DIN 18800 02 Structural Steelwork Design Construction DIN 1990

UDC 693.814.074.
DEUTSCHE NORM
Structural steelwork
Analysis of safety against buckling of
linear members and frames
November 1990
DIN
18800
Part 2
Contents
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Page
Page
1 General .......................................
2
1.1 Scope and field of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2
1.2 Concepts .....................................
2
1.3 Common notation .............................
3
1.4 Ultimate limit state analysis .....................
3
1.4.1 General .....................................
1.4.2 Ultimate limit state analysis by elastic theory .... 4
1.4.3 Ultimatelimit state analysis by plastic hinge theory 5
.2 imperfections.. ................................
5
5
2.1 General ......................................
5
2.2 Bow imperfections. ............................
6
2.3 Sway imperfections ............................
2.4 Assumption of initial bow and coexistent initial
........................
7
sway imperfections .
3 Solid members .....
........................
7
7
3.1 General ......................................
8
3.2 Design axial compression ......................
8
3.2.1 Lateral buckling .............................
3.2.2 Lateral torsional buckling*) ................... 8
3.3 Bendingabout oneaxiswithoutcoexistentaxial force 8
8
3.3.1 General .....................................
3.3.2 Lateral and torsional restraint ................. 1O
3.3.3 Analysis of compression flange ................ 12
12
3.3.4 Lateral torsional buckling .....................
3.4 Bending about one axis with coexistent axial force 13
3.4.1 Members subjected to minor axial forces ....... 13
13
3.4.2 Lateral buckling .............................
14
3.5 Biaxialbendingwith or
coexistent axialforce 15
3.5.1 Lateral buckling ....
................... 15
16
4 Single-span built-up members .................. 16
16
4.1 General ......................................
17
4.2 Common notation .............................
4.3 Buckling perpendicular to void axis .............. 17
17
4.3.1 Analysis of member ..........................
4.3.2 Analysis of member components .............. 17
4.3.3 Analysis of panels of battened members ........ 18
4.4 Closely spaced built-up battened members ....... 19
20
4.5 Structural detailing ............................
5 Frames.. ......................................
20
20
5.1 Triangulated frames ...........................
General.. ...................................
20
Effective lengths of frame members
designed to resist compression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
5.2 Framesand laterallyrestrainedcontinuous beams . 22
5.2.1 Negligible deformations due to axial force ...... 22
23
5.2.2 Non-sway frames ............................
23
5.2.3 Design of bracing systems ....................
5.2.4 Analysis of frames and continuous beams. ...... 23
5.3 Sway frames and continuous beams subject to
23
lateral displacement ...........................
5.3.1 Negligible deformations due to axial force . . . . . . 23
5.3.2 Plane sway frames ...........................
23
5.3.3 Non-rigidly connected continuous beams ....... 27
6 Arches ........................................
27
27
6.1 Axial compression .............................
27
6.1.1 In-planebuckling ............................
6.1.2 Buckling in perpendicular plane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2 In-plane bending about one axis with
coexistent axial force ............
6.2.1 In-plane buckling ..............
6.2.2 Out-of-plane buckling ........................
33
6.3 Design loading of arches ........
....... 34
7 Straight linear members with plan
thin-wailed parts of cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.1 General ......................................
34
7.2 General rules relating to calculations . .
7.3 Effective width in elastic-elastic method
7.4 Effective width in elastic-plastic method
38
7.5 Lateral buckling ...............................
38
7.5.1 Elastic-elasticanalysis ........................
7.5.2 Analyses by approximate methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
39
7.6 Lateral torsional buckling .......................
39
7.6.1 Analysis ....................................
7.6.2 Axial compression ...........................
39
7.6.3 Bending about one axis without coexistent
39
axial force ..................................
7.6.4 Bending about one axis with coexistent
axial force ..........................
... 39
7.6.5 Biaxial bending with or without coexistent
39
axial force ..................................
Standards and other documents referred t o ........ 40
Literature.. .......................................
40
5.1.1
5.1.2
*) Term as used in Eurocode 3. In design analysis literature also referred to as flexural-torsional buckling.
Continued on pages 2 to 41
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Fur Normung E.V.
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Page 2 DIN 18800 Pari 2
1 General
1.1 Scope and field of application
(101) Ultimate limit state analysis
This standard specifies rules relating to ultimate limit state
analysis of the buckling resistance of steel linear members
and frames susceptible to loss of stability. It is to be used in
conjunction with DIN 18800 Part 1.
(102) Serviceability limit state analysis

Aserviceability limit state analysis need only be carried out
if specifically required in the relevant standards.
Note. Cf. subclause 7.2.3of DIN 18 800 Part 1.
1.2 Concepts
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(103) Buckling
Buckling is a phenomenon in which displacement,v orw,of
a member occurs, or rotation, 9,occurs about its major axis,
or both occur in combination.
A distinction is conventionally made between lateral buckling and lateral torsional buckling.
Figure 1. Coordinates, displacement parameters and

internal forces and moments
(109) Section parameters
cross-sectional area
second order moment of area
A
I
i=
radius of gyration
(104) Lateral buckling
IT
Lateral buckling is a phenomenon in which displacement,v

or w, of a member occurs,or both occur in combination,any
rotation, 9, about its major axis being neglected.
I,
W
torsion constant
warping constant
elastic section modulus
axial force in perfectly plastic state
bending moment in perfectly plastic state
bending moment at which stress u, reaches
yield strength in the most critical part of cross
section
(105) Lateral torsional buckling

Lateral torsional buckling is a phenomenon in which displacements, u and w ,of a member occur in combination
with rotation, 4, about its major axis, consideration of the
latter being obligatory.
Note. Torsional buckling, in which virtually no displacements occur, is a special form of lateral torsional
buckling.
1.3 Common notation

(106) Coordinates, displacement parameters, internal
forces and moments, stresses and imperfections
axis along the member (major axis)
axis of cross section
(In solid members, I, shall be not less than Iz.)
displacement along axes x, y and z
rotation about the x-axis
initial bow imperfections in unloaded state
initial sway imperfection of member or frame in
unloaded state
axial force (positive when compression)
bending moments
shear forces
(107) Subscripts and prefixes
characteristic value of a parameter
k
design value of a parameter
d
grenz prefix to a parameter identifying it as being a limiting (.e. maximum permissible) value
vorh
actual
red
reduced
Note. The terms characteristicvalueanddesignvalueare
defined in subclause 3.1of DIN 18800 Part I.
Physical parameters
E elastic modulus
G shear modulus
f y yield strength
Note. See table 1 of DIN 18800 Pari 1 for values of E , G
and f y , k.
NP1
Mp1
Mel
apl= MP1 plastic shape coefficient
Mel
Poissons ratio
moment ratio
Note. The term perfectly plastic state applies when the
plastic capacity is fully utilized, although in certain
cases (e.g. angles and channels), pockets of elasticity may still be present. Where cross sections are
non-uniform or internal forces and moments variable, Npl,Mpl and Mel at the critical point shall be
calculated.
(110) Structural parameters

system length (of member)
axial force at the smallest bifurcation

load, according to elastic theory
NKi
(E * I )
7 ~ *
s K = i T ; y ,
AK
SK
slenderness ratio
reference slenderness ratio
&=n/-&
aK
- =AK = (3
non-dimensional slenderness in comNKi
pression
reductionfactor according to the standard buckling curves as used in Europe
member characteristic
(108)
Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

effective length *) of a linear member

associated with N K ~
VKi =
NKi,d
7
distribution factor of system
*) Translators note. Common term as used in design

analysis. In Eurocode 3 termed buckling length.
Not for Resale
DIN 18800 Part 2 Page 3

Table 1. Methods of analysis
non-dimensional slenderness in bending
Note 1. Where cross sections are non-uniform or axial

forces variable, (E.I ) , NKiand SK shall be determined for the point in the member for which the ultimate limit analysis is to be carried out. In case of
doubt, an analysis shall be performed for more than
one point (cf. item 316).
Note 2. The reference slenderness ratio, ila,
for steel of
thickness 40mm and less shall be as follows:
92,9 for ~t 37 where fy,k = 240 N/mm2, and
75,9for St 52 where fy,k = 360 N/mm2.
Note 3. Calculations of in-plane slenderness ratios shall be
made using as the values Of f y , ( E . 1).NKi and MKi
asspecifiedinitems116and117eithertheircharacteristic values or their design values throughout.
Note4. V K ~shall beof thesame magnitudefor all members
making up a non-sway frame.
Note 5. Where cross sections are non-uniform or internal
forces and moments variable, M Kshall
~ be calculated for the point for which the ultimate limit state
analysis is carried out. In cases of doubt, an analysis
shall be performed for more than one point.
(111) Partial safety factors
YF partial safety factor for actions
YM partial safety factor for resistance parameters
Note. The values of YF and YM shall be taken from clause 7
of DIN 18800 Fart 1. Thus, the ultimate limit state
analysis shall be carried out taking YM to be equal
to 1,l both for the yield strength and for stiffnesses
(e.g. E T , E - A , G - A Sand S).
Ultimate limit state analysis
1.4.1 General
(112) Methods of analysis
The analysis shall be take the form of one of the methods
given in table 1, taking into account the following factors:
- plastic capacity of materials (cf. item 113);
- imperfections (cf. item 114 and clause 2);
- internal forces and moments (cf. items 115 and 116);
- the effects of deformations (cf. item 1 1 6);
- slip (cf. item 118);
- the structural contribution of cross sections (cf. item
1 1 9);
- deductions in cross-sectional area for holes (ci. item
120).
As a simplification, lateral buckling and lateral torsional
buckling may be checked separately, first carrying out the
analysis for lateral buckling and then that for lateral torsional buckling whereby, in the latter case, members shall
be notionally singled out of the structural system and subjected t o the internal forces and moments acting at the
member ends (when considering the system as a whole)
and to those acting on the member considered in isolation.
Details on whether first or second order theory is to be
applied are given together with the relevant method of
analysis.
The analyses described in clauses 3 to 7 may be used as
an alternative to those listed in table 1.

internal forces
and moments
Method
reduction factor for lateral torsional

buckling
XM
1.4
Calculation of
resistances
according to
Elastic-
Elastic
theory
Elastic
theory
Elastic
Plastic
theory
theory
plastic
plastic
Note 1. Details relating to elasto-plastic analysis are not

provided in this standard (cf. [i]),
though this is permitted in principle.
Note 2. In table 11 of DIN 18800 Part 1, the generic term
stresses is used instead of internal forces and
moments due to actions.
Note 3. The conditions of restraint assumed when individual members are notionally singled out of the
structural system shall be taken into account when
verifying lateral torsional buckling.
Note 4. Simplified methods substituting those set out in
clauses 3 and 4 are listed in table 2.
(113) Material requirements
The materials used shall be of sufficient plastic capacity.
Calculations may be based on assumptions of linear elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain behaviour instead of
actual behaviour.
Note. The steel grades stated in sections 1 and 2 of item
401 of DIN 18800 Part 1 are of sufficient plastic
capacity.
(114) Imperfections
Reasonable assumptions (e.g. as outlined in clause 2)shall

be made in order to take into account the effects of
geometrical and structural imperfections.
Note. Typical geometrical imperfections are accidental
load eccentricity and deviations from design
geometry. Typical structural imperfections would
be residual stresses.
(115) Internal forces and moments
The internal forces and moments occurring at significant
points in the members shall be calculated on the basis of
the design actions.
As a simplification, the index d has been omitted in the
notation of internal forces and moments.
Note. Subclauses 7.2.1and 7.2.2of DIN 18800Part 1 specify rules for calculating design values of actions.
(116) Effects of structural deformations
Calculations of internal forces and moments usually make
allowance for deformation effects on equilibrium (according to second order theory), using as the design stiffness
values the characteristic stiffnesses obtained by dividing
the nominal characteristics of cross section and the characteristic elastic and shear moduli by a partial safety factor
YM equal to 1,l.
The effect of deformations resulting from stresses due to
shear forces may normally be ignored.
Not for Resale
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
design buckling resistance moment

according to elastic theory from My
without coexistent axial force
MKi,y
Page 4 DIN 18800 Part 2

Table 2. Simplified ultimate limit state analyses
Internal forces
and moments
Solid members
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I I I
Simplified analyses
as in
Failure mode
Lateral buckling
3.2.1
Lateral torsional buckling
3.2.2
3.3.2,
3.3.3,
3.3.4
7, 8,
12, 14,
16, 21
Lateral buckling
I
I
I
10
3.4.2
24
Lateral buckling
3.4.2
24
3.4.3
27
Lateral buckling
3.5.1
28.29
3.5.2
30
Built-uprmbers
N+M,
Lateral buckling
4.3
Lateral buckling
4.3
Note 1. In calculations of internal forces and moments according to second order theory, for example, the
member characteristic,s,and the distribution factor,
~ j - ~shall
i.
be determined using the design stiffness,
(E* I)d.
Note 2. Reference shall be made to the criteria set out in
item 739 of DIN 18800 Part 1when deciding whether
to base calculations on second order theory.
Note 3. Deformations also occur as a result of joint ductility.
Note 4. Deformations resulting from stresses due to shear
forces shall be taken into account as specified in
clause 4 for built-up compression members.
(117) Analysis on the basis of design actions
multiplied by YM
As a departure from the specifications of items 115 and 116,
internal forces and moments and deformations may also be
calculated using the designvalues of actions multiplied bya
partial safetyfactoryM of l,l,in which case the ultimate limit
state analysis shall be carried out using the characteristic
strengths and stiffnesses, substituting these (denoted by
subscript k) for the design resistances (denoted by subscript d) in the equations in clauses 3 to 7.
i
be made, for
Note 1. Calculations of e and v ~ shall
example, using the characteristic stiffness, (E.I)k.
Note2. The alternative procedure set out in this item is

especiallysuitable forthe global analyses described
in clauses 5,6 and 7 but may also be used by analogy
in clauses 3 and 4, giving the same results as would
be obtained if yM were assigned to the resistance.To
preclude the risk of confusion, it shall be stated
explicitly in the analysis that this alternative procedure has been used.
Note 3. See subclause 7.3.1 of DIN 18800 Part 1 for resistance parameters.

31
to
38
(118) Slip
Account shall be taken of slip in shear bolt or preloaded
shear bolt connections in members and frames susceptible
to loss of stability, using the values specified in item 813 of
DIN 18800 Pari 1.
Note. Due account shall be taken of slip if this greatly
increases the risk of loss of stability.
(119) Effective cross section
If the full cross section of parts in compression is taken into
consideration, their geometry shall be such that the grenz
(blt)and grenz (dit)values specified in DIN 18 800 Part 1are
complied with. If,for thin-walled members,these values are
not complied with, the analyses shall be of lateral buckling
with coexistent plate buckling of individual members, or of
lateral torsional buckling with coexistent plate buckling, as
specified in clause 7 of DIN 18800 Part 3 or Part 4.
Note 1. The grenz(blt) values differ according to the
method of analysis selected (see table 1).The grenz
(blt) values for individual parts of plane cross sectionsare given in tables12,13,15and 18of DIN 18800
Part 1.
Note 2. The grenz (dlt) values for circular hollow sections
are given in tables 14,15and 18 of DIN 18800 Pari 1.
Methods of analyses of circular hollow sections the
geometry of cross section of which does not comply
with these limits are not covered in this standard.
(120) Deductions for holes
Deductions for holes need not be made when determining
internal forces and moments and deformations if it can be
ruled out that premature local failure occurs as a result.
1.4.2 Ultimate limit state analysis by elastic theory
(121) Analysis
The loadbearing capacity may be deemed adequate if an
analysis of the internal forces and moments according to
elastic theory shows the structure to be in equilibrium and
either one of the following applies.
Not for Resale
(122) Internal forces and moments in bi-axial bending

Where bi-axial bending occurs with or without co-existent
axial force but without torsion, the internal transverse
forces and moments occurring may be determined by
superimposing those internal forces due to actions which
result in moments M yand transverse forces V, and those
resulting in moments M, and transverse forces V,. However, calculation of E for the total axial force due to all
actions is necessary in both cases.
Limiting the plastic shape coefficient

In cases where the plastic shape coefficient,apl,associated
with an axis of bending is greater than 1,25 and the principles of first ordertheorycannot be applied,the resistance
moment occurring as a result of Co-existent normal and
transverse forces in a perfectly plastic member cross section shall be reduced bya factor equal to 1,25/aPl.Thesame
principle shall be applied to each of the two moments in biaxial bending if apl,yis greater than 1,25or apl,zis greater
than 1.25.
Note. Instead of reducing the resistance moment, the
actual moment may be increased by a factor equal
to api/1,25.
(123)
1.4.3 Ultimate limit state analysis by plastic hinge theory

(124) The loadbearing capacitymay be deemed adequate
if an analysis according to plastic hinge theory shows internal forces and moments (taking into account interaction)
to be within the limits specified for the perfectly plastic
state (plastic-plastic method). This only applies if the
structure is in equilibrium.
Item 123 gives information on limiting the plastic shape
coefficient.
Note. Interaction equations are given in tables 16 and 17 of
DIN 18 800 Part 1.
Note 2. As well as geometrical imperfections, equivalent

geometrical imperfections also cover the effect on
the mean ultimate load of residual stresses as a
result of rolling, welding and straightening procedures, material inhomogeneities and the spread of
plastic zones. Other possible factors which may
affect the ultimate load, such as ductility of fasteners, frame corners and foundations, or shear deformations are not covered.
In the elastic-elastic method, only two-thirds the values
specified forthe equivalent imperfections in subclauses2.2
and 2.3 need be assumed. Ultimate limit state analyses of
built-up members as specified in subclause 4.3 shall,
however, always be made using the full bow imperfection
stated in line 5 of table 3.
Note 1. A reduction by one-third takes account of the fact
that the plastic capacity of the cross section is not
fully utilized. The aim is to achieve on average the
same mean ultimate loads when applying both the
elastic-elastic and the elastic-plastic methods.
Note 2. The analyses set out in subclause 4.3 are based on
comparisons of ultimate loads obtained empirically
or by calculation, which also justify the value of bow
imperfection stated in line 5 of table 3 (cf. Note
under item 402).
The equivalent imperfections are already included in the
simplified analyses described in clauses 3 and 7.
(202) Equivalent imperfections
The equivalent geometrical imperfections, assumed to
occur in the least favourable direction, shall be such that
they are optimally suited to the deformation mode associated with the lowest eigenvalue.
The equivalent imperfections need not be compatible with
the conditions of restraint of the structure.
Where lateral buckling occurs as a result of bending about
only one axis with coexistent axial force, bow imperfections
need only be assumed with DO or W O in each direction in
which buckling will occur.
Where lateral buckling occurs as a result of biaxial bending
with coexistent axial force, equivalent imperfections need
only be assumed for the direction in which buckling will
occur with the member in axial compression.
In the case of lateral torsional buckling, a bow imperfection
equal to 0,5 DO (cf. table 3) may be assumed.
(203) Imperfections in special applications
Where provisions for special applications are made in other
relevant standards,with specifications deviating from those
given in this standard, such specifications shall form the
basis of the global analysis.
Note. Imperfections relating to special applications are
not covered in clauses 3 to 7.
2.2
2
2.1
Imperfections
General
(201) Allowance for imperfections

Allowance shall be made for the effects of geometrical and
structural member frame imperfections if these result in
higher stresses.
For this purpose, equivalent geometrical imperfections
shall be assumed, a distinction being made between initial
bow (see subclause 2.2) and sway imperfections (see subclause 2.3).
Note 1. Equivalent geometrical imperfections may, in turn,
be accounted for by assuming the corresponding
equivalent loads.

Bow imperfections
(204) Individual members,members making up non-sway

frames and members as specified in item 207, shall generally be assumed to have the initial bow imperfections
given in figure 2 and table 3.
-t
LYJ2
"o
Figure 2.
Not for Resale
"0
Initial bow imperfections of member in the form

of a quadratic parabola or sine half wave
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The failure criterion is not higher than the design yield

strength, f y , d (elastic-elastic method), the specifications of item 117 being applied by analogy.
At isolated points, the failure criterion may be 10%
higher than design yield strength (cf. item 749 of
DIN 18800 Part 1).
The internal forces and moments (taking due consideration of interaction) are within the limits specified for
the perfectly plastic state (elastic-plastic method).
Note 1. See item 746 of DIN 18800 Part 1 for f y , d .
Note 2. The elastic-plastic method allows for plastification
in cross sections with the possibility of plastic
hinges with full torsional restraint at one or more
pointS.This permits the plastic capacityof the cross
sections to be fully utilized, but not that of the structure.
Note 3. The analysis shall be made using interaction equations (cf. tables 16 and 17 of DIN 18 800 Part l).

Bow imperfections need not be assumed if members satisfy
the criteria specified in item 739 of DIN 18800 Part 1.
Table 3. Bow imperfections
Type of member
Solid member, of cross

section with following
buckling curve
imperfection,
WO?u0
11300
11250
I
I
3 1
4 1
Built-up members,
with analysis as in
subclause 4.3
If the criteria for first order theory set out in item 739 of
DIN 18 800 Part 1 are met, reductions in the sway imperfections may be assumed.
11200
11150
In the above figure, L or L, is the length of the member or

frame, and ppo or ~ 0 ,the
~ .sway imperfection of the member
or frame.
Figure 5. Ideal member or frame (chain thin line) and
member or frame with initial sway imperfection
(continuous thick line)
11500
Note. See table 23 for bow imperfections for arch beams.
Initial sway imperfections shall generally be calculated as

follows (cf. item 730 of DIN 18800 Part 1):
a) solid members:
1
po = -r1
200
r2
r1 =
is a reduction factor applied to members or frames, where 1, the length of

the member, L, or frame, L,, having the
most adverse effect on the stress
under consideration, is greater than
5 m;
r2=1(+t)
2
is a reduction factor allowing for IZ

independent causes of sway imperfection of members or frames.
Figure 3. Equivalent stabilizing force for bow imperfections as shown in figure 2 (assuming equilibrium)
Figure 4. Assumptions for bow imperfections

(examples)
2.3
Sway imperfections
Assumptions
Sway imperfections as in figure 5 shall be assumed t o occur
in members or frames which may be liable to torsion after
deformation and which are in compression.
(205)

Calculations of 12 for frames may generally assume n to be

the number of columns per storey in the plane under consideration. Not included are columns subjected to minor
axial forces, .e. with less than 25Oo of the axial force acting
in the column submitted to maximum load in the same
storey and plane.
Note 1. Since, in calculations of shear in multictorey
frames, initial sway imperfections are assumed to
have the most adverse effect in the storey under
consideration, the storey height, .e. the total length
of columns,L, shall be substituted for the length of
the column in that storey for calculation of Il. In the
other storeys, the height of the structure,L,, may be
substituted for I (cf. figure 6).
Note 2. Allowance for sway imperfections may also be
made by assuming equivalent horizontal forces.
Not for Resale
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
b) built-up members as in figures 20 and 21 and subclause 4.3:

1
(2)
po = -r l . r2
400
where
4 -I!!
970
= r1Z
970=r1T
Single
1
100.2 = r p -with
200
n =2
po,~= r 2 -with
member
n =4
200
fTfl
%.2
E
rn
Po.1
970?2
970,l
'
970.2
VI
<-
21
%*2
Vo.1
(P0.2
-_
"
Variant
I
POSI= r2
2oo
-
P0,2 = r 2 -r l
200
n=2
Figure 6. Initial sway imperfections in frames (examples)
2.4
Assumption of initial bow and coexistent

initial sway imperfections
(207) Members in frames, which may exhibit sway imperfections after deformation and have a member characteristic, &, of more than 1,6, shall be assumed with both initial
sway and bow imperfections in the most unfavourable
direction.
Figure 7.
Equivalent horizontal forces substituting initial

sway imperfection 100 (assuming equilibrium)
Figure 8. Assumption of initial bow and coexistent initial

sway imperfections (examples)
Note 3. Sway imperfections due to slip of screws may also

require consideration (cf. item 118).
3 Solid members
Note 4. The reduction factorr2 may be used byanalogyfor

roof bracing providing extra stability to beams.
3.1 General
(301) Scope
Sway imperfections for analysis

of bracing systems
The initial sway imperfections assumed for the columns of
bracing systems shall be as those for the columns of sway
beam-and-column type frames. The same applies for any
suspended columns connected to, and thus given extra
stability by, the bracing system.
(206)
The analyses specified in subclauses 3.2 to 3.5 apply for individual members and frame memberswhich are notionally
singled out of the system and considered in isolation forthe
purposes of the analysis. Lateral buckling and lateral torsional buckling are dealt with separately.
Note. If members are notionally singled out, allowance
shall be made of the actual conditions of restraint
relating to the particular member.
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Not for Resale
(302) Lateral buckling

Since the analysis of lateral buckling specified in subclauses 3.2to 3.5already includes both types of imperfection and second order effects, the initial forces and
momentsfromfirst ordertheoryshall betaken asa basisfor
calculations.
Note 1. In the literature, the combination of equations (3),
(241,(28)and (29)is referred to as first order elastic
analysis with sway-mode effective length (equivalent member method, for short).
Note 2. Subclauses 3.4.2.2,3.5.1
and 5.3.2.3shall be taken
into consideration when applying the equivalent
member method to members notionally singled out
of the frame.
Note 1. The effective length required for calculating 3~ is

given in the literature. Four simple cases are given in
figure 9, and figures 27 and 29 may provide assistance in other cases. If, in certain cases, the load on
the member changes direction when this moves
laterally,this factor shall be taken into consideration
when determining the effective length (e.g.with the
aid of figures 36 to 38).
i" I" i" IN
(303) Lateral torsional buckling

Members notionally singled out of the system and considered in isolation shall be analysed for lateral torsional
buckling.Their end moments may require to be determined
by second order theory.The moments in the span may then
be calculated by first order theory using these end
moments.
An analysis of lateral torsional buckling is not required for
the following:
- hollow sections:
- members with sufficient lateral or torsional restraint;
- members designed to be in bending, providedthat their
non-dimensional slenderness in bending, AM, is not
more than 0,4.
Note. See subclause 3.3.2for verification of sufficient restraint.
3.2 Design axial compression

3.2.1 Lateral buckling
(304) Analysis
The ultimate limit state analysis shall be made forthe direction in which buckling will take place, using equation (3).
N
51
(3)
x Np1,d
The reduction factor x (.e. xy or x,) shall be obtained by
means of equations (4a) to (4 c) as a function of the nondimensional slenderness in compression,AK,and the buckling curve for the particular cross section,taken from table 5.
=SK
5 0,2: x = 1
AK
>0,2 : x =
k = 0,5[I
+ a (XK - 0,2)+ nK]
as a simplification, in cases where AK

x=
> 3,O:
1
-
& + a)
a being taken from table 4.
AK
Buckling curve
0.21
0,34
0,49
0,76
0,5
(305) Further provisions for non-uniform cross sections

and variable axial forces
Where equation (3)is applied to members of non-uniform
cross section andlor variable axial forces, the analysis shall
be made using equation (3) for all relevant cross sections
with the appropriate internal forces and moments, cross
section properties and axial forces,NKi.and in addition the
following conditions shall be met:
min M,12 0,05man M,l
(6)
3.2.2 Lateral torsional buckling

(306) Members of uniform cross section with anytype of
end support not permitting horizontal displacement, subject to constant -al force shall be analysed as specified in
subclause 3 . 2 . 1 . 1 shall
~
be calculated substituting for N K i
the axial force occurring under the smallest bifurcation
load for lateral torsional buckling,with the reduction factor x
being determined for buckling about the z-axis.
I sections (including rolled sections) do not require ultimate limit state analysis with respect to lateral torsional
buckling.
Note. Torsional buckling is treated here as a special type
of lateral torsional buckling.
Bending about one axis without
coexistent axial force
3.3.1 General
(307) Ultimate limit state analysis shall be carried out as
specified in subclause 3.3.4for bending about one axis,
except in cases where bending is about the z-axis or the
conditions outlined in subclause 3.3.2or 3.3.3are met.
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

D,il
Note 2. Reference shall be made to the literature (e.g. [2])

for the use of equations (4a) to (4c).
3.3
Table 4. Parameters a for calculation of

reduction factor x
2,O
Figure 9. Effective lengths of single members of

uniform cross section (examples)
AK
1,0
Not for Resale

Table 5.
Buckling curves
1
Type of cross section
Buckling
about
axis
Buckling
curve
Hollow sections
Y-Y
Hot rolled
2-2
Y-Y
Cold formed
Welded box sections
eN@i
Y-Y
2-2
Thick welds and
h,lty < 30
Y-Y
2-2
Rolled I sections
Y-Y
2-2
hlb > 1.2; 40 e t 5 80 rnm
Y-Y
hlb 5 1,2;
2-2
hlb > 1.2; t
s 40 mrn
t580mm
t>80mrn
Y-Y
2-2
Welded I sections
Y-Y
2-2
Y-Y
2-2
Channels, L, T and solid sections
z
Y-Y
2-2
plus built-up members to subclause 4.4

Sections not included here shall be classified by analogy, taking into consideration the likely residual stresses
and plate thicknesses.
Note. Thick welds are deemed to have an actual throat thickness, a, which is not less than min t.

Not for Resale
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2-2
Pagel0 DIN 18800 Part 2

-a
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
0.8
I Figure 10. Reduction factors x for lateral buckling (buckling curves a, b, C and d) and
obtained by equation (18) with n equal to 2,5
for lateral torsional buckling,
where
3.3.2 Lateral and torsional restraint

(308) Lateral restraint
k,
Members with masonry bracing permanently connected to

the compression flange may be considered to have sufficient lateral restraint if the thickness of the masonry is not
less than 0.3 times the height of cross section of the member.
Masonry,
XM
ka
is equal to unity for the elastic-plastic and plasticplastic methods or 0,35 for the elastic-elastic
method;
is to be taken from column 2 of table 6 if the beam is
free to move laterally,orfrom column 3of table 6 if the
beam is laterally restrained at its top flange.
Table 6. Coefficients ko
Compression flange
Figure 11. Lateral restraint (masonry bracing)
If trapezoidal sheeting to DIN 18 807is connected to beams
and the condition expressed by equation (7) is met, the
beam at the point of connection may be regarded as being
laterally restrained in the plane of the sheeting.
Tt2
+ GIT + EI, 0,25

12
S being the shear stiffness provided by the sheeting for
beams connected to the sheeting at each rib.
If sheeting is connected at every second rib only, 0,2.S
shall be substituted for S.
Note. Equation (7) may also be used to determine the lateral
stability of beam flanges used in combination with
types of cladding other than trapezoidal sheeting,
provided that the connections are of suitable design.
(309) Torsional restraint

I beams of doubly symmetrical cross section with dimensions as for rolled sections complying with the DIN 1025
standards series shall be considered as being torsionally
restrained (.e. due to their axes of rotation being restrained) if the condition expressed by equation (8) is met.
Note 1. Equation (8) is a simpler check which makes use of
the characteristic values.

Not for Resale

Note 2. When determining the actual effective torsional
restraint,cb,k, any deformations at the point of connection between the supported beam and the supporting member shall be taken into consideration,
e.g. by means of equation (9).
1
--
--
C8M,k
C@,k
COA,k
C@P,k
+-+-
CfiA,k is the torsional restraint due to deformationof

the connection, that of trapezoidal sheeting
being obtained by means of equation (11 a)
or (11 b), substituting ?@&k from table 7;
(9)
with
where
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
cg,k
is the actual effective torsional restraint;
CbM,k
is the theoretical torsional restraint obtained

by means of equation (10) from the bending
stiffness of the supporting member (a),
assuming a rigid connection:
vorh b
-I1,251
1O0
with 1,25
vorh b
-I 2,o
1O0
where
(1O)
vorh b is the actual flange width of the

beam, in mm.
where
Cf. [3]for further details on the use of C@A,k.

Cbp,k
is the torsional restraint due to deformation
of the supported beam section (cf. [4]).
is equal to 2 in the case of singlespan or two-span beams or 4 in the

case of continuous beams with
three or more spans:
( E . r a ) k is the bending stiffness of the supporting member;
a
is the span of the supporting
member;
Note 3. Instead of applying equation (81,

the actual effective torsional restraint, C@,k,may also be considered
when determining the ideal design buckling resistance moment, M K ~ the
, ~ , check then being carried
out as specified in subclause 3.3.4.
Table Z Characteristic torsional restraint values for trapezoidal steel sheetins connections, assuming a flange width,
Bolting to
Position of profile
Line
TOP
Bottom
top
flange
bottom
flange
Bolt spacing,
b,')
Washer
diameter,
inmm
in C'A,k7
kNmim
max bt3),
in mm
2 b,')
40
40
40
40
120
120
I Sheeting subjected to suction
I
7
b,
l)
2,
X
X
16
40
16
40
- rib spacing.
Ka - washer diameter irrelevant; bolt head to be concealed using a steel cap, not less than 0,75mm in wall thickness.
3) bt - flange width of sheeting.

The values stated apply to bolts not less than 6,3mm in diameter, arranged as shown in figure 13, used with steel
washers not less than 1,Omm thick, with a vulcanized neoprene backing.

Not for Resale
Asimplified method using equation (14) may be used where

equation (12) is not met:
Ip"
Figure 12. Torsional restraint (example)
0,843 M~
5 1
'
Mpl,y,d
where
My
is the maximum moment;
isareductionfactorasafunctionofbucklingc_urvec
or d, obtained by means of equation (4), for A. from
equation (13),buckling curve d being selected for
beams otherthan the rolled beams in line 1 oftableg,
which are subject to in-plane lateral bending on
their top flange. Equation (15) shall also be met by
beams coming under this category:
I
I
5 4 4 t
h being the maximum beam depth;
t being the thickness of the compression flange.

Buckling curve c may be used in all other cases.
Note. Calculations may be simplified bysubstituting fori,,g
the radius of gyration of the whole section, i,.
Figure 13. Arrangement of screws in connections between

beams and trapezoidal sheeting (example)
3.3.4
(311) The ultimate limit state analysis of I beams, chan-
3.3.3 Analysis of compression flange

(310) I beams symmetrical about the web axis, with a
nels and C sections not designed for torsion shall be by

means of equation (16):
compression flange which is laterally restrained at a number of points spaced a distance c apart, do not require a
detailed analysis for lateral torsional buckling if
My
is the maximum moment as specified in item 303;
XM
is a reduction factor applied to moments as a

function of AM;
where
II is the beam coefficient from table 9.
Axial force diagram
kC
Where there are moments My with a moment ratio, W,

greaterthan 0,5,the beam coefficient,n,shall be multiplied
by a factor k , from figure 14.
*Figure 14. Beam coefficient and associated factor k ,

Not for Resale
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
where
(1 2)

Table 9. Beam coefficient, n
Line
Type of section
Rolled
2.5
Welded
I1
2.0
Castellated
pmaxM
maxM
-1cp1
Moment diagram
I I
1.77
- 0,77
Calculations of beams not more than 60cm in

height may be simplified by substituting equation
(20)for equation (19).
MKi,y
1,32 b * t ( E * I
,
)
-a
1*h2
Notched
VI
16)
Haunched*)
Figure 15. Beam dimensions qualifying for simplified analysis using equation (20) or (21)
-r
0,7
+ 1.8 min h
max h
min h
2 0,25
max h
Note 2. X M may also be taken from figure 10 if the beam

coefficient, n,is equal to 2 5
Note 3. X M may be assumed to be equal to unityfor beams
not more than 60cm in depth (see figure 15)and of
uniform cross section provided that they satisfy
equation (21):
bet
1 5k,
When flanges are connected to webs by welding, n

shall be further multiplied by a factor of 0,8.
Note 1. Calculation of M is only possible where the ideal

design buckling resistance moment, M K ~ , ~is,
known (cf. [5] and [6]). Equation (19)or (20) may be
applied for beams of doubly symmetrical uniform
cross section.
MK~,,,= C * NK~,,, (11,'
+ 0,25 Z; + 0.5 zP)
(19)
where
<
is the moment factor applicable to fork

restraint at the ends, from table 10
zp
I,
is the distance of the point of transmission of
the in-plane lateral load from the centroid
(positive in tension).
3.4
3.4.1
Bending about one axis with

Members subjected t o minor axial forces
(312) Members subjected to only minor axial forces and

meeting the condition expressed by equation (22) may be
analysed for bending without coexistent axial force, as
specified in subclause 3.3.
N
X
< 0,l
(22)
Npl,d
3.4.2 Lateral buckling

3.4.2.1 Simplified method of analysis
(313) The analysis for lateral buckling of members pinjointed on both sidesand subject to in-plane lateral loading
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

fy,k
Note 4. Coefficient n allows for the effect of residual

stresses and initial deformations on the service load
but not the effect of the support conditions (these
being allowed for by MKi,y).
Io + 0,039 1' * IT
240
-
f y , k being expressed in N/mm2.
NK~,,, is equal to n2.E . Izll';

c2
200
Not for Resale

in the form of a concentrated or line load and with a maximum moment, M ,according to first order theory, may be
analysed by means of equation (3), while substituting in
equation (4 b) k from equation (23).
+ a (&
- 0,2) + 3;
+-
Item 305 shall be taken into consideration.

3.4.2.2 Equivalent member method
(314) Analysis
The ultimate limit state analysis shall be made applying
equation (24) and using the buckling curves specified in
subclause 3.2.1.
. Np1.d
where
x
+-ID'
Mpl,d
An
(318) Portions of members not subjected

t o compression
The analysis of portions of members which are not themselves subject to compression but which are required to
resist moments due to being connected to members in
compression shall be by means of equation (26). The yield
strength of cross sections not in compression shall not be
less than that of those in compression.
M
d
+ An <1
(24)
1,15
1--
51
VKi
with V K ~> 1,15
E a reduction factor from equation (4), a function of

and the appropriate buckling curve (see table 5),
for displacement in the moment plane;
is the uniform equivalent moment factor for lateral
buckling taken from column 2 of table 11.
Moment factors less than 1 are only to be used for
members of uniform cross section whose end support conditions do not permit lateral displacement
and which are subjected to constant compression
without in-plane lateral loading;
is the maximum moment according to first order
elastic theory, imperfections being neglected;
AK
Note. If a more detailed analysis is required,the design of

connections shall be based on the basis of the
bending moment according to second order theory,
taking into account equivalent imperfections.
isequal to-
N
x'Npi,d
(1--
x 2 * 36,
x-Npl,d)
but not more than 0,l.
Note. A portion of a member not in compression could bea

beam connected to columns in compression.
(319) Movement of supports and temperature effects
Any effects of deformations as a result of movement of the
supports or variations in temperature shall be taken into
consideration when calculating moment M .
Note. Further information shall be taken from the literature
k g . VI).
(320) Channels and C sections, and I sections of monosymmetric or doubly symmetrical cross section, exhibiting
uniform axial force and not designed for torsion, with relative
dimensionsas for those of rolled sections,shall be analysed
for ultimate limit state by means of equation (27):
Item 123 shall be taken into account when calculating Mpl,d.

For doublysymmetrical cross sections with a web comprising at least 18Yo of the'total area of cross section, M p l , d in
equation(24) may be multiplied by a factor of 1,l if the
following applies:
Note 1. Where the maximum moment is zero,equation (3)

shall be applied instead of equation (24) for the
ultimate limit state.
Note 2. Calculations mayde simplified by substituting for
A n either 0,25 x 2 .A$ or 0.1.
(315) Effect of transverse forces
Due account shall be taken of the effect of transverse
forces on the design capacity of a cross section.
Note. This may be achieved by reducing the internal forces
and moments in the perfectly plastic state (e.g. as
set out in tables 16 and 17 of DIN 18800 Part 1).
(316) Non-uniform cross section and

variable axial forces
Where cross sections are non-uniform or axial forces variable, the analysis shall be made applying equation (24) to
all key cross sections, with all relevant internal forces and
moments and cross section properties and the axial force,
NK~,
assumed as acting at these points. In addition, equations (5) and (6) in item 305 shall be met.
(317) Rigid connections

In the absence of a more rigorous treatment, rigid connections shall be calculated substituting forthe actual moment,
M , the moment in the perfectly plastic state, Mp1,d.
My
ky< 1
xM ' Mpl,y, d
The following notation applies in addition to that given in
subclause 3.3.4.
xz
is a reduction factor from equation (4), substituting
AK,z for buckling perpendicular to the z-axis,
where
& z
is equal to -the non-dimensional slenderness
xz
'
Npl, d
associated with axial force;
N K ~ is the axial force underthe smallest bifurcation load
k,
associated with buckling perpendicularto the z-axis

or with the torsional buckling load;
is a coefficient taking into account moment diagram
My and a K , z . It shall be calculated as follows:
ky=l
ay. but not more than unity,
xz * N p l , d
where
ay = 0,15jK,z. B M , -O,%,
~
with a maximum of 0,9
where
& M , is
~ the moment factor associated with lateral torsional buckling, from column 3 of
table 11, taking intoaccount moment diagram My.
Note 1. Due regard shall be taken, particularly in the case
of channels and C sections, of the fact that this analysis does not take account of design torsion.
Note 2. Tsections are not covered by the specifications of
this subclause.
Note 3. A k, value of unity gives a conservative approximation.
Note 4. The torsional bending load plays a major role, for
example, in members subject to torsional restraint.
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Not for Resale
3.5
Biaxial bending with or without

3.5.1
"Y
Lateral buckling
x *Npl,d
ay, with a maximum

of 1,5
- 1). With a
( 2 ~-, 4)
~ +
maximum of 0,8
where
M,,and M,z are the moment factors
M associated with
lateral torsional buckling, from column 3 of
table 11; taking into
account moment diagrams My and M,;
apl,yand ctPl,, are plastic shape coefficients associated
with moment M y or
M,. (Item 123 is not
applicable here.)
ay = & y

equation (28):
+ -. MY
NpLd
where
(321) Method of analysis 1
k,=1-
M,
ky + -k, I 1
Mpl,y,d
(28)
MpL z, d
where
x = min (xy, x),
is a reduction factor for the relevant buckling curve, from equation (4);
Myand M ,
are the maximum moments in first order

theory (disregarding imperfections);
kY
is a coefficient taking -into account

moment diagram My and AK,y It shall be
calculated as follows:
Table 11. Moment factors

1
Moment diagram
Moment factors,
Moment factors,
Ms
m.
for lateral torsional buckling
for lateral buckling
&,
3 d moments
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
y,
.;,
.:;. ... ,,. .. . .... . ,.. .:s ....:.

<.
*-
fl1
, = 0,66+ 0,44 y
but not below 1
--
= 1,8 0,7y
VKi'
with a minimum of 0,44.

Moments from in-plane
ateral loading
flQ
Moments from in-plane lateral

loading with end moments
MQ = 1 max M
1 from in-plane lateral

loading only
Imax MI
AM=
Imax MI

Not for Resale
where no
alternating
moments OCCUI
+ Imin Ml
where
alternating
moments OCCUI
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
k,
is a factor taking into account moment

diagram M, and a K , p It shall be calculated
as follows:
k,=1 xz
'
a,
NpLd
with a maximum
of 1,5
where
a, =
&,, (2M,z- 4) + (spi,, - 1). with a

maximum of 0,8
Mpl,z,d
is design moment M, in the perfectly

plastic state, disregarding item 123.
Item 305 shall be taken into consideration.

Note 1. If equation (28) is applied for bending about one
axis and coexistent axial force, x shall be the reduction factor for the plane of bending under consideration.
Note 2. The actual increase in the internal forces and
moments in second order theory is accounted for
'by calcuLating the non-dimensional slendernesses
AK,yandaK,,overtheeffective lengthsforthe whole
structure (cf. [8]).
(322) Method of analysis 2
The ultimate limit state analysis by method 2 shall be made
using the following equation:
N
m , z * M,
+ m,, . M y
k , + A n j l (29)
x .Npi, d
Mpl,y,d ky + Mpl,z,d
where
x = r n i n (xy,xJ is the reduction factor for the relevant
buckling curve, obtained using equation
(4);
k, shall be equal to unity and k, = c, with
xy < x,;
k, and k , shall be equal to unity, with
xy= x,;
k, shall be equal to cy and k , equal to
unity, with x, c xy;
Other notation is explained in subclauses 3.3.4,3.4.3 and

3.5.1.
Note 1. This analysis does not take account of design
torsion.
Note 2. Tsections are not covered bythe specifications of
this subclause.
Note 3. A k, value taken to be equal to unity and a k , value
of 1,5 give a conservative approximation.
Single-span built-up members
4.1 General
(401) Buckling perpendicular t o the material axis*)
Built-up members having cross sections with one material
axis shall be dealt with as solid members as specified in
clause 3 when calculating lateral displacement perpendicular to the material axis. For compression and design bending moment, My,this only applies when there is no design
bending moment M,.
(402) Buckling perpendicular t o the void axis **)
Calculation of lateral displacement perpendicular to the
void axis may be bythe equivalent method,in which built-up
members of uniform cross section are dealt with as solid
members,with both deformations due to moments and those
occurring as a result of transverse forces being taken into
consideration. In this method, the design of each component
shall be based on the global analysisofthetotal internal forces
and moments present (see subclauses 4.3.2 and 4.3.3).
Note. Frames may also be analysed on the basis of all of
their components. Analysis by the equivalent member method assuming solid members is specified for
battened members with two chords. The literature
shall be referred to for information on members with
more than two chords [91.
1
c, = CY
r=2
Myand M,
fim,,
and fim,,
are the maximum moments in first order

theory (disregarding imperfections);
are the moment factors for lateral buckling, from line 2 of table 11, taking into
account moment diagram M yor M,.
Item 314shall be referred to fOrAn,SUbStitUting~KaSSOCiated with x , the other items of subclause 3.4.2.2applying by
analogy.
Note. If there is only one moment, equation (24) shall be
substituted for equation (29) where the reduction
factor in the plane of bending under consideration is
substituted for x .

(323) Monosymmetric or doubly symmetrical I sections
with relative dimensions as for those of rolled sections,subject to axial force shall be analysed for the ultimate limit
state by means of equation (30):
ky and k , being taken from item 320 and item 321

respectively.

r=2
Figure 16. Built-up members with cross sections having

one material axis (y-axis) (examples)
(403) Cross sections with two void axes
The following information applies by analogy to both axes
for cross sections with two void axes.
r=4
Figure 17. Built-up member with a cross section having
two void axes (y- and z-axes) (example)
*) Axis intersecting with components.
**) Axis between components.
Not for Resale
4.2
Common notation
1;
(404)
system length (of built-up member);

number of chords;
h, and h, distance between centroidal axes of chords;
a
length of chord between two nodes;
AG
gross area of cross section of chord;
A = AG gross area of cross section of built-up member;
AD
gross area of cross section of a strut;
4
smallest radius of gyration of one chord;
1 ,G
second order moment of area of a chord cross
section about the centroidal axis parallel to the
z-axis;
Ys
distance of the centroid of each component
cross section from the z-axis;
I , = AG , y ;
sK,z
+ I z , ~ )second
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
order moment of area of

the gross cross section about the
z-axis (assuming rigid connection
of components, providing shear resistance);
effective length of equivalent member, disregarding any deformation due to transverse
forces;
SK,Z
AK,z = - slenderness ratio of the equivalent member
17
for battened members (disregarding deformations due to transverse forces);
correction for battened members (cf. table 12);
+ 17. I z , ~ design
)
second order moment of
AG .y;
area of the gross cross section of

battened members;
1; = 2 (AG - y ; ) design second order moment of area of
the gross cross section of laced members;
w;=- I L
section modulus of the gross cross section, relative to the centroidal axis of the
outermost chord;
design shear stiffness of the equivalent
member.
YS
Sz*,d
Note 1. The shear stiffness corresponds to the transverse

force resulting in an angle of shear,y, equal to unity.
Note 2. Examples of shear stiffness of laced and battened
members are given in table 13.
Note 3. The shear stiffness of battened members has been
multiplied by the factor n2/12in order to exclude
failure of single panels solely due to shear.
4.3
Buckling perpendicularto void axis
4.3.1 Analysis of member

(405) Analysis of a member shall be made taking into consideration the conditions of restraint. The internal forces
and moments in a member designed to be in axial compression, with its ends nominally pinned t o prevent lateral displacement will be as follows:
at member mid-point:
M z=
1
Table 12. Correction,
--
00
(31)
N K i , z,d
v, for battened members
where
1
NKi,z, d =
77
1
12
'tT
( E I;)d
+-s;,d1
n-Mz
1
at member end: max V, = -
> 150
(32)
(33)
Note. The literature (e.g. [IO]) shall be consulted for internal compression and design bending.
4.3.2
Analysis of member components
4.3.2.1 Chords of laced and battened members

(406) The global analysis of internal forces and moments
acting throughout the member not resistant to shear gives
an axial force,NG, in the chord undermaximum stressequal
to the following:
NG shall be used for analysis of the part of a chord as specified in subclause 3.2,assuming pin-jointing on both sides.
The slenderness ratio, aK,1. shall be obtained as follows:
where
SK,1
Figure 18. Laced and battened members (examples)

is the effective length of the part of a chord under

maximum stress, usuallytaken to be the same as the
length of the chord, a, between nodeS.The effective
length of parts of laced members consisting of four
angles shall be taken from table 13.
Note. The analysis may be made as specified in subclause

3.4for laced members as shown in columns 4 and 5
of table 13 where a is subject to transverse loading.
Not for Resale

Lacing systems
(38)
(407) The axial forces of web members making up lacing
systems shall be obtained from the total transverse forces,

Vy,acting in the laced member.The effective length shall be
taken from subclause 5.1.2.
Note. The total transverse force required when considering a member in axial compression, shall be obtained from equation (33).
4.3.3
Analysis of panels of battened members
(408) Panels between two battens

The panel between two battens resisting the maximum
transverse force, rnax Vv, obtained from the global calculation shall be analysed by verifying the ultimate limit state of
a chord subject to the following internal forces and
moments:
end moment,
transverse force,
m a r Vy a
MG = -r
VG
rnax Vy
~
(37)
where
XB
is the position of the batten

on the chord.
In the case of monosymmetric chord cross sections, the resistance moment, M , at the ends of the part of the chord
shall be obtained from the mean of the moments f Mpl,NG
derived from interaction equation (38).
Note 1. The plastic design capacity of the chord cross section as obtained from the interaction equations may
be utilized (cf. [9] and [lo]),the transverse force, VG,
normally being neglected.
Note 2. The moments of resistance, M,!,N~,occurring in
the chords at their connections with battens are of
different magnitude owing to their different directions. Failure of a panel does not occur until all
M p ~ , values
~ G have been fully utilized (cf. [9]).
Note 3. The moment axes shall also be taken to be parallel
to the void axis in the case of angle chords.
Table 13. Effectwe lengths sK,1 and equivalent shear stiffnesses, s,*,d, of laced and battened members
1
6
Battened members
r:r
z
SK; 1
1.28 a
1,52 a
Sz, d = m ( E A& cos a . sin2a

(m = number of braces normal to void axis)
The effective lengths,sK,l,in columns 1and 2 onlyapply to angle-sectioned chords, the slenderness ratio,ili, being calculatI d on the basis of the smallest radius of gyration, i l .
If, in special cases, fasteners are used which are likely to slip, this may be accounted for by increasing the equivalent geometrical imperfections accordingly.
The information relating to Sg,d does not apply to scaffolding,which generally makes use of highly ductile fasteners which
must be taken into account.
Note. Further information on ductilityand slip of fasteners and on eccentricityat the connections between web members in
laced members is given in the literature (e.9. [9]).

Not for Resale
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4.3.2.2

(409) Battens
Battens and their connections shall be designed for shear
and the design moments (cf. table 14).
Table 14. Distribution of forces and moments in the

battens of battened members
1
Cross section of
built-up battened
members
Continuity of packing may be taken into consideration

when calculating the second order moment of area. When
determining the area of cross section,A, this only applies
when the packing is adequately connected to the gusset.
The shear in the battens, connections or packing may be
calculated fora transverse force equalling 2.5% of the compressive force in the battened member.
(411) Star-battened angle members
Built-up members. consisting of two star-battened angle
members need only be checked for lateral displacement
perpendicular to the.material axis (figure 20) by the following equation:
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(39)
Structural model
If the effective lengths of the two members are not the

same, the mean of the two effective lengths shall be used.
Angles with a cross section as shown in figure 20 b) may be
verified by the following equation, the radius of gyration, io,
of the gross cross section relating to the centroidal axis
parallel to the longer leg:
lY
io
=1.15
Moment diagram in
the connection
due to shear, T
Shear, T,in the

connection
This also applies for closely spaced built-up battened
members as shown in figures 19,20and 21.The moments in
the centroids of batten connections shall be taken into
account.
If packing plates are used to connect the main components
in built-up battened members as shown in figures 19 and 21,
it is sufficient to design the connection for resistance to the
actual shear.
4.4 Closely spaced built-up battened members

(410) Cross sections with one void axis
Built-up members with cross sections as shown in figure 19
may also be treated as solid members as set out in clause 3
when calculating lateral displacement normal to the void
axis, provided that either of the following conditions is satisfied:
a) battens or packing plates positioned as specified in
subclause 4.5 are not more than 15 i, apart;
b) continuous packing plates are used,which are connected at intervals equal to 15 il or less apart.
a) r = 2
b) r = 2
Figure 20. Star-battened angle members

Consecutive battens may be in corresponding or mutually
opposed order. Shear may be determined as specified in
item 410.
Note. According to item 503, the effective lengths of diagonals or verticals in triangulated frames differ, depending on whether lateral displacement in or perpendicular to the plane of the frame is being considered.
(412) Cross sections with two void axes
Where built-up members as shown in figure 21 consist of
main components with a clear spacing not or only slightly
greater than the thickness of the gusset,the specifications
applying to the built-up members in figure 19 shall be
applied by analogy to the two void axes.
r=4
Figure 19. Built-up memebers with a void axis and a clear
spacing of main components not oronlyslightly
greater than the thickness of the gusset

Figure 21. Closely-spaced built-up member with two

void axes
Not for Resale
Structural detailing
(413) Retention of cross-sectional shape
Where member cross sections have two void axes, the rectangular cross-sectional shape shall be retained by means
of cross-stiffening.
Note. Cross-stiffening may take the form of bracing,plates
or frames.
tom chords are in the perpendicular plane, the effective

length in that plane may be determined as for compressive
forces which do not always act in the same direction.
Note 1. Chords may be held in the perpendicular plane by
a road deck, for example.
Note 2. The effective length can be determined with the
aid of figures 36 to 38.
(414) Arrangement of battens and packing plates

Battened members shall be connected at the ends by battens.This also applies to laced members unless cross bracing is used instead.
If built-up members are connected at the same gusset,due
account shall be taken of the fact that the gusset will also
function as an end batten or end packing plate.
The other battens shall be spaced as equally apart as possible, the use of packing plates being permitted instead for
the members shown in figures 19 and 21. The number of
panels shall be not less than three, and equation (41) shall
be satisfied:
a
- 5 70
(41)
Ib(
i1
A'
Vertical member held horizontally,

non-rigidly connected at one side
Frames
5.1 Triangulated frames

5.1.1 General
(501) Calculation of forces in triangulated
frame members
The forces acting in the members making up a triangulated
frame may be calculated assuming nominally pinned
member ends.Secondary stresses as a result of nodes may
be disregarded.
Where the cross sections of compression chords are nonuniform over their length,any load eccentricity in individual
members may be disregarded if the mean centroidal axis of
each cross section coincides with the centroidal axis of the
compression chord.
(502) Analysis of compression members
Analysis of compression members shall be as specified in
clause 3,4 or 7.
Effective lengths of frame members

designed to resist cornpression
5.1.2.1 General
(503) Rigidly connected members
In the absence of a more rigorous treatment, the effective
length, SK, of frame members which are rigidly connected
using at least two bolts or by welding shall be 0.9 I for inplane buckling (42) and equal to unity for out-of-plane
buckling (43).
Vertical member held horizontally,

non-rigidly connected at both sides
5.1.2
Figure 22.
5.1.2.2
Non-rigidly connected triangulated frame

members for out-of-plane buckling
Triangulated frame members supported

by another triangulated frame member
(506) Connection at intersection

At intersections, members shall be connected directly or
(504) Non-rigidly connected members

In the absence of a more rigorous treatment, the analysis
for the sway mode of vertical and diagonal members held
horizontally by cross beams or transverse members providing non-rigid connection, is a function of the structural
detailing involved.
via a gusset.
if both members are continuous, the connection between
them shall be designed to withstand a force acting in the
perpondicu!ar plane equal to 10% of the greater compressive force.
Noie. The effective length, S K , ~ ,of triangulated frame

members as shown in figure 22 for the sway mode in
the perpendicular plane may be determined by
means of the diagrams in figure 27.
(507) In-plane effective length

The effective length for the sway mode in the plane of the
triangulated member shall be assumed to be the system
length to the node of the intersecting members.
(505) Members with one end allowing lateral

dlsplacement and one or two non-rigidly
connected ends
Where verticals and diagonals in main triangulated frames
also act as the columns of sway portal frames,and thsirbot-
(508) Out-of-plane effective length

The effective length forthe sway mode in the perpendicular
plane appropriate to the structural detailing involved may
be taken from table 15.

Not for Resale
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4.5

Table 15. Out-of plane effective lengths of triangulated frame members of uniform cross section in the perpendicular
plane
1- _
SK =
z-1
~
N-1,
I , 13
1 + I . 1:
but not less than 0,5 Z
SK =
Y-
I,
1 +-
1,
+-
13
I . 1:
but not less than 0,5 Z
but not less than 0,5 1
Continuous compression member
Nominally pinned compression member
where
but not less than 0,5 I
N . Il
vhere -
z-1
ir where the following applies:
N
Dut not less than 0.5 1
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Not for Resale

Solid truss members with elastic support
at mid-length
5.1.2.3
5.2
Frames and laterally restrained

continuous beams
(509) The out-of-plane effective length of solid truss
5.2.1 Negligible deformations due to axial force
members with elastic support at mid-length for the sway

mode may be obtained by means of equation (44):
(511) The specifications of subclause 5.2 may be deemed

applicable if the deformations due to axial force of the
columns of frames and bracing systems are negligible,this
being the case when equation (45) is met:
(44)
E * I > 2,5 S.L2

where
(45)
where
is the system length;
E .I
is the maximum compressive force acting in the

member ( N I or N2);
cd
is the frame stiffness with respect to lateral displacement of the points of connection of solid
members and of columns forming part of the subframe in the perpendicularplane,this being equal to
not less than 4 N I L
is the bending stiffness,

is the storey stiffness,
L
is the overall height (see figure 25),
of the bracing system or multistorey frame.
If E -1or S varies over a number of storeys,their mean may
be used.
I may be approximated using equation (46):

B2
I=
-+-
(46)
Ali
Are
the width, B, and cross-sectional areas Ali and Are of the
columns being as shown in figure 25.
Bracing system
Figure 23. Solid member and frame stiffness
Multistorey frame
Ali
Angles used as solid members

in triangulated frames
5.1.2.4
(510) Where angle ends are nominally pinned (e.g. by

means of a single bolt), the effects of eccentricity shall be
taken into consideration.
Figure 25. Criteria for calculation of I by means of

equation (46)
If one of the two angle legs is rigidly connected at the node,

the effects of eccentricity may be disregarded and the
analysis of lateral buckling as specified in subclause 3.2.1
carried o3t using the non-dimensional slenderness in
bending, Ak, from table 16.
Table 16. Non-dimensional slenderness in bending,
2
O<A,<112
;2# = 0,35 + 0,753 AK
fi<3,<3,0
n# = 0,50+ 0,646 AK
aK=-
I
il
ni<
non-dimensional slenderness of solid

Aa member
system length
il
minimum radius of gyration of angle

cross section

5.2.2 Non-sway frames

(512) Non-sway braced frames
In cases where the frame and the bracing components cooperate to resist in-plane horizontal loads, the frame shall
be regarded as non-sway provided that the stiffness of the
bracing system,SAusst,isat least five times that of the frame,
Sb,in the storey under consideration, .e.
SAusst
2 5 SRa
(47)
By a simplified method, equation (47) need only be applied

to the lowest storey if the stiffness conditions there are not
considerably different from those of the other storeys.
Note. Examples of stiffening elements are wall panels and
bracing.Their stiffness may be taken from table 17.
Not for Resale
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 24. Rigidly connected angles (examples)
It shall be presumed throughout that for the column of

frames the member characteristic is not greater than unity.
Note I . Equation (45) ensures that in a cantilever member
whose low bending stiffness and storey stiffness
remain constant under an evenly distributed load,
the lateral displacement at the free end asa result of
transverse force is at least ten times that resulting
from the bending moment.
Note 2. Equationsfor calculation of the stiffness of bracing
systems and of multistorey frames are given in
table 17 and subclause 5.3.2.1 respectively.
DIN 18800 Pari 2 Page 23

(513) Stiffness of beam-and-column type frames
The stiffness of beam-and-column type frames, S, is defined
by:
S=VJp
(48)
If equation (49) is not met, the bracing system design shall

be based on the transverse force calculated by second
order theory.
A simpler method may also be used,in which the transverse
force according to first order theory (including any uplift,
N -PO)is multiplied by the factor a obtained by means of
equation (50).
Note. The following general case applies to bracing systems:
NKi,d = SAusst, d
Figure 26. Stiffness of beam-and-column type frames, S

may be calculated as specified
As a simplified method,
in item 519,with SAusst equal to zero.
Table 17. Stiffness of bracing systems,
1
Bracing system
SAusst
Wall panel
(e.g. masonry)
G-t-1
5.2.4 Analysis of frames and continuous beams

(517) The ultimate limit state analysis of frames and continuous beams may be effected by analysing their main
components as specified in clause 3.
In the analysis of lateral buckling of non-sway frames as
the moment factor,&,for latspecified in subclause 3.4.2.2,
eral buckling,taken from column 2 of table 11 may be used
to calculate the moment components from transverse
loads on beams.
When analysing beams by means of equation (26),the
maximum bending moment may be reduced by multiplying
by the factor (1-0,8/q~i)provided there are no (or virtually
no) compressive forces acting in them.
Note. The effective lengths required for the above check
are given in figure 27. Practical examples are given
in [ll].
5.3
5.3.1
Diagonals
(one diagonal
effective)
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Value doubled
where bracing
sufficiently
preloaded
5.2.3 Design of bracing systems

(514) Principle
Bracing systems shall be designed by second order theory
assuming all horizontal loads and uplift due to imperfections for both stiffening system and frame.
(515) Imperfections
Initial sway imperfections, qo, as specified in subclause 2.3
shall be assumed forall columns of frames and the bracing
system.
(516) Calculation by first order theory
In the global analysis by elastic theory,first ordertheory may
be applied provided that each storey meets equation (49):
(49)
where
SAusst,d is the total stiffness of all frame bracing systems in
the storey under consideration;

is the total vertical load transmitted in the storey
under consideration.

Negligible deformations due to axial force
(516) Item 51 1 shall apply in the cases where the deformations due to axial force are negligible.
E . A sin a * cos'a
SAusst, d
Sway frames and continuous beams

subject to lateral displacement
5.3.2 Plane sway frames

Note. The use of bolts or welding for unstiffened beam-tocolumn connections requires due consideration of
their structural behaviour and susceptibility to
deformations, .e. their plastic design capacity combined with their rotation capacityand theirdeformations under service loads.
5.3.2.1 Calculation by first order elastic theory
(519) Global analysis of beam-and-column type frames
(regardless of the number of storeys or panels) which are
pinned or rigidly connected at their base, with columns of
equal length within a storey and nodes permitting only
lateral displacement, may be designed by first order theory,
provided that each storey meets equation (51).
where
N, being the sum of all vertical loads transmitted in the

rth storey.
In the above, the stiffness S, shall be obtained by means of
equations (52)to (54),using the notation and values given
in figure 28.
In the first storey (where r =l),S, shall be as follows, depending on the conditions of restraint at the column bases:
rigidly connected:
Not for Resale

Special design situations
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Nominally
pinned
$---
Cu=
--k
E
u)
L
5a
c
.-O
c
o
L
c, =
O
O
11 1s
+ -2 3 Is 4
In all three cases:

1
c,, =
2 12 15
I+
3 1s 12
SK =
Rigid
c, or c, (whichever greater)
BIs
qKi=
Rigid
Nominally
pinned
Division of non-sway frame into subframes with only

one column, for application of diagram below
K i + K
Kb
Ki
K6
K s ' i K:"
K3
(Resolution of K3 and K 6
may be freely selected.)
Figure 27. Diagram to determine the distribution factor, q ~ iand

,
effective length, SK, for columns of non-sway frames
where seam is not greater than 0,3

Not for Resale

Storey r
&
1s
Cr+l= ...
Beam r
IR
+1
er= - C l5
Storey r
hr
kI-l = ...
Figure 28. Notation and values for calculation of
&d
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Special design situations
1
Cu =
Il
's
Is
12
1+2-
In all six cases

(disregarding a ~ ) :
1
C" =
12
1+2-
's
Tr5
Is 12
0,i
Rigidly
connected
SK = J ! S
0,2
0.3
0,L
0,s
0,6
0,7
c, or c, (whicheber greater)-
0,
0,9
Nominally
pinned
~ ~ \ z E I s
N,i
q K i = N =
ik,
For multistorey frames, calculate c, and c, as follows:
-0
l+-
Ca KO
Ks
Storey under
consideration
KS.0
Figure 29. Diagram to determine distribution factor, I;IK~, and effective length, sK,for columns of sway frames where
is not greater than 0.3

Not for Resale

nominally pinned:
(53)
v,
In the other storeys:
=(VT
1--
+ Co * N I )
vKi,r
where
Sr,Ausst,d
is the stiffness of any stiffening elements in the

r t h storey.
If an analysis of external horizontal forces by first order

theory is already provided, q ~ i , may
,
also be obtained by
means of equation (55).
VF
qKi,r = -
pr * Nr
(55)
where
VF
p,
is the transverse force from external horizontal

loads in the r t h storey;
is the associated angle of rotation in the r t h storey,
obtained by first order theory.
Note 1. In first order theory, the reduced initial sway imperfections p~ specified in items 729 and 730 of
DIN 18800 Part 1 shall be taken into account.
Note 2. Alternatively,q K i , r may be determined with the aid
of figure 29.
assumed as being equal to S,d/1,2gives a
conservative estimation of the design bifurcation
load; examples are given in [ll].
NKi,r,d
5.3.2.2 Simplified method applying second order theory

(520) Method
Calculations shall be as in first order theory but assuming
an increased transverse force in the storeys as set out in
item 521 or 522.
5.3.2.3 Analysis by equivalent member method

(523) Global method
The ultimate limit state analysis for sway frames may be carried out byanalysing each member separately,as specified
in clause 3,but using the effective length of the system as a
whole.
Where, in certain cases, the compressive forces acting on
the frame are liable to change direction during buckling,
this shall be taken into account when calculating the effective lengths of members.
Note. Effective lengths may be determined using figure 29,
or using figures 36 to 38 in cases where compressive forces are liable to change direction.
(524) Cross sections not in compression
Analysis by means of equation (26) for cross sections not in
compression need only be made for beams in sway frames
where Mpl of ihe beam is less than the total Mpl of the
columns meeting the beams.
(525) Systems with nominally pinned columns
In global analysis by first order theory, sway systems including nominally pinned columns shall be calculated with an
additional equivalent load, V O(obtained by means of equation (59) and illustrated in figure 30), in order to take into
account initial sway imperfections.
(59)
V O= 1(Pi .p0.i)
where
p0,i is as specified in item 205.
VO =
(521) Transverse force in beam-and-column type frames

Where the member characteristic, E, of beam-and-column
type frames is less than 1,6, higher transverse forces in
the storey, V,,shall be used, to be obtained by means of
equation (56).
V, = V,H + 90 . N r + 1,29,.. N I
V0.i
(56)
where
VF is the transverse force in the storey due to external
horizontal loads only;
N , is the total vertical load transmitted within the r t h
storey;
00 is the initial sway imperfection as specified in subclause 2.3;
pr is theangleofrotation ofthecolumnsintherth storey
(calculated by the simplified second order theory
method).
Note. When applying initial sway imperfections at the base
or top of columns, the angles of rotation, Q, (see
figure 30), being unknown, the simplified second
order method gives an only slightly different result
than the first order method, the additional term
1,2pr N , giving a decrease in the principal diagonal
terms, and po N , an increase in the load terms, of
the equilibrium equations. Thus calculations are
onlyslightly more complex than by first ordertheory.
+
Approximate calculation of transverse force

in beam-and-column type frames
If equation (57) is met by all storeys, equation (58) may be
substituted for (56) to obtain V, by approximation.
Figure 30. Systems including nominally pinned columns:

additional transverse force in a storey, VO
Note. The initial sway imperfections as specified in items
729 and 730 of DIN 18800 Part 1 need not be
assumed in addition to VO.
5.3.2.4 Analysis applying first order plastic hinge theory
(526) Beam-and-column type frames
Beam-and-column type frames as specified in subclauses
5.3.2.1,with columns having no or virtually no plastic hinge
action at their ends, may be analysed according to first
order plastic hinge theory provided that initial sway imperfections from subclause 2.3 are assumed and the columns
in each storey satisfy equation (60).
Vr
(522)
prsloN,
(60)
where
v, = v,H + 80. N ,
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

XPi
90from figure 5.
Not for Resale
(611

where
V r is the transverse force in the storey due to external
horizontal loads only;
N , is the total vertical load transmitted within the r t h storey;
pr is the angle of rotation of the columns in a storey(ca1culated according to first order plastic hinge theory).
Note, Formula for calculating pr for single-storey frames
are given in the literature (cf. 1121).
(527) Single-storey frames
First order plastic hinge theory may be applied for the
frames shown in figure 31 provided that there are no (or
virtually no) plastic hinges at their ends and equation (62)
is satisfied:
subject to axial compression when considering out-ofplane buckling.

Note. In the case of bridges, elastic support is usually provided by subframes (cf. table for spring stiffness of
such frames).
(531) Averaging of compressive force
For solid web beams, the axial force of the compression
chord positioned between two subframes may be averaged
to give a constant value, the chord cross section being
taken to include the chords plus one fifth of the web.
Table 18. Examples of spring stiffness, Cd, of a subframe

in trough bridges
Trusses and solid web beams with subframes
in perpendicular plane
+-I R * h
where
a is equal to 3 or 6 for nominally pinned or rigidly connected bases respectively;
N is the total vertical load.
&+
1
i-
141
N
6 Arches
6.1 Axial compression
or
6.1.1 In-plane buckling

6.1.1.1 Arches of uniform cross section
(601) Analysis
The ultimate limit state analysis shall be made by applying
equation (3),N being the value at the springing.
Figure 31. Notation used in equation (62)

If the height of nominally pinned columns, ,Z is not the
same as the height of the frame columns, h, the vertical
loads on the nominally pinned columns shall be multiplied
by the factor hll, for calculation of N .
Note. This specification may give very conservative results
since it covers the whole range of possible plastic
hinge configurations.
Simplified calculation according to second
order plastic hinge theory
(528) The simplified method according to second order
elastic theory as specified in subclause 5.3.2.2 assuming
transverse forces in the storey as obtained by means of
equation (56), may be adopted as it stands in plastic hinge
theory provided that there are no (or virtually no) hinges at
columns.The angle of rotation of the column according to
the present simplified second order plastic hinge method
shall be substituted for qr in equation (56).
Plan view
5.3.2.5
Figure 32. Arch axes

Note. Figure 33 shows buckling coefficients obtained by
means of equation (63) for various types of symmetrical arch systems, all of which assume that deformations due to axial forces can be disregarded.
5.3.3 Non-rigidly connected continuous beams
=-
5.3.3.1 General
(529) Analysis of non-rigidly connected continuous
beams may be on the lines of subclause 3.4.2.
(63)
where sK is the effective length and s half of the

beam length, /? is used to calculate the axial force at
the springing, N K ~under
,
the smallest bifurcation
load (see equation 64):
5.3.3.2 Compression chords with elastic lateral support

(530) Trusses and solid web beams
The compression chords of trusses or solid web beams may
be dealt with as non-rigidly connected continuous beams
I * \2
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

SK
Not for Resale

Table 19. Spring stiffness of triangulated structures without verticals
C
Typical Warren
truss bridges
Subframes in Warren truss bridges
System on which analysis based. Bottom chord of centre panel only

resistant to bending, adjacent bottom chords only resistant to torsion.
Through bridge design on which

analysis based (cf. figure 18)
Spring stiffness: C d
B=
h2 - 1,
~
-+'+
Ur
d 3 . I,
Idr
A+B-2D
-
b'
*) Hinge allowing for torsion
(E
1u)d
~
-u
3
D =-a. b - u
6
Any areas resistant to bending at member ends shall be deducted from dl, d,, a, b, u and b, and those resistant
to torsion, from u1 and u.,
I, are second order moments of area of the diagonals and bottom chord with respect to bending
perpendicular to the main beam.
Z,l and I,, are second order moments of area of the cross beams at the left and right of the panel with respect to
bending of the deck.
Z T ~and ITr are the torsion constants of the adjacent bottom chord members.
Idl, Idr and
If the half-wave coefficient, rn,of the bending curve due to buckling of the top chord is less than a half the number
of panels, reduced spring stiffness shall be assumed by calculating the second order moments of area, I,, of all
inner cross members with only half their values.
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Not for Resale
DIN 18800 Part 2
Page 29
Buckling coefficients, /3, for in-plane buckling of arch
Antimetric buckling
Antimetric buckling
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
P
Symmetric buckling
f/l
Pa: parabola; Ke: catenary;
Kr: circle
Loads (e.g. hydrostatic pressure) shall be assumed to correspond to the arch form in the case of arches of the parabolic or
catenary type but to act linearly in the case of one-centred arches.
Figure 33. Buckling coefficients, , for in-plane buckling of arches loaded in their thrust line (deformations due to axial
forces being neglected)

Not for Resale
Figure 34. Buckling coefficient, , for in-plane buckling of parabolic arches with m hangers (relative to the axial force at
the springing ( K ) )
(602) Tied arches
In the case of tied arches where the ties are connected to
the arch by means of hangers,the ultimate limit state analysis shall be carried out using the full effective length of the
arch,since it is not usuallysufficient to check the section of
arch between two hangers.
Note. Further details are given in the literature (e.g. [13]
and [141).
(603) Snap-through buckling of arches
Snap-through buckling will not occur in flat arches provided
that equation (65)is satisfied.
where
E . A is the longitudinal stiffness;

E . I , is the in-plane bending stiffness;
k
is an auxiliary value taken from table 20.
Note. Snap-through buckling loads cannot be determined
for arches using this standard,and shall be calculated applying the non-linear theory using large deformations.
6.1.1.2 Non-uniform cross sections
(604) The ultimate limit state analysis of arches of nonuniform cross section shall be by second order theory
assuming equivalent geometrical imperfections as specified in subclause 6.2.1.
Buckling in perpendicular plane

Arch beams without lateral restraint
between springings
(605) The ultimate limit state analysis of arch beams
without lateral restraint between springings may be carried
out applying equation (3),using the in-plane slenderness
ratio, AK, obtained as follows.
For parabolic arches,
where
i, is the radius of gyration of the z-axis at the crown;
pl
is the buckling coeffcient taken from table 21 (assuming loading to correspond to the arch form), under a
uniform vertical load distribution, with both ends of
the arch laterally restrained in the perpendicular
plane;
is the buckling coefficient taken from table 22, covering the change in direction of the load in lateral buckling.
For one-centred arches,
with
where
NK~,K
is ~the axial force under the smallest bifurcation
r
a
load of a one-centred arch of constant doubly

symmetrical cross section with fork restraint, subject to constant radial loading corresponding to
the arch form;
is the radius of the one-centred arch;
is the angle of the one-centred arch,greaterthan O
but less than n;
6.1.2
6.1.2.1
6.1.2.2 Arches with wind bracing and end portal frames

(606) The sway mode normal to the arch plane may be
calculated by approximation, it only being necessary to
take into account buckling of the portal frames.
The ultimate limit state analysis for the columns of portal
frames may be by means of equation (3), taking AK from
equation (69).
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Not for Resale

Any transverse loads (such as wind load) shall be checked
separatelytaking into account bending moments as set out
in item 314.
Note 1. Buckling coefficients may be taken from the literature (cf. [15]) and figures 36 to 38 which cover loading corresponding to the arch form, not just in portai
frames of arches.
Note 2. h, as featured in figures 36 to 38 shall be obtained
by multiplying the averaged hanger length, h ~by,
the factor llsin Czk, a k being the angle between the
sloping columns of the frame and the beam. h, shall
be assumed to be negative where the deck is on
supports.
J z * *a
where
is the buckling coefficient;

h
is the in-plane height of the column of the portal frame;
is the radius of gyration of the z-axis of the portal
i,
frame column.
Table 20. Auxiliary value, k
0,075
Two-hinged arch
23
17
Rigidly connected arch
97
42
I, constant
0,50
21
Corresponding to arch form
0,s
/z,,, (at crown)
0,65
1- t -I_ f
9H
1 - 0,351
-
Via columns')
l) The
Notation
Via hangers
1
I
9%
+ 0.45 -
q =total load
q H = load component, transmitted by hangers
qst = load component, transmitted by columns
deck is fixed t o the arch crown.
Deck
Figure 35. Braced arches with end portal frames and suspended deck

Loading
2l
13
0.2
0,59
with
Table 22. Buckling coefficient,
10
Not for Resale
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Table 21. Buckling coefficient, ,
hlh,
hlh,
hlh,
Figure 36.
Buckling coefficients for portal
frames with nominally pinned
column bases
Figure 37.
frames with rigidly connected
column bases
Figure 38.
frames with columns connected
by two beams of equal stiffness
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Not for Resale
6.2 In-plane bending about one axis

with coexistent axial force
In figure 39,a is the angle of the arch equal to 2 slr but not
less than O or more than TE.
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6.2.1 In-plane buckling

(607) The in-plane buckling of the arch shall be analysed
for ultimate limit state using one of the methods listed in
table 1, assuming equivalent geometrical imperfections
from table 23 occurring in the most unfavourabledirection.
The effective length of arches of uniform cross section with
in-plane buckling, satisfying equation (io), may be calculated
by first order theory without taking into account equivalent
imperfections.
=-
sc
liK1
The following applies for arches in compression:
Kt = 2,47 - (3+ 0,21k ) 100
+ (700 - 6 k + 0.08 k2)')o:1(-
(73)
The following applies for arches in tension:

9 58
7/58
Ki =
Note 1. SK may be derived from equation (63)in conjunction with figure 33.
Note 2. Cf. item 201 when applying the elastic-elastic
method.
6.2.2 Out-of-plane buckling
6.2.2.1 General
(608) The ultimate limit state analysis for out-of-plane
buckling of arches may be carried out as specified in subclause 6.1.2.
- 0,036+ -+ 10+ k
(10
- (0,226- 13,4
1,94
k
where
(74)
One-centred arch sections of uniform
6.2.2.3
One-centred arches of uniform rectangular

or I cross section, with their chord in tension
or compression
(609) Laterally restrained arches with the static system as
shown in figure 39 may be given a simplified treatment using
equation (3)and employing the in-plane slenderness ratio,
AK, obtained by means of equation (71), to determine K.
. s
& =(71)
i, . la
(i)
+F)
E .I,
= L
G ' IT
6.2.2.2
+ k)2
i cross section, with fork restraint

(6103 An approximate ultimate limit state analysis of onecentred arch sections of uniform I cross section may be carried out usingequation (27) and employing the in-plane slenderness ratio,iK,obtained from equation (75) to determine K .
-
. s
AK =
i, . A,
(75)
where
a is the angle of the arch,equal to 2 sir but not less than O

or more than TE;
2n
is the buckling coefficient, equal to -
(76)
I'K1
where
- a2)2
n2 + a2 . k
(TE2
Ki =
(77)
where
k=-
Figure 39. Static system for laterally restrained arches
E . I,
G * 1,
Table 23. In-plane equivalent geometrical imperfections in arches

1
3
WO for
cross sections
with buckling curve
(cf. table 5)
Form of equivalent
geometrical imperfection
(sinusoidal or parabolic)
Three-hinged arch in
symmetrical buckling
I
Two-hinged arch, three-hinged

arch, fixed-ended arch in
antimetric buckling

Not for Resale
300
250
200
150

Table 24. Out-of-plane equivalent geometrical imperfections of the arch
Form of equivalent
geometrical imperfections
in horizontal direction
(sinusoidal or parabolic)
u0
for cross sections with buckling 'curve

(cf. table 5)
a
Two-hinged arch,
three-hinged arch,
fixed-ended arch
I ''-r6'
as a whole by causing a reduction in its stiffness and
a redistribution of stresses within a cross section to
parts exhibiting greater stiffness or less subject to
stress.
XM
from equation (18) usingAMfrom item ll0,shall be obtained

by means of equation (78).
where
C=
E*I,.TC~
r 2 . a2
In equation (78), there shall be a plus sign before the root if

My results in tension on the inside of the arch.
Note. Equation (78) assumes fork restraint perpendicular
to the plane of the arch.
6.3 Design loading of arches

(611) The ultimate limit state analysis shall normally be
made by the elastic-elastic method, assuming feasible
equivalent geometrical imperfections in addition to the
design loads. In the absence of lateral restraint of arches
between springings, the equivalent imperfections may be
taken from table 23 or 24.k is sufficient to assume imperfections acting in a single (i.e.the most unfavourable) direction, either in or perpendicular to the plane of the arch.
Where there is transfer of loads via hangers or columns, it
shall be assumed that these retain their design direction in
the state of deformation.
Note. Design loading plays a significant role in arches
exposed to outdoor conditions due to the possible
effect of wind acting transverse to the arch plane.
In this case, the loading conditions set out in subclauses 6.1 and 6.2 are not met.
7 Straight linear members with plane

thin-walled parts of cross section
7.1 General
(701) Field of application
This clause shall apply in cases where the grenz (bit)values
for individual parts of a cross section are exceeded, which
then requires the effect of plate buckling of such parts on
the buckling behaviour of the member as a whole to be
taken into account when calculating both internal forces
and moments and resistances.
Note 1. The grenz (blt)values shall be taken from tables 12,
13 and 15 of DIN 18800 Part 1.
Note 2. Plate buckling of individual parts of a cross section
usually affects the buckling behaviour of the member

(702) Analysis
The ultimate limit state analysis shall be by the elasticelastic or elastic-plastic method.
The analysis may take the form of the approximate methods
set out in subclauses 7.2 to 7.6.
Note 1. The application of plastic hinge theorywill not be
possible until its viability is given sufficient practical
backing.
Note 2. In subclauses7.2 to7.6,the effect of buckling ofthe
individual parts of cross section on member buckling as a whole is taken into account.
(703) Effect of shear stresses

In cases where subclauses 7.2 to 7.6 are applied, shear
stresses when analysing plate buckling of thin-walled parts
of cross section are so minor that they can be disregarded,
.e. if they meet the following conditions:
is the ideal buckling stress in plates due solely to

edge stresses t,to be determined as specified in
DIN 18800 Part 3.
'pi,d
If equations (79)and (80) are not met, allowance for the

additional effect of shear stresses may be made as set out
in DIN 18 800 Part 3. This does not affect the necessity of
also taking into account the overall reduction in stiffness of
the member.
(704) Permitted sections
The provisions of subclauses 7.2 to 7.6 shall only apply to
members of uniform cross section taking the following
forms: hollow rectangular sections, doubly symmetric or
monosymmetric I sections, channels, C sections,Zsections
and trapezoidal hollow ribs.
Note. Hollow sections are considered rectangular where

blr is not less than 5 (cf. figure 40).Circular cross
sections and T sections are not dealt with.
7.2
General rules relating to calculations
Effective cross section (model)

In a model of the effective cross section,an effective width,
b'(cf.figure 40)orb', issubstitutedfortheactualwidth,b,of
the thin-walled part of the cross section. The resulting
effective cross section is taken as the basisforcalculations.
(705)
Not for Resale
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
M K ~ ,required
~,
for calcuJation of the reduction factor
DIN 18 800 Part 2 Page 35

Table 25. Increase in bow imperfection, A W O
Moment
diagram
e, = centroidal shift due to positive moment

en= centroidal shifi due to negative moment
4
M;=M,+Ne
a) Gross cross section
b) Reduced effective cross

section as a result of
buckling of upper flange
Figure 40. Effective cross section (example)

Note 1. Thus, all cross section properties of the effective
cross section require to be determined.
Note 2. Provisionsfor the calculation of b orb are made in
subclauses 7.3 (elastic-elastic method) and 7.4
(elastic-plastic method). Accordingly, cross section
properties A, I,etc. are assigned to b, and A,I to
b. Figure 40 b) shows a reduced cross section in
elastic-elastic analysis, this applying by analogy for
elastic-plastic analysis.
Note 3. The methods of analysis set out in subclauses 3.2
to 3.5 also apply in principle to members with effective cross sections, subject to the modifications
specified in subclauses 7.5 and 7.6.
Note. In the absence of a design bending moment, the

bending moment as a result of bow imperfections
shall be used. It may prove necessary to examine
both directions in the case of monosymmetric cross
sections.
(708) Centroidal shift as a result of reduction
in cross section
The effect of a shift, e, of the centroid in the transition from
the gross (.e. actual) to the effective cross section shall be
taken into account.
For convenience,this may be done as specified in items 709
and 710.
(709) Increase in bow imperfection
Where members are to be assumed with an initial bow
imperfection, wo, this shall be increased by AWO from
table 25.
For a cross section symmetrical about the axis of bending,
and assuming that a compressive stress, OD, due to the
positive moment and the negative moment are of equal
magnitude, ep,e, and e may also be taken to be equal.
Note. The diagrams shown in table 25 are onlyexamples of

moments. Of significance is the occurrence of positive and negative moments.
(706) Approximate methods

The effective cross section is obtained by reducing the zone
of tensile bending. If the cross section is not symmetrical
about the bending axis and both positive and negative
bending moments occur, the governing bending moment
shall be that resulting in the smaller effective second order
moment of area.This moment shall be assumed to be constant over the length of the member.
Note 1. If the reduced zone of tensile bending is used, the
compressive stress, UD, may be conservatively
approximated to fy,k/YM. Iteration may be avoided
by also making a conservative approximation of the
edge stress ratio, y.
Note 2. The zone of tensile bending is not reduced using

this approximate method, even though compressive
stresses may occur. This approximate method is
elaborated in the literature [cf.l6],with the inclusion
of practical examples.

dueto+M
Figure 41.
Centroidal shift (examples)
(710) Increase in initial sway imperfections

Where members are assumed with an initial swayimperfection PO,this shall be increased by Apo = (e, + e,)Z if both
Not for Resale
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(707) Analysis of cross section

The analyses shall be of the effective cross section. The
reduction in cross section shall be in correlation with the
direction of the actual bending moment in the bending
compression zone of the member after deformation.

Table 26. Buckling factors, k
2
1
Type of
support
At one end
Stress
distribution
1>q>o
?#=O
O>W>-l
~~~
0,43
0,578
+ 0,34
82
+ 1,05
7,81
7,81- 6,29 + 9,78W 2
q = -1
1,70- 5 I+
23,s
0,57- 0,21 ?# f 0,07@
W2
0,85
b=b
for Apo g 0,673
(1
- 0,22/p0)
ob
APO
for npo > 0,673
Effective width in elastic-elastic method
b
where
Note. This is an assumption only,and is not based on actual

fact since the actual stress distribution is non-linear.
ripa

17)
23,8
(711) Stress distribution

In the elastic-elastic method, calculations shall be on the
basis of a linear stress distribution in the effective cross
section.
(712) Determining the effective width

The effective width shall be determined by means of equation (81)for cases in which plates (web or flange) are supported on both sides with constant compression and equation (82)for support on only one side. The assumption of
support on both sides presupposes that the supporting
construction is of adequate stiffness.
0,57
1,70
ends are restrained and moments with different signs are

liable to occur here. If one of the ends is nominally pinned,
ep or e, (see item 709) is equal to zero at this end.
Note. An additional imperfection is to be assumed as a
result of this increase in sway imperfection when the
equivalent member method is applied.
7.3
0,57 - 0,21 q + 0,07W2
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
q =1
0,7
=:
b, but not exceeding b
(82)
APO
is the width of the thin-walled part of the cross

section from table 26;
is the non-dimensional slendernessrelating to plate
buckling, obtained by means of equation (83):
U
/G
(ir
, in N/mm2;
ue
= 189800
is the thickness of the thin-walled part of the cross

section;
Not for Resale
is the buckling factor from table 26, the edge stress

ratio, y.being a function of the stress distribution in
the effective cross section. Where plates are supported on both sides, y may be calculated on the
basis of the gross cross section of the part under
consideration.
The stress distribution shall be calculated on the
basis of all internal forces and moments;
u
is the maximum compressive stress according t o
second order theory acting at the long edge of the
thin-walled part of the cross section, calculated on
the basis of the effective cross section, and expressed in N/mm2.The long edge is taken to be an
edge of the gross part of the cross section.
if. in equation (83),u is assumed to be less than fy,d. u shall
be substituted for fy,d in the analyses specified in subclauses 7.5.2.1 to 7.5.2.3.
Note 1. Reference may be made to,forexample,subclause
3.10.2 of the DASt-Richtlinie(DASt Code of practice)
016 Bemessung und konstruktive Gestaltung von
Tragwerken aus dnnwandigen kaltgeformten Bauteilen (Design and construction of structures with
cold formed, thin-walled sections) for suitable stiffness of the supporting constructions for plate
edges.
Note 2. Where u is equal to fy,d, npo is equal to Xp from
table 1 of DIN 18 800 Part 3.
Note 3. u, shall be obtained thus:
u, =
5~' *
Table 27. Resolution of effective width
m
U
C
(u
f
O
-1 5 * 5 1
b; = Q - b - k ,
b > = Q +b . k ,
a
c
m
L
c
O
Q
where
Q =
n
v)
=-
[(0.97+ 0,03W ) - (OJ6 + 0,06tp)/IpJ
&o
k,
k2
-0.04 q2+ OJ2 I#+ 0,42

+0,04 @ - 0,12 I# + 0,58
0-w
(Compression)
E . t2
12 b2 (1 - ,U)'
Fa>
inserting a Poisson's ration, ,u, equal to 0,3.
(u
u+W
(Compression)
(Tension)
O
c
c
L
O
CL
0.
Effective flange width with u and VI=
<?pio
@a
1-x
- 1,0
(Compression)
P-7
G
(Y2.u
Effective web width with u and y =
y2
2 y1
..
JL
Effective cross section

Figure 42.
-1
Determination of effective cross section of an

I section with bending about one axis
-i
-1 < * < l
comparison with line 3 of table 1of DIN 18 800 Part 3

and table 12 of DIN 18 800 Part 1in that the factorc is
not applied for y equal to O but not greater than 1.
Note 2. Calculation of the e, kl and k2 values is such that
the buckling factor, k , can be determined as specified in item 712.
7.4
Effective width in elastic-plastic method
(T14) The effective width shall be calculated using one of
equations (85) to (87).Coefficients k , and k2 and resolution

of the effective width shall be as in table 28, ensuring that
ZN=N and b = Z b i , but with b 2 b
(84)
i being between unity and 3.
bi = kl * t
(713) Resolution of effective width

Resolution of the effective width, b',shall be as in table 27.
Note 1. As a simplification, and in line with provisions at
national and international level, the procedure described here has been modified somewhat in

(87)
Note. Iteration is usually required for calculation of the
effective width.
Not for Resale
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
J
WI
Page 38 DIN 18800 Pari 2
7.5
Lateral buckling
Table 28.
7.5.1 Elastic-elastic analysis

(715) The ultimate limit state analysis shall be made
taking UD as equal to or less than fy,d (88),
where UD is the
maximum compressive stress at the long edge of the thinwalled part of the cross section, calculated on the basis of
the effective cross section.The long edge is taken to be one
of the edges of the gross part of the cross section.
The provisions of item 706 may be applied.
Magnitude and resolution of effective

width b"
N
X'*A'.fy,d
(Tension)
k,
(89)
5 1
18,5
18.5
::3
.I
k' + -'i
k2 =
where
x' =
(CornDression)
7.5.2 Analyses by approximate methods

7.5.2.1 Axial compression
(716) The effective cross section obtained by assuming
effective widths in bending for the compression flange and,
in some cases, for the web shall be taken as a basis, the
stress distribution in the web being estimated.No reduction
in cross section of the tension flange is to be made. The
ultimate limit state analysis shall be made applying equation (89).
but not exceeding unity (90)
:1
(92)
(93)
(Tension)
(Compression)
(94)
I' and A' are the second moment of area and the area of
the effective cross section respectively;
is the eccentricity as a result of a reduction in
cross-sectional area, to be calculated as set out
in item 709;
r D and fDare the distance of the compression edge in
bending from the centroidal axis of the gross or
effective cross section (cf. figure 40);
a
is a parameter taken from table 4;
i
is the radius of gyration of the gross cross section;
SK
is the effective length, calculated taking into
account the effective second moment of area, I'.
Note 1. The method of analysis specified here corresponds in principle to that set out in item 304. In a
manner similar to item 313, allowance for the effect
of Awo is made by substituting a supplementary
term in equation (91).
Note 2. Subclause 7.5.2.2specifies an alternative method
of analysis, allowance for the effect of AWO being
made by inclusion of a bending moment Myequal to
N e Awo. In cases where this alternative method is
used, the term featuring AWOshall be deleted.
kl
Amo
(717) In addition to the analysis specified in item 716, an

analysis shall be made using equation (95) on the basis of
another effective area, A', determined assuming constant
compressive stress over the whole of the effective cross
section.
::i
::n
fY#
(Compression) (Tension)
Ei
HE a = y c . E j
12?)&20
kl={
4,56
k,
11
(95)
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

k2 = 11
Not for Resale
- I ? I j ~O~
2 ?)& 2 -1

7.5.2.2 Bending about one axis with coexistent axial force
(7l8) Analysis
equation (24). When determining the in-plane slenderness
ratio, AK, the effective second moment of area, I' (cf. item
719) or I" (cf. item 720) shall be taken into account.
Note. Reference may be made to the literature (cf. 1191)
for an alternative method of analysis.
(719) Elastic-elastic method
The analysis of bending about one axis with coexistent axial
force shall be made applying equation (24) but making the
following substitutions:
wpi,d for Npl,d;
M%l,dfor Mpl,d;
for x ;
TK forK;
x' and & being taken from item 716;
x'
where
Nb1,d =
A'*fy,d
(96)
Mpi,d =
I'
7' fy,d
(971
equation (13).obtaining i,, by means of equation (98) and

substituting MPIJ for Mpl,y,d in equation (14).
I
where
IZ,g
Ab
A,
is the reduced second moment of area of the compression chord about the z-axis;
is the reduced area of the compression chord;
is the gross web area.
A%and
Note. If the elastic-plastic method is applied,
M$,d shall be substituted for IL,,, A;! and Mgl,d,
respectively.
7.6.3.2 Global analysis
(725) Design buckling resistance moment
according t o elastic theory
When calculating the design buckling resistance moment,
the moment red M Kobtained
~
by approximation by means
of equation (99) shall be substituted for M K ~ , ~
rD
for Npl,d;
for Mpl,d;
x"
for x ;
T for&.
These values shall be obtained by analogy with equations
(96) and (97) and item 716,on the basis of the cross section
with an effective width b".
Note. Examples of b" are given in table 28.
where
Npi,d
Mpi,d
Biaxial bending with or without coexistent

axial force
(721) The ultimate limit state analysis for biaxial bending
with or without coexistent axial force may be made as specified in subclause 3.5.1, with subclause 7.5.2.2 applying by
analogy.
7.5.2.3
7.6.1 Analysis
(722) The ultimate limit state analysis for lateral torsional
buckling may be made as specified in clause 3, but with the
modifications set out in items 723 to 727.
7.6.2 Axial compression
(723) The calculation of lateral torsional buckling shall be
in analogywith subclause 3.2.2 and as for lateral buckling as
specified in subclause 7.5. When calc!lating the nondimensional slenderness in compression,lK, the properties
of the reduced cross section shall be taken into account for
calculation of the axial force, NKi,under the smallest bifurcation load in the analysis of lateral torsional buckling according to elastic theory.
Bending about one axis without

7.6.3.1 Analysis of compression chord
(724) Analysis of the compression chord shall be as set
out in subclause 3.3.3, but assuming k , equal to unity in
7.6.3

w
(100)
this being the ideal moment relative to plate buckling of the cross section or the relevant part of the
cross section;
is the buckling factor (e.g. taken from table 26);
shall be obtained from item 712;
is the relevant section modulus of the full cross
section.
M ~ i ,=
p k * Ue *
k
(se
Note 1. If a more rigorous treatment is preferred, red M K ~

shall be calculated on the basis of plate buckling of
the individual parts making up the cross section.
Note 2. A number of buckling factors of whole sections are
- given in the literature (e.g. [17] and [18]).
(726) Elastic-elastic method
When ca'culating the non-dimensional slenderness in
bending, AM, as set out in item 110, Mblshall be substituted
for Mpl,y,and in the analysis using equation (16). MP1,d
obtained from equation (97) shall be substituted for Mpl,y,d.
(727) Elastic-plastic method
When calculating
as set out in item 110, MP1shall be
substituted for Mpl,y In the analysis using equation (16).
Mpl,d shall be substituted for M p l , , d . M$shall be obtained
by analogy from equation (97) for the effective cross section having the width b .
7.6.4 Bending about one axis with coexistent axial force
(728) The ultimate limit state analysis shall be made
applying equation (27), calculating the resistance axial
force as specified in subclause 7.5.2.1 and the resistance
bending moment as specified in item 726 (when using the
elastic-elastic method) or item 727 (when using the elasticplastic method).
Biaxial bending with or without

(729) The ultimate limit state analysis may be made using
equation (30), applying by analogy provisions of subclause 7.6.4.
7.6.5
Not for Resale
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(720) Elastic-plastic method

The analysis of bending about one axis with coexistent axial
force shall be made applying equation (24) but making the
following substitutions:
7.6
_.
Standards and other documents referred to

Steel sections; hot rolled narrow flange I beams (I series); dimensions, mass, limit deviations and static
values
DIN 1025 Part 2 Steel sections; hot rolled wide flange1 beams (I PB and IB series); dimensions, mass, limit deviations and
static values
DIN 1025 Part 3
Steel sections; hot rolled wide flange I beams (IPBI series); dimensions, mass, limit deviations and static
values
DIN 1025 Part 4 Steel sections; hot rolled wide flange I beams (IPBv series); dimensions, mass, limit deviations and
static values
Steel sections; hot rolled medium flange I beams (IPE series); dimensions, mass, limit deviations and
DIN 1025Part5
static values
Quantities, symbols and units used in civil engineering; principles
DIN 1080Part 1
Structural steelwork; safety against buckling, overturning and bulging; design principles
DIN 4114Part1
DIN 4114 Part 2 Structural steelwork; safety against buckling, overturning and bulging; construction
DIN 18800 Part 1
Structural steelwork; design and construction
DIN 18800 Part 3 Structural steelwork; analysis of safety against buckling of plates
DIN 18800 Part 4 Structural steelwork; analysis of safety buckling of shells
DIN 18807 Part 1
Trapezoidal sheeting in building; trapezoidal steel sheeting; general requirements and determination of
loadbearing capacity by calculation
DIN 18807 Part 2 Trapezoidal sheeting in building; trapezoidal steel sheeting; determination of loadbearing capacity by
testing
DIN 18807 Part 3 Trapezoidal sheeting in building; trapezoidal steel sheeting; structural analysis and design
DASt-Richtlinie O16 Bemessung und konstruktive Gestaltung von Tragwerken aus dnnwandigenkaltgeformten Bauteilen I)
1025 Part 1
Literature
ECCS-CECM-EKS, Publication No. 33.Ultimate limit state calculation of sway frames with rigid joints, Brussels, 1984.
Stahl im Hochbau (Steel construction), 14th ed., vol. I, Part 2,Dsseldorf: Verlag Stahleisen mbH, 1986.
Lindner, J.; Gregull, T. Drehbettungswerte fr Dachdeckungen mit untergelegter Wrmedmmung (Values of torsional
restraint for roof coverings with thermal insulation), Stahlbau, 1989:58,173-179.
Lindner, J. Stabilisierung von Biegetrgem durch Drehbettung - eine Klarstellung (Stabilization of beams by torsional
restraint), Stahlbau, 1987:56, 365-373.
Roik, K.; Carl, J.; Lindner, J. Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader dnnwandiger Stbe (Problems with flexural torsion of
straight thin-walled linear members), Berlin, Mnchen, Dsseldorf: Ernst & Sohn, 1972.
Petersen, Chr. Statik und Stabilitt der Baukonstrukrionen(Static and stability of structures), 2nd ed., Braunschweig,
Wiesbaden: Friedr. Vieweg und Sohn, 1982.
Roik, K.;Kindmann, R. Das Ersatzstabverfahren Tragsicherheitsnachweisefr Stabwerke beieinachsiger Biegung und
Normalkraft (The equivalent member method: ultimate safety analyses of frames subjected to bending about one axis
and coexistent axial force), Stahlbau, 1982:51, 137-145.
Lindner, J.; Gietzelt, G.Zweiachsige Biegung und Lngskraft- ein ergnzenderBemessungsvorschlag(Biaxial bending
and coexistent axial force. A supplementary design proposition), Stahlbau, 1985:54, 265-271.
Ramm, W.; Uhlrnann, W. Zur Anpassung des Stabilittsnachweises fr mehrteilige Druckstbe an das europische
Nachweiskonzept (Bringing into line stability analyses of built-up compression members with the European concept),
Stahlbau, 1981:50,161-172.
Vogel, U.; Rubin, H. Baustatik ebener Stabwerke (Statics of plane frames), Stahlbau-Handbuch, vol. 1, Kln: StahlbauVerlag, 1982.
Rubin, H. Nherungsweise Bestimmung der Knicklngen und Knicklasten von Rahmen nach ?-DIN 18800 Teil 2
(Approximate determination of effective lengths and buckling loads of frames to draft Standard DIN 18800 Part Z),
Stahlbau, 1989:58,103-109.
Rubin, H. Das Drehverschiebungsverfahrenzur vereinfachten Berechnung unverschieblicher Stockwerkrahmen nach
Theorie I . undII. Ordnung (The method using initial sway imperfections for simplified calculation of non-sway beamand-column type frames by first and second order theory), Bauingenieur, 1984:59, 467-475.
Palkowski, S. Stabilitt von Zweigelenkbgen mit Hngern und Zugband (Stability of two-hinged arches with hangers
and ties), Stahlbau, 1987:56,169-172.
Palkowski, S.Statik und Stabilitt von Zweigelenkbgen mit schrgen Hngern und Zugband (Statics and stability of
two-hinged tied arches with diagonal hangers), Stahlbau, 1987:56, 246-250.
Dabrowski, R. Knicksicherheit des Portalrahmens (Safety against buckling of portal frames), Bauingenieur, 1960:35,
178-182.
Obtainable from Deutscher AusschuB fr Stahlbau, Ebertplatz i,
D-5000 Kln 1.

Not for Resale
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DIN
DIN 18800 Part 2

[16]
[17]
[18]
1191
Page 41
Rubin, H. Bed-Knick-Problem eines Stabes unterDruck und Biegung (The problem of plate-bucklinglbuckling of linear
members subject to bending and compression), Stahlbau, 1986: 55, 79-86.
Schardt, R.; Schrade, W. Bemessungvon Dachplatten und Wandriegeln aus Kaltprofilen (Design of roof plates and wall
girders with cold-formed sections), Forschungsbericht des Ministers fr Landes- und Stadtentwicklung des Landes
Nordrhein-Westfa\en (Research report issued by the Nordrhein-Westfalen Ministry for Urban and Rural Planning),
Technische Hochschule Darmstadt (Darmstadt Polytechnic), 1981.
Bulson, P.S., The stability of flat plates, London: Chatto and Windus Ltd., 1970.
Grube, R.; Priebe, J. Zur Methode der wirksamen Querschnitte bei einachsiger Biegung mit Normalkraft (Effective cross
section-method for bending about one axis and coexistent axial force), Stahlbau, 1990: 59, 141-148.
Previous editions
DIN 4114 Part 1: 0 7 . 5 2 ~ ~DIN
:
4114 Part 2: 02.52~.
Amendments
The following amendments have been made to the July1952 edition of DIN 4114 Part 1 and February1953 edition of DIN 4114
Part 2.
a) The number and title of the standard have been changed to bring them into line with the reorganized system of standards
on structural steelwork.
b) The material has been rearranged, the resistance to buckling of linear members and frames, of plates and of shells now
being dealt with in different Parts of DIN 18800.
c) The standard has been revised, bringing it into line with the current state of the art.
Explanatory notes
The revision of the content of the DIN 18800 standards series has been accompanied by a redesign of their layout in an
attempt to improve their clarity and make them more convenient to use.
The new layout is based on the type employed by the Deutsche Bundesbahn for its regulations covering construction work
while keeping to the rulesformulated in DIN 820.As well as the conventional division into clauses and subclauses,the text is
subdivided into smaller items each of which contains a piece of self-contained information which can be incorporated into
other standards.
international Patent Classification

E 04 B 1/19
E 04 B 1124
G O1 B 21/00
G O1 N 3/00
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DIN 18800 02 Structural Steelwork Design Construction DIN 1990

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DIN 18800 Part 2 Engl. Price group 7

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Page 2 DIN 18800 Pari 2

(102) Serviceability limit state analysis

Figure 1. Coordinates, displacement parameters and

(104) Lateral buckling

Lateral buckling is a phenomenon in which displacement,v

(105) Lateral torsional buckling

1.3 Common notation

apl= MP1 plastic shape coefficient

(110) Structural parameters

axial force at the smallest bifurcation

reference slenderness ratio

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

effective length *) of a linear member

distribution factor of system

*) Translators note. Common term as used in design

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DIN 18800 Part 2 Page 3

non-dimensional slenderness in bending

Note 1. Where cross sections are non-uniform or axial

Ultimate limit state analysis

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

reduction factor for lateral torsional

Note 1. Details relating to elasto-plastic analysis are not

Reasonable assumptions (e.g. as outlined in clause 2)shall

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design buckling resistance moment

Page 4 DIN 18800 Part 2

Lateral torsional buckling

Lateral torsional buckling

Lateral torsional buckling

Lateral torsional buckling

Note2. The alternative procedure set out in this item is

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

Not for Resale

DIN 18800 Part 2 Page 5

(122) Internal forces and moments in bi-axial bending

Limiting the plastic shape coefficient

1.4.3 Ultimate limit state analysis by plastic hinge theory

Note 2. As well as geometrical imperfections, equivalent

(201) Allowance for imperfections

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

(204) Individual members,members making up non-sway

Not for Resale

Initial bow imperfections of member in the form

The failure criterion is not higher than the design yield

Page 6 DIN 18800 Part 2

Solid member, of cross

In the above figure, L or L, is the length of the member or

Note. See table 23 for bow imperfections for arch beams.

Initial sway imperfections shall generally be calculated as

is a reduction factor applied to members or frames, where 1, the length of

is a reduction factor allowing for IZ

Figure 4. Assumptions for bow imperfections

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

Calculations of 12 for frames may generally assume n to be

Not for Resale

b) built-up members as in figures 20 and 21 and subclause 4.3:

DIN 18800 Part 2 Page 7

Figure 6. Initial sway imperfections in frames (examples)

Assumption of initial bow and coexistent

Equivalent horizontal forces substituting initial