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Moment of Inertia of Cracked Section PDF
Moment of Inertia of Cracked Section PDF
Igusa
1. Introduction
The analysis of beams will proceed as follows:
Chapter III:
Chapter IV:
Chapter V:
Chapter VI:
= My/I
f
M
I
y
=
=
=
=
stress
moment applied to the beam
moment of inertia of the cross section
distance from the neutral axis
Example 3.1
Consider a plain concrete beam that is 10 inches wide and 30 inches deep. The
strength of the concrete is given by f'c = 4000 psi and fr = 475 psi.
What is the maximum (nominal) moment that can be applied to the beam?
10
11
Failure configurations
12
b
no tension cracks if: fct < fr
Stresses inelastic:
steel is yielding
compression stress is inelastic
concrete is still intact
13
A 1 , I1
A 2 , I2
1
Area
y =
A i yi
Ai
y dA
I =
(y y )2 dA
Ii
A i (y yi )2
14
a
C = abf
a
C = a b f /2
As
b
h
d
Iut
=
=
=
=
=
15
= Es / Ec = modular ratio
In the transformed section, the area of the steel, As, is replaced by a larger area, nAs,
of concrete. Some of the concrete "fills" the area, As, originally occupied by the steel.
The remaining concrete, which has area (n1)As, is placed outside of the rectangular
dimensions of the beam at the centeroid of the steel.
(n1)A s
= fs = Es s =
= stress area =
section, it is
16
Example 3.2
Consider the same concrete beam examined in Example 3.1 (10" wide, 30" deep,
f'c = 4000 psi, and fr = 475 psi). Two inches from the bottom of the beam, two
Number 9 bars are inserted. The strength of the steel is fy = 60,000 psi.
What is the largest moment that can be applied to the beam before it cracks?
Solution
First, find the modular ratio, n:
Ec = 57,000 f'c (see page 7) =
n = Es / Ec =
Next, the basic geometric properties of the cross section are found:
No. 9 bar has dia. = 9/8 in.
The area of one bar is (dia.)2 / 4 =
As =
A1 = b h =
A 2 = (n1) As =
I1 = b h3 / 12 =
I2 0 (usual approximation)
(n1)A s
Ii
A i (y yi )2
(n1)A s
Make sure the concrete tension stress is less than the rupture strength, fr:
fct = M y / Iut =
Make sure the steel tension stress is less than the yield strength, fy :
fs = n fct (at As) = n M y / Iut =
Make sure the concrete compression stress is less than the linear elastic limit, f'c /2:
fc = M y / Iut =
17
18
Using basic principles of mechanics, it is possible to find the location of the neutral
axis, kd, and the stresses in the concrete and steel. The final results are:
k =
( n )2 + 2 n n
(9-3)
j = 1 k/3
fs =
M
As j d
(9-5)
fc =
2M
k j bd2
(9-4)
Icr = b k2 j d3 / 2
The derivations are based on the diagram of the concrete stresses on the next page.
19
kd
d
nA s
y = k d
y
2 = d
A i yi
Ai
A1 y1 + A2 y2
A 1 + A2
or
y ( A1 + A2 ) = A1 y1 + A2 y2
20
Example 3.3
Consider the same concrete beam examined in Example 3.2 (10" wide, 30" deep,
f'c = 4000 psi, fr = 475 psi, fy = 60,000 psi, two No. 9 bars 2" from bottom).
Determine the maximum moment that can be carried without stressing the concrete
beyond f'c/2 or the steel beyond fy/2.
Solution
First, the neutral axis is determined:
= As / bd =
n =
k
( n )2 + 2 n n =
kd =
j
= 1 k/3 =
Then, the maximum stresses in the steel and concrete are found:
fs =
M =
As j d
fc =
2M =
k j bd2
Just for checking, the stresses are recalculated using the cracked moment of inertia,
Icr, and the usual stress formula, f = My/I:
Icr = b k2 j d3 / 2 =
fc = M y / Icr =
fs = n fct (at As) = n M y / Icr =
21
a
d
a/2
d a/2
22
The relationship between the distance to the neutral axis, c, and the depth of the
stress distribution, a, is given by:
1 =
0.85,
0.65,
(4-8)
A s fy
0.85f'c b
fy d
(4-11, 4-14a)
0.85 f'c
c = a / 1
(4-12a)
fy
R = fy 1 0.59
f'c
design strength = Mn = 0.9 Mn
(4-31)
max = 0.75 b
87,000
f'
b = 0.85 1 c
fy 87,000 + fy
(4-25)
23
under-reinforced,
over-reinforced,
s > y
s < y
The analytical formula for b is derived by looking at the strains instead of the
stresses. The strains we are interested are:
u = 0.003
y = fy / Ey = fy / 29,000,000
Using similar triangles, we find the following ratios where the maximum concrete
strain is c = u and the steel strain is s = y:
24
c. Under-reinforced beams
If the steel ratio, , is less than the balanced steel ratio, b, then the beam is
under-reinforced, and the steel will yield before the concrete crushes. However, if
the steel ratio is larger than b, then the beam is over-reinforced, and the concrete
will crush before the steel yields. As explained in Section 3 (page 11), yielding steel
makes the beam fail slowly with large deflections, while crushing concrete makes
the beam fail explosively with immediate, catostrophic collapse.
To allow for possible variations in the concrete and steel properties, it is safer to
make significantly less than b. The ACI Code gives the following design limit:
max = 0.75 b
Thus, the steel ratio must be at least 25% less than the balanced steel ratio.
where
(4-31)
25
(4-25)
=
max = 0.75 b =
min = 200 / fy (f'c < 4440psi)
(4-31)
As fy
=
0.85f' c b
(4-11)
Mn = As fy (d a/ 2) =
(4-12a)
neutral axis
(inches)
moment
(kip-inch)
3.1
h /2 = 15.0
713
0.3
3.2 Uncracked
y = 15.6
817
0.5
3.3
3.3
Cracked, elastic
kd = 8.0
1,520
1.5
30.0
3.4
Inelastic
a = 3.5
3,150
3.4
60.0
No steel
Design
2,830
stresses (ksi)
concrete (fc) steel (fs)
26
M u M n = R b d2
The design is based on the strengths of the concrete and steel, as defined by f'c and fy,
and the factored load, Mu.
DESIGN WITH SPECIFIC CONCRETE DIMENSIONS
1.
Choose the beam width, b, and effective depth, d, using the following rules:
a. The total depth, h, and width, b, are in even inches.
b. The difference between d and h is usually:
h d = 2.5 in.
h d = 4.0 in.
Calculate the required area of steel, As = bd. Use Table A-8 (pg. 874) to find
suitable rebars. Preference is for fewer and same-sized bars. The rebars should
be symmetrically placed (in both size and location). For close cases, redo step 2b.
4.
Use Table A-6 (pg. 870) to check for placement and concrete cover.
DESIGN WITH AN INITIAL STEEL RATIO
1'. Find the balanced steel ratio, b, using equation (4-25). Then choose an initial
value for the steel ratio . An economical and practical choice is = 0.5b.
2'. Find the corresponding value for R using the equation on page 22.
3'. Solve the strength equation in terms of bd2:
b d2 Mu / R
Find b and d which satisfies the above. Then follow the preceding steps for
"design with specific concrete dimensions".
27
fy
f'c
28
Next follow the steps for "design with specific concrete dimensions".
1.
2a. Substitute the preceding value for R into the equation on page 22. The result is
a quadratic equation with unknown, . The smallest of the two solutions for
the steel ratio, , is the correct solution.
fy
R = fy 1 0.59
f'c
2b. Check the steel ratio with the maximum and minimum values:
max = 0.75 b = 0.75 0.0335 = 0.0251
min = 3 f' c / fy = 3 5000 / 60,000 = 0.00354
3.
(4-31)
Calculate the required area of steel, As = bd. Use Table A-8 to find suitable
rebars. Preference is to fewer and same-sized bars. In any case, the rebars should
be symmetrically placed (in both size and location). For close cases, redo step 2b.
As = bd =
4.
29
Use Table A-6 to check for placement and concrete cover. A well-drawn
diagram is essential, particularly in professional practice.
5. Design Aids
There are many tables which can be used to simplify some of the calculations.
However, some of the tables require interpolation, which requires as much work as
solving the original analytical expressions. The following tables can be used:
TABLE A-8
This table is used to select the number and sizes of steel rebars which will fulfill
the required steel area, As. To explain the columns A, B, C, the second row of
entries for the areas is examined. Under columns A, 0.40 is for two No. 4, 1.40 is
for two+five No. 4, 0.51 is for two No. 4 + one No. 3, 0.62 is for two No. 4 + two
No. 3. Column C is similar to Column B.
TABLE A-6
This table gives an estimate of how many steel rebars will fit in a single layer in a
beam with width bw . For most cases (unless stated otherwise) the maximum
aggregate size will be 3/4 in.. Columns A, B, C are interpreted as in Table A-8.
30
1-1/2 in.
CAST IN PLACE,
EXPOSED TO WEATHER OR GROUND
1-1/2 in.
2 in.
All cases
Some commonly used dimensions are given below for slabs and beams:
SLABS
No. 3 ~ 4 bars
Depth is:
. . . 4.5", 5", 5.5", 6", 7", 8", . . .
Required cover is 3/4 in.
31
b. Concrete proportions
The usual effective depth, d, of a beam is about 2 to 3 times the width b (or bw for Tbeams). However, architectural or construction considerations may place limits on
either d or b or both.
COLUMNS
1 in.
bar diameter,
or 1 in.
These distance requirements limits the number of rebars that can be fit into a single
layer. Table A-6 can be used as a rough estimate of the maximum number of rebars.
32
'
0.85 f'c
d'
d
f s= f y
s y
assume tension
steel is yielding
b
0.85 f'c
C = 0.85 f'c ab
d'
a
d
A sf y
d d'
d a/2
33
It is clear from the preceding diagram that the total moment of the beam is:
Mn = 0.85 f'c ab ( d a/2 ) + A's f's ( d d' )
(5-18)
There are two unknowns in the above: the compression steel stress, f's, and the
depth of the equivalent stress, a. These parameters are given by:
( As A' s )fy
0.85f 'c b
( ' ) fy d
(5-11a)
0.85 f 'c
(5-17)
STEEL RATIOS
For both cases, the critical compression steel ratio, cy, is given by
87,000
f'
cy = 0.85 1 c d'
+ '
fy d 87,000 fy
(alternative to 5-4)
Furthermore, it is assumed that the tension steel is always yielding. This is true
only if the compression steel ratio, , is less than the balanced steel ratio, b
b = b + ( f's / fy ) '
(5-15b)
(4-31)
(4-25)
34
DERIVATIONS
CASE I: Assume the compression steel is yielding.
If f's = fy, then the only unknown is the parameter a. It is found from equilibrium
of the forces for the moment Mn2 :
C = 0.85 f'c a b = Asfy A'sf's =
35
If > 0.75 b:
If < cy:
= As / bd =
A's = 3 in2,
' = A's / bd =
d'
d
36
87
= 0.0214
= 0.85 0.85 3
60 87 + 60
(4-25)
2. Check if it is necessary to include the effect of the compression steel area, A's:
0.75b =
3. Find the critical steel ratio:
87,000
f'
cy = 0.85 1 c d'
+ ' =
fy d 87,000 fy
4. Since < cy, this is Case II, with f's < fy.
The distance to the neutral axis, c, is determined by the quadratic equation:
0.85 1 f'c b c2 As fy c + A's u Es ( c d' ) = 0
(5-17)
37
8. T Beams
Most reinforced concrete floors, roofs, and decks are cast in one step. In particular,
beams are integrated into floor slabs as shown below. The basic dimensions are:
hf
bw
b
L
=
=
=
=
L/4
16 hf + bw
center-to-center distance between beam webs
b. Strength analysis
If the depth of the equivalent stress block is less than the thickness of the slab, a hf,
then the T-beam can be replaced by a rectangular beam with width b, as shown
below. For such cases, the analysis of the preceding sections would be unchanged.
38
f s= f y
If a > hf, then it is necessary to express the nominal moment as a sum of two
moments, as shown in the diagrams below. The following definitions are used:
As
Asf
w
f
=
=
=
=
=
u = 0.003
a
d
f s= f y
0.85 f'c
f s= f y
0.85 f'c
f s= f y
39
It is clear from the preceding diagram that the total moment of the beam is:
Mn = Mn1 + Mn2 = Asf fy ( d hf/2 ) + 0.85 f'c bw a ( d a/2 )
(5-5)
There are two unknowns in the above: the steel area, Asf, and the depth of the
equivalent stress block, a. These parameters are given by:
f'
Asf = 0.85 c ( b bw ) hf
fy
a =
(5-1b)
( As Asf ) fy
(5-3)
0.85f 'c bw
87,000
f'
b = 0.85 1 c
fy 87,000 + fy
(4-31)
(4-25)
40
41
Solution
1. Find the effective flange width, b, using the ACI Code equations.
b = minimum of:
L/4 =
16 hf + bw =
center-to-center distance between beam webs =
fy
f'c
fy d
=
0.85f' c
Asf
=
bw d
42
6. Use equation (5-3) to find the required tension steel area, As.
a =
( As Asf ) fy
0.85f 'c bw
(5-5)