107

Bh
Bohrium

264

108

Mg
Magnesium

24.305

HISTORY
Official discovery
Bohrium was first convincingly synthesized in 1981 by a German research team led by Peter
Armbrusterand Gottfried Mnzenberg at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft fr
Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt. The team bombarded a target of bismuth-209 with
accelerated nuclei of chromium-54 to produce 5 atoms of the isotope bohrium-262:[8]
209
83Bi + 54
24Cr 262
107Bh + n

The IUPAC/IUPAP Transfermium Working Group (TWG) recognised the GSI collaboration as
official discoverers in their 1992 report.[9]

Proposed names[edit]
The German group suggested the name nielsbohrium with symbol Ns to honor the Danish
physicistNiels Bohr. The Soviet scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna,
Russia had suggested this name be given to element 105 (which was finally called dubnium)
and the German team wished to recognise both Bohr and the fact that the Dubna team had
been the first to propose the cold fusion reaction to solve the controversial problem of the
naming of element 105. The Dubna team agreed with the German group's naming proposal for
element 107.[10]
There was an element naming controversy as to what the elements from 104 to 106 were to be
called; the IUPAC adoptedunnilseptium (symbol Uns) as a temporary, systematic element
name for this element.[11] In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 107 be
named bohrium, not nielsbohrium, since there was no precedence for using a scientist's
complete name in the naming of an element.[11][12] This was opposed by the discoverers as there
was some concern that the name might be confused with boron and in particular the
distinguishing of the names of their respective oxyanions, bohrate and borate. The matter was
handed to the Danish branch of IUPAC which, despite this, voted in favour of the name bohrium,
and thus the namebohrium for element 107 was recognized internationally in 1997. [11] The IUPAC
subsequently decided that bohrium salts should be called bohriates instead of bohrates[citation needed].

HISTORY
In 1618 a farmer at Epsom in England attempted to give his cows water from a well. This
they refused to drink because of the water's bitter taste. However the farmer noticed that the
water seemed to heal scratches and rashes. The fame of Epsom salts spread. Eventually
they were recognised to be magnesium sulphate, MgSO 4. Black recognized magnesium as
an element in 1755. It was isolated by Davy in 1808 who electrolysed a mixture of magnesia
(magnesium oxide, MgO) and mercuric oxide (HgO). Davy's first suggestion for a name was
magnium but the name magnesium is now used.
Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the
results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all
samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton
also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that
combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers
(the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of
atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in
1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions.
Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical
Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for magnesium is shown below. [See History of
Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.]

at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft fr Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt. The
team bombarded a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of chromium-54 to produce 5
atoms of the isotope bohrium-262:[8]
209
83Bi + 54
24Cr 262
107Bh + n

The IUPAC/IUPAP Transfermium Working Group (TWG) recognised the GSI collaboration as
official discoverers in their 1992 report.[9]

Proposed names[edit]
The German group suggested the name nielsbohrium with symbol Ns to honor the Danish
physicistNiels Bohr. The Soviet scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna,
Russia had suggested this name be given to element 105 (which was finally called dubnium)
and the German team wished to recognise both Bohr and the fact that the Dubna team had
been the first to propose the cold fusion reaction to solve the controversial problem of the
naming of element 105. The Dubna team agreed with the German group's naming proposal for
element 107.[10]
There was an element naming controversy as to what the elements from 104 to 106 were to be
called; the IUPAC adoptedunnilseptium (symbol Uns) as a temporary, systematic element
name for this element.[11] In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 107 be
named bohrium, not nielsbohrium, since there was no precedence for using a scientist's
complete name in the naming of an element.[11][12] This was opposed by the discoverers as there
was some concern that the name might be confused with boron and in particular the
distinguishing of the names of their respective oxyanions, bohrate and borate. The matter was
handed to the Danish branch of IUPAC which, despite this, voted in favour of the name bohrium,
and thus the namebohrium for element 107 was recognized internationally in 1997. [11] The IUPAC
subsequently decided that bohrium salts should be called bohriates instead of bohrates[citation needed].