Brian Perry Civil

Diaphragm &Secant Pile Walls

by
Nick Wharmby

Focus of the Presentation

Diaphragm Walls
Secant Piles

Busway

Ponsonby

Wall Options / Selection

SheetpileWall
Wall
Wall Type Sheetpile

Secant
SecantPiles
PilesWall
Wall

Cutter
CutterSoilMix
SoilMixWall
Wall

Slurry
SlurryWall
Wall

Diaphragm
DiaphragmWall
Wall

(Hard
(Hard/ Firm)
/ Firm)

(Steel
(Steelbeams)
beams)

(steel
(steelbeams
beamsororprecast
precastpanels)
panels)

(In-situ
(In-situororPrecast
PrecastConcrete)
Concrete)

Aspect
Technology

Proven
ProvenininNZ
NZ

Proven
ProvenininNZ
NZ

Site
trial required
Sitespecific
trial required
in NZ

Proven
ProvenininNZ
NZ

Proven
Provenin NZ

Specialist plant

Widely
Widelyavailable
availableininNZ
NZ

Available
AvailableininNZ
NZ

Available
Availableoffshore
offshore

Readily
Readilyavailable
available

Readily
Readilyavailable
available

Environment - Noise

Yes,
Yes,unless
unlessGiken
Gikenororsimilar
similar

Machine
Machineonly
only

Machine
Machineonly
only

Machine
Machineonly
only

Machine
Machineonly
only

- Vibration

Yes,
Yes,unless
unlessGiken
Gikenororsimilar
similar

No
No

No
No

No
No

No
No

- Spoil

No
No

100%
100%

3030- -40%
40%

100%
100%

100%
100%

Cranes,
Cranes,vibros
vibrosand
andhammers
hammersand
and/ /
ororpile
pilejacking
jackingplant
plant(Giken)
(Giken)

50-60T
50-60Tself
selferecting
erectinghydraulic
hydraulic
drilling
drillingrigs
rigsand
andhandling
handlingcrane.
crane.

90T
50T
90TCSM
CSMmachine,
machine,handling
handlingcrane,
crane, 50T
60Tcrane
crane++grab,
grab,handling
handlingcrane,
crane,
60Tcrane
crane++grab,
grab,handling
handlingcrane,
crane,
33
33
15m
15m/hr
/hrgrout
groutplant
plantwith
withscrew
screwfeed
feed long-reach
long-reachexcavator.
excavator.15m
15m/hr
/hrgrout
grout mud
mudconditioning
conditioningplant,
plant,mud
mud
silos,
plant
storage
silos,compressor,
compressor,high
highpressure
pressure
plantwith
withscrew
screwfeed
feedsilos
silos
storage
pumps
pumps

- Material to site

Sheet
Sheetpiles
piles

Concrete,
Concrete,reinforcement
reinforcementcages
cages

Cement,
Cement,bentonite,
bentonite,steel
steel

Cement,
Cement,bentonite,
bentonite,steel
steelororprecast
precast
concrete
concretepanels
panels

Bentonite,
Bentonite,reinforcement
reinforcementcages
cagesoror
precast
precastconcrete
concretepanels
panels

- Work face access

Plant
Plant&&Materials
Materialsdelivery
delivery

Plant
Plant&&Materials
Materialsdelivery
delivery

Plant,
Plant,materials
materialsand
andpipeline
pipeline
delivery
deliveryofofgrout
grout

Plant,
Plant,materials
materialsand
andpipeline
pipeline
delivery
deliveryofofslurry
slurry

Plant,
Plant,materials
materialsand
andpipelines
pipelinesfor
for
bentonite
bentonitemud
mudcirculation
circulation

Construction - Establishment

Can
Caneasily
easilyincrease
increasethe
thenumber
numberofofrigs
rigstotoaccelerate
accelerate

- Programme flexibility
Product

- Wall movement

Flexible
Flexible

Very
Verystiff
stiff

Significant
Significantfurther
furthermobilisation
mobilisation
Stiff
Stiff(depends
(dependson
onsteel
steelsection)
section)

Can
Caneasily
easilyincrease
increasethe
thenumber
numberofofrigs
rigstotoaccelerate
accelerate
Stiff
Stiff(depends
(dependson
onsteel
steelsection)
section)

Very
Verystiff
stiff

Very
Verystiff
stiff(PC
(PCPanels)
Panels)

- Watertightness

Good
Goodwith
withjoint
jointtreatment
treatment

Satisfactory
Satisfactorybut
butsome
someseepage
seepage

Satisfactory
Satisfactorybut
butsome
someseepage
seepage

Good
Gooddue
duetotototal
totalreplacement
replacementwith
with
low
lowpermeability
permeabilityCB
CBslurry
slurry

Excellent
Excellentwith
withwaterbar
waterbaracross
across
panel
paneljoints
joints

- Connections

Welded
Weldedbelow
belowcapping
cappingbeam
beamlevel
level

Drilled
Drilled&&grouted
groutedbars
bars+ +waterstop
waterstop

Welded
Weldedbelow
belowcapping
cappingbeam
beamlevel,
level,
bending
bendingmoment
momentpossible
possible

Welded
Weldedbelow
belowcapping
cappingbeam
beamlevel,
level,
bending
bendingmoment
momentpossible
possible

Full
Fullmoment
moment&&shear
shearconnection
connectionvia
via
box-out
box-outand
andpull-out
pull-outbars
bars

- Durability

Internal
Internalpainting
paintingand
andsacrificial
sacrificial
thickness
thicknessofofsteel
steel

Conventional
Conventionalconcrete
concreteininthe
the
ground
grounddesign.
design.Internal
Internallining
liningfor
for
long-term
long-termseepage
seepage

sacrificial
sacrificialthickness
thicknessofofsteel
steeland
and
internal
internallining
liningwall
wallfor
forground
groundwater
water

PC
PCpanels
panelswould
wouldnegate
negatesacrificial
sacrificial Conventional
Conventionalconcrete
concreteininthe
the
thickness
thicknessofofsteel
steeland
andinternal
internallining
lining ground
grounddesign.
design.No
Nointernal
internallining
lining
wall
necessary
wall
necessary

- Load capacity

Low
Lowend
endbearing
bearingcapacity
capacity

Capacity
Capacitycan
canbebeenhanced
enhancedbybyrock
rock
socket
socketformation
formation

Capacity
Capacitylimited
limitedbybypenetration
penetrationofof
steel
steelbeams
beams

Capacity
Capacitylimited
limitedbybypenetration
penetrationofof
steel
steelbeams
beams

Wall
Wallcan
canbe
beformed
formedwith
withnominal
nominal
rock
rocksocket
socketover
overlarge
largearea
area

Diaphragm Walls Layout & Joint

Panels excavated under
support fluid (bentonite)
Reinforced concrete
panels cast using tremie
Waterstop included
across panel joints

Diaphragm Walls - Panel Joints

Diaphragm Wall - Joints

Wall joint waterbar
Slab connection
Waterbar / waterstop
Breakback cracking
Waterbar / slab
pathway

Diaphragm Walls - Trench Stability

Diaphragm Walls Trench Stability

SPT N value

Su Vane tests

Su Remoulded

Diaphragm Walls - Trench Stability

Panel / Bore Stability Assessment :

Huder Madrid 1972 approach

Locaton :
Trench Stability - General 7.0m wide panel
Panel length / Bore diameter, B (m)
= 7.000
Depth to Groundwater level (m)
= 1.500
Depth to Bentonite [-'ve above G.L.] (m)
= 0.500
Surcharge at ground level (KN/m 2)
= 0.000

Soil arching around a slurry trench

Stratigraphy / Soil Parameters

Strata
Description

Depth to
strata (m)

Guidewalls
Alluvial Clay (TG)
Alluvial Clay (TG)
Alluvial Clay (TG)
All Silt/Sand (TG)
All Silt/Sand (TG)

0.0
1.2
3.0
6.0
10.0
14.0

Density

Effective
c'
'
3
(degs)
(KPa)
(KN/m )
17
17
17
17
17
17

30
0
0
0
30
30

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
15.0

Total
Cu
Cu/ z
(KPa)
(KPa)
0
15
10
10

0
-2
0
2

Diaphragm Walls - Trench Stability

Stability Assessment Graph
Pressure (KPa)
0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

Depth (m)

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

Active Pressure

Bentonite Pressure

25.00

30.00

Diaphragm Walls - Trench Stability

Stability Assessment Graph

Stability Assessment Graph

Pressure (KPa)
0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

Pressure (KPa)
20.00

25.00

30.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

2.00

2.00

Minimum
Guidewall
depth

4.00

6.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

Potentially
Unstable

6.00

8.00

Depth (m)

Depth (m)

10.00

4.00

8.00

10.00

10.00

12.00

12.00

14.00

14.00

16.00

16.00

18.00

18.00

20.00

5.00

Add 10KPa surcharge

Active Pressure

Bentonite Pressure

20.00

I.0m drop in Bentonite level

Active Pressure

Bentonite Pressure

30.00

Diaphragm Walls - Trench Stability

Fluid Pressure

Water Pressure

Maintaining a positive
fluid pressure
Minimise fluid loss into
soil
Formation of Filter
cake or effective
Membrane

Maintaining support
fluid quality

Support fluid pressure <= water pressure

>> INSTABILITY

Diaphragm Walls - Trench Stability

Assessment of Ground Bearing Pressures

2.75 m

1.00 m
3.92 m

5.49 m

10

20

Stress (KPa)
30
40

50

60

70

0.0

Crane Weight
Boom Length
Load (Incl hook)
Max. Radius
Total / Gross Load

106800
20
25.0
13
131800.0

kg
m
t
m
kg

12
29.7
39.6

Nearest Chart Radius with this load =

Chart Load at this Radius =
Tipping Load at this Radius =

Effective Eccentricity under Load at Max. Radius =

1.04

0.5

m
t
t

1.0

m
1.5

Track /
Body
Slew
(Degrees)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90

Bearing Pressures (KPa)

RH Track
LH Track
Front
Rear
Front
Rear
(KPa)
(KPa)
(KPa)
(KPa)
252
263
273
281
288
292
295
296
295
292
286
279
269
258
245
230
214
198
180

0
0
0
0
0
0
3
11
21
32
45
59
74
91
108
126
144
162
180

252
240
227
213
199
185
172
158
145
133
121
110
100
91
82
74
67
61
55

0
0
0
0
0
0
2
6
10
15
19
23
28
32
36
41
45
50
55

RH Track Loading
Dimensions (m)
Equiv.Rectangular
ecc
Length
Length
Pressure
(m)
(m)
(m)
(KPa)
1.038
1.034
1.022
1.002
0.975
0.940
0.899
0.850
0.795
0.734
0.667
0.595
0.519
0.438
0.355
0.269
0.180
0.090
0.000

5.122
5.134
5.170
5.229
5.310
5.414
5.490
5.490
5.490
5.490
5.490
5.490
5.490
5.490
5.490
5.490
5.490
5.490
5.490

3.415
3.423
3.447
3.486
3.540
3.609
3.693
3.790
3.900
4.023
4.156
4.300
4.452
4.613
4.780
4.953
5.130
5.309
5.490

189
198
205
211
216
219
221
222
222
221
219
216
212
207
203
197
192
186
180

Equiv

Front

Rear
2.0

Pressure (KPa)
0
0
10

100

200

300

400
2.5

3.0

20
3.5

30
40

4.0

50
4.5

60
70
80

5.0

5.5
sz

90

sx
6.0

Diaphragm Walls - Site Layout

Mayfair, London

Diaphragm Walls Conditioning Plant

New Lynn Rail Trench

Diaphragm Walls Conditioning Plant

New Lynn Rail Trench

New Lynn Rail Trench

Diaphragm Walls
- Guide walls

New Lynn Rail Trench

Lancashire

Diaphragm Walls Rope Grab

New Lynn Rail Trench

Diaphragm Walls Hydraulic Grab

New Lynn Rail Trench

Diaphragm Wall - Reinforcement

Detailing
Fabrication
Transportation
Lifting
Connections

New Lynn Rail Trench

Diaphragm Walls - Reinforcement

New Lynn Rail Trench

Diaphragm Walls - Reinforcement

New Lynn Rail Trench

Diaphragm Walls
- Reinforcement
Tolerances for built
in connections
Boxouts
Cracking during
breakout
Waterstop /
waterbar

800 mm
Corbel

Mesh where
cover exceeds
75 mm

1500 mm Diaphragm
Wall

Couplers

1500 mm

130 mm
tolerance for
couplers
Bearing
zone

Blackpool

Diaphragm Walls - Reinforcement

Marchwood

Diaphragm Walls - Exposed Wall

Iwade

Diaphragm Walls - Exposed Wall

Haverigg

Diaphragm Walls - Exposed Wall

Mayfair Car Park

Diaphragm Walls - Exposed Wall

New Lynn Rail Trench

Diaphragm Walls - Exposed Wall

New Lynn Rail Trench

Diaphragm Walls - Exposed Wall

New Lynn Rail Trench

Marchwood

Secant Pile Walls

Low Strength Concrete Firm piles

Reinforced concrete Hard piles
Flexible wall layout
Use of CFA methods is possible

Secant Pile Walls

Maintaining overlap
Plan position
guide wall
Verticality
Strength of soft mix
Sequence of pile
construction
effect of obstructions
BNZ Auckland

Secant Pile Walls

SPERW (2nd Edition 2007) Pile Overlap

Secant Pile Wall Guide walls

Tauranga

Manukau

Secant Pile Walls - Concrete Mix

Constructional
placement
drillability
seepage control

650mm

Structural
Strength
durability

100mm

Secant Pile Walls - Concrete Mix

Soft / Firm
Mix Trials

200KPa

Secant Pile Walls Soft mix

Fit for purpose

Infill between piles
Unreinforced
Strength &
Batching variance
of small quantities

10

Strength (MPa)

Strength of soft mix

12

0
0

14

BNZ Auckland

21

28
35
42
Age (days)

49

56

63

Secant Pile Walls - Hydraulic Rigs

Rig

Weight

Power

Torque
(KNm)

Max. Pile
Diameter
(m)

Max.Pile
Depth
(m)

(T)

(KW)

LoDril

40

209

68

1.2

24

SR30

37

205

130

1.5

48

R516

54

230

180

2.0

44

SR50

54

230

180

2.0

61

R625

70

300

240

2.5+

77+

Secant Pile Walls - Hydraulic Rigs

Newmont Gold, Waihi

BNZ, Auckland

Site

BNZ Auckland

Secant Pile Walls

BNZ Auckland

Secant Pile
Walls

BNZ Auckland

Secant Pile
Walls

Hobson

Secant Pile Walls

Manukau

Secant Pile Walls

Time to watch a short video clip

Secant Pile Walls

SPERW 2nd Edition 2007 Cl. C9.4.4

BNZ Auckland

Secant Pile
Walls

BNZ Auckland

Secant Pile Walls Waterproof lining

Fixing membrane
Swelling constraint
BNZ Auckland

CFA Secant Pile Walls

Boring
Flighting
Polishing
Loosening

Concreting
Poor base
Necking
Blockages

Cage insertion

CFA Bored Piles

Ground Conditions

Drill

Conc.

Cage

Comments

1.

Very Soft Clays

2.

Soft to Stiff Silts / Clays

3.

Very Loose / Loose Sands

4.

Dry Sands / Sandstones

5.

Dense Wet Sands

6.

Gravels & Cobbles <150mm

7.

Boulders

8.

Weak Rocks <5MPa

Rock head and pull down required

9.

Moderately Strong Rocks >5MPa

Refusal and reduced friction

10.

Voided Ground

11.

Soft / Loose over hard

Concrete instability / integrity

High permeability can make cage

insertion problematic

OK provided material will flight

Obstruct or deflect auger

Integrity, loss of concrete

Flighting, settlement & void potential

= No real Issues to = particular care required,

- = potentially significant issues, refer to Manager Engineering for mitigation measures / alternatives

If in doubt ASK

CFA Bored Piles

Rig

Weight

Torque

(KNm)

Max.Pile
Diameter
(m)

Max.
Depth
(m)

(T)
SR30

36

121

0.75

18.5

SR50

53

180

0.60
0.90

21.0
18.0

CFA Bored Piles

Real time monitoring during construction
Operators guide
Quality records

CFA Secant Pile Walls

Ellerslie & Shaddock (173K)

CFA Secant Pile Walls

Key Factors
Soft pile mix
Auger string
Pile layout
Boring head

CFA Secant Pile Walls

Maleme St, Tauranga

CFA Secant Pile Walls

Maleme St, Tauranga

CFA Secant Pile Walls

Maleme St, Tauranga

CFA Secant Pile Wall - Arched

Soil Load applied to
wall piles
Arched Firm piles
distribute the load to
the Hard piles
Stability provided by
embedment and
structural capacity

Soft
Pile

Soft
Pile

Soft
Pile

Soft
Pile

Soft
Pile

Flowable Fill

Typical section through wall

Soft
Pile

CFA Secant Pile Wall - Arched

SPERW
2nd Edition 2007
Client, Consultant &
Contractor developed
Specifications
Construction
guidelines
If in doubt ASK

Key Points

Diaphragm and secant pile walls are

proven methodologies in NZ
CFA methods have been developed to
enable secant pile wall construction
ICE Specification advocated
THANK YOU