M. CATANI - From Anatomy To Function

From anatomy to function 1&2
Marco Catani
NATBRAINLAB
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences
& Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences
www.natbrainlab.com
Thursday, 13 October 2011
ARISTOTLE
...every bodily member
subserves some partial end,
that is to say, some special
actionthe beaks of birds,
as their feet, vary with their
modes of lifestraight in
those who use it merely for
eating; crooked in those that
live on a raw flesh..
From structure to function
LEONARDO DA VINCI
Represent your figures in

such action as may be fitted to
express what purpose is in the
mind of each; otherwise your
art will not be admirable

- intersubject variablity
CHARLES DARWIN

- interspecies variability
THE ARISTOTELIAN PRINCIPLE

IN BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE
DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY
genu
genu
fusiform
gyrus
thalamus
inferior longitudinal
fasciculus
collateral sulcus
SURFACE ANATOMY
SECTIONAL ANATOMY
CONNECTIONAL ANATOMY
Z-axis
SUPERIOR (DORSAL)
coro
POSTERIOR
RIGHT
LATERAL
me
d
itta
g
a
s
ial
lef
t la
nal
ter
a
Y-axis
ANTERIOR
LEFT
LATERAL
A)
X-axis
Projection
B)
INFERIOR (VENTRAL)
Association
Commissural
C)
axi
al
postcentral s.
anterior intermediate parietal s.
central s. (or Rolandic)

precentral s.
anterior horizontal
limb of the lateral s.
nt
ra
lar
g.
po
st
ce
nt
ra
gu
ce
rior
e
f
n
.
i
al g
t
n
fro
an
pr
e
frontal
pole
marginal frontal s.
middle frontal g.
supramarginal g.
triang.
orbitalis
er.
op
ior
super
ral g.
empo
g.
poral
m
e
t
le
midd
l
tempora
pole
g.
poral
m
e
t
or
inferi
parieto-occipital s.
g.
c.
oc
p.
su
or
teri
pos tal g.
ie
par
anterior ascending
lg
.
inferior frontal s.
intraparietal s.
ior
super ule
al lob
pariet
lg
.
intermediate frontal s.
.
ta l g
n
o
fr
rior
e
p
su
posterior ascending
superior occipital s.
lateral occipital s.
desce
nding
occ. g
occ
.
ipita
l
pole
superior frontal s.
superior parietal s.
posterior intermediate
parietal s.
dle
mid tal g.
ipi
occ
transverse occipital s.
inferior
occ. g.
inferior occipital s.
lunate s.
inferior temporal s.
preoccipital notch
superior temporal s.
lateral s. (or Sylvian)
paracentral s.
precentral s.
central s. (or Rolandic)
callosal s.
marginal s.
paracentral
lobule
preoccipital notch
l) fr
onta
l g.
cingulate g.
cin
gu
lat
eg
.
g.
al g.
lingu
ist
hm
us
.
sal g
callo
s
sub
ectu
r
s
olfactory g. gyru
us
par
ocamp
p
p
i
h
ahi
ppo
uncus
fusiform g.
cam
pal
g.
m
po por
le al
cuneus
al po
le
late
u
g
n
ci
te
medial occipitotemporal (collateral) s.
al
ipit
occ ole
p
lingual s.
sup. oc
calcarine s.
cingulate s.
c.
edia
front
pr
ec
un
eu
s
subparietal s.
sup
erio
r (m
rostral s.
olfactory s.
rhinal s.
marginal frontal s.
olfactory frontal s.
g.
al
bit
or
al
er
lat
l g.
bita
. or
ant
l g.
l orbita
media
y g.
actor
gyrus rectus olf
orbital s.
frontal pole
.
al g
t
i
b
r
t. o
l
pos
ora
p
m
te
e
pol
polar temporal s.
ling
ual
g.
preoccipital notch
g.
l
a
lateral occipito-temporal s.
lingual s.
calcarine s.
infer
ior te
m
medial occipitotemporal (collateral) s.
orm
g.
inferior temporal s.
fusif
rhinal s.
pora
l g.
parahippocampal g.
superior temporal s.
oc
occipital rior
pole infe
t
pi
i
c
central s.
central s.
1
SFG
PoCG
5
AG
IFG
SMG
TP
CG
4
7
MTG
OG
IO
G
PCL
SFG
11
CG
12
8
Cu
OFG
lateral s.
PCu
PPG SO
G
STG
DOG
PrCG
MFG
SPL
CG
OG
LG
FuG
ITG
occipital notch
PHG
HG
ITG
A)
OG
10
GR
TP
B)
FRONTAL LOBE
PARIETAL LOBE
TEMPORAL LOBE
OCCIPITAL LOBE
LIMBIC LOBE
PrCG, precentral gyrus
PoCG, postcentral gyrus
STG, superior temporal gyrus
SOG, superior occipital gyrus
CG, cingulate gyrus
SFG, superior frontal gyrus
SPL, superior parietal lobule
MTG, middle temporal gyrus
MOG, middle occipital gyrus
HG, hippocampal gyrus
MFG, middle frontal gyrus
SMG, supramarginal gyrus
ITG, inferior temporal gyrus
IOG, inferior occipital gyrus
PHG, parahippocampal g.
IFG, inferior frontal gyrus
AG, angular gyrus
FuG, fusiform gyrus
DOG, descending occ. gyrus
OG, olfactory gyrus
OFG, orbital frontal gyri
PPG, posterior parietal gyrus
LG, lingual gyrus
Cu, cuneus
PCL, paracentral lobule
PCL, paracentral lobule
TP, temporal pole
LG, lingual gyrus
GR, gyrus rectus
PCu, precuneus
FuG, fusiform gyrus
THE BIRTH OF NEUROSCIENCE

(from cardiocentric to cephalocentric theory)
brain
corrugations of the brain
A)
Imhotep
(27th Century B.C.)
B)
Alcmeon of Croton
(5th Century B.C.)
Rabbit
C)
Monkey
Human
SURFACE ANATOMY IN THE RENAISSANCE
Andreas Vesalius
(1514-1564)
A)
Thomas Willis
(1621-1675)
B)
DISTINCT ANATOMICAL FEATURES ON THE SURFACE
Sylvius Deleboe
(1614-1672)
Luigi Rolando
(1773-1831)
Felix Vicq dAzyr

(1748-1794)
Joseph Franz Gall

(1757-1828)
3
3
4
7
7
55
79
5
7
5860
7
60
2
3
A)
B)
C)
COMPARATIVE SURFACE ANATOMY

foetus
Louis Pierre Gratiolet

(1815-1865)
child
A)
Giuseppe Marco Fieschi (1790-1836) was considered as a famous anarchist

by his contemporaries but he was probably best known for his criminal
activities. He was among the conspirators that attempted on the life of King
Louis-Philippe of France. In Paris together with two members of the Socit
des Droits de l'Homme, he built a machine infernale, an unorthodox weapon
consisting of twenty gun barrels to be fired simultaneously. On July 28, 1835
Fieschi discharged his machine while Louis-Phillipe was passing from Place
de la Republique to the Bastille. A ball grazed the king's forehead but he
survived miraculously. Eighteen people were killed and many were wounded;
Fieschi himself was severely injured and tried to escape. He was condemned
and executed by guillotine the 19th February 1836. Leuret and Gatiolet were
asked to perform the post-mortem examination of Fieschis brain and they
observed: [...] an advanced dolichocephalic brain where the length is one
fourth longer than the width[...] The regions beneath the Sylvian sulcus are
larger than the regions above it; the convolutions, though large enough, are
less complex and overall less sinuous [...] These findings confirm and discredit
the phrenological theories at the same time. The observation made by Leuret
and Gratiolet marked the beginning of forensic neuroanatomy.
adult
monkey
B)
Fieschis brain
C)
LOCALIZATION OF BRAIN FUNCTIONS
Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud
(1796-1881)
A)
Paul Broca
(1824-1880)
Carl Wernicke
(1848-1904)
B)
Joseph Jules Dejerine

(1849-1917)
DESCRIPTIVE SURFACE ANATOMY IN 20TH CENTURY

OUTSTANDING BRAINS OF CRIMINALS AND GENIUSES
In 1882 Edward Charles Spitzka, a young american neurologist testified as expert witness at the
trial of Charles J. Guiteau, the assassin of the American President James A. Garfiled. Spitzka was
asked to examine the prisoner and formulate his judgement on the mental state of Guiteau.
Spitzka gave a vigorous and passionate testimony of the insanity of Guiteau, who nevertheless
was convicted and hanged. At the autopsy there were pathological signs indicative of syphilis,
however the opinion of the public and the experts converged towards a diagnosis of hereditary
insanity and the sentence to death was deemed as unjust. In 1901 the American President
William McKinley was assassinated by the anarchic Leon F. Czolgosz. Czolgosz was condemned
to death and electrocuted. Spitzkas son (Edward Anthony Spitzka), was asked, despite his young
age, to conduct the autopsy on Czolgosz. Unlike for Guiteau the autopsy revealed no
abnormalities of structure and insanity was ruled out (Haines 1995). Edward Anthony Spitzka
continued publishing a long series of papers containing detailed drawings of the brain of
distinguished men of philosophy, art and science. Among them Rene Descartes, Karl Friedrich
Gauss, William Osler, and Hermann Helmholtz. Spitzka became the editor of three american
editions of the Grays anatomy and director of the Daniel Baugh Institute of Anatomy. His work
revitalized and popularized in the United States the anatomical approach to outstanding minds,
whose brains were studied to understand deviation from normality.
Leon F. Czolgosz
AUTOPSY OF CZOLGOSZ. E.
FIGURE
LATERAL VIEW OF THE LEFT HEMICEREBRUM.
PC
S
B)
199
Czolgoszs brain
PC
A)
I.
A. Spitzka.
left
right
cJ^Sf^iif^
FIGURE
2.
MESIAL VIEW OF THE RIGHT
HEMICEREBRUM.
''^
CONTEMPORARY MRI STUDIES
left
A)
right
Frontal poles
left
right
curvature
right
B)
left
Occipital poles
C)
sulci
gyri
DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY
genu
genu
fusiform
gyrus
thalamus
inferior longitudinal
fasciculus
collateral sulcus
SURFACE ANATOMY
SECTIONAL ANATOMY
CONNECTIONAL ANATOMY
From Catani & Thiebaut de Schotten

ATLAS OF HUMAN BRAIN CONNECTIONS
Oxford University Press 2011
anterior (frontal) horn
lateral ventricle (body)

posterior (occipital) horn
pineal recess
third
ventricle
interventricular foramen of Monro

inferior (temporal) horn
acqueduct of Sylvius
fourth ventricle
fastigium
lateral recess and foramen of Luschka

median aperture (or foramen of Magendie)
A)
B)
neostriatum
corpus
striatum
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus (lateral)
paleostriatum
globus pallidus (medial)
archistriatum
amygdala
lenticular
nucleus
thalamus*
C)
D)
12
456
123
7
8
9
7
8
9
4
5
6
nucleus accumbens
caudate n. (head)
internal capsule
external/extreme
capsule
putamen
septum pellucidum
third ventricle
third ventricle caudate n. (body)
corpus callosum (body)
lateral ventricle
globus pallidus
hippocampus
subthalamic nucleus
amygdala thalamus
lateral ventricle
(inferior horn)
putamen
fornix
claustrum
thalamus
lateral ventricle (body)
caudate n. (head)
lateral ventricle
(anterior horn)
globus pallidus
fornix (body)
nucleus accumbens
corpus striatum
fourth
ventricle
4
corpus callosum (genu)
lateral ventricle
(anterior horn)
thalamus
septum pellucidum
internal capsule (anterior limb)
lateral ventricle (inferior

lateral ventricle (anterior horn)
horn)
external/extreme capsule
hippocampus
globus pallidus
caudate n.
(head)
lateral ventricle (posterior horn)

amygdala
lateral ventricle (body) putamen
hippocampus
claustrum
putamen
thalamus
corpus callosum
(splenium)
internal capsule
(posterior limb)
lateral ventricle
(posterior horn)
amygdala
acqueduct of
Sylvius
4
5
46
44
40
45
43
47
38
39
41
42
22
21
10
19
3
2-
23
26
29
30
27
35
32
12
11
18
25
17
34
37
38
31
33
10
11
24
1-
23
1-
28
37
19
18
17
19
18
36
20
20
B)
A)
FRONTAL LOBE
TEMPORAL LOBE
PARIETAL LOBE
4 primary motor area
41 primary auditory
3, 2, 1 primary somatosensory
6 (lateral) premotor
42, 22 auditory association (Wernickes area)
5, 7 superior polymodal
6 (medial) supplementary motor
20, 21, 37 visual association
39, 40 inferior polymodal
44, 45 Brocas area
38 temporopolar (paralimbic)
5, 7, 31 (medial) precuneus
11, 47 orbitofrontal
LIMBIC LOBE
8, 9, 10, 46 dorsolateral prefrontal
11, 24, 25, 32, 33, 36, 47 olfactocentric
47 ventrolateral prefrontal
23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 hippocampocentric
OCCIPITAL LOBE
17 primary visual area
18, 19 visual association
SECTIONAL ANATOMY AND THE VENTRICULAR THEORY
Claudius Galen
(AD 129-216)
A)
The method for dissecting the brain in situ
remained unchanged from the time of
Herophilus until Renaissance. The brain is
cut in transverse section and the upper part
removed to show the internal cerebral
structures (from Estienne, 1545)
B)
Galen promoted the ventricular
localization theory. In this drawing
from Gregor Reischs book (1503)
the organs for vision, taste, smell
and hearing are connected to the
anterior ventricle.
C)
In the Renaissance, Leonardo, as many of his
contemporaries, performed dissections to advance
his understanding of the human brain. Leonardo was
also the first to create a wax cast of the ventricles.
THE DISCOVERY OF THE CORTEX
A)
C)
Section through the corpus

callosum and body of fornix
Section through the cerebral hemisphere

showing the body with medullary
streaks (i.e. corpus striatum)
B)
D)
Vesalius never wrote about the separation

between white and grey matter, but he
certainly observed in post-mortem
dissectons as suggested by this illustrations
taken from his atlas (Vesalius 1543).
Section through the left corpus

striatum after removing the cerebral
hemispheres (Willis, 1664)
Arcangelo Piccolomini
(1526-1605)
I call the cerebrum [gray matter] that whole

ashen-colored body, darkening from white,
which very closely encompasses the medulla.
The medulla is the whole of the white and
more solid body which is concealed within
the ashen-colored one. Thus the cerebrum
differs and is distinguished from the medulla
by color, because the cerebrum is ashencolored but the medulla white; in consistency,
because the cerebrum is softer and the
medulla a little harder and more compact; in
location, because the medulla is in the middle
of the cerebrum which wholly covers it over;
also the ashen-colored body is distinguished
from the white by certain lines. The cerebrum
commences everywhere by convolutions and
extends as far as the corpus callosum and that
middle white part (1586).
MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF THE CORTEX
Marcello Malpighi
(1628-1694)
A)
Antony van Leeuwenhoek

(1632-1723)
B)
One of the earliest microscopes, similar to those used by Malpighi and

Leeuwenhoek in their investigations of the cerebral cortex (Image from
The Wellcome Trust).
Jules Baillarger
(1809-1890)
C)
Image from Gennaris book where
he describes for the first time the
lineola albidior. In the image the
Gennaris line is visible in the
most posterior convolutions
(Image from The Wellcome Trust)
The laminar structure of the

cerebral cortex described by
Baillarger in 1840 (mod. from
Testut, 1898).
NEURON VS SYNCYTIUM THEORY
Jan Evangelista Purkyn

(1787-1869)
A)
Purkyn representation of the
cells in the cerebellar cortex
(later named after him).
(Purkyn, 1838)
Camillo Golgi
(1843-1926)
B)
Left, Golgis representation of the anatomy of a cerebellar gyrus
(Purkyn cells are depicted in detail). Right, Golgis representation
of the anatomy of the hippocampus (Golgi, 1903-1929)
Santiago Ramon y Cajal

(1852-1934)
C)
Cajals representation of
the anatomy of the
hippocampus (Cajal,
1911)
MAPPING THE BRAIN
Rudolph Albert von Klliker

(1817-1905)
A)
Theodore Meynert
(1833-1892)
B)
Kllikers microscopic
description of the cells and
fibers in the cerebral cortex
(from Klliker, 1852).
Meynert recognized five layers, from the surface they

are: 1. molecular layer, 2. outer granular layer, 3.
Pyramidal layer, 4. inner granular layer, 5. Spindle cells
layer. Most of the gray cortex is five-layered (e.g. frontal
lobe) but there are also deviations such as the cortex of
the occipital pole, which is eight-layered (Meynert, 1885).
Alfred Campbell
(1868-1937)
C)
Campbells division of the cortex in 17 fields
according to the interregional differences in the
coritcal cyto- and myelorachitecture. (Campbell
1905)
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~~~
~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~
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~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~
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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~~~~
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~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
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D i ag r am
of t h e c or~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
t i c al l aye r s
~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~
~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
according
to
cytoarchitectonic
(left)
and
~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~
myeloarchitectonic (right) anatomy
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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BRODMANNS MAPS
Korbinian Brodmann
(1868-1918)
Oskart Vogt
(1870-1959)
Cecile Vogt
(1875-1962)
A)
~~
(Vogt, 1910).
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~
~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~
~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~
B)
~~~~~~~
~~~
~~~~ ~
C)~~~ ~
~~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~
~~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The cytoarchitectonic map of the human cerebral cortex

according to Brodmann (left, lateral view; right, medial view).
(Brodmann, 1909)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~~~~~~
~~~ ~~~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~
~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~
~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~ ~~~
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~
~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~ ~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~
The myeloarchitectonic map of the human frontal lobe (left,

lateral view; right medial view) (Vogt, 1910).
~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ASSOCIATIVE AREAS
Group 1- areas (from 1

to 10) showing signs of
myelination at birth
Paul Emile Flechsig

(1847-1929)
Anterior frontal
association area
A)
34
36
Posterior parietal
association area
Posterior temporal
association area
Group 2 - areas (from 1I

to 31) of intermediate
myelination
38
40
weeks
42
Anterior frontal
association area
B)
Group 3 - areas (from 32

to 36) showing myelination
after birth
44
46
Posterior parietal
association area
Posterior temporal
association area
THE DEFINITIVE MAPS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN
Costantin Von Economo

(1876-1931)
B)
Distribution of the five principal types of
neocortex in lateral surface of the human brain.
Georg Koskinas
(1885-1975)
A)
Diagram of the five principal types of
neocortex according to Von Economo and
Koskinas.
C)
Parcellation of the lateral surface of the human
brain according to Von Economo and Koskinas.
D)
Corresponding functions of the
cytoarchitectonic cortical areas.
CURRENT CHALLENGES IN CONTEMPORARY

SECTIONAL ANATOMY
A)
B)
1. NORMAL ANATOMY: THE LANGUAGE

NETWORK
Paul Broca
Arcuate fasciculus
Carl Wernicke
DELINEATION OF THE REGION OF INTEREST

AROUND THE ARCUATE FASCICULUS
z = +22
z = +24
z = +26
z = +28
(Catani et al., Ann Neurol, 2005)

TRACTOGRAPHY RECONSTRUCTION OF THE

ARCUATE FASCICULUS (ONE-ROI APPROACH)
EXTERNAL
CAPSULE
x = -38
INSULA
x = -45
LATERAL
FISSURE
x = -52

PARALLEL PERISYLVIAN PATHWAY

(DIRECT AND INDIRECT)
ANTERIOR SEGMENT
BROCAS
TERRITORY
GESCHWINDS
TERRITORY
POSTERIOR
SEGMENT
LONG
SEGMENT
WERNICKES TERRITORY
FROM CENTRES TO TERRITORIES
Broca
Geschwind
Wernicke
(Catani et al., Ann Neurol 2005)

Inter-individual Anatomical Variability
ANATOMY OF PERISYLVIAN CONNECTOINS IN

MONKEY
(Deacon TW 1992)
IN VIVO AND POST-MORTEM DISSECTIONS

OF PERISYLVIAN PATHWAYS
Long segment
Posterior segment
anterior segment
(Lawes et al. Neuroimage in press)
ELECTROCORTICOGRAPHY
(Matsumoto et al., Brain 2004)

LATERALIZATION OF PERISYLIVAN LANGUAGE

PATHWAYS
A
L
L
G
G
W
left
right
Z=+23
Y=+1
Y=-29
Z=+17
ANTERIOR INDIRECT SEGMENT
B
L
Y=-3
Z=-11
Y=-45
Z=-1
Y=-35
Z=+23
DIRECT SEGMENT
Y=-49
Z=+19
POSTERIOR INDIRECT SEGMENT
(Catani et al., PNAS, 2007)

Lateralization: gender differences and behavioural

correlates
Group1 strong lateralization

(62,5%)
Group2 bilateral, left

lateralization (20%)
Group3 bilateral,
symmetrical (17,5%)


correlates

(62,5%)
18

Group3 bilateral,
symmetrical (17,5%)
85%
N. of subjects
14
10
40%
30%
10%
30%
5%
females
males
Groups

correlates

(62,5%)
18

85%
CVLT (tot score)
N. of subjects
14
10
40%
30%
10%
30%
5%
Groups
80
70
60
50
females
males
Group3 bilateral,
symmetrical (17,5%)
Groups

correlates

(62,5%)
18

85%
CVLT (tot score)
N. of subjects
10
40%
30%
10%
30%
5%
Groups
70
60
50
females
males
80
14
Group3 bilateral,
symmetrical (17,5%)
Groups

correlates

(62,5%)
18

85%
CVLT (tot score)
N. of subjects
14
10
40%
30%
10%
30%
5%
Groups
80
70
60
50
females
males
Group3 bilateral,
symmetrical (17,5%)
Groups

correlates

(62,5%)
18

85%
CVLT (tot score)
N. of subjects
10
40%
30%
10%
30%
5%
Groups
70
60
50
females
males
80
14
Group3 bilateral,
symmetrical (17,5%)
Groups
Age-related Changes of Language Lateralization

A
Virtual in vivo dissection of the Arcuate
Posterior indirect segment
Posterior
indirect
segment
Long direct
segment
Tract volume (50% overlap)
Anterior indirect segment

1200
(12 yrs)
1000
**
(18 yrs)
**
800
(28 yrs)
600
(38 yrs)
400
left
right
200
0
0
10
20
30
40
Age (years)
Anterior indirect segment
Long direct segment
B
1200
1000
(12 yrs)
(18 yrs)
(28 yrs)
(38 yrs)
600
400
left
right
200
1200
(12 yrs)
1000
(18 yrs)
(28 yrs)
(38 yrs)
800
600
400
left
right
200
0
0
0
10
20
30
Age (years)
800
40
10
20
30
Age (years)
40
THE ROAD TO PSYCHOPATHY
AMYDGALA AND ORBITO-FRONTAL PATHOLOGY
Controls
OFC
Psychopaths
Amygdala
*p=0.003
.42
.40
.38
Right
Left
Uncinate Tract
Fractional anisotropy
.44
.52
.48
.46
.46
.44
.42
.40
Right
Left
Inferior Fronto-Occipital Tract
.50
.48
.46
.44
Right
Left
Inferior Longitudinal Tract

M. CATANI - From Anatomy To Function

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M. CATANI - From Anatomy To Function

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From anatomy to function 1&2

Thursday, 13 October 2011

From structure to function

Thursday, 13 October 2011

Represent your figures in

From structure to function

Thursday, 13 October 2011

From structure to function

Thursday, 13 October 2011

THE ARISTOTELIAN PRINCIPLE

Thursday, 13 October 2011

Thursday, 13 October 2011

Thursday, 13 October 2011

central s. (or Rolandic)

Thursday, 13 October 2011

central s. (or Rolandic)

Thursday, 13 October 2011

medial occipitotemporal (collateral) s.

Thursday, 13 October 2011

medial occipitotemporal (collateral) s.

PrCG, precentral gyrus

PoCG, postcentral gyrus

STG, superior temporal gyrus

SOG, superior occipital gyrus

CG, cingulate gyrus

SFG, superior frontal gyrus

SPL, superior parietal lobule

MTG, middle temporal gyrus

MOG, middle occipital gyrus

HG, hippocampal gyrus

MFG, middle frontal gyrus

SMG, supramarginal gyrus

ITG, inferior temporal gyrus

IOG, inferior occipital gyrus

IFG, inferior frontal gyrus

AG, angular gyrus

FuG, fusiform gyrus

DOG, descending occ. gyrus

OG, olfactory gyrus

OFG, orbital frontal gyri

PPG, posterior parietal gyrus

LG, lingual gyrus

PCL, paracentral lobule

PCL, paracentral lobule

TP, temporal pole

LG, lingual gyrus

GR, gyrus rectus

Thursday, 13 October 2011

FuG, fusiform gyrus

THE BIRTH OF NEUROSCIENCE

corrugations of the brain

Thursday, 13 October 2011

SURFACE ANATOMY IN THE RENAISSANCE

Thursday, 13 October 2011

DISTINCT ANATOMICAL FEATURES ON THE SURFACE

Felix Vicq dAzyr

Joseph Franz Gall

Thursday, 13 October 2011

COMPARATIVE SURFACE ANATOMY

Louis Pierre Gratiolet

Giuseppe Marco Fieschi (1790-1836) was considered as a famous anarchist

LOCALIZATION OF BRAIN FUNCTIONS

Thursday, 13 October 2011

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