Section 4.5 Applied Optimization 227

Section 4.
5 Applied Optimization
227
60. (a) If v cr! r# cr$ , then vw 2cr! r 3cr# cr a2r! 3rb and vww 2cr! 6cr 2c ar! 3rb . The solution of
vw 0 is r 0 or 2r3! , but 0 is not in the domain. Also, vw 0 for r 2r3! and vw 0 for r 2r3! at r 2r3!
there is a maximum.
(b) The graph confirms the findings in (a).
61. If x 0, then (x 1)# 0 x# 1 2x

then
#
#
#
#
a a 1 b b 1 c c 1 d d "
62. (a) f(x)
x
a# x#
f w (x)
aa # x # b
"#
x # aa # x # b
aa # x # b
gw (x)
ab# (d x)# b (d x)#

ab# (d x)# b$#
ab# (d x)# b
"#
a# x# x#
aa# x# b$#
a#
aa# x# b$#
0
"#
"#
(d x)# ab# (d x)# b
b# (d x)#
b #
0 g(x) is a decreasing function of x
ab# (d x)# b$#
dt
Since c" , c# 0, the derivative dx is an increasing function of x (from part (a)) minus a decreasing
dt
d# t
" w
" w
w
function of x (from part (b)): dx
c"" f(x) c"# g(x) dx
# c" f (x) c# g (x) 0 since f (x)
dt
gw (x) 0 dx
is an increasing function of x.
(c)
dx
b# (d x)#
2. In particular if a, b, c and d are positive integers,
16.
f(x) is an increasing function of x

(b) g(x)
x# 1
x
0 and
63. At x c, the tangents to the curves are parallel. Justification: The vertical distance between the curves is
D(x) f(x) g(x), so Dw (x) f w (x) gw (x). The maximum value of D will occur at a point c where Dw 0. At
such a point, f w (c) gw (c) 0, or f w (c) gw (c).
64. (a) f(x) 3 4 cos x cos 2x is a periodic function with period 21
(b) No, f(x) 3 4 cos x cos 2x 3 4 cos x a2 cos# x 1b 2 a1 2 cos x cos# xb 2(1 cos x)# 0
f(x) is never negative.
65. (a) If y cot x 2 csc x where 0 x 1, then yw (csc x) 2 cot x csc x. Solving yw 0 cos x
x 14 . For 0 x
1
4
we have yw 0, and yw 0 when
1
4
x 1. Therefore, at x
value of y 1.
(b)
The graph confirms the findings in (a).
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
1
4
"
2
there is a maximum
228
Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives
66. (a) If y tan x 3 cot x where 0 x
1
#
, then yw sec# x 3 csc# x. Solving yw 0 tan x 3
x 13 , but 13 is not in the domain. Also, yww 2 sec# x tan x 6 csc# x cot x 0 for all 0 x
Therefore at x 1 there is a minimum value of y 23.
1
2
(b)
The graph confirms the findings in (a).

#
#
67. (a) The square of the distance is Daxb x $# x ! x# #x *% , so Dw axb #x # and the critical
point occurs at x ". Since Dw axb ! for x " and Dw axb ! for x ", the critical point corresponds to the
minimum distance. The minimum distance is Da"b
&
# .
(b)
The minimum distance is from the point $# ! to the point a" "b on the graph of y x, and this occurs at the
value x " where Daxb, the distance squared, has its minimum value.
68. (a) Calculus Method:
The square of the distance from the point " $ to x "' x# is given by
#
Daxb ax "b# "' x# $ x# #x " "' x# #%) $x# $ #x #! #%) $x# .

Then Dw axb #
"
#
#
%) $x# a'xb
#
'x
%) $x# .
Solving Dw axb ! we have: 'x #%) $x#
$'x# %a%) $x# b *x# %) $x# "#x# %) x #. We discard x # as an extraneous solution,

leaving x #. Since Dw axb ! for % x # and Dw axb ! for # x %, the critical point corresponds to the
minimum distance. The minimum distance is Da#b #.
Geometry Method:
The semicircle is centered at the origin and has radius %. The distance from the origin to " $ is
#
"# $ #. The shortest distance from the point to the semicircle is the distance along the radius
containing the point " $. That distance is % # #.
Section 4.6 Newton's Method
229
(b)
The minimum distance is from the point " $ to the point # #$ on the graph of y "' x# , and this
occurs at the value x # where Daxb, the distance squared, has its minimum value.
46 NEWTON'S METHOD
1. y x# x 1 yw 2x 1 xnb1 xn
x#
2
3
4
9
23 1
4
3 1
x# 2
x#
42"
4 1
2
3
4 6 9
129
x#n xn 1
# xn 1
2
3
"
#1
#"7 1 1
"
3 3
3"
"
90
6
5
1296
6
625 5 3
864

1
125
2 x# 2
6
5
16 2 3
32 1
1296 750 1875

4320 625
2
11
31
1 "4 "
#"
#1
20 25 4
29
#5 1"# 12
1 #
x# "#
2.41667
"
1#
5
4
113
2000
2500113
2000
2387
#000
6. From Exercise 5, xnb1 xn

54
625512
2000
54
111
# 1
2
"
3
"3
6
5
171
4945
; x! 1 x " 1
5763
4945
1 1 3
4 1
6
5
1.16542; x! 1 x" 1
"13
4 1
51
31 1.64516
2xn x#n 1
2 2xn
; x! 0 x" 0
x%n 2
4xn$ ; x!
1 x" 1
"2
4
5
4
00"
#0
"#
44"
#4
5
#
x#
5
4
x#
5
#
625
256 2
125
16
5
4
5 25
4 1
#5
625512
2000
1.1935
x%n 2
4xn$
113
2000
; x! 0 x" 0
15# .41667; x! 2 x" 2
5. y x% 2 yw 4x$ xnb1 xn
2
3
.61905; x! 1 x" 1
x$n 3xn 1
3xn# 3
x%n xn 3
4xn$ 1
4. y 2x x# 1 yw 2 2x xnb1 xn
5
#
29
90
0.32222
3. y x% x 3 yw 4x$ 1 xnb1 xn
x#
13
21
111
#1
1.66667
5
3
2. y x$ 3x 1 yw 3x# 3 xnb1 xn
x# "3
; x! 1 x " 1
; x! 1 x" 1
"2
4
1
"
4
54 x# 54
625
256 2
125
16
1.1935
7. f(x! ) 0 and f w (x! ) ! xnb1 xn
f axn b
f axn b
w
gives x" x! x# x! xn x! for all n 0. That is, all of
the approximations in Newton's method will be the root of f(x) 0.

8. It does matter. If you start too far away from x
x! 0.5, for instance, leads to x
1
#
1
#
, the calculated values may approach some other root. Starting with
as the root, not x
1
#
230
9. If x! h 0 x" x!
h
f(x! )
f w (x! )
"
2
f(h)
f w (h)
h h 2h h;
"
#h
if x! h 0 x" x!
h
h
f(x! )
f w (x! )
h
f(h)
f w (h)
h h 2h h.
"$
10. f(x) x"$ f w (x) "3 x#$ xnb1 xn " xn #$

xn
3
2xn ; x! 1 x" 2, x# 4, x$ 8, and

x% 16 and so forth. Since kxn k 2lxnc1 l we may conclude
that n _ kxn k _.
11. i) is equivalent to solving x$ $x " !.

ii) is equivalent to solving x$ $x " !.
iii) is equivalent to solving x$ $x " !.
iv) is equivalent to solving x$ $x " !.
All four equations are equivalent.
12. f(x) x 1 0.5 sin x f w (x) 1 0.5 cos x xnb1 xn
13. f(x) tan x 2x f w (x) sec# x 2 xnb1 xn
xn 1 0.5 sin xn
1 0.5 cos xn
tan axn b 2xn

sec# axn b
; if x! 1.5, then x" 1.49870
; x! 1 x" 1.2920445
x# 1.155327774 x16 x17 1.165561185

14. f(x) x% 2x$ x# 2x 2 f w (x) 4x$ 6x# 2x 2 xnb1 xn
x%n 2xn$ xn# 2xn 2

4xn$ 6xn# 2xn 2
if x! 0.5, then x% 0.630115396; if x! 2.5, then x% 2.57327196

15. (a) The graph of f(x) sin 3x 0.99 x# in the window
2 x 2, 2 y 3 suggests three roots.
However, when you zoom in on the x-axis near x 1.2,
you can see that the graph lies above the axis there.
There are only two roots, one near x 1, the other
near x 0.4.
(b) f(x) sin 3x 0.99 x# f w (x) 3 cos 3x 2x
xnb1 xn
sin (3xn ) 0.99xn#

3 cos (3xn ) 2xn
and the solutions
are approximately 0.35003501505249 and

1.0261731615301
Section 4.6 Newton's Method

16. (a) Yes, three times as indicted by the graphs
(b) f(x) cos 3x x f w (x)
3 sin 3x 1 xnb1
xn
cos a3xn b xn
3 sin a3xn b 1
; at
approximately 0.979367,
0.887726, and 0.39004 we have
cos 3x x
17. f(x) 2x% 4x# 1 f w (x) 8x$ 8x xnb1 xn
2x%n 4xn# 1
8xn$ 8xn
; if x! 2, then x' 1.30656296; if
x! 0.5, then x$ 0.5411961; the roots are approximately 0.5411961 and 1.30656296 because f(x) is
an even function.
18. f(x) tan x f w (x) sec# x xnb1 xn
tan axn b
sec# axn b
; x! 3 x" 3.13971 x# 3.14159 and we
approximate 1 to be 3.14159.
19. From the graph we let x! 0.5 and f(x) cos x 2x
xnb1 xn
cos axn b 2xn

sin axn b 2
x" .45063
x# .45018 at x 0.45 we have cos x 2x.
20. From the graph we let x! 0.7 and f(x) cos x x

xnb1 xn
xn cos axn b
1 sin axn b
x" .73944
x# .73908 at x 0.74 we have cos x x.
21. The x-coordinate of the point of intersection of y x2 ax 1b and y

x3 x2
1
x
xnb1 xn
1
x
0 The x-coordinate is the root of faxb x3 x2

xn xn x1n
3x2n 2xn 12
x
3
is the solution of x2 ax 1b
1
x
f w axb 3x2 2x
1
x2 .
1
x
Let x0 1
x" 0.83333 x2 0.81924 x3 0.81917 x7 0.81917 r 0.8192
22. The x-coordinate of the point of intersection of y x and y 3 x2 is the solution of x 3 x2

1
x 3 x2 0 The x-coordinate is the root of faxb x 3 x2 f w axb 2
2x. Let x0 1
x
xnb1 xn
xn 3 x2n
xn 2xn
1
x" 1.4 x2 1.35556 x3 1.35498 x7 1.35498 r 1.3550
231
232
23. If f(x) x$ 2x 4, then f(1) 1 0 and f(2) 8 0 by the Intermediate Value Theorem the equation
x$ 2x 4 0 has a solution between 1 and 2. Consequently, f w (x) 3x# 2 and xnb1 xn
x$n 2xn 4
3x#n 2
Then x! 1 x" 1.2 x# 1.17975 x$ 1.179509 x% 1.1795090 the root is approximately

1.17951.
24. We wish to solve 8x% 14x$ 9x# 11x 1 0. Let f(x) 8x% 14x$ 9x# 11x 1, then
f w (x) 32x$ 42x# 18x 11 xnb1 xn
x!
1.0
0.1
0.6
2.0
8x%n 14xn$ 9xn# 11xn 1

3#xn$ 42xn# 18xn 11
approximation of corresponding root

0.976823589
0.100363332
0.642746671
1.983713587
25. f(x) 4x% 4x# f w (x) 16x$ 8x xib1 xi
faxi b
f axi b
w
xi
xi$ xi
.
%x#i #
Iterations are performed using the
procedure in problem 13 in this section.

(a) For x! # or x! !), xi " as i gets large.
(b) For x! !& or x! !#&, xi ! as i gets large.
(c) For x! !) or x! #, xi " as i gets large.
(d) (If your calculator has a CAS, put it in exact mode, otherwise approximate the radicals with a decimal value.)
For x!
x!
21
7
721
or x!
or x!
721
21
7 ,
Newton's method does not converge. The values of xi alternate between
as i increases.
26. (a) The distance can be represented by

#
D(x) (x 2)# x# "# , where x 0. The
distance D(x) is minimized when

#
f(x) (x 2)# x# "# is minimized. If
#
f(x) (x 2)# x# "# , then
f w (x) 4 ax$ x 1b and f ww (x) 4 a3x# 1b 0.

Now f w (x) 0 x$ x 1 0 x ax# 1b 1
x x#"1 .
(b) Let g(x)
"
x # 1
xnb1 xn
x ax# 1b
" xn
x#
n 1
2xn
#
x# 1 1
"
#
x gw (x) ax# 1b (2x) 1
2x
ax # 1 b #
1
; x! 1 x% 0.68233 to five decimal places.
27. f(x) (x 1)%! f w (x) 40(x 1)$* xnb1 xn
axn 1b%!
40 axn 1b$*
39xn "
40
. With x! 2, our computer
gave x)( x)) x)* x#!! 1.11051, coming within 0.11051 of the root x 1.
28. Since s r ) 3 r ) ) 3r . Bisect the angle ) to obtain a right tringle with hypotenuse r and opposite side
of length 1. Then sin
farb sin 2r3
1
r
)
2
1
r
sin
3r
2
1
r
sin 2r3
1
r
sin
3
2r
f w arb 2r32 cos 2r3 r12 ; r0 1 rn 1 rn
r2 1.00282 r3 1.00282 r 1.0028 )
3
1.00282
1
r
0. Thus the solution r is a root of
sin 2r3n r1n

32 cos 2r3n
2rn
1
r2
n
r1 1.00280
2.9916
Section 4.7 Antiderivatives

4.7 ANTIDERIVATIVES
1. (a) x#
(b)
x$
3
(c)
x$
3
x# x
2. (a) 3x#
(b)
x)
8
(c)
x)
8
3x# 8x
3. (a) x$
(b) x3
4. (a) x#
(b) x4
(c) x3 x# 3x
x$
3
(c)
x #
#
x#
2
x
5. (a)
"
x
(b)
5
x
(c) 2x
6. (a)
"
x#
(b)
"
4x#
(c)
x%
4
(c)
2
3
x$ 2x
(c)
3
4
x%$ 3# x#$
5
x
"
#x #
7. (a) x$
(b) x
8. (a) x%$
(b)
9. (a) x#$
(b) x"$
(c) x"$
10. (a) x"#
(b) x"#
(c) x$#
11. (a) cos (1x)
(b) 3 cos x
(c)
12. (a) sin (1x)
(b) sin 1#x
(c) 12 sin 1#x 1 sin x
13. (a) tan x
(b) 2 tan x3
(c) 23 tan 3x
#
14. (a) cot x
(b) cot 3x
#
(c) x 4 cot (2x)
15. (a) csc x
(b)
"
5
csc (5x)
(c) 2 csc 1#x
16. (a) sec x
(b)
4
3
sec (3x)
(c)
17.
' (x 1) dx
19.
'
3t# #t dt t$
21.
'
a2x$ 5x 7b dx
23.
'
x"# x# 3" dx ' x# x# 3" dx
24.
'
"5
2
x$
x#
#
"
#
x#$
xC
t#
4
C
"
#
x% 5# x# 7x C
x "
1
2x dx ' 5" 2x$ 2x dx
"
5
x$
3
cos (1x)
1
2
1
cos (3x)
sec 1#x
18.
' (5 6x) dx 5x 3x# C
20.
'
t# 4t$ dt
22.
'
a1 x# 3x& b dx x "3 x$ #" x' C
3" x C x"
#
x 2x#
2x#
#
C
x
5
x$
3
t$
6
"
x#
t% C
x
3
C
x# C
233
234

x#$
25.
' x"$ dx
27.
'
x $x dx ' x"# x"$ dx
28.
'
29.
'
8y
30.
'
x
#
"7
2
3
2
x
y"%
y&%
C
3
#
x#$ C
' x&% dx
26.
x$#
dx ' "# x"# 2x"# dx

dy ' 8y 2y"% dy
dy ' "7 y&% dy
"
7
8y#
#
x%$
3
#
"
#
C
4
3
2
3
x "%
"4
C
4
% x
C
x$# 43 x%$ C
$#
"#
x3 2 x" C
"
3
x$# 4x"# C
$%
2 y 3 C 4y# 83 y$% C
4
"%
y y 1 C
4
y
7
4
y"%
C
31.
'
2x a1 x$ b dx ' a2x 2x# b dx
32.
'
x$ (x 1) dx ' ax# x$ b dx
33.
'
ttt
t#
34.
'
4 t
t$
35.
' 2 cos t dt 2 sin t C
36.
' 5 sin t dt 5 cos t C
37.
' 7 sin 3) d) 21 cos 3) C
38.
' 3 cos 5) d) 35 sin 5) C
39.
' 3 csc# x dx 3 cot x C
40.
' sec3# x dx tan3 x C
41.
'
42.
'
43.
' a4 sec x tan x 2 sec# xb dx 4 sec x 2 tan x C
44.
'
45.
' asin 2x csc# xb dx "# cos 2x cot x C
46.
' (2 cos 2x 3 sin 3x) dx sin 2x cos 3x C
47.
'
1 cos 4t
#
dt ' "#
"
#
cos 4t dt
"
#
t "# sin4 4t C
t
2
sin 4t
8
C
48.
'
1 cos 6t
#
dt ' "#
"
#
cos 6t dt
"
#
t "# sin6 6t C
t
2
sin 6t
12
C
49.
' a1 tan# )b d) ' sec# ) d) tan ) C
50.
' a2 tan# )b d) ' a1 1 tan# )b d) ' a1 sec# )b d) ) tan ) C
51.
' cot# x dx ' acsc# x 1b dx cot x x C
$#
dt ' t4$
csc ) cot )
#
"
2
dt ' t t#
t"#
t#
t"#
t$
2x#
#
x "
1
"
2 x1 C x#
#
x# C "x
dt ' t"# t$# dt
t"#
"
#
2
x
C
"
#x #
C
"#
t " C 2t
#
t
dt ' 4t$ t&# dt 4 #
t 3 C t2#
$#
#
d) "# csc ) C
acsc# x csc x cot xb dx #" cot x
"
#
2
5
sec ) tan ) d)
2
5
2
t
C
2
3t$#
C
sec ) C
csc x C

52.
' a1 cot# xb dx ' a1 acsc# x 1bb dx ' a2 csc# xb dx 2x cot x C
53.
' cos ) (tan ) sec )) d) ' (sin ) 1) d) cos ) ) C
54.
'
csc )
csc ) sin )
55.
d
dx
2)
C
(7x28
56.
d
dx
(3 x3 5)
57.
d
dx
"5 tan (5x 1) C
58.
d
dx
3 cot x 3 " C 3 csc# x 3 " "3 csc# x 3 "
59.
d
dx
#
x"
1 C (1)(1)(x 1)
)
)
'
sin
d) ' csc csc
) sin )
sin ) d)
"
4(7x 2)$ (7)

28
d) '
# (3)
(3x 5)#
asec# (5x 1)b (5) sec# (5x 1)
"
(x 1)#
x#
#
d
dx
x# sin x C
(b) Wrong:
d
dx
(x cos x C) cos x x sin x x sin x
(c) Right:
d
d)
d
d)
(b) Right:
(c) Right:
2x
#
d
dx
xx 1 C
x#
#
cos x x sin x
sec3 ) C
3 sec# )
3
"# tan# ) C "# (2 tan )) sec# ) tan ) sec# )

"# sec# ) C "# (2 sec )) sec ) tan ) tan ) sec# )
$
3(2x 1)# (2)

3
(2x 3 1) C
(b) Wrong:
d
dx
a(2x 1)$ Cb 3(2x 1)# (2) 6(2x 1)# 3(2x 1)#
d
dx
ax# x Cb
(b) Wrong:
d
dx
ax# xb
65. Right:
66. Wrong:
d
dx
"#
"#
"
#
ax# x Cb
C
$
"
#
ax# xb
"
3 2x 1 C
d x 3 3
dx x 2
d
dx
2(2x 1)# (2x 1)#
a(2x 1)$ Cb 6(2x 1)#
64. (a) Wrong:
(c) Right:
"
(x 1)#
(sec ) tan )) sec$ ) tan ) tan ) sec# )
d
dx
d
dx
cos x x sin x
63. (a) Wrong:
(c) Right:
(x 1)(") x(1)
(x 1)#
(x cos x sin x C) cos x x sin x cos x x sin x
d
d)
62. (a) Wrong:
sin x
60.
61. (a) Wrong:
d
dx
d) ' sec# ) d) tan ) C
"
cos# )
(7x 2)$
C (3x 35)
"
5
"
1sin# )
sinx2
x
3
C 3 xx
2
C
d
dx
"#
"#
(2x 1)
(2x 1)
2x 1
2 x# x C
2x 1
2 x# x
3" (2x 1)$# C
2 ax 2b1 ax 3b1
ax 2 b
xcosx2 a2xb sinx2 1

x2
3
6
2x 1
(2x 1)"# (2) 2x 1
3b
5
3 aaxx
2 b2 ax 2 b 2
2x2 cosx2 sinx2

x2
2x 1
15ax 3b2
ax 2 b 4
x cosx2 sinx2
x2
67. Graph (b), because
dy
dx
2B y x# C. Then y(1) 4 C 3.
68. Graph (b), because
dy
dx
B y "# x# C. Then y(1) 1 C
3
#
235
236
69.
dy
dx
2x 7 y x# 7x C; at x 2 and y 0 we have 0 2# 7(2) C C 10 y x# 7x 10
70.
dy
dx
10 x y 10x
71.
dy
dx
"
x#
C; at x 0 and y 1 we have 1 10(0)
x x# x y x"
y x"
72.
x#
#
x#
#
"
#
or y x"
x#
#
0#
#
C C 1 y 10x
x#
#
C; at x 2 and y 1 we have 1 2"
"
#
2#
#
x#
#
1
C C "#
dy
dx
9x# 4x 5 y 3x$ 2x# 5x C; at x 1 and y 0 we have 0 3(1)$ 2(1)# 5(1) C
dy
dx
$x#$ y
C 10 y 3x$ 2x# 5x 10
73.
$x"$
"
$
C *; at x 9x"$ C; at x " and y & we have & *(")"$ C C %
y 9x"$ %
"
# x
"
#
x"# y x"# C; at x 4 and y 0 we have 0 4"# C C 2 y x"# 2
74.
dy
dx
75.
ds
dt
1 cos t s t sin t C; at t 0 and s 4 we have 4 0 sin 0 C C 4 s t sin t 4
76.
ds
dt
cos t sin t s sin t cos t C; at t 1 and s 1 we have 1 sin 1 cos 1 C C 0
s sin t cos t
77.
dr
d)
1 sin 1) r cos (1)) C; at r 0 and ) 0 we have 0 cos (10) C C " r cos (1)) 1
78.
dr
d)
cos 1) r
79.
dv
dt
80.
dv
dt
8t csc# t v 4t# cot t C; at v 7 and t
"
#
"
1
sin(1)) C; at r 1 and ) 0 we have 1
sec t tan t v
"
#
sec t C; at v 1 and t 0 we have 1

1
#
v 4t# cot t 7 1#
81.
d# y
dx#
2 6x
dy
dx
2x 3x# C" ; at
dy
dx
#
"
1
dy
dx
sin (10) C C " r

"
#
sec (0) C C
"
#
"
1
sin (1)) 1
"
#
sec t
"
#
we have 7 4 1# cot 1# C C 7 1#
4 and x 0 we have 4 2(0) 3(0)# C" C" 4
2x 3x 4 y x# x$ 4x C# ; at y 1 and x 0 we have 1 0# 0$ 4(0) C# C# 1
y x# x$ 4x 1
82.
d# y
dx#
dy
dx
C" ; at
dy
dx
2 and x 0 we have C" 2
dy
dx
2 y 2x C# ; at y 0 and x 0 we
have 0 2(0) C# C# 0 y 2x
83.
d# r
dt#
d# s
dt#
2
t$
2t$
dr
dt
t# C" ; at
dr
dt
1 and t 1 we have 1 (1)# C" C" 2
dr
dt
t# 2
r t" 2t C# ; at r 1 and t 1 we have 1 1" 2(1) C# C# 2 r t" 2t 2 or

r "t 2t 2
84.
3t
8
ds
dt
3t#
16
C" ; at
s 4 and t 4 we have 4
ds
dt
$
4
16
3 and t 4 we have 3
C# C# 0 s
3(4)#
16
C" C" 0
ds
dt
3t#
16
t
16
t$
16
C# ; at

85.
d$ y
dx$
dy
dx
d# y
dx#
#
6x C" ; at
3x 8x C# ; at
d$ )
dt$
8 and x 0 we have 8 6(0) C" C" 8
0 and x 0 we have 0 3(0)# 8(0) C# C# 0
d# y
dx# 6x 8
dy
#
dx 3x 8x
$
#
y x 4x C$ ; at y 5 and x 0 we have 5 0$ 4(0)# C$ C$ 5 y x 4x 5

86.
dy
dx
d# y
dx#
237
d# )
dt#
C" ; at
d# )
dt#
d# )
d)
dt# 2 dt
"
d)
#
dt 2t # ) t
) t# "# t 2
2 and t 0 we have
have "# 2(0) C# C# "#

2 0# " (0) C$ C$ 2
#
"# and t 0 we
"# t C$ ; at ) 2 and t 0 we have
2t C# ; at
d)
dt
87. y% sin t cos t ywww cos t sin t C" ; at ywww 7 and t 0 we have 7 cos (0) sin (0) C" C" 6
ywww cos t sin t 6 yww sin t cos t 6t C# ; at yww 1 and t 0 we have
1 sin (0) cos (0) 6(0) C# C# 0 yww sin t cos t 6t yw cos t sin t 3t# C$ ; at
yw 1 and t 0 we have 1 cos (0) sin (0) 3(0)# C$ C$ 0 yw cos t sin t 3t#
y sin t cos t t$ C% ; at y 0 and t 0 we have 0 sin (0) cos (0) 0$ C% C% 1
y sin t cos t t$ 1
88. y% cos x 8 sin (2x) ywww sin x 4 cos (2x) C" ; at ywww 0 and x 0 we have
0 sin (0) % cos (2(0)) C" C" 4 ywww sin x 4 cos (2x) 4 yww cos x 2 sin (2x) 4x C# ;
at yww 1 and x 0 we have 1 cos (0) 2 sin (2(0)) 4(0) C# C# 0 yww cos x 2 sin (2x) 4x
yw sin x cos (2x) 2x# C$ ; at yw 1 and x 0 we have 1 sin (0) cos (2(0)) 2(0)# C$ C$ 0
yw sin x cos (2x) 2x# y cos x "# sin (2x) 23 x$ C% ; at y 3 and x 0 we have
3 cos (0)
"
#
sin (2(0)) 23 (0)$ C% C% 4 y cos x
"
#
sin (2x) 23 x$ 4
89. m yw 3x 3x"# y 2x$# C; at (* 4) we have 4 2(9)$# C C 50 y 2x$# 50

90. Yes. If F(x) and G(x) both solve the initial value problem on an interval I then they both have the same first derivative.
Therefore, by Corollary 2 of the Mean Value Theorem there is a constant C such that F(x) G(x) C for all x. In
particular, F(x! ) G(x! ) C, so C F(x! ) G(x! ) 0. Hence F(x) G(x) for all x.
91.
dy
dx
1 34 x"$ y ' 1 34 x"$ dx x x%$ C; at (1 0.5) on the curve we have 0.5 1 1%$ C
C 0.5 y x x%$
92.
dy
dx
x 1 y ' (x 1) dx
y
93.
dy
dx
"
#
x#
#
x
x#
#
x C; at (1 1) on the curve we have 1
(")#
#
(1) C C "#
"
#
sin x cos x y ' (sin x cos x) dx cos x sin x C; at (1 1) on the curve we have
" cos (1) sin (1) C C 2 y cos x sin x 2

94.
dy
dx
"
# x
1 sin 1x
"
#
x"# 1 sin 1x y ' #" x"# sin 1x dx x"# cos 1x C; at (1 #) on the
curve we have 2 1"# cos 1(1) C C 0 y x cos 1x

95. (a)
ds
dt
9.8t 3 s 4.9t# 3t C; (i) at s 5 and t 0 we have C 5 s 4.9t# 3t 5;
displacement s(3) s(1) ((4.9)(9) 9 5) (4.9 3 5) 33.2 units; (ii) at s 2 and t 0 we have
C 2 s 4.9t# 3t 2; displacement s(3) s(1) ((4.9)(9) 9 2) (4.9 3 2) 33.2 units;
(iii) at s s! and t 0 we have C s! s 4.9t# 3t s! ; displacement s(3) s(1)
((4.9)(9) 9 s! ) (4.9 3 s! ) 33.2 units
238
(b) True. Given an antiderivative f(t) of the velocity function, we know that the body's position function is
s f(t) C for some constant C. Therefore, the displacement from t a to t b is (f(b) C) (f(a) C)
f(b) f(a). Thus we can find the displacement from any antiderivative f as the numerical difference
f(b) f(a) without knowing the exact values of C and s.
96. a(t) vw (t) 20 v(t) 20t C; at (0 0) we have C 0 v(t) 20t. When t 60, then v(60) 20(60) 1200
97. Step 1:
d# s
dt#
k
#
k t#
s
Step 2:
ds
dt
d# s
dt#
k
ds
dt
kt C" ; at
ds
dt
k 88
k
#
kt 44 s
#
s kt# 44t. Then

968
k
1936
k
45
kt
#
kt#
#
ds
dt
kt 88
88t
88
k
242 (88)
88 88
k
2k
' k dt kt C; at
ds
dt
88 and t 0 we have C" 88
88t C# ; at s 0 and t 0 we have C# 0 s
0 0 kt 88 t
Step 3: 242
98.
ds
dt
m
sec .
ds
dt
(88)#
k
242
(88)#
2k
k 16
44 when t 0 we have 44 k(0) C C 44

#
44t C" ; at s 0 when t 0 we have 0 k(0)

# 44(0) C" C" 0
ds
44
dt 0 kt 44 0 t k
968
968
ft
k 45 k 45 21.5 sec2 .
99. (a) v ' a dt ' 15t"# 3t"# dt 10t$# 6t"# C;
and s 44
k
ds
dt
k 44
k
#
44 44
k 45
(1) 4 4 10(1)$# 6(1)"# C C 0
v 10t$# 6t"#
(b) s ' v dt ' 10t$# 6t"# dt 4t&# 4t$# C; s(1) 0 0 4(1)&# 4(1)$# C C 0
s 4t&# 4t$#
100.
d# s
dt#
5.2
ds
dt
5.2t C" ; at
ds
dt
0 and t 0 we have C" 0
ds
dt
5.2t s 2.6t# C# ; at s 4
4
and t 0 we have C# 4 s 2.6t# 4. Then s 0 0 2.6t# 4 t 2.6
1.24 sec, since t 0
101.
d# s
dt#
ds
dt
' a dt at C;
when t 0 s!
a(0)#
#
ds
dt
v! when t 0 C v!
v! (0) C" C" s! s
at#
#
102. The appropriate initial value problem is: Differential Equation:

s s! when t 0. Thus,
ds
dt
ds
dt
'
gt v! . Thus s '

"
#
Thus s gt# v! t s!.
ds
dt
at v! s
at#
#
v! t C" ; s s!
v! t s!
d# s
dt#
g with Initial Conditions:
g dt gt C" ; ds
dt (0) v! v! (g)(0)
agt v! b dt "# gt# v! t C# ; s(0) s! "#
ds
dt
v! and
C" C" v!
(g)(0)# v! (0) C# C# s!
103 106 Example CAS commands:

Maple:
with(student):
f := x -> cos(x)^2 + sin(x);
ic := [x=Pi,y=1];
F := unapply( int( f(x), x ) + C, x );
eq := eval( y=F(x), ic );
solnC := solve( eq, {C} );
Y := unapply( eval( F(x), solnC ), x );
DEplot( diff(y(x),x) = f(x), y(x), x=0..2*Pi, [[y(Pi)=1]],
color=black, linecolor=black, stepsize=0.05, title="Section 4.7 #103" );
Chapter 4 Practice Exercises
239
Mathematica: (functions and values may vary)

The following commands use the definite integral and the Fundamental Theorem of calculus to construct the solution
of the initial value problems for exercises 103 - 105.
Clear[x, y, yprime]
yprime[x_] = Cos[x]2 Sin[x];
initxvalue = 1; inityvalue = 1;
y[x_] = Integrate[yprime[t], {t, initxvalue, x}] inityvalue
If the solution satisfies the differential equation and initial condition, the following yield True
yprime[x]==D[y[x], x] //Simplify
y[initxvalue]==inityvalue
Since exercise 106 is a second order differential equation, two integrations will be required.
Clear[x, y, yprime]
y2prime[x_] = 3 Exp[x/2] 1;
initxval = 0; inityval = 4; inityprimeval = 1;
yprime[x_] = Integrate[y2prime[t],{t, initxval, x}] inityprimeval
y[x_] = Integrate[yprime[t], {t, initxval, x}] inityval
Verify that y[x] solves the differential equation and initial condition and plot the solution (red) and its derivative (blue).
y2prime[x]==D[y[x], {x, 2}]//Simplify
y[initxval]==inityval
yprime[initxval]==inityprimeval
Plot[{y[x], yprime[x]}, {x, initxval 3, initxval 3}, PlotStyle {RGBColor[1,0,0], RGBColor[0,0,1]}]
CHAPTER 4 PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. No, since f(x) x$ 2x tan x f w (x) 3x# 2 sec# x 0 f(x) is always increasing on its domain
cos x
2. No, since g(x) csc x 2 cot x gw (x) csc x cot x 2 csc# x sin
#x
2
sin# x
sin"# x (cos x 2) 0
g(x) is always decreasing on its domain

3. No absolute minimum because x lim
(7 x)(11 3x)"$ _. Next f w (x)
_
(11 3x)"$ (7 x)(11 3x)#$
(11 3x) (7 x)
(11 3x)#$
4(1 x)
(11 3x)#$
x 1 and x
11
3
are critical points.
Since f w 0 if x 1 and f w 0 if x 1, f(1) 16 is the absolute maximum.

4. f(x)
ax b
x# 1
f w (x)
We require also that f(3)

w
#a$x "bax $b
ax # 1 b #
#
a ax# 1b 2x(ax b)
ab
aaxax#2bx
1 b#
ax # 1 b#
1. Thus " 3a8b 3a b
w
"
; f w (3) 0 '%
(*a 'b a) ! &a $b !.
). Solving both equations yields a 6 and b 10. Now,
so that f . Thus f w changes sign at x $ from
1
1
3
1/3
positive to negative so there is a local maximum at x $ which has a value f(3) 1.
f (x)
5. Yes, because at each point of [! " except x 0, the function's value is a local minimum value as well as a
local maximum value. At x 0 the function's value, 0, is not a local minimum value because each open
interval around x 0 on the x-axis contains points to the left of 0 where f equals 1.
6. (a) The first derivative of the function f(x) x$ is zero at x 0 even though f has no local extreme value at x 0.
(b) Theorem 2 says only that if f is differentiable and f has a local extreme at x c then f w (c) 0. It does not
assert the (false) reverse implication f w (c) 0 f has a local extreme at x c.
240
7. No, because the interval 0 x 1 fails to be closed. The Extreme Value Theorem says that if the function is continuous
throughout a finite closed interval a x b then the existence of absolute extrema is guaranteed on that interval.
8. The absolute maximum is k1k 1 and the absolute minimum is k0k 0. This is not inconsistent with the Extreme Value
Theorem for continuous functions, which says a continuous function on a closed interval attains its extreme values on that
interval. The theorem says nothing about the behavior of a continuous function on an interval which is half open and half
closed, such as " ", so there is nothing to contradict.
9. (a) There appear to be local minima at x 1.75
and 1.8. Points of inflection are indicated at
approximately x 0 and x 1.
(b) f w (x) x( 3x& 5x% 15x# x# ax# 3b ax$ 5b. The pattern yw
3
!
$
$
5
3
indicates a local maximum at x 5 and local minima at x 3 .
(c)
10. (a) The graph does not indicate any local

extremum. Points of inflection are indicated at
approximately x $% and x 1.
(b) f w (x) x( 2x% 5
10
x$
x$ ax$ 2b ax( 5b . The pattern f w )( indicates
7
3
!
5
2
3
7
a local maximum at x
5 and a local minimum at x
2.
(c)
241
11. (a) g(t) sin# t 3t gw (t) 2 sin t cos t 3 sin (2t) 3 gw 0 g(t) is always falling and hence must
decrease on every interval in its domain.
(b) One, since sin# t 3t 5 0 and sin# t 3t 5 have the same solutions: f(t) sin# t 3t 5 has the same
derivative as g(t) in part (a) and is always decreasing with f(3) 0 and f(0) 0. The Intermediate Value Theorem
guarantees the continuous function f has a root in [$ 0].
12. (a) y tan )
dy
d)
sec# ) 0 y tan ) is always rising on its domain y tan ) increases on every interval
in its domain
(b) The interval 14 1 is not in the tangent's domain because tan ) is undefined at )
1
#
. Thus the tangent need not
increase on this interval.

13. (a) f(x) x% 2x# 2 f w (x) 4x$ 4x. Since f(0) 2 0, f(1) 1 0 and f w (x) 0 for 0 x 1, we
may conclude from the Intermediate Value Theorem that f(x) has exactly one solution when 0 x 1.
(b) x# 2 4 8 0 x# 3 1 and x 0 x .7320508076 .8555996772

#
14. (a) y
x
x1
$
yw
"
(x 1)#
w
#
0, for all x in the domain of
x
x1
x
x1
is increasing in every interval in its domain.
(b) y x 2x y 3x 2 0 for all x the graph of y x 2x is always increasing and can never have a
local maximum or minimum
15. Let V(t) represent the volume of the water in the reservoir at time t, in minutes, let V(0) a! be the initial amount and
V(1440) a! (1400)(43,560)(7.48) gallons be the amount of water contained in the reservoir after the rain, where
24 hr 1440 min. Assume that V(t) is continuous on [! 1440] and differentiable on (! 1440). The Mean Value Theorem
says that for some t! in (! 1440) we have Vw (t! )
V(1440) V(0)
1440 0
a! (1400)(43,560)(7.48) a!
1440
456,160,320 gal
1440 min
316,778 gal/min. Therefore at t! the reservoir's volume was increasing at a rate in excess of 225,000 gal/min.
16. Yes, all differentiable functions g(x) having 3 as a derivative differ by only a constant. Consequently, the
d
difference 3x g(x) is a constant K because gw (x) 3 dx
(3x). Thus g(x) 3x K, the same form as F(x).
x
1
x
1
x 1 1 x 1 x 1 differs from x 1
(x 1) x(1)
d x
d "
(x " 1)# dx
dx x 1
(x 1)#
x1 .
17. No,
18. f w (x) gw (x)
2x
ax # 1 b #
by the constant 1. Both functions have the same derivative
f(x) g(x) C for some constant C the graphs differ by a vertical shift.
19. The global minimum value of
"
#
occurs at x #.
20. (a) The function is increasing on the intervals $ # and " #.

(b) The function is decreasing on the intervals # ! and ! ".
(c) The local maximum values occur only at x #, and at x #; local minimum values occur at x $ and at x "
provided f is continuous at x !.
21. (a) t 0, 6, 12
(b) t 3, 9
(c) 6 t 12
(d) 0 t 6, 12 t 14
22. (a) t 4
(b) at no time
(c) 0 t 4
(d) 4 t 8
242
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
243
33. (a) yw 16 x# yw the curve is rising on (% %), falling on (_ 4) and (% _)
%
%
a local maximum at x 4 and a local minimum at x 4; yww 2x yww the curve
!
is concave up on (_ !), concave down on (! _) a point of inflection at x 0
(b)
34. (a) yw x# x 6 (x $)(x 2) yw the curve is rising on (_ 2) and ($ _),
#
$
falling on (# $) local maximum at x 2 and a local minimum at x 3; yww 2x 1
yww concave up on "# _ , concave down on _ "# a point of inflection at x "#
"#
(b)
35. (a) yw 6x(x 1)(x 2) 6x$ 6x# 12x yw the graph is rising on (" !)
"
!
#
and (# _), falling on (_ 1) and (! #) a local maximum at x 0, local minima at x 1 and
x 2; yww 18x# 12x 12 6 a3x# 2x 2b 6 x
yww
on

"(
$
1 7 1 7
3 3
"(
$
1 7
3 x
1 7
3
7
the curve is concave up on _ 1 3
points of inflection at x
and 1 3
_ , concave down
1 7
3
(b)
36. (a) yw x# (6 4x) 6x# 4x$ yw the curve is rising on _ #3 , falling on #3 _
!
$#
3
ww
#
a local maximum at x # ; y 12x 12x 12x(" x) yww concave up on
!
"
(! "), concave down on (_ !) and (" _) points of inflection at x 0 and x 1
(b)
244
37. (a) yw x% 2x# x# ax# 2b yw the curve is rising on _ 2 and
!
#
#
2 _ , falling on 2 2 a local maximum at x 2 and a local minimum at x 2 ;
yww 4x$ 4x 4x(x 1)(x 1) yww concave up on (" 0) and (" _),
"
!
"
concave down on (_ 1) and (0 1) points of inflection at x 0 and x 1
(b)
38. (a) yw 4x# x% x# a4 x# b yw the curve is rising on (2 0) and (0 2),
#
!
#
falling on (_ 2) and (# _) a local maximum at x 2, a local minimum at x 2; yww 8x 4x$
4x a2 x# b yww concave up on _ 2 and 0 2 , concave
!
#
#
down on 2 0 and 2 _ points of inflection at x 0 and x 2
(b)
39. The values of the first derivative indicate that the curve is rising on (! _) and falling on (_ 0). The slope of the curve
approaches _ as x ! , and approaches _ as x 0 and x 1. The curve should therefore have a cusp and
local minimum at x 0, and a vertical tangent at x 1.

40. The values of the first derivative indicate that the curve is rising on ! "# and (" _), and falling on (_ !)
and "# " . The derivative changes from positive to negative at x "# , indicating a local maximum there. The
slope of the curve approaches _ as x 0 and x 1 , and approaches _ as x 0 and as x 1 ,
indicating cusps and local minima at both x 0 and x 1.
41. The values of the first derivative indicate that the curve is always rising. The slope of the curve approaches _
as x 0 and as x 1, indicating vertical tangents at both x 0 and x 1.
33
42. The graph of the first derivative indicates that the curve is rising on ! 17 16
on (_ !) and
x
17 33
16
17 16 33 17 16 33
a local maximum at x
17 33
16
33
and 17 16
_ , falling
, a local minimum at
. The derivative approaches _ as x 0 and x 1, and approaches _ as x 0 ,
indicating a cusp and local minimum at x 0 and a vertical tangent at x 1.
245
246
43. y
x1
x3
45. y
x# 1
x
x
47. y
x$ 2
#x
49. y
x# 4
x# 3
1
1
x#
#
4
x3
"
x
"
x
"
x# 3
44. y
2x
x5
2
46. y
x# x 1
x
48. y
x% 1
x#
x#
50. y
x#
x# 4
1
10
x5
x1
"
x
"
x#
4
x# 4
51. (a) Maximize f(x) x 36 x x"# (36 x)"# where 0 x 36

f w (x)
"
#
x"# "# (36 x)"# (1)
36 x x
#x 36 x
derivative fails to exist at 0 and 36; f(0) 6,
and f(36) 6 the numbers are 0 and 36

(b) Maximize g(x) x 36 x x"# (36 x)"# where 0 x 36
gw (x)
"
#
x"# "# (36 x)"# (1)
36 x x
#x 36 x
critical points at 0, 18 and 36; g(0) 6,
g(18) 218 62 and g(36) 6 the numbers are 18 and 18

52. (a) Maximize f(x) x (20 x) 20x"# x$# where 0 x 20 f w (x) 10x"# 3# x"#
20 3x
# x
0 x 0 and x
4020
3 3
the numbers are
20
3
20
3
20
are critical points; f(0) f(20) 0 and f 20

3
3 20
and
40
3
(b) Maximize g(x) x 20 x x (20 x)"# where 0 x 20 gw (x)

20 x
"
#
the numbers must be

"
#
53. A(x)
79
4
and
79
4 .
"
4 .
The critical points are x
79
4
220 x 1
#20 x
and x 20. Since g 79

4
(2x) a27 x# b for 0 x 27
Aw (x) 3(3 x)(3 x) and Aw w (x) 6x.

The critical points are 3 and 3, but 3 is not in the
domain. Since Aw w (3) 18 0 and A 27 0,
the maximum occurs at x 3 the largest area is
A(3) 54 sq units.
54. The volume is V x# h 32 h 32
x# . The
32
#
surface area is S(x) x 4x x# x# 128

x ,
where x 0 Sw (x)
2(x 4) ax# 4x 16b

x#
the critical points are 0 and 4, but 0 is not in the

domain. Now Sw w (4) 2 256
4$ 0 at x 4 there
is a minimum. The dimensions 4 ft by 4 ft by 2 ft
minimize the surface area.
#
55. From the diagram we have h# r# 3

r#
12h#
4
. The volume of the cylinder is

#
V 1r h 1 12 4 h h
#
1
4
0 h 23 . Then Vw (h)
a12h h$ b , where
31
4
20
3
(2 h)(2 h)
the critical points are 2 and 2, but 2 is not in

the domain. At h 2 there is a maximum since
Vw w (2) 31 0. The dimensions of the largest
cylinder are radius 2 and height 2.
56. From the diagram we have x radius and
y height 12 2x and V(x) "3 1x# (12 2x), where
0 x 6 Vw (x) 21x(4 x) and Vw w (4) 81. The

critical points are 0 and 4; V(0) V(6) 0 x 4
gives the maximum. Thus the values of r 4 and
h 4 yield the largest volume for the smaller cone.
81
4
0
and g(20) 20,
247
248
, where p is the profit on grade B tires and 0 x 4. Thus

57. The profit P 2px py 2px p 40510x
x
Pw (x)
2p
(5 x)#
ax# 10x 20b the critical points are 5 5, 5, and 5 5 , but only 5 5 is in
the domain. Now Pw (x) 0 for 0 x 5 5 and Pw (x) 0 for 5 5 x 4 at x 5 5 there

is a local maximum. Also P(0) 8p, P 5 5 4p 5 5 11p, and P(4) 8p at x 5 5 there
is an absolute maximum. The maximum occurs when x 5 5 and y 2 5 5 , the units are
hundreds of tires, i.e., x 276 tires and y 553 tires.
58. (a) The distance between the particles is lfatbl where fatb cos t cost 1% . Then, f w atb sin t sint 1% .
Solving f w atb ! graphically, we obtain t ""(), t %$#!, and so on.
Alternatively, f w atb ! may be solved analytically as follows. f w atb sint 1) 1) sint 1) 1)

sint 1) cos 1) cost 1) sin 1) sint 1) cos 1) cost 1) sin 1) #sin 1) cost 1)
so the critical points occur when cost 1) !, or t
$1
)
k1. At each of these values, fatb cos $)1
!('& units, so the maximum distance between the particles is !('& units.
(b) Solving cos t cos t 1% graphically, we obtain t #(%*, t &)*!, and so on.
Alternatively, this problem can be solved analytically as follows.

cos t cos t 1%
cost 1) 1) cost 1) 1)
cost 1) cos 1) sint 1) sin 1) cost 1) cos 1) sint 1) sin 1)
#sin t 1) sin 1) !
sin t 1) !
t
The particles collide when t
(1
)
(1
)
k1
#(%*. (plus multiples of 1 if they keep going.)
59. The dimensions will be x in. by "! #x in. by "' #x in., so Vaxb xa"! #xba"' #xb %x$ &#x# "'!x for
! x &. Then Vw axb "#x# "!%x "'! %ax #ba$x #!b , so the critical point in the correct domain is x #.
This critical point corresponds to the maximum possible volume because Vw axb ! for ! x # and Vw axb ! for
2 x &. The box of largest volume has a height of 2 in. and a base measuring 6 in. by 12 in., and its volume is 144 in.$

Graphical support:
60. The length of the ladder is d" d# 8 sec ) 6 csc ). We

wish to maximize I()) 8 sec ) 6 csc ) Iw ())
8 sec ) tan ) 6 csc ) cot ). Then Iw ()) 0
8 sin$ ) 6 cos$ ) 0 tan )
6
#
3
3
3
d" 4 4
36 and d#
36 4
36
the length of the ladder is about

3
3
3
36 4
36 4
36
4
$#
"*( ft.
61. g(x) 3x x$ 4 g(2) 2 0 and g(3) 14 0 g(x) 0 in the interval [# 3] by the Intermediate
Value Theorem. Then gw (x) 3 3x# xnb1 xn
3xn x$n 4
33xn#
; x! 2 x" 2.22 x# 2.196215, and
so forth to x& 2.195823345.

62. g(x) x% x$ 75 g(3) 21 0 and g(4) 117 0 g(x) 0 in the interval [$ %] by the Intermediate
Value Theorem. Then gw (x) 4x$ 3x# xnb1 xn
x%n x$n 75
4xn$ 3xn#
; x! 3 x" 3.259259
x# 3.229050, and so forth to x& 3.22857729.

63.
' ax$ 5x 7b dx
64.
' 8t$ t# t dt 8t4% t6$ t## C 2t% t6$ t## C
65.
' 3t t4# dt ' 3t"# 4t# dt 3t$# 4t1" C 2t$# 4t C
66.
' #" t t3% dt ' #" t"# 3t% dt #" t"# (3t3)$ C t t"$ C
x%
4
5x#
#
7x C
3#
"
#
67. Let u r 5 du dr
' ar dr5b
'
du
u#
' u# du
u "
1
C u" C ar " 5b C
68. Let u r 2 du dr
'
6 dr
r 2
6'
dr
r 2
6'
du
u$
6' u$ du 6 u# C 3u# C
r2
C
249
250
69. Let u )# 1 du 2) d)
'
3))# 1 d) ' u #3 du
70. Let u 7 )2 du 2) d)
')
d) '
7 ) 2
"
u
#" du
"
#
x$ a 1 x % b
"%
du ) d)
3
#
"
#
$#
$#
' u"# du 3# u$#
C a ) # 1b C
3 C u
#
du ) d)
"#
' u"# du #" u"#
C 7 )2 C
" C u
#
71. Let u 1 x% du 4x$ dx
'
"
#
"
4
du x$ dx
dx ' u"% "4 du
"
4
$%
" $%
' u"% du 4" u$%
C 3" a1 x% b C
3 C 3 u
4
72. Let u 2 x du dx du dx
' (2 x)$& dx ' u$& ( du) ' u$& du u
)&
85
73. Let u
'
sec# 10s
"
10
du
s
10
C 85 u)& C 85 (2 x))& C
ds 10 du ds
ds ' asec# ub (10 du) 10 ' sec# u du 10 tan u C 10 tan
74. Let u 1s du 1 ds
"
1
s
10
C
du ds
' csc# 1s ds ' acsc# ub 1" du 1" ' csc# u du 1" cot u C 1" cot 1s C
75. Let u 2 ) du 2 d)
' csc 2) cot 2) d) '

)
3
76. Let u
'
sec
)
3
tan
77. Let u
'
du
x
4
)
3
"
3
"
2
du d)
(csc u cot u) "2 du
"
2
(csc u) C "2 csc 2) C
d) 3 du d)
d) ' (sec u tan u)(3 du) 3 sec u C 3 sec
du
"
4
)
3
C
dx 4 du dx
2u
dx ' asin# ub (4 du) ' 4 1 cos
du 2' (1 cos 2u) du 2 u
#
2u sin 2u C 2 x4 sin 2 x4 C #x sin x# C
sin#
x
4
78. Let u
'
cos#
79. y '
x
#
x
#
du
"
#
dx ' a1 x# b dx x x" C x
C 1 y x
"
x
81.
dr
dt
' 15t
3
t
"
3
"
x
"
#
C
x
#
C; y 1 when x 1 1
1
1
C 1
sin 2u
#
sin x C
1
#
80. y ' x "x dx ' x# 2
y 1 when x 1
C
dx 2 du dx
2u
dx ' acos# ub (2 du) ' 2 1 cos
du ' (1 cos 2u) du u
#
x# "
x#
sin 2u
#
2
1
1
"
x#
dx ' ax# 2 x# b dx
C 1 C 3" y
x
3
x$
3
2x x" C
2x
dt ' 15t"# 3t"# dt 10t$# 6t"# C;
10(1)$# 6(1)"# C 8 C 8. Thus
dr
dt
dr
dt
"
x
x$
3
2x
"
x
C;
"
3
8 when t 1
10t$# 6t"# 8 r ' 10t$# 6t"# 8 dt
Chapter 4 Additional and Advanced Exercises

4t&# 4t$# 8t C; r 0 when t 1 4(1)&# 4(1)$# 8(1) C" 0 C" 0. Therefore,
r 4t&# 4t$# 8t
82.
d# r
dt#
' cos t dt sin t C; rw w 0 when t 0 sin 0 C 0 C 0. Thus,

dr
dt
' sin t dt cos t C" ; rw 0 when t 0 1 C" 0 C" 1. Then
d# r
dt# sin t
dr
dt cos t
r ' (cos t 1) dt sin t t C# ; r 1 when t 0 0 0 C# 1 C# 1. Therefore,

r sin t t 1
CHAPTER 4 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES
1. If M and m are the maximum and minimum values, respectively, then m f(x) M for all x I. If m M
then f is constant on I.
3x 6, 2 x 0
has an absolute minimum value of 0 at x 2 and an absolute
9 x# , 0 x 2
maximum value of 9 at x 0, but it is discontinuous at x 0.
2. No, the function f(x)
3. On an open interval the extreme values of a continuous function (if any) must occur at an interior critical
point. On a half-open interval the extreme values of a continuous function may be at a critical point or at the
closed endpoint. Extreme values occur only where f w 0, f w does not exist, or at the endpoints of the interval.
Thus the extreme points will not be at the ends of an open interval.
4. The pattern f w indicates a local maximum at x 1 and a local
"
#
$
%
minimum at x 3.
5. (a) If yw 6(x 1)(x 2)# , then yw 0 for x 1 and yw 0 for x 1. The sign pattern is
f w f has a local minimum at x 1. Also yww 6(x 2)# 12(x 1)(x 2)
"
#
6(x 2)(3x) yw w 0 for x 0 or x 2, while yww 0 for 0 x 2. Therefore f has points of inflection
at x 0 and x 2. There is no local maximum.
(b) If yw 6x(x 1)(x 2), then yw 0 for x 1 and 0 x 2; yw 0 for " x 0 and x 2. The sign
sign pattern is yw . Therefore f has a local maximum at x 0 and
"
!
#
7
local minima at x 1 and x 2. Also, yww ") x 1 $

1 7
$
x
1 7
$
x 1 $
, so yww 0 for
and yww 0 for all other x f has points of inflection at x
6. The Mean Value Theorem indicates that
f(6) f(0)
60
1 7
$
f w (c) 2 for some c in (0 6). Then f(6) f(0) 12 indicates the
most that f can increase is 12.

7. If f is continuous on [a c) and f w (x) 0 on [a c), then by the Mean Value Theorem for all x [a c) we have
f(c) f(x)
cx
0 f(c) f(x) 0 f(x) f(c). Also if f is continuous on (c b] and f w (x) 0 on (c b], then for
all x (c b] we have
f(x) f(c)
xc
0 f(x) f(c) 0 f(x) f(c). Therefore f(x) f(c) for all x [a b].
8. (a) For all x, (x 1)# 0 (x 1)# a1 x# b 2x a1 x# b "#

(b) There exists c (a b) such that
kf(b) f(a)k
"
#
c
1 c#
f(b) f(a)
ba
f(a)
f(b)b
a
1 c c#
"
#
x
1 x#
"
#
, from part (a)
kb ak .
251
252
9. No. Corollary 1 requires that f w (x) 0 for all x in some interval I, not f w (x) 0 at a single point in I.
10. (a) h(x) f(x)g(x) hw (x) f w (x)g(x) f(x)gw (x) which changes signs at x a since f w (x), gw (x) 0 when
x a, f w (x), gw (x) 0 when x a and f(x), g(x) 0 for all x. Therefore h(x) does have a local maximum at x a.
(b) No, let f(x) g(x) x$ which have points of inflection at x 0, but h(x) x' has no point of inflection
(it has a local minimum at x 0).
" a
bc#
11. From (ii), f(1)

lim
x _
x"
#
x _ bx cx #
f(x)
1 "x
x

c 2x
x _
dy
dx
! and if c 0,
3x# 2kx 3 0 x
13. The area of the ?ABC is A(x)

w
where 0 x 1. Thus A (x)
1 "x
2
x _ bx c x
"
1 x
then lim
2
x _ bx x
lim
lim
12.
0 a 1; from (iii), either 1 x lim

f(x) or 1 x
lim
f(x). In either case,
_
_
lim
2k 4k# 36
6
"
#
" b 0 and c ". For if b ", then
2
x
x _
_. Thus a 1, b 0, and c 1.
x has only one value when 4k# 36 0 k# 9 or k 3.
(2) 1 x# a1 x# b
x
1 x#
1 x"
lim
"#
0 and 1 are
critical points. Also A a 1b 0 so A(0) 1 is the

maximum. When x 0 the ?ABC is isosceles since
AC BC 2 .
f (c h) f (c)
f ww (c) for % "# kf ww (c)k 0
h
h0
f (ch)h f (c) f ww (c) "# kf ww (c)k . Then f w (c)
w
14. lim
3
#
f ww (c)
ww
0 "# kf ww (c)k
f (c h)
f ww (c) "# kf ww (c)k . If f ww (c) 0, then
h
f (c h)
"# f ww (c) 0; likewise if f ww (c) 0, then 0 "#
h
w
f ww (c) "# kf ww (c)k
there exists a $ 0 such that 0 khk $
f (c h)
h
"
#
f ww (c)
kf ww (c)k
kf ww (c)k f ww (c)
f ww (c)
w
f (c h)
h
w
3
#
f ww (c).
(a) If f (c) 0, then $ h 0 f (c h) 0 and 0 h $ f (c h) 0. Therefore, f(c) is a local

maximum.
(b) If f ww (c) 0, then $ h 0 f w (c h) 0 and 0 h $ f w (c h) 0. Therefore, f(c) is a local
minimum.
15. The time it would take the water to hit the ground from height y is 2y
g , where g is the acceleration of gravity. The
product of time and exit velocity (rate) yields the distance the water travels:
64(h y) 8 2 ahy y# b
D(y) 2y
g
g
"#
, 0 y h Dw (y) 4 2g ahy y# b
# "#
are critical points. Now D(0) 0, D h# 8 g2 h h# h#

the hole is at y
h
#
ba
h
(h 2y) 0,
tan "
1 ha tan "
a
h
h tan " a
h a tan "
ba
h ;
tan (" ))
tan " tan )

1 tan " tan )
. Solving for tan " gives tan "
; and tan )
bh
h# a(b a)
a
h
. These equations
or
ah a(b a)b tan " bh. Differentiating both sides with respect to h gives
2h tan " ah# a(b a)b sec# "
d"
dh
b. Then
d"
dh
h
#
and h
4h g2 and D(h) 0 the best place to drill
16. From the figure in the text, tan (" ))

give
"#
bh
0 2h tan " b 2h h# a(b
a) b
2bh# bh# ab(b a) h# a(b a) h a(a b) .
253
17. The surface area of the cylinder is S 21r# 21rh. From

the diagram we have Rr H H h h RH R rH and
S(r) 21r(r h) 21r r H r HR
21 1 HR r# 21Hr, where 0 r R.
Case 1: H R S(r) is a quadratic equation containing

the origin and concave upward S(r) is maximum at
r R.
Case 2: H R S(r) is a linear equation containing the
origin with a positive slope S(r) is maximum at
r R.
Case 3: H R S(r) is a quadratic equation containing the origin and concave downward. Then
dS
H
dS
H
RH
dr 41 1 R r 21H and dr 0 41 1 R r 21H 0 r 2(H R) . For simplification

we let r
RH
2(H R)
(a) If R H 2R, then 0 H 2R H 2(H R) r*= 2(HRH

R) R. Therefore, the maximum occurs at the
right endpoint R of the interval 0 r R because S(r) is an increasing function of r.
(b) If H 2R, then r
2R#
2R
R S(r) is maximum at r R.
(c) If H 2R, then 2R H 2H H 2(H R)

S(r) is a maximum at r r
RH
2(H R)
H
2(H R)
1
RH
2(H R)
R r R. Therefore,
Conclusion: If H (0 2R], then the maximum surface area is at r R. If H (2R _), then the maximum is at
r r 2(HRH
R) .
18. f(x) mx 1
"
x
f w (x) m
"
x#
and f w w (x)
2
x$
0 when x 0. Then f w (x) 0 x
If f "m 0, then m 1 m 2m 1 0 m
"
4
"
m
yields a minimum.
. Thus the smallest acceptable value for m is
"
4
19. (a) The profit function is Paxb ac exbx aa bxb ex# ac bbx a. Pw axb #ex c b !
x c#eb . Pww axb #e ! if e ! so that the profit function is maximized at x c #e b .
(b) The price therefore that corresponds to a production level yeilding a maximum profit is
p
x c#eb
c e c #e b
c b
#
dollars.
#
(c) The weekly profit at this production level is Paxb e c #e b ac bb c #e b a
ac b b #

%e
#
a.
(d) The tax increases cost to the new profit function is Faxb ac exbx aa bx txb ex ac b tbx a.
bc
cbt
ww
Now Fw axb #ex c b t ! when x t #
#e . Since F axb #e ! if e !, F is maximized
e
when x c #be t units per week. Thus the price per unit is p c e c #be t c #b t dollars. Thus, such a tax
increases the cost per unit by
cbt
#
The x-intercept occurs when
"
x
cb
#
t
#
dollars if units are priced to maximize profit.
20. (a)
$!
"
x
$ x $" .
254
(b) By Newton's method, xn" xn
faxn b
f ax n b .
w
Here f w axn b x#

n
"
x#n .
"
xn $
So xn" xn
"
x#
n
xn x"n $x#n
xn xn $x#n #xn $xn# xn a# $xn b.

21. x" x!
and
a
q "
x!
fax! b
f w ax ! b
qx!q xq! a
qxq! "
x a
x! ! q "
qx
with weights m!
In the case where x!
a
xq! "
q"
q
x aq "b a
! q "
x! q q "
a
"
xq! " q
qx!
and m" "q .
we have xq! a and x"
a
q q " qa " q"
xq! "
x!
so that x" is a weighted average of x!
a
q q "
xq! "
q"
a
.
xq! "
#
dy
d y
22. We have that ax hb# ay hb# r# and so #ax hb #ay hb dy
dx ! and # # dx #ay hb dx# ! hold.
dy
x y dx
dy .
" dx
dy
Thus #x #y dy
dx #h #h dx , by the former. Solving for h, we obtain h
#
d y
equation yields # # dy
dx #y dx# #
dy
x y dx
dy
" dx
!. Dividing by 2 results in "
Substituting this into the second
dy
dx
y ddxy#
dy
x y dx
dy
" dx
!.
23. (a) aatb sww atb k ak !b sw atb kt C" , where sw a!b )) C" )) sw atb kt )). So
satb
#
kt
#
kt#
#
))t C# where sa!b ! C# ! so satb
))t "!!. Solving for t we obtain t
k ))
))# #!!k
k
))#
#!!
so that k
)) ! or k ))
)) ))# #!!k
.
k
))# #!!k
kt#
#
))t. Now satb "!! when
At such t we want sw atb !, thus
)) !. In either case we obtain ))# #!!k !
$)(# ft/sec# .
(b) The initial condition that sw a!b %% ft/sec implies that sw atb kt %% and satb
w
The car is stopped at a time t such that s atb kt %% ! t
s %%
k
k %% #
#
k
%% %%
k
%%#
#k
*')
k
*') #!!
))#
%%
k .
kt#
#
%%t where k is as above.
At this time the car has traveled a distance
#& feet. Thus halving the initial velocity quarters
stopping distance.
24. haxb f # axb g# axb hw axb #faxbf w axb #gaxbgw axb #faxbf w axb gaxbgw axb #faxbgaxb gaxbafaxbb
# ! !. Thus haxb c, a constant. Since ha!b &, haxb & for all x in the domain of h. Thus ha"!b &.
25. Yes. The curve y x satisfies all three conditions since
dy
dx
" everywhere, when x !, y !, and
d# y
dx#
! everywhere.
26. yw $x# # for all x y x$ #x C where " "$ # " C C % y x$ #x %.

27. sww atb a t# v sw atb
maximum for this t . Since satb
t a$Cb"$ . So
C
a%bb$%
$ .
a$Cb"$ %
12
t$
w
$ C. We seek v! s a!b C. We know that sat b b for some t and s is at a

%
%
12t Ct k and sa!b ! we have that satb 12t Ct and also sw at b ! so that
Ca$Cb"$ b a$Cb"$ C
Thus v! sw a!b
a%bb$%
$
## $%
.
$ b
$C
"#
b a$Cb"$ $%C b $"$ C%$
28. (a) sww atb t"# t"# vatb sw atb #$ t$# #t"# k where va!b k
(b) satb
% &#
"& t
%
%$ t$# %$ t k# where sa!b k# "&
. Thus satb
%
# $#
#t"#
$ vatb $ t
% &#
%
%$ t$# %$ t "&
.
"& t
%b
$
%$
29. The graph of faxb ax# bx c with a ! is a parabola opening upwards. Thus faxb ! for all x if faxb ! for at most
one real value of x. The solutions to faxb ! are, by the quadratic equation
#
#b a#bb# %ac

.
#a
Thus we require
a#bb %ac ! b ac !.

30. (a) Clearly faxb aa" x b" b# aan x bn b# ! for all x. Expanding we see
faxb aa#" x# #a" b" x b"# b aan# x# #an bn x bn# b
aa#" a## an# bx# #aa" b" a# b# an bn bx ab"# b## bn# b !.
Thus aa" b" a# b# an bn b# aa#" a## an# bab"# b## bn# b ! by Exercise 29.
Thus aa" b" a# b# an bn b# aa#" a## an# bab"# b## bn# b.

(b) Referring to Exercise 29: It is clear that faxb ! for some real x b# %ac !, by quadratic formula.
Now notice that this implies that
faxb aa" x b" b# aan x bn b#
aa#" a## an# bx# #aa" b" a# b# an bn bx ab"# b## bn# b !
aa" b" a# b# an bn b# aa#" a## an# bab"# b## bn# b !
aa" b" a# b# an bn b# aa#" a## an# bab"# b## bn# b

But now faxb ! ai x bi ! for all i " # n ai x bi ! for all i " # n.
255
256
NOTES

Section 4.5 Applied Optimization 227

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Section 4.5 Applied Optimization 227

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Section 4.

61. If x 0, then (x 1)# 0 x#  1 2x

62. (a) f(x)

ab# (d x)# b (d x)#

2. In particular if a, b, c and d are positive integers,

f(x) is an increasing function of x

we have yw 0, and yw 0 when

The graph confirms the findings in (a).

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

66. (a) If y tan x  3 cot x where 0 x

, then yw sec# x 3 csc# x. Solving yw 0 tan x 3

The graph confirms the findings in (a).

Daxb ax "b#  "' x# $ x# #x  "  "' x# #%) $x#  $ #x  #! #%) $x# .

Solving Dw axb ! we have: 'x #%) $x#

$'x# %a%) $x# b *x# %) $x# "#x# %) x #. We discard x # as an extraneous solution,

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.6 Newton's Method

1296 750 1875

6. From Exercise 5, xnb1 xn

15# .41667; x! 2 x" 2

7. f(x! ) 0 and f w (x! ) ! xnb1 xn

gives x" x! x# x! xn x! for all n 0. That is, all of

the approximations in Newton's method will be the root of f(x) 0.

as the root, not x

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

10. f(x) x"$ f w (x) "3 x#$ xnb1 xn " xn #$

2xn ; x! 1 x" 2, x# 4, x$ 8, and

11. i) is equivalent to solving x$ $x " !.

tan axn b 2xn

; if x! 1.5, then x" 1.49870

x# 1.155327774 x16 x17 1.165561185

x%n 2xn$ xn# 2xn 2

if x! 0.5, then x% 0.630115396; if x! 2.5, then x% 2.57327196

sin (3xn ) 0.99xn#

and the solutions

are approximately 0.35003501505249 and

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 4.6 Newton's Method

; if x! 2, then x' 1.30656296; if

; x! 3 x" 3.13971 x# 3.14159 and we

cos axn b 2xn

x# .45018 at x 0.45 we have cos x 2x.

20. From the graph we let x! 0.7 and f(x) cos x  x

x# .73908 at x 0.74 we have cos x x.

21. The x-coordinate of the point of intersection of y x2 ax  1b and y

0 The x-coordinate is the root of faxb x3  x2

x" 0.83333 x2 0.81924 x3 0.81917 x7 0.81917 r 0.8192

22. The x-coordinate of the point of intersection of y x and y 3 x2 is the solution of x 3 x2

x" 1.4 x2 1.35556 x3 1.35498 x7 1.35498 r 1.3550

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 4 Applications of Derivatives

Then x! 1 x" 1.2 x# 1.17975 x$ 1.179509 x% 1.1795090 the root is approximately

8x%n 14xn$ 9xn# 11xn 1

approximation of corresponding root

25. f(x) 4x% 4x# f w (x) 16x$ 8x xib1 xi

Iterations are performed using the

procedure in problem 13 in this section.

Newton's method does not converge. The values of xi alternate between

26. (a) The distance can be represented by

distance D(x) is minimized when

f w (x) 4 ax$  x 1b and f ww (x) 4 a3x#  1b 0.

61. If x 0, then (x 1)# 0 x# 1 2x

66. (a) If y tan x 3 cot x where 0 x

Daxb ax "b# "' x# $ x# #x " "' x# #%) $x# $ #x #! #%) $x# .

20. From the graph we let x! 0.7 and f(x) cos x x

21. The x-coordinate of the point of intersection of y x2 ax 1b and y

0 The x-coordinate is the root of faxb x3 x2

f w (x) 4 ax$ x 1b and f ww (x) 4 a3x# 1b 0.

x gw (x) ax# 1b (2x) 1

f w arb 2r32 cos 2r3 r12 ; r0 1 rn 1 rn

(c) 12 sin 1#x 1 sin x

(c) x 4 cot (2x)

2x dx ' 5" 2x$ 2x dx

' (5 6x) dx 5x 3x# C

a1 x# 3x& b dx x "3 x$ #" x' C

x $x dx ' x"# x"$ dx

dx ' "# x"# 2x"# dx

x$ (x 1) dx ' ax# x$ b dx

' 2 cos t dt 2 sin t C

' 5 sin t dt 5 cos t C

' 7 sin 3) d) 21 cos 3) C

' 3 cos 5) d) 35 sin 5) C

' 3 csc# x dx 3 cot x C

' sec3# x dx tan3 x C

' a4 sec x tan x 2 sec# xb dx 4 sec x 2 tan x C

' asin 2x csc# xb dx "# cos 2x cot x C

' (2 cos 2x 3 sin 3x) dx sin 2x cos 3x C

' a1 tan# )b d) ' sec# ) d) tan ) C

' a2 tan# )b d) ' a1 1 tan# )b d) ' a1 sec# )b d) ) tan ) C

' cot# x dx ' acsc# x 1b dx cot x x C

dt ' t"# t$# dt

acsc# x csc x cot xb dx #" cot x

' a1 cot# xb dx ' a1 acsc# x 1bb dx ' a2 csc# xb dx 2x cot x C

' cos ) (tan ) sec )) d) ' (sin ) 1) d) cos ) ) C

"5 tan (5x 1) C

3 cot x 3 " C 3 csc# x 3 " "3 csc# x 3 "

(x cos x C) cos x x sin x x sin x

"# tan# ) C "# (2 tan )) sec# ) tan ) sec# )

a(2x 1)$ Cb 3(2x 1)# (2) 6(2x 1)# 3(2x 1)#

2(2x 1)# (2x 1)#

a(2x 1)$ Cb 6(2x 1)#

(x cos x sin x C) cos x x sin x cos x x sin x

d) ' sec# ) d) tan ) C

3" (2x 1)$# C

(2x 1)"# (2) 2x 1