] n.
medical [medk()l] a.
medicine [meds()n; (US) medsn] n.
medium [midm] n.,,
meet (met, met) [mit] vt./ n.

meeting [mit] n.,,,

melon [meln] n.
member [memb(r)] n.
memorial [mmrl] n.
memory [memr] n.
memorize [memraz] v.
mend [mend] v.
mental [ment()l] a.
mentally [mentl] ad.
mention [men()n]n.; vt.,
;
menu [men()n] n.
merchant [mtnt] a.; n.
;
merciful [msfl] a.
mercy [ms] n.
merely [ml] ad.
merry [mer] a.
mess [mes] n.
message [mesd] n.
messy [mes] a.
metal [met()l] n. a.
method [med] n.
metre ( meter) ['mi:t] n.
Mexican [mekskn] a.
Mexico [meksk] n.
microcomputer [makrkmpjut(r)] n.

microscope [makrskp] n.
microwave [makrwev] n.
mid-autumn [md- tm] n.
midday [mdde] n. ,
middle [md()l] n. ;;
Middle East [md()l ist] n.
midnight [mdnat] n.
might [mat] v. aux. (may ,)
,,
mild [mald] a. ,,
mile [mal] n.
milk [mlk] n. vt.
million [mln] num. n.

millionaire [mljne(r)] n.
mind [mand] n. , v.,
mine [man] n., vt.()

23 43

pron.
mineral [mnr()l] n.
minibus [mnbs] n.
minimum [mnmm] a.
miniskirt [mnskt] n.
minister [mnst(r)] n.
ministry [mnstr] n.
minority [-nr-] n.;
minus [mans] prep. & a.
minute [mnt] n. ;
mirror [mr(r)] n.
miss [ms] vt.
Miss. [ms] n.,()
missile [msal] n
mist [mst] n.
mistake (mistook, mistaken)[mstek] n.
vt.
mistaken [mstekn] a.
misunderstand (-stood, -stood) [msnd
stnd]
v.;
mix [mks] v.
mixture [mkst(r)] n.
mm () = millimetre ['milimi:t(r)] n.
mobile [mbal; (US) mbl] a.,

mobile phone [mbal fn]

model [md()l] n.,,,
modem [mdem] n.
modern [md()n] a.
modest [mdst] a.
Mom =Mum [mm] n.
moment [mmnt] n.
mommy = mummy [mm] n.
Monday [mnde, mnd] n.
money [mn] n.
monitor [mnt(r)] n. ();
monkey [mk] n.
month [mn] n.
monument [mnjmnt] n.
moon [mun] n.
moon cake [mun kek] n.
mop [mp] n. / v.
moral [mrl] a. n.,
more(much many )[m(r)] a&ad.
;
;;; n.;

morning [mn] n.
Moscow [msk] n.
Moslem [mzlm] n. ,
Mosquito [mskit] n.
most (much many ) [mst] a. & ad.

n.,

mother [m(r)] n.
motherland [mlnd] n.
motivation [mt'ven] n.
motor [mt(r)] n.
motorbike [mtbak] n.
motorcycle ['mtsaikl] n.
motto [mt] n.
mountain(s) [mantn(z)] n.
mountainous [mantns] a.
mourn [mn] vt.
mouse ( mice) [mas] n.

moustache [ms't:] n.
mouth [ma] n.
mouthful [mafl] n.
from mouth to mouth ad.

move [muv] v.
movement [muvmnt] n.
movie [muv] n.
Mr. (mister) [mst(r)] n.

Mrs. (mistress) [msz] n. ,

Ms. [mz] n. (
)
much (moremost) [mt] a.,
ad.;
n.,,

mud [md] n. ,
muddy [md] a.
multiply [mltpla] vt.
murder [md(r)] vt.
museum [mjuzm] n.
mushroom [mrm] n.
music [mjuzk] n.
musical [mjuzk()l] a.,
n.
musician [mjuz()n] n.
must modal [mst md()l] v.,;

mustard [mstd] n.
mutton [mt()n] n.
my [ma] pron.
myself [maself] pron.

nail [nel] n.
name [nem] n. ,, vt. ,
narrow [nr] a.

24 43

nation [ne()n] n.
national [nn()l] a. ,
nationality [nnlt] n.
nationwide [ne()nwad] ad.,
native [netv] a.
natural [ntr()l] a.
nature [net(r)] n. ,
navy [nev] n.
near [n(r)] a&ad.,, prep...,
nearby [nba] a.
nearly [nl] ad.
neat [nit] a.
necessary [nesser] a.,
neck [nek] n.
necklace [nekls] n.
necktie [nekta] n.
need [nid] n. , aux.& v.,
needle [nid()l] n.
negotiate [net] v.
neighbor [neb(r)] n.
neighborhood ['neibhud] n.;
neither [na(r), ni(r)] a. ();
nephew [nefju, nevju] n.
nervous [nvs] a.
nest [nest] n.
net [net] n.
network [netwk] n.
never [nev(r)] ad.
new [nju; (US) nu] a.
New York [nju jk] n.
New Zealand [nju 'zi:lnd] * n.
New Zealander [nju 'zi:lnd]n.
news [njuz; (US) nuz] n.
newspaper [njuz; (US) nuz] n.
next [nekst] a.,,;
ad.,, n.()
nice [nas]a.;
niece [nis] n.
night [nat] n.
night-club [nat-klb] n.
nine [nan] num.
nineteen [nantin] num.
ninety [nant] num.
ninth [nan] num.
no [n] ad. , a.,,
No.() = number [nmb(r)] n.;
noble [nb()l] a.
nobody[nbd]n. pron.,
nod [nd] vi.
noise [nz] n.
noisily ['nzl] ad.
noisy [nz] a.
none [nn] pron.,

non-stop [nn-stp] a.& ad.,

non-violent [nn-valnt]a.
noodle [nud()l] n.
noon [nun] n.
nor [n(r)] conj.
normal [nm()l] n.& a.
north [n] a.;;
ad.(,) n.;;
northeast [n:'i:st] n.
northern [n()n] a.
northwards [nwdz] ad.
northwest [n:'west] n.
nose [nz] n.
not [nt] ad.
note [nt] n.,,;,;,

vt.,;,
notebook [ntbk] n.
nothing [n] n., adv.
;
notice [nts] n. vt.

novel [nv()l] n.
novelist [nvlst] n.
November [nvemb(r)] n. 11
now [na] ad.
nowadays [nadez] ad.
nowhere [nhwer] ad.,
nuclear [njukl(r)] a.,,

numb [nm] a.
number [nmb(r)] n. ,,,
nurse [ns] n.
nursery [nsr] n.
nursing [ns] n.(,
nut [nt] n.,(,)
nutrition [njutr()n] n.
nylon [naln] n.

obey [be] v.
object [bdkt]n.
observe [bzv]v.
obtain [bten] vt.
obvious [bvs] a.
occupation [kjpe()n] n.
occur [k(r)] vi.
ocean [()n]n.
Oceania* n.
o'clock[klk] n.
October [ktb(r)] n. 10

25 43

of [v, v; (US) f]prep.(,,) .

off [f; (US) f] prep. ,,
ad[d].;(),
offence[offence || 'fens] n.
offer[f(r); (US) fr] n.& vt.
office [fs; (US) fs] n.
officer[fs(r); (US) fsr]n.,,
official [f()l; (US) f-]n.(,)
, a.,
offshore [f(r); (US) f-]a.
often [f()n; (US) fn]ad.
oh [] int.
oil [l]n.
oilfield [lfild] n.
OK[ke] ad. ,,
old [ld] a.
Olympic(s) [lmpk] a. & n.
Olympic Games [lmpk ems] n.
omelette [mlt]n.
on [n] prep.(), ad.(,);
;;()
once [wns]n.& ad. ,, conj.
one [wn]pron. (pl. ones) num.

oneself [wnself]pron.
onion[njn] n.
only [nl]a. , ad.,,
onto [nt] prep.
open [pn]a., vt.,
opener [pn(r)] n.
opening [pn]n.
opera [pr]n.
opera house [pr has]n.,
operate[pret]v.,;,,
operation [pre()n] n.
operator [pret(r)] n.
opinion [pnjn] n.
oppose [pz] vt.
opposite [pzt] n., a.,
optimistic [ptmstk] a.
optional [pn()l] a.
or [(r), (r)] conj.
oral [rl] a.
orange [r-] n.,, a.,
orbit [bt] n.
order [d(r)] n.
order [d(r)] vt.
ordinary [rdner] a.
organ [n] n.
organise( organize) [':gnaiz] vt.
organiser (organizer) [':gnaiz] n.
organization [naze()n]n.
origin [rdn] n.

other[(r)]pron., a.,

otherwise[waz] ad.,,
Ottawa[tw] n.
ouch[at] int
ought [t]v.& aux.
our [a(r)]pron.
ours[az] pron.
ourselves [aselvz] pron.
out [at]ad. ;,;
outcome [atkm] n.
outdoors[atdz] ad. ,
outer[at(r)] a.
outgoing[at] a. ,
outing[at] n.
outline [atlan] n.
output [atpt]n.
outside[atsad]n. ad.;
prep...
outspoken [atspkn] a.
outstanding [atstnd]a.

outward(s) [atwd] ad.

oval [v()l] n.& adj.
over [v(r)] prep. ad.,,
,
overcoat [vkt] n.
overcome [vkm] v.
overhead [vhed] a.;
overlook [vlk] v. ,
overweight [vwet]a. ,
owe []vt.
own [n]a. v. ,
owner[n(r)] n.
ownership[np] n.
ox ( oxen) [ks] n.
oxygen [ksd()n] n.

pace [pes] n.
Pacific [psfk]a.
the Pacific Ocean [ psfk()n]

pack [pk] n.,;() v.

package [pkd] n.(),,

packet [pkt] n.
paddle [pd()l] n.
page [ped] n.
pain [pen] n.
painful [penfl] a.

26 43

paint [pent] n. vt.,,

painter [pent(r)] n. ,
painting [pent] n.
pair [pe(r)] n.
palace [pls] n.
pale [pel] a.
pan [pn] n.
pancake [pnkek] n.
panda [pnd] n.
panic [pnk] a./ v.,,
paper [pep(r)] n.
paperwork [pepwk] n.
paragraph [prgrf] n.()
parallel n. ,
parcel [ps()l] n.
pardon [pd()n] n. ,,
parent [pernt] n. ()
Paris [prs] n.
park [prs] n.
park [pk] vt.
parking [pk] n.
parrot [prt] n.
part [pt] n.;;;; a.;
v.;;
participate [ptspet] v.
particular [ptkjl(r)] a.
partly [ptl] ad.,
partner [ptn(r)] n.
part-time [pt -tam] a&ad.;
party [pt n.
pass [ps; (US) ps] vt.
passage [psd] n.(),;
passenger [psnd(r)] n.
passer-by ['p:s-ba] n.
passive [psv] a.
passport [pspt; (US) p-] n.
past [pst] ad. n.,, prep.
patent [ptnt] n.,
path [p; (US) p] n.
patience n.
patient [pe()nt] n.
pattern [pt()n] n.
pause [pz] n.& vi.
pay [pe] (paid, paid) v. n.
P.E.() =physical education [pii]
P.C.() =personal computer [pisi]
pea [pi]n.
peace [pis] n.
peaceful [pisfl] a.
peach [pit] n.
pear [pe(r)]n.
peasant [peznt]n.
pedestrian [pdestrn] n.

pen [pen] n.
pencil [pens()l]n.
pencil-box [pens()l -bks]n.
pen-friend [pen- friend] n.
penny [pen] ( pence) n.

pension [pen()n] n.
people [pip()l] n.
pepper [pep(r)] n.
per [p(r)] prep.
percent [psent] n.
percentage [psentd] n.
perfect [kwestne(r)] a.
perform [pfm] v.
performance [pfm] n.
performer [pfm(r)] n.
perfume [pfjum] n.
perhaps [phps] ad.
period [prd] n.
permanent [pmnnt] a.
permission [pm()n] n. ,,
permit [pmt] vt.,; n.
person [ps()n] n.
personal [psn()l] a.
personnel [psnel] n.
personally [psnl] ad.
persuade [psnl] vt.
pest [pest] n.
pet [pet] n.
petrol [petr()l] n.
phenomenon (pl. phenomena) [-nn-] n.

phone = telephone [fn] v. n.

phone-booth [fn-bu] n.
photo =photograph [ft] n.
photograph [ftrf; (US) -rf] n.

photographer [ftrf(r)] n.
phrase [frez] n.
physical [fzk()l] a.
physician [fz()n] n.()
physicist [fzsst] n.
physics [fzks] n.
pianist [fzks] n.
piano[pn] n.
pick [pk] v.
picnic [pknk] n.& v.
picture[pkt(r)] n.
pie [pa] n.
piece [pa] n.
pig [pa] n.
pile[pa] n.

27 43

pill [pl] n.
pillow [pl] n.
pilot [palt] n.
pin [pn] n. v. ,
pine [pan] n.
pineapple [panp()l] n.
ping-pong[p-p] n.
pinkp a.
pint [pant]n.
pioneer [pan(r)] n.
pipe [pap]n.
pity [pt] n.
place [ples] n. v.
plain [plen] a.
plan [pln]n.& v.
plane [plen] n.
planet [plnt] n.
plant [plnt; (US) plnt]vt. n.
plastic [plstk]a.
plate [plet] n.
platform [pltfm] n. ,()
play [ple] v.;();; n.,
playroom n.
player[ple(r)] n.
playground [plegrand]n.
playmate [plemet] n.
pleasant [pleznt] a.
please [pliz] v. ,,
pleased [plizd] a.
pleasure [plizd] n.
plenty [plizd] n.
plot [plt] v. / n.
plug [pl] n. vt.
plus [pls] prep.
p.m./pm, P.M. /PM [piem] n. ,
pocket [pkt] n.
poem [pm] n.
poet [pt] n.
point [pnt] v. n.
poison [pz()n] n.
poisonous [pzns] a.
pole [pl] n.
the North (South) Pole [ np()
; ()
police [plis] n.
policeman (-men) [plismn] n.,
policewoman ( -women) n.
policy [pls] n.
polish [pls] v. n.,
polite [plat] a. ,
political [pltk()l] a.
politician [plt()n] n.
politics [pltks] n.

pollute [plut] vt.

pollution [plu()n] n.
pond [pnd] n.
pool [pul] n.
poor [p(r)] a.,
pop=popular [pp]a.(,),

popcorn [ppkn] n.
popular [ppjl(r)] a. ,,
population [ppjle()n] n.
pork [pk] n.
porridge [prd; (US) prd] n.

port [pt] n.
portable [ptb()l] a.
porter [pt(r)] n.

position [pz()n] n.
possess [pz()n] vt.
possession [pze()n] n.

possibility [psblt] vn.

possible [psb()l] a.
possiblyv ad.
post [pst] n. v.

postage [pstd] n.
postbox [pstbks] n.
postcard [pstkd] n.
postcode [pstkd] n.
poster [pst(r)] n. ()
;
postman [pstmn] n.
postpone [pstpn] vt.
pot [pt] n.
potato [ptet] n.
potential [pten()l] a.
pound [pten()l] n.
pour [p(r)] vi.
powder [pad(r)] n.
power [pad(r)] n.
powerful [pafl] a.

practical [prktk()l] a.
practice(s)e [prkts] n.
prairie [prer] n.
praise [prez] n.& vt.
pray [pre] v.
prayer [pre(r)] n.
precious [pres] a. ,
precise [prsas] a. ,,
predict [prdkt] v.
prefer [prf(r)] vt.,

28 43

preference [prefrns] n.
pregnant [prennt] a.
prejudice [predds] n.
premier [prem(r); (US) primr] n.

preparation [prepre()n] n.
prepare [prpe(r)] vt. ,,,
prescription [prskrp()n] n.
present [prez()nt] a.,
n., vt. ,
presentation [prizenten] n.
preserve [ prizenten] v.
president [prezdnt] n.
press [prezdnt] vt., n.,
pressure [pre(r)] n. ,,
pretend [pre(r)] vi.
pretty [prt] a.
prevent [prvent] vt. ,
preview [privju] vt. ;;
price [pras] n.
pride [prad] n.
primary [pramr] a.
primary school [pramr skul]
primitive [prmtv] a.
principle [prnsp()l] n.
print [prnt] vt.
printer [prnt(r)] n.
printing [prnt] n.
prison [prz()n] n.
prisoner [przn(r)] n.
private [pravt] a.
privilege [prvld]
prize [praz] n.
probable [prbb()l] a.,
probably [prbb()l] ad.
problem [prblm] n.
procedure [prsid(r)] n. ,,
process [prses] n&v.,,
produce [prdjus; (US) -dus] vt.
product [prdkt] n.
production [prdk()n] n.
profession [prfe()n] n.(
)()
professor [prfes(r)] n.
profit [prft] n.
programme ( program) n.
progress [prres] n., vi.,
prohibit [prhbt] v.
project [prdekt] n.
promise [prms] n.& vi.
promote [prmt] v.,,,
pronounce [prnans] vt.
pronunciation [prnnse()n] n.

proper [prp(r)] a.
properly [prpl] ad.
protect [prtekt] vt.
protection [prtek()n] n.
proud [prad] a.
prove [pruv] vt.
provide [prvad] vt.
province [prvns] n.
psychology [sakld] n.
pub [pb] n.
public [pblk] a., n.
publicly [pblkl] ad.
publish [pbl] t.
pull [pl] n.
pulse [pls] n.,(,,),

pump [pmp] t.
punctual [pktjl] a.
punctuate [pktjet] v.
punctuation n.
punish [pn] v.
punishment [pnmnt] n.
pupil [pjupl] n.
purchase [pts] v.
pure [pj(r)] a. ,
purple [pp()l] n. / a.
purpose [pps] n.
purse [ps] n.
push [p] n.& v.
put (put, put) [pt] vt.
puzzle [pz()l] n. ,
puzzled [pz()l] a.
pyramid [prmd] n.

quake [kwek] n.& v.

qualification [kwlfke()n] n.

quality [kwlt] n.
quantity [kwntt] n.
quarrel [kwrl; (US) kwrl] vi.

quarter [kwt(r)] n.
queen [kwin] n.
question [kwest()n] vt. n.
questionnaire [kwestne(r)] n.

queue [kju] n.
quick [kwk] a&ad.;;
quiet [kwat] a.
quilt [kwlt] n.

29 43

quit [kwt] v.
quite [kwat] ad.
quiz [kwz] n.

rabbit [rbt] n.
race [res] n., v.(), n.,

racial [re()l] a.
radiation [rede()n] n.
radio [red] n.
radioactive [redktv] a.
radium [redm] n.
rag [r] n.
rail [rel] n.
railway [relwe] n.
rain [ren] n. vi.
rainbow [renb] n.
raincoat [renkt] n.
rainfall [renfl] n.
rainy [ren] a.
raise [rez] vt.
random [rndm] a.,
range [rend] n./ v.
rank [rk] n.
rapid [rpd] a.
rare [re(r)] a.
rat [rt] n.
rate [ret] n./ v.
rather [r; (US) rr] ad.
raw [r] a.,,
raw material [r mtrl]
ray [re] n.
razor [rez(r)] n.
reach [rit] v. ()
react [rikt] v.
read (read, read) [rid] v.
reading [t] n.
ready [red] a.
real [ril] a.
reality [rlt] n.
realise ( realize) [rlaz] vt.,
really v [rl] ad.
reason [riz()n] vi., n.,
reasonable [riznb()l] a.
rebuild [ribld] vt.
receipt [rsit] n.
receive [rsiv] v.
receiver [rsiv(r)] n.
recent [risnt] a.
reception [rsep()n] n.

receptionist [rsepnst] n.
recipe [resp] n.
recite [rsat] v.
recognise ( recognize) [reknaz] vt.

recommend [rekmend] v.
record [rekd; (US) rekrd] n.
record holder [rekd hld(r)]

record [rekd; (US) rekrd] v.

recorder [rkd(r)] n.
recover [rkv(r)] vi.
recreation [rekre()n] n.
recycle [risak()l] vt.
rectangle [rekt()l] n. & a.,

red [red] n. a.
redirect [ridarekt] vt.
reduce [rdjus; (US) -dus] vt.
refer [rf(r)] vi. ,,,
referee [refri] n.
reference [ref()rns] n.,,,

reflect [rflekt] v.
reform [rfm] v./ n.
refresh [rfre] v.
refreshments [rfremnt] n.,;(

)
refrigerator [rfrdret(r)] n.
refusal [rfjuz()l] n.
refuse [rfjuz] vi.
regard [rd] v.
regards [rd] n.
regardless [rdls] a.
register [redst(r)]n., v.,

regret [rret] n./ vt.,;;

regular [rejl(r)] a.
regulation [rejle()n] n.
reject [rdekt] v.
relate [rlet] vi.
relation [rle()n] n.
relationship [rlenp] n.
relative [reltv] n.
relax [rlks] v.
relay [rile] n. ,, v.,;

relevant a. ,
reliable [rlab()l] a.
relief [rlif] n. ,,,
religion [rldn] n.
religious [rlds] a.

30 43

rely [rla] v.
remain [rmen] vt., vi.,
remark [rmk] n.
remember [rmemb(r)] v.
remind [rmand] vt.
remote [rmt] a.
remove [rmuv] vt.

rent [rent] n.& v.

repair [rpe(r)] n.& vt.
repairs [rpe(r)] n.
repeat [rpit]vt.
replace [rples] vt.
reply [rpla] n.
report [rpt] n.& v.
reporter [rpt(r)] n.
represent [reprzent] vt.
representative [reprzenttv] n.,
republic [rpblk] n.
reputation [repjte()n] n.
request [rkwest] n.
require [rkwa(r)] vt.
requirement [rkwamnt] n.;;

rescue [reskju] vt.

research [rst] n.
resemble [rzemb()l] v.(),

reservation [rezve()n] n.
reserve [rzv] n. & v.
resign [rzan] v.
resist [rzst] v.
respect [rspekt] vt.& n.
respond [rspekt] v.,,
responsibility [rspnsblt] n.,
rest [rest] n&v.;,()
restaurant [restrnt] n.,
restrict [rstrkt] v.
restriction [rstrk()n] n.
result [rzlt] n.
retell [ritel] vt.
retire [rta(r)] v.
return [rtn] v.
reuse [rijuz] vt.
review [rvju] vt.;;
n.;;
reviewer [rvju(r)] n.
revision [rv()n] n.
revolution [revlu()n] n.
reward [rwd] n.
rewind [riwand] v.
rewrite [rirat] vt.
rhyme [ram] n./ v.

rice [ras] n.
rich [rt] a.
rid (rid, rid / ridded, ridded) [rd] vt.

riddle [rd()l] n. ()
ridiculous [rdkjls] a.
ride (rode, ridden) [rad] v.(,);

n.
right [rat] n. a.,
ad.,, a.,
right-handed [rat-hnd] a.
right-wing [rat-w] n.
ring (rang, rung) [r] v.(,);
n., n.(

ring-road [r-rd] n.
rigid [rdd] a. ,,
ripe [rap] a.
ripen [rapn] v.
rise (rose, risen) [raz] vi.
risk [rsk] n./ v.
river [rv(r)] n.
road [rd] n.
roast [rst] v.
rob [rb] v.
robot [rbt] n.
rock [rk] n., vt. ,
rocket n.
role [rl] n.
roll [rl]v., n.,;

roller [rl(r)]n.
roller skatingn
roof [ruf] n.
room [rm] n. ,;;
rooster [rust(r)] n. ()
root [rut] n.
rope [rp] n.
rose [rz] n.
rot [rt] vi.
rough [rf] a.
round [rand]ad. prep. a.
;
roundabout [randbat]a&n.,
;
routine [rutin] n.,,
row [r] n., v.
royal [rl] a.

rubber [rb(r)] n.
rubbish [rb] n.
rude [rud] a. ,

31 43

rugby [rb] n. ()
ruin [run] vt.();() n.();
rule [rul] n. , vt.,
ruler [rul(r)] n.
run (ran, run) [rn] vi.
runner [rn(r)] n.
running [rn] n.
rush [r] vi.
Russia [r] * n.
Russian [r()n] a., n.,

sacred [sekrd] a.
sacrifice [skrfas] vt.
sad [sd] a.
sadness [sdns] n.
safe [sef] a. n.
safety [seft] n.
sail [sel] n. v.
sailing [sel] n.
sailor [sel(r)] n.
salad [sld] n.
salary [slr] n.
sale [sel] n.
salesgirl [selzl] n.
salesman [selzmn] n.
saleswoman [selzwmn] n.
salt [slt, slt] n.
salty [slt, slt] a.
salute [slut, sljut] v.& n.
same [sem] n. a ,
sand [snd] n.
sandwich [snwd] n.
satellite [stlat] n.
satisfaction [stsfk()n] n.
satisfy [stsfa] vt.
Saturday [stde, std] n.
sauce [ss] n.
saucer [ss(r)] n.
sausage [ssd; (US) ssd] n.
savage [svd] n.
save [sev] vt.
say (said, said) [se] vt.
saying [se] n.
scan [skn] v.
scar [sk(r)] n.
scare [ske(r)] v.
scarf [skf] n.
scene [sn] n.(,),,
scenery [sinr] n.
sceptical (AmE skeptical) ['skeptkl] a.

schedule [skedl] n.
v.
school [skul] n.
scholar [skl(r)] n.
scholarship [sklp] n.
schoolbag ['sku:lbg] n.
school-leaver [skul-] n.()
schoolmate [skulmet] n.
science [sans] n.
scientific [santfk] a.
scientist [santst] n.
scissors [szz] n.
scold [skld] vt.
score [sk(r)] n.& v.
scores [sk(r) z] n.
Scotland [sktlnd]* n.
Scottish [skt] a. n.

Scratch[ krt ] v./ n.

scream [skrim] n.
screen [skrin] n.
sculpture [sklpt(r)]n.(),

sea [si] n.
seagull [sil] n.
seal [sil] n.
seaman [simn] n.
search [st] n.& v.
seashell [siel] n.
seaside [sisad] n.
season [siz()n] n.
seat [sit] n.
seaweed [siwid] n. ,,
second [seknd] n. num. a.
secondhand ['seknd'hnd] n. ;

secret [sikrt] n.
secretary [sekrtr] n.
section [sek()n] n.
secure [skj(r)] a.,,
security [skjrt] n.
see (saw, seen) [si] vt.

seed [sid] n.
melon seed [meln sid]
seek (sought, sought) [sik] vt.;
seem [sim] v.
see-saw [si-s] n.
seize [siz] vt. ()
seldom [seldm] ad.
select [slekt] vt.
self [self] n.
selfish [self] a.

32 43

self-service [self-svs] n.,

sell (sold, sold) [sel]v.
semicircle [semsk()l] n.
send (sent, sent) [send] v.

senior [sin(r)] a.,,

n.,,
sense [sens] n.
sensitive [senstv] a.,
sentence [sent()ns] n.
separate [seprt] v. , a.,

separately [seprtl]ad.
separation [sepre()n] n.
September [sptemb(r)] n. 9
serious [srs] a.,,
servant [svnt] n.
serve [sv] vt. ,
service [svs] n.
service-charge [svs-td] n. ,
session [se()n] n.,,
set (set, set) [set] vt. n.
settle [set()l] vi.
settlement [setlmnt] n.;(),

settler [setl(r)] n.
seven [sev()n] num.
seventeen [sevntin] num.
seventh [sevn] num.
seventy [sevnt] num.
several [sevr()l] pron. , a.
severe [sv(r)] a.,
sew (sewed, sewn sewed) [s] vi.,;
;
sex [seks] n.
shabby [b] a.,,
shade [ed] n.
shadow [d] n. ,
shake (shook, shak en) [ek] v.
shall (should) [l, ()l] v&aux.(),
shallow [l] a. ,,
shame [em] n.
Shanghai [ha] n.
shape [ep] n. v.
share [e(r)] vt.
shark [k] n.
sharp [p] a.
sharpen [pn] v.
sharpener [pn(r)] n.
pencil- sharpener [pens()l-pn(r)]
shave(shaved,shaved,shaven)[ev]v.(,
)
shaver n.

she [i] pron.

sheep ( sheep) [ip] n.();;
sheet [it] n.
shelf ( shelves) [elf] n.;;;;

shelter [elt(r)] n.
shine [an] n.
()
shine(shone, shone -d,-d)[an] v.;

ship [p] n. vi.

shirt [t] vn.
shock [k] vt.
shoe [u] n.
shoot [ut] (shot, shot)vt.,,
n.;;
shooting [ut] n.
shop [p]vi. n. ,
shop assistant [p sst()nt] ()
shopkeeper [pkip(r)] n.
shopping [p] n.
shore [(r)]n.
short [t] a.
shortcoming [tkm] n.
shortly [tl] ad.
shorts [ts]n.
short wave [t] [wev]n.
shot[t] n.
should(shall )[t] v&mod.,

v&aux.,
shoulder [ld(r)]n. ,()
shout [ld(r)] n.& v.
show []n. ,;
show [](showed, shown showed) v.
,
,

shower [a(r)] n.
shrink (shrank, shrunk / shrunk,
shrunken) [rk]v.
shut (shut, shut) [t]v. / n.

shuttle [t()l] v&n.(

)()/
shyv [a] a.
sick [sk] a.,,
sickness [skns] n.
side [skns]n.
sideroad (AmE sidewalk) n.
sideway [sadwez] n.
sideways [sadwez] ad.
sigh [sa]vi.

33 43

sight [sa]n.
sightseeing [satsi]n.
sign[san] n.
signal [sn()l] n.
signature [snt(r)] n.
significance [snt(r)] n.
silence[salns] n.
silentsalnt] a.
silk[slk] n.
silly [sl] a.
silver [slv(r)] n.
similar[sml(r)] a.
simple[smp()l] a.
simple-minded [smp()l mand]a.,

simplify[smplfa] v.
simply [smpl] ad.,()
since [sns]ad. conj.,,
prep.
sincerely [sn'srl /-'sl-] ad.
sing (sang, sung) [s] v.
singer [s]n.
single [s()l]a.
sink [sk] n.
sink (sank, sunk) [sk] vi.
sir [s(r)]n.
sister [sst(r)] n.
sister-in-law [sst(r) -n-l]n.
sit (sat, sat) [st] vi.
situation[stje()n] n.
six [sks]num.
sixth [sks]num.
sixty [skst]num.
sixteen [skst]num.
sixteenth [skstin] num.
size [skstin]n.
skate [skstin]vi.
skateboard [sketbd]n.
ski [ski]n.& vi.
skill [ski] n.
skilled [ski] a.
skillful [sklf()l]a. ,,
skillfully ['skilfuli] ad. ,
skin [skn]n.
skip [skp] v.
skipping [skp] rope
skirt [skt] n.
sky [ska]n.
skyscraper [skaskrep(r)]n.
slave[slev] n.
slavery [slevr] n.
sleep [slip]n.
sleep (slept, slept) [slip] vi.

sleepy [slip]a. ,,
sleeve [sliv] n.
slice [sliv]n.
slide [slad]n., v.,
slight [slat] a.
slim [slm] a.
slip [slp]n.
slow [slp] ad.
small [sml] a.
smart [smt]a.,;(,)

smell (smelt, smelt -ed,-ed) [smel] v.,

;
n.
smelly [smel] a. ,
smile [smal]n.& v.
smog [smal]n. (= smoke + fog)
smoke [smal] n. v.
smoke-free [smk-fri] a. ,
smoker [smk(r)] n.
smoking [smk]n. ,;
smooth [smk]a. ;
snack [snk] n.
snack bar [snk b] n.
snake [snek] n. v.;
snatch [snek]v.
sneaker [snek] n.
sneeze [snek]v.
sniff [snf] v. ,
snow [sn] n. vi.
snowball [snbl] n.
snowman[snmn] n.
snowy [sn] a. ()()

so [s]ad.,;; conj.,

soap [sp] n.
sob [sp]n.& v.
soccer[sk(r)] n.
social [s()l]a.
socialism [slz()m] n.
socialist [slst] a.
society [ssat]n.
sock [sk]n.
socket [skt] n.
sofa [skt]n.
soft sft; (US) sft] a.
software [sft; (US) sft] n.
soft drink [sft drk] n. ()
softball [sftbl] n.
soil [sl]n.
solar [sl(r)]a.
soldier [sld(r)] n.

34 43

solid [sld] a. , n.
some [sm]a.,;; pron.,
somebody [smbd; smbd] pron.;
someone [smwn] pron.
something [sm] pron.
sometimes[smtamz] ad.
somewhere [smtamz]ad.
son [sn] n.
song [sn] n.
soon [sn] ad. ,,
sorrow [sr] n.
sorry [sr] a. ,;
sort [st]v]t. n.
so-so [s-s] a.
soul [sl]n.
sound [sand]vi., n.
soup [sup] n.
sour [sa(r)]a.
south [sa(r)]a. ()
ad. n.

southeast [sa's n.
southern [s()n] a.
southwest [sau'west] n.
souvenirs [suvnr]n.,
sow (sowed, sown -ed) [s]vt.
space [spes]n.
spaceship[spesp] n.
spade [sped] n. ;
spaghettiv n.
Spain* [spen]n.
Spanish[spn] a&n.,,

spare[spe(r)] a. ,
sparrow [spr]n.
speak (spoke, spoken) [spr] v.,;;

speaker [spik(r)]n.
spear [sp(r)]n.
special [spe()l]a.
specialist [spelst] n.;;
specific [spsfk]a.,,
speech [spit]n.
speed [spid] n. v.()
spell [spid]vt.
spelling [spel] n.
spend (spent, spent) [spel] v.;(,
)
spin [spn] v.& n.,();,
spirit [sprt]n.
spiritual [sprtl]a.
spit [spt]v.
splendid[splendd] a. ;()

split [splt] v. ;
spoken [spkn] a.
spoken man/woman(pl.spokemen/
women)[spkn
mn] n.

sponsor [spns(r)] n.
spoon [spun] n. ,
spoonful [spunfl] n.
sport [spt]vn. ()

spot [spt] n.,;, v.,

spray [spre] n. / v. ,()

spread [spred] v.
spring [spr] n. , n. ,
spy [spa] n. , v.,
square [skwe(r)] n. a.;
squeeze n.
squid [skwd] n.
squirrel [skwr()l; (US) skwrl] n.
stable [steb()l] a.
stadium [stedm] n.
staff [stf] n.
stage [sted] n.
stain [sten] n.
stainless [stenls] a.
stainless steel [stenls stil]
stair [ste(r)] n.
stamp [stmp] n.
stand [stnd] n.;;;;;;;

stand(stood,stood)[stnd]v.;;;

standard [stndd] n. & a.

star [st(r)] n.
stare [ste(r)] vi.
start [stt] v.
starvation [stve()n] n.
starve [stv] v.
state [stet] n. ;;,()
station [ste()n] n.
statement [stetmnt] n.

statesman/ woman (pl. statesmen/

women) [stetsmn] n.
statistics [sttstks]n.,,

statue [sttju] n.
status [stets] n.
stay [ste] n.& vi.
steady [sted] a.

35 43

steak [stek] n.
steal (stole, stolen) [stil] vt. ,
steam [stim] n.
steel [stil] n.
steep [stip] a.
step [step] n.,, vi.,
step-mother [step-m(r)] n.
steward [sturd] n. (,,)
;
stewardess [stjuds] n.,
stick (stuck, stuck)[stk] vi.,;
n.(),
still [stl] a., ad.,
stocking [stk] n.
stomach [stmk] n.
stomachache [stmkek] n.
stone [stn] n.
stop [stp] n.;() v.,,
stopwatch [stpwt] n.
storage [strd] n.
store [st(r)] n. vt.
storm [stm] n.
story [str] n.
stout [stat] a.
stove [stv] n. ()
straight [stret] a. ad.
straightforward [stretfwd] a./ ad.

strait [stret] n.
strange [strend] a. ,,
stranger [strend(r)] n.
straw [str] n.
strawberry [strbr; (US) -ber] n.
stream [strim] n.
street [strit] n.
strength [stre] n.
strengthen [stre()n] vt.
stress [stres] n. v.

strict [strkt] a.
strike [strak] v.;,
strike(struck,struck stricken)[strak]vt.(),

string [str] n.
strong [str] a.();;;
struggle [str()l] vi.
stubborn [stbn] a.
student [stjudnt] n.
studio [stjud] n.
study [std] v. n.
stupid [stjupd] a.
style [stal] n.
subject [sbdkt] a.;;

vt.;;;;;;

subjective [sbdektv] a.
submit [sbmt] v.

subscribe [sbskrab] v.,

substitute [sbsttjut] v.
subtraction [sbtrk()n] n.

succeed [sksid] vi.

success [skses] n.
successful [sksesfl] a. ,
such [st] ad. pron.(), a.
,
suck [sk] vt.
sudden [sd()n] a.
suffer [sf(r)] vi.
suffering [sfr] n.
sugar [(r)] n.
suggest [sdest; (US) sdest] vt.

suggestion [sdest()n] n.
suit [sut, sjut] vt. n.
suite [swit] n.
suitable [sjutb()l] a.
suitcase [sjutkes] n.(),
summary [smr] n.
summer [sm(r)] n.
sun [sn] n.
sunburnt [snbnt] a.
Sunday [snde] n.
sunglasses [snlss] n.
sunlight [snlat] n.
sunny [sn] a. ;
sunrise [snras] n.
sunset [snset] n. ()
sunshine [snan] n.
super [sup(r), sjup(r)] a.

superb [supb] a. ,
superior [supr(r)]a. n.,

superman [supman] n.
supermarket [supmkt] n.
supper [sp(r)] n.
supply [spla] vt.& n.
support [spt] vt.& n.
suppose [spz] vt. ,,
supreme [suprim] a.,
sure [(r), (r)] a., ad.,,

surface [sfs] n.

36 43

surgeon [sd()n] n.
surplus [spls] n.
surprise [spraz] vt., n.,
surround [srand]vt.
surrounding [srand] a.
survival [svav()l] n.
survive [svav] v.
suspect [sspekt] n.
suspension [sspen()n] n.,,
swallow [swl] vt.
swap [swp] v.
swear (swore, sworn) [swe(r)] v..,
sweat [swet] n.
sweater [swet(r)]n.
sweep(swept,swept) [swip] v.
sweet [swit] n.;;;;
a.;;;
swell (swelled, swollen) [swel] v.
swift [swft] a.
swim [swm] n.
swim (swam, swum) [swm] vi. ,
swimming [swm] n.
swimming pool [swm pul] n.
swing [sw] vt. n.
Swiss [sw] a. n.
Switzerland [swtslnd]* n.
switch [swt] v./ n. ,,
sword [sd] n.
symbol [smb()l] n.
sympathy [smp] n.
symphony [smfn] n.
symptom [smfn] n.
system [sstm] n.
systematic [sstmtk] a.,

table [teb()l] n.
table tennis [teb()l tens] n.
tablettens n.
tail [tel] n. ()
tailor [tel(r)] n.
take (took, taken) [tek] vt.;;;;;

tale [tel] n. ,
talent [tlnt] n.
talk [tk] n.& v.,,,
tall [tl] a.
tank [tk] n.
tanker [tk(r)] n.
tap [tp] n. ()
tape [tep] n.
tape recorder [tep rkd(r)] n.
target [tt] n./ v.
task [tsk; (US) tsk] n. ,

taste [test] n. , vt. ,

tasteless [testls] a.
tasty [test] a.
tax [tks] n.
tax-free [tks fri]
taxi [tks] n.
taxipayer n.
tea [ti] n.
teach(taught,taught) [ti] v. ,
teacher [tit(r)] n.
team [tim] n.
teamwork [timwk] n.
teapot [tipt] n.
tear [te(r)] n. v. ,
tease [tiz] v.
technical [teknk()l] a.
technique [teknk()l] n. ;,
technology [teknld] n.
teenager [tined(r)] n.(1319 )

telegram [telrm] n.
telegraph [-rf] v. ()
telephone [-rf] v. n.
telephone-booth telephone-box n.

telescope [telrf; (US) -rf] n.

television [telrf; (US) -rf] n.
tell (told, told) [tel] vt.,,
temperature [temprt(r)] n.
temple [temp()l] n.
temporary [temprr] a.
temptation [tempte()n] n.
tend [tend] v.
tendency [tendns] n.
tennis [tens] n.
ten [ten] num.
tense [tens] a.
tension [ten()n] n.
tent [tent] n.
tentative [tent] a.
term [tm] n. ;;;
terminal [tm] a.()
terrible [terb()l] a.
terrify [terfa] vt.
terror [ter(r)] n.
test [test] vt.& n. ,
text [tekst] n.
textbook n.
than [en, n] conj.
thank [k] vt.,, n.()

thankful [kfl] a.,

37 43

that [t] a.& pron., conj.,(

) ad.,
the [, , i] art. (), ()(
,,,,
)
theatre ( theater) ['it] n.
theft [eft] n.
their [e(r)] pron. (,)
theirs [ez] pron. ,
them [()m, em] pron. //
theme [im] n.
themselves [mselvz] pron.//
then [en] ad. ,,,
theoretical [retk()l] a.
theory [retk()l] n.
there [e(r)] int.!()
n., ad.,;
()"
therefore [ef(r)] ad.
thermos [ms] n.
these [ms] a. & pron.
they [e] pron.
thick [k] a.
thief ( thieves) [if] n. ,
thin[n] a.
thing [] n.;(),;,
think(thought, thought)[k] v.;;
thinking [k] n. ;;
third [d] num.
thirst [d] n.
thirsty [st] a.
thirteen [tin] num.
thirty [t] num.
this [s] a.& pron.
thorough [r; (US) r] a.
those [z] a.& pron.
though [] conj.
thought [t] n. ,;
thousand [aznd] num.
thread [red] n.
three [ri] num.
thrill [rl] n./ v.
thriller [rl(r)] n.
throat [rt] n.
through [ru] prep&ad.();
throughout [ruat] prep.
throw(threw,thrown) [r] v.,,
thunder [nd(r)] n.& v.
thunderstorm [ndstm] n.
Thursday [zde] n.
thus [s] ad.
Tibet [ti'bet] n.
Tibeta [ti'betn] n.

tick [tk] vt.

ticket [tkt] n.
tidy [tkt] a. vt.

tie [ta] vt.(,),, n.,,;

tiger [ta(r)] n.
tight [tat] a.
till [tl] conj.& prep.,
time [tam] n.;;, vt./
..
timetable [tamteb()l] n.()
;
tin [tn] n. ()
tiny [tan] adj. tinier, tiniest a.

tip [tp] n.& v.,;;; ()

tire [ta(r)] vi.
tired [tad] a.
tiresomev a.
tissue [tu, tsju] n.

title [tu, tsju] n.

to [t, tu] prep.(,);(

);,,;

toast [tst] v./ n.

tobacco [tst] n.
today [tst] ad.& n.;,
together [tst] ad.
toilet [tlt] n.
Tokyo [tkj] n.
tolerate [tlret] v.
tomato [tmt; (US) tmet] n.

tomb [tum] n.
tomorrow [tmr] ad. & n.
ton [tmr] n.
tongue [t] n.
tonight [tnat] ad.& n.
too [tnat] ad.,,,,,,
tool [tul] n.
tooth ( teeth) [tu] n.
toothache [tuek] n.
toothbrush [tubr] n.
toothpaste [tupest] n.
top [tp] n. ,
topic [tpk] n.
tortoise [tpk] n.
total [tt()l] a.; n. v.

totally [tt()l] ad.

38 43

touch [tt] vt.

tough [tt()l] a.;;,
tour [t(r)] n. , ,
tourism [trz()m] n.
tourist [trst] vn.
tournament [trn-] n.,
toward(s) [twd] prep.
towel [tal] n.
tower [ta(r)] n.
town [tan] n.
toy [t] n. ,
track [trk] n.
tractor [trkt(r)] n.
trade [tred] n. vt.
tradition [trd()n] n.
traditional [trd()n] a.
traffic [trfk] n.
traffic lights [trfk lats] n.
train [tren] n. v. ,
trainer [tren(r)] n.
training [tren] n.
tram [trm] n.
transform [trnsfm] v.,
translate [trnslet] vt.
translation [trnsle()n] n.
transparent [trnsprnt] a.
translator [trns'leit] n.
transport [trnspt] n.& vt.
trap [trp] n. vt.
travel [trv()l] n.& vi.
traveler [trvl(r)] n.
treasure [tre(r)] n. ,
treat [trit] vt.
treatment [tritmnt] n. ,
tree [tri] n.
tremble [tremb()l] v.
trend [trend] n.
trial [tral] n.
triangle [tra()l] n.& adj.;
trick [trk] n.
trip [trp] n.
trolley-bus [trl- bs] n.
troopv vi.
troop [trup] n.
trouble [trb()l] vt.,,
n.,,,
troublesome [trb()lsm] a.,
trousers [trazz] n.
truck [trk] n.,; v.;
true [tru] a.
truly [trul] ad.
trunk [trk] n.
trust [trst] vt.

truth [tru] n. ,,,

try [tru] v.
T-shirt [ti- t] n. T
tube [tjub; (US) tub] n.
tune [tjun; (US) tun] n.
Tuesday [tjuzde] n.
turkey [tk] n.
turn [tn] v.,,, n.,(
)
turning n [tn] .
tutor [tjut(r)] n.

TV() = television [ti'vi] n.

twelfth [twelf] num.
twelve [twelv] num.
twentieth vnum.
twenty [twent] num.
twenty-first [twent- [fst] num.
twenty-one [twent- wn] num.
twice [twas] ad.
twin [twst] n.
twist [twst] v./ n.
two [tu] num.
type [tap] vt.
typewriter [taprat(r)] n.
typical [tpk()l] a.

typhoon [tafun] n.
typist [tapst] n.
tyre ( tire) [ta] n.

ugly [l] a.
U.K./UK()=United Kingdom[ju ke]n.
,
umbrella [mbrel] n.
U.N./ UN() = the United Nations [ju
n] n.
unable [ju n] a.
unbearable [nberb()l] a.,

unbelievable [nblivb()l] a.
uncertain [st()n] a.
uncle [k()l] n. ,,,,
uncomfortable [nkmftb()l] a.

unconditional [nkndn()l] a.

unconscious [nkns] a.,

under [nd(r)] ad.& prep.

39 43

underground [ndrand] a. n.
underline [ndlan] v.
understand (understood, understood) [nd
stnd]
v. ;;
understanding [ndstnd] n.;
undertake (undertook, undertaken) [nd
tek]
v. ,,
underwear [ndwe(r)] n.
undivided[ndvadd]a.;/
undo [ndu] v.
unemployment [nmplmnt] n.,

unfair [nfe(r)] a.
unfit [nft] a.
unfold [nfld] vt.
unfortunate [nfld] a.
unfortunately [nftjntl] ad.
unhappy [nftjntl] a. ,
unhealthy [nhel] a.,
uniform [junfm] n.
unimportant [nmpt(e)nt] a.,
union [junjn] n. ,
unique [jnik] a. ,
unit [junt] n.
unite [jnat] v.
universal [junvs()l] a.
universe [junvs] n.
university [junvst] n.
unknown [junvst] a.
unless [nles] conj.
unlike [nlak] prep.
unmarried [nmrd] a.
unpleasant [nplez()nt] a.
unrest [nrest] n.
unsafe [nsef] a.
unsuccessful [nsksesfl] a. ,
until [ntl] prep.& conj.
untrue [ntru] a.
unusual [njul] a.
unwilling [nwl] a.
up [p] a&ad.;;, n.;
;; prep.();..()
upon [pn] prep.
upper [p(r)] a.
upset [pset] a.
upstairs [pstez] ad.
upward [pwd] ad.
urban [bn] a.
urge [d] v.
urgent [dnt] a.
U.S.A./USA() = the United States of America

[ju es e] n.

use [juz] n.& vt.,,

usedv a. ;;
useful [jusfl] a.
useless [jusls] a.
user [juz] n.
usual [jul] a.
usually [jul] ad.

vacation [vke()n] n.
vacant [veknt] a.
vague [ve] a.
vain [ven] n.

valid [vld] a.,,

valley [vl] n. ,
valuable [vljb()l] a.
value [vlju] n.
vanilla [vnl] n.
variety [vrat] n.
various [vers] a.
vase [vz; (US) ves] n.
vast [vst; (US) vst] a.
VCD = versatile compact disk n.
veal [vil] n.
vegetable [vedtb()l] n.
vehicle [vik()l; (US) vihkl] n.

version [v()n; (US) vrn] n.

vertical [vtk()l] a.
very [ver] vad.
vest [vest] n.
via [va] prep.
vice [vas] n.
victim [vktm] n.
victory [vktr] n.
video [vd] n.
videophone ['vidifn] n.
view [vju] n. ,;,
viewer [vju(r)] n.
village [vld] n.
villager ['vilid] n.
vinegar ['vilid] n.
violate [valet] v.

violence [valns] n.
violent [valnt] a.
violin [valn] n.
violinist [valnst] n.
virtue [vtju] n. ,,
virus [vars] n.

40 43

visa [viz] n.
visit [viz] n.& vt.
visitor [vzt(r)] n.
visual [vjl] a.
vital [vat()l] a.
vivid [vvd] a.
vocabulary [vkbjlr] n. ,
voice [vs] n. ;
volcano [vlken] n.
volleyball [vlken] n.
voluntary [vlntr] a.
volunteer [vlnt(r)] n./ v.

voyage [vd] n.

wag [vd] v.
wage [wed] n.
waist [west] n.
wait [wet] vi.
waiter [wet(r)] n.
waiting -room [wet- rm] n.,
waitress [tres] n.
wake (woke, woken) [wek] v.,
walk [wk] n.& v.
walkman [wkmn] n.
wall [wl] n.
wallet [wlt] n. (,)
walnut [wlnt] n.
wander [wnd(r)] vi.,,,
want [wnt; (US) wnt] vt. ,,,
war [w(r)] n.
ward [wd] n. ,,,
warehouse [wehas] n.
warm [wm] a. ,;
warm-hearted [wm- ht] a.
warmth [wm] n.
war [w(r)] n vt.
warning [wn] n.
wash [wn] n.(),,, v.
(),,,
washing -machine [w- min] n.
washroom [wrm, wrum] n.
waste [west] n.& vt.
watch [wt] vt. ,;, n.,
water [wt(r)] n. v.
watermelon [wtmeln] n.
wave [wev] n.(,,),
v.,,
wax [wks] n.
way [we] n.
wayside [we] a.
we [wi, w] pron.
web [web] n.

website [websat] n.
weak [wik] a.
weakness [wikns] n.
wealth [wel] n.
wealthy [wel] a.
wear (wore, worn) [we(r)] v.
weather [we(r)] n.
weatherman ['weatherman || n.
wedding [wed] n. ,
Wednesday [wenzde] n.
weed [wid] n.
week [wik] n.
weekday [wikde] n.
weekend [wikend, wikend] n.
weekly [wikl] a.
weep [wip] v.
weigh [we] vt.
weight [wet] n.
welcome [welkm] int.n. & v. a.

welfare [welfe(r)] n.
well-known [wel- nn] a.,
west [west] a. ();,
ad. , n.
western [west()n] a.
westerner ['westn] n.
westwards [westwdz] ad.
wet [wet] a. ,,
whale [wel; (US) hwel] n.
what [wt; (US) hwt] pron., a.
,
whatever [wtev(r)] conj. & pron.
,
wheat [wit; (US) hwit] n.
wheel [wil; (US) hwil] n.
when [wen] conj. ad.

whenever [wenev(r)] conj.

where [we(r); (US) hwer] ad.

wherever [werev(r)] conj.

whether [we(r); (US) hwer] conj.

which [wt; (US) hwt] pron.();

()
a.(); ();
()
whichever [wtev(r)] pron. ;

while [hwal] conj., n.,

41 43

whisper [wsp(r)] v.
whistle [wat; (US) hwat] n.
white [wat; (US) hwat] a. n.
who [hu] pron.
whole [hl] a.
whom [hum] pron. (who )
whose [huz] pron.
why [wa; (US) hwa] ad&int.,
(,)
wide [we(r); (US) hwer] a.
widespread [wadspred, -spred] a.,

wife [waf] n.
wild [wald] a.
wildlife [waldlaf] n.
will [wl] n. ,
will (would) [wl] modal v. ,()

willing [wl] a.
willingly ['wilili] ad.
willingness ['wilinis] n.
win (won, won) [wn] n.
wind [wnd] n.
wind(wound,wound) [wnd] vt. ,;,

windbreaker ['wind,breik] n.,()

window [wnd] n.
windy [wnd] a.
wine [wan] n.
wing [w] n.
winner [wn(r)] n.
winter [wnt(r)] n.
wipe [wap] v.
wire [wa(r)] n.
wisdom [wzdm] n.
wise [waz] a. ,,
wish [w] n. vt.
with [w] prep.,,,,,
withdraw [wdr] v.
within [wn] prep.
without [wat] prep.
witness [wtns] v./ n.
wolf wolves [wlf] n.
woman ( women) [wmn] n.
wonder [wnd(r)] v.,,
n.,;
wonderful [wndfl]a.;;
wood [wndfl] n.,,(),
wooden [wd()n] a.
woo [wl] l n.
woollen ['wulin] a.
word [wd] n.
work[wk]n.,,vi.(,)

workday ['w:kdei] n.
worker [wk(r)] n.
workforce ['w:kf:s] n.
workmate ['w:kf:s] n.
workplace [wkples] n.
works [wks] n.
world [wld] n.
world-famous [wld- fems] a.

worldwide[wldwad]a.,

worm [wm] n. ,()

worn [wrn /wm] a. ,,
worried ['wrd /'w-] a.
worry [wr] n.& v.,,,
worse [ws] a. (bad )
worst [wst] a. (bad )
worth [w] a. ,
worthless [wls] a.,
worthwhile [wwal] a.
worthy [wwal] a.
would(will )[wd, wd]modal v.,

wound [wund] vt., n.,

wounded [wundd] a.
wrestle [res()l] v.
wrinkle [rk()l] n.
wrist [rst] n.
write [rat] (wrote, written) v.,;,

writing [rat] n.
wrong [r; (US) r] a.,,

X-ray [eks-re] n. X X

yard [jd] n.
yawn [jn] v.
year [j(r), j(r)] n.
yell [jel] v.
yellow [jel] a.
yes [jes] ad.
yesterday [jestde] n.& ad.
yet [jet] ad.
yoghurt ['jgt,'j-] n.
you [ju, j] pron.
young [j] a.
your [j] pron.
yours [jz, jz] pron.
yourself [jself; (US) jrself] pron.

42 43


yourselves [jself; (US) jrself] pron.

youth [ju] n.
yummy [jm] a.

zebra [zebr, zibr] n.

zebra -crossing [zebr-krs]

zero [zr] n. & num.,,

zip [zp] v.& n.()

zip code() =postcode [zp kd] ()

zipper [zp(r)] n.
zone [zu] n.
zoo [zu] n.
zoom [zum] v.

43 43