CH 06

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 189 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM
Ratios and
rates
1m
ruler
Tree
1.52 m
19.26 m
6
To check whether her house is
in danger of being hit by a
gum tree falling during a
storm, Svetlana needs to
calculate how high the tree is.
It is too high to climb so she
has taken the following
measurements on a sunny day
and drawn a rough diagram
to illustrate the situation. She
has also used a metre ruler
held vertically from the
ground and measured the
length of the shadow cast on
the ground. How is Svetlana
able to use this information to
calculate the height of the
tree?
This chapter will show you
a way in which this problem
can be solved.
190
Maths Quest 8 for Victoria
Introduction to ratios
Ratios are used in many aspects of everyday life. They are used to compare quantities
of the same kind.
Where might you hear the following comparisons? What are the quantities being
compared?
1. Villeneuves car is twice as fast as Dicks van.
You will need 2 buckets of water for every 1--2- bucket of sand.
The fertiliser contains 3 parts of phosphorus to 2 parts of potassium.
The Tigers team finished the season with a win : loss ratio of 5 to 2.
Mix 1 teaspoon of salt with 4 teaspoons of flour.
In the last example we are considering the ratio of salt (1 teaspoon) to flour (4 teaspoons).
We write 1 : 4 and say, one is to four; we are actually mixing a total of 5 teaspoons. Ratios
can also be written in fraction form:
1 : 4 1--4Note: Since the ratios compare quantities of the same kind, they do not have a name
or unit of measurement. That is, we write the ratio of salt to flour as 1 : 4, not 1
teaspoon : 4 teaspoons. The order of the numbers in a ratio is important. In the example
of the ratio of salt and flour, 1 : 4 means 1 unit (for example a teaspoon) of salt to 4
units of flour. The amount of flour is 4 times as large as the amount of salt. On the
contrary, the ratio 4 : 1 means 4 units of salt to 1 unit of flour, which means the amount
of salt is 4 times as large as the amount of flour.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chapter 6 Ratios and rates
191
WORKED Example 1
Look at the completed game of
noughts and crosses at right
and write down the ratios of:
a crosses to noughts
b noughts to unmarked spaces.
THINK
WRITE
a Count the number of crosses and the

number of noughts. Write the 2 numbers
as a ratio (the number of crosses must be
written first).
a 4:3
b Count the number of noughts and the

number of unmarked spaces. Write the
2 numbers as a ratio, putting them in the
order required (the number of noughts
must be written first).
b 3:2
Before ratios are written, the numbers must be expressed in the same units of measurement. Once the units are the same, they can be omitted. When choosing which of the
quantities to convert, keep in mind that ratios contain only whole numbers.
WORKED Example 2
Rewrite the following statement as a ratio:
THINK
7 mm to 1 cm.
WRITE
Express both quantities in the same

units. To obtain whole numbers,
convert 1 cm to mm (rather than 7 mm
to cm).
7 mm to 1 cm
7 mm to 10 mm
Omit the units and write the 2 numbers

as a ratio.
7 : 10
remember
remember
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ratios compare quantities of the same kind.

The ratios themselves do not have a name or unit of measurement.
The order of the numbers in a ratio is important.
Before ratios are written, the numbers must be expressed in the same units of
measurement.
5. Ratios contain only whole numbers.
192
6A
Introduction to ratios
1 Look at the completed game of noughts and crosses and write down the ratios of:
a noughts to crosses
1
b crosses to noughts
c crosses to total number of spaces
d total number of spaces to noughts
e noughts in the top row to crosses in the bottom row.
WORKED
Example
2 Look at the coloured circles on the right then write the following ratios.
a Black : red
b Red : black
c Aqua : black
d Black : aqua
e Aqua : red
f Black : (red and aqua)
g Aqua : (black and red)
h Black : total circles
i Aqua : total circles
j Red : total circles
3 For the diagram shown, write down the following
ratios.
a Shaded parts : unshaded parts
b Unshaded parts : shaded parts
c Shaded parts : total parts
4 In the bag of numbers shown to the right write down the ratios of:
a even numbers to odd numbers
b prime numbers to composite numbers
2
c numbers greater than 3 to numbers less than 3
d multiples of 2 to multiples of 5
7
6
e numbers divisible by 3 to numbers not divisible by 3.
SkillS
HEET
6.1
9
4
5
8
5 Rewrite each of the following statements as a ratio.

a 3 mm to 5 mm
b 6 s to 19 s
2
c $4 to $11
d 7 teams to 9 teams
e 1 goal to 5 goals
f 9 boys to 4 boys
g 3 weeks to 1 month
h 3 mm to 1 cm
i 17 seconds to 1 minute
j 53 cents to $1
k 11 cm to 1 m
l 1 g to 1 kg
m 1 L to 2 kL
n 7 hours to 1 day
o 5 months to 1 year
p 1 km to 27 m
q 7 apples to 1 dozen apples
r 13 pears to 2 dozen pears
s 3 females to 5 males
t 1 teacher to 22 students
WORKED
Example
6 Out of 100 people selected for a school survey, 59

were junior students, 3 were teachers and the rest
were senior students. Write down these ratios:
a teachers : juniors
b juniors : seniors
c seniors : teachers
d teachers : students
e juniors : other members of the survey.
193
7 Write each of the following, using a mathematical ratio.

a Newtown won 8 games while Souths won 5
games.
b There are 21 first division teams
and 17 second division teams.
c Nathan could long jump
twice as far as Rachel.
d On the camp there were 4
teachers and 39 students.
e In the mixture there
were 4 cups of flour and
1 cup of milk.
f Elena and Alex ran the
400 m in the same time.
g The radius and diameter of
a circle were measured.
h The length of a rectangle is three
times its width.
i On Friday night 9 out of every 10 people
enjoyed the movie.
j They found the length of one side of an equilateral triangle, as compared to its
perimeter.
8 For each comparison below, state whether a ratio could be written and give a reason for
your answer. (Remember: Before ratios are written, numbers must be expressed in the
same unit of measurement.)
a Annas mass is 55 kg; her cat has a mass of 7 kg.
b Brian can throw a cricket ball 40 metres while John can throw the same ball 35 metres.
c The cost of painting the wall was $55; its area is 10 m2.
d For a trip, the cars average speed was 85 km/h; the trip took 4 h.
e Bretts height is 2.1 m; Matts height is 150 cm.
f Jonathon apples cost $2.40 per dozen; Delicious apples cost $3.20 per dozen.
9 multiple choice
In each of the following situations, choose the best ratio approximation.
a Of the 90 000 people who attended the test match, 23 112 were females.
The number of males to females is approximately:
A 1:4
B 4:1
C 3:1
D 1:3
E 7:2
b A Concorde jet travels at 1100 km/h while a Cessna travels at 210 km/h. Compare
their speeds.
A 2:1
B 3:1
C 4:1
D 5:1
E 11 : 1
c A house and land package is sold for $110 000. If the land was valued at $45 000,
compare the land and house values.
A 1:2
B 1:3
C 2:5
D 4 : 11
E 2:3
d In a kilogram of fertiliser, there are 550 g of phosphorus. Compare the amount of
phosphorus to other components of the fertiliser.
A 1:2
B 4:3
C 3:1
D 1:5
E 5:1
e Sasha saves $120 out of his take-home pay of $700 each fortnight. Compare his
savings with his expenses.
A 7 : 12
B 1:5
C 2:1
D 1:3
E 1:7
194
Simplifying ratios
When the numbers in a ratio are multiplied, or divided by the same number to obtain
another ratio, these two ratios are said to be equivalent. (This is similar to the process
of obtaining equivalent fractions.) For instance, the ratios 2 : 3 and 4 : 6 are equivalent,
as the second ratio can be obtained by multiplying both numbers of the first ratio by 2.
Ratios 10 : 5 and 2 : 1 are also equivalent, as the second ratio is obtained by dividing
both numbers of the first ratio by 5.
Like fractions, ratios are usually written in simplest form; that is, reduced to lowest
terms. This is achieved by dividing each number in the ratio by the highest common
factor (HCF).
WORKED Example 3
Express the ratio 16 : 24 in simplest form.
THINK
1
WRITE
Copy the ratio in your workbook. What is the largest 16 : 24

number, by which both 16 and 24 can be divided (that
is, what is the highest common factor)? It is 8.
Divide both 16 and 24 by 8 to obtain an
2:3
equivalent ratio in simplest form.
WORKED Example 4
Write the ratio of 45 cm to 1.5 m in simplest form.
THINK
2
3
4
Write down the question.

Express both quantities in the same units by
changing 1.5 m into cm. (1 m = 100 cm)
Omit the units and write the 2 numbers as a ratio.
Simplify the ratio by dividing both 45 and 150 by
15 the HCF.
Graphics Calculator tip!
45 cm to 1.5 m
45 cm to 150 cm
45 : 150
3 : 10
Simplifying
ratios
Since simplifying ratios is similar to the process of simplifying fractions, we can use the
keys used normally to operate with fractions. A
ratio such as 16 : 24 can be entered as 16 24.
To simplify and obtain an answer in fractional
form we press MATH , select 1: Frac and then
press ENTER . The calculations for the ratios in
worked examples 3 and 4 can be seen in the
screen shown opposite.
WRITE
195
Recall that ratios must contain only whole numbers. The following worked example
shows how to form ratios from numbers which are not whole.
WORKED Example 5
Write the following ratios in simplest form.
2
7
a --- to -----b 2.1 to 3.5
5
10
THINK
WRITE
2
7
a --- is to -----5
10
4
7
------ is to -----10
10
Before we write a ratio, we need the

same units (in this case, the same
denominators). The lowest common
denominator of 5 and 10 is 10, so
change the first fraction so it has a
denominator of 10. (The second
fraction does not need to be
changed, as it already has a
denominator of 10.)
We have the same units
(denominators). That is, both
numbers have a denominator of 10.
Units (denominators) can now be
omitted. So write the ratio of the
numerators.
We must change the given ratio into
the equivalent ratio, containing only
whole numbers. The easiest way to
change both 2.1 and 3.5 into whole
numbers is to multiply them by 10
(as this will move the decimal point
so that it is at the end of each of the
numbers).
Simplify by dividing both numbers
by 7 the HCF.
4:7
b 2.1 : 3.5
21 : 35
3:5
remember
remember
1. If each number in a ratio is multiplied, or divided by the same number, the
equivalent (or equal) ratio is formed.
2. It is customary to write ratios in the simplest form. This is achieved by dividing
each number in the ratio by the highest common factor (HCF).
3. To form a ratio, using fractions, convert the fractions so that they have a
common denominator and then write the ratio of the numerators.
4. Decimals can be easily changed into whole numbers if they are multiplied by
powers of 10 (that is, 10, 100, 1000 and so on).
196
6B
6.2
1 Express each ratio in simplest form.

a 2:4
b 3:9
3
e 12 : 16
f 15 : 18
i 25 : 15
j 13 : 26
m 36 : 45
n 42 : 28
q 56 : 64
r 75 : 100
WORKED
Example
2 Complete the patterns of equivalent ratios.

a 1:3
b 2:1
c 2:3
2:6
4:2
4:6
_:9
_:4
6:_
_ : 12
_:8
_ : 12
5 : __
20 : _
_ : 24
Spreadshe
et
EXCEL
SkillS
HEET
Simplifying ratios
Simplifying
ratios
c
g
k
o
s
d
h
l
p
t
5 : 10
24 : 16
15 : 35
45 : 54
84 : 144
d 64 : 32
__ : 16
__ : 8
8 : __
__ : 1
3 Write the following ratios in simplest form.

a 8 cm to 12 cm
b $6 to $18
4
d 80 cm to 2 m
e 75 cents to $3
g 300 mL to 4 L
h 500 g to 2.5 kg
j $4 to $6.50
k 2500 L to 2 kL
m 30 cents to $1.50
n 2 h 45 min to 30 min
p 0.8 km to 450 m
q 1 1--2- min to 300 s
s 3500 mg to 1.5 g
t $1.75 to $10.50
6 : 18
21 : 14
27 : 36
50 : 15
88 : 132
e 48 : 64
24 : __
12 : __
__ : 8
__ : __
WORKED
Example
c
f
i
l
o
r
50 s to 30 s
2 h to 45 min
45 mm to 2 cm
2500 m to 2 km
200 m to 0.5 km
1.8 cm to 12 mm
4 Compare the following, using a mathematical ratio (in simplest form):

a The Hawks won 8 games while the Lions won 10 games.
b This jar of coffee costs $4 but that one costs $6.
c While Joanne made 12 hits, Holly made 8 hits.
d In the first innings, Ian scored 48 runs and Adam scored 12 runs.
e During the race, Rebeccas average speed was 200 km/h while Donnas average
speed was 150 km/h.
f In the basketball match, the Tigers beat the Magic by 105 points to 84 points.
g The capacity of the plastic bottle is 250 mL and the capacity of the glass container is 2 L.
h Joseph ran the 600 m in 2 minutes but Maya ran the same distance in 36 seconds.
i In the movie audience, there were 280 children and 35 adults.
j On a page in the novel Moby Dick there are 360 words.
Of these, 80 begin with a vowel.
5 A serving of Weet Biscuit Cereal contains:
3.6 g of protein
0.4 g of fat
20 g of carbohydrate
1 g of sugar
3.3 g of dietary fibre
84 mg of sodium.
Find the following ratios in simplest form:
a sugar to carbohydrate b fat to protein
c protein to fibre
d sodium to protein.
WEET BISCUIT
CEREAL
CEREAL
NET 650 gm
197
6 In a primary school that

has 910 students, 350 students are in the senior
school and the remainder
are in the junior school.
Of the senior school students, 140 are females.
There are the same
number of junior males
and junior females. Write
down
the
following
ratios, in simplest form:
a senior students to
junior students
b senior females to
senior males
c senior males to total
senior students
d junior males to senior males
e junior females to whole school population.
0.8 to 1
2
1
m 1 --- to --3
3
k 0.25 to 1.5
1
1
n 1 --- to 1 --4
2
HEET
6.3
SkillS
1
1
c --- to --4
2
2
3
f --- to --3
5
i 0.05 to 0.15
3
l ------ to 1
10
1
1
o 3 --- to 2 --3
2
HEET
6.4
SkillS
Example
HEET
6.5
SkillS
7 Write the following ratios in simplest form:

1
2
5
6
5
a --- to --b --- to --3
3
7
7
2
5
4
9
d --- to --e --- to -----3
6
5
20
g 0.7 to 0.9
h 0.3 to 2.1
WORKED
time
8 multiple choice
a Toowoombas population is 80 000, while Brisbanes population is 1.8 million. The
ratio of Toowoombas population to that of Brisbane is:
A 2 : 45
B 4:9
C 1 : 1.8
D 9:4
E none of these
b When he was born, Samuel was 30 cm long. Now, on his 20th birthday, he is 2.1 m
high. The ratio of his birth height to his present height is:
A 3:7
B 1 : 21
C 7 : 10
D 1:7
E none of these
c The cost of tickets to two different concerts is in the ratio 3 : 5. If the more
expensive ticket is $60, the cheaper ticket is:
A $100
B $80
C $50
D $45
E $36
d A coin was tossed 100 times and tails appeared 60 times. The ratio of heads to
tails was:
GAME
A 2:3
B 3:5
C 3:2
D 5:3
E 2:5
e Out of a 1.25 L bottle of soft drink, I have drunk 500 mL. The ratio of soft drink
Rates
remaining to the original amount is:
and ratios
A 2:3
B 3:5
C 3:2
D 5:3
E 2:5
001
198
Proportion
A proportion is a statement of equality of two ratios.
For example, we know from our study of equivalent ratios that 1 : 3 = 2 : 6. This statement
is a proportion.
1
2
This can also be written as: --- = --- .
3
6
Observe that, in the proportion statement above, the products of the numbers,
diagonally across from each other, are equal. That is, 1 6 = 2 3.
This observation will be true for any other proportion.
3
9
Consider, for example, this proportion: --- = -----4
12
Again, 3 12 = 9 4.
The process of finding the products of the numbers diagonally across from each
other is called cross-multiplication. It is very useful in solving proportion problems and
other problems you will encounter later.
c
In general, if a = d then, using cross-multiplication, a d = c b.
b
WORKED Example 6
Use the cross-multiplication method to determine whether the following pair of ratios is in
proportion: 6 : 9; 24 : 36.
THINK
1
Write the ratios in fraction form.
Perform a cross-multiplication.
Check whether the products are equal.
WRITE
6 24
--- ; -----9 36
6 36 = 216; 24 9 = 216
216 = 216
Therefore, the ratios are in proportion.
WORKED Example 7
a
6
Find the value of a in the following proportion: --- = --- .
3
9
THINK
1
Write the proportion statement.
Cross-multiply and equate the products.

Solve for a by dividing both sides of
the equation by 9.
WRITE
a
6
--- = --3
9
a9=63
9a = 18
9a 18
------ = -----9
9
a=2
199
WORKED Example 8
At a party the ratio of girls to boys was 4 : 3. If there were 28 girls, how many boys were
there?
THINK
WRITE
Let the number of boys be b and write a

proportion statement. (Since the first
number in the ratio represents girls, put
28 the number of girls as the
numerator.)
Cross-multiply and equate the products.
Solve for b by dividing both sides by 4.
Write the answer.
4
28
--- = -----3
b
4 b = 28 3
4b = 84
4b 84
------ = -----4
4
b = 21
There are 21 boys.
remember
remember
1. Proportion is a statement of equality of two ratios.
2. In any proportion, the products of the numbers, diagonally across from each
other, are equal.
200
6C
Proportion
1 Use the cross-multiplication method to determine whether the following pairs of ratios
are in proportion.
6
a 2 : 3; 8 : 12
b 4 : 7; 8 : 14
c 5 : 7; 10 : 14
d 5 : 8; 10 : 16
7 21
3 12
e --- ; -----f --- ; -----9 25
8 32
WORKED
Example
Mat
d
hca
Spreadshe
14 5
g ------ ; --16 9
11 7
------ ; --12 8
13 6
------ ; --15 7
8 24
--- ; -----9 27
et
EXCEL
Proportion
Proportion
2 Find the value of a in each of the following proportions.

a
4
a
8
7
a --- = --b --- = -----2
8
6
12
WORKED
Spreadshe
et
EXCEL
Example
Proportion
(DIY)
a
2
--- = --9
3
3
9
d --- = -----12
a
7
14
--- = -----a
48
10
3
------ = -----15
a
3
a
g --- = -----7
28
12
a
------ = --10
5
8
a
------ = --12
9
35
5
------ = --7
a
24
6
------ = --16
a
30
2
------ = --45
a
3 Write a proportion statement for each of the following situations.

a Ratio of boys to girls is 6 : 5. There are n boys and 30 girls.
b Ratio of books to magazines is 7 : 4. There are n books and 16 magazines.
c Ratio of pens to pencils is 2 : 3. There are n pens and 36 pencils.
d Ratio of pies to sausage rolls is 1: 4. There are n pies and 100 sausage rolls.
e Ratio of length to width is 3 : 1. The length is n and the width is 4 metres.
f Ratio of lions to tigers is 4 : 3. There are 12 lions and n tigers.
g Ratio of adults to children is 5 : 8. There are 30 adults and n children.
h Ratio of red balls to white balls is 15 : 2. There are 45 red balls and n white balls.
i Ratio of spectators to players is 50 : 1. There are 5000 spectators and n players.
j Ratio of cats to dogs is 8 : 5. There are 48 cats and n dogs.
4 Solve each of the following, using a proportion statement and the cross-multiplication
method.
8
a The ratio of boys to girls in a class is 3 : 4. If there are 12 girls, how many boys are
in the class?
b In a room the ratio of length to width is 5 : 4. If the width is 8 m, what is the length?
c The teams win to loss ratio is 7 : 5. How many wins has it had if it has had 15 losses?
d A canteen made ham and chicken sandwiches in the ratio 5 : 6. If 20 ham sandwiches
were made, how many chicken sandwiches were made?
e The ratio of concentrated cordial to water in a mixture is 1 : 5. How much concentrated cordial is needed for 25 litres of water?
f The ratio of chairs to tables is 6 : 1. If there are 42 chairs, how many tables are there?
WORKED
Example
201
g The ratio of flour to milk in a mixture is 7 : 2. If 14 cups of flour are used, how
much milk is required?
h The ratio of protein to fibre in a cereal is 12 : 11. If there are 36 grams of protein,
what is the mass of fibre?
i In a supermarket, the ratio of 600 mL cartons of milk to litre cartons is 4 : 5. If there
are 60 600 mL cartons, how many litre cartons are there?
j In a crowd of mobile phone users, the ratio of men to women is 7 : 8. How many
women are there if there are 2870 men?
5 While we know that only whole numbers are used in ratios, sometimes in a proportion
statement the answer can be a fraction or a mixed number. Consider the following
proportion:
a 7
--- = --6 4
then a 4 = 7 6
4a = 42
a = 10.5 (or 10 1--2- )
Calculate the value of a in each of
answer correct to one decimal place.
a
8
a
4
a --- = --b --- = --c
7
5
6
5
8
6
9
a
f --- = --g --- = --h
a
7
7
6
the following proportion statements. Write your

a
7
--- = -----3
10
13
a
------ = --6
5
a
9
d --- = -----9
10
9
7
i ------ = --15
a
e
j
5
7
--- = -----a
10
7
9
--- = --8
a
202
6 Write a proportion statement for each situation and then solve the problem. If necessary,
write your answer correct to one decimal place.
a A rice recipe uses the ratio of 1 cup of rice to 3 cups of water. How many cups of
rice can be cooked in 5 cups of water?
b Another recipe states that 2 cups of rice are required to serve 6 people. If you have
invited 11 people, how many cups of rice will you need?
c In a chemical compound there should be 15 g of chemical A to every 4 g of
chemical B. If my compound contains 50 g of chemical A, how many grams of
chemical B should it contain?
d A saline solution contains 2 parts of salt to 17 parts of water. How much water
should be added to 5 parts of salt?
e To mix concrete, 2 buckets of sand are needed for every 3 buckets of blue metal.
For a big job, how much blue metal will be needed for 15 buckets of sand?
7 Decide whether a proportion statement could be made, using each of the following ratios:
a height : age
b mass : age
c intelligence : age
d distance : time
e cost : number
f age : shoe size
g sausages cooked : number of people
h eggs : milk (in a recipe)
i number of words : pages typed
j radius : area (of a circle).
8 multiple choice
6.1
QUEST
GE
EN
M AT H
Work
ET
SHE
p
l
a If --- = ---- , then:
q
m
A pq=lm
B pl=qm
C pm=lq
p
l
E none of these is true.
D ---- = --q
m
x
y
b If --- = --- , then:
3
6
A x = 2 and y = 4
B x = 1 and y = 2
C x = 3 and y = 6
D x = 6 and y = 12
E all of these are true.
23
x
c If ------ = ------ then, correct to the nearest whole number, x equals:
34
19
A 13
B 12
C 34
D 28
E 17
d The directions on a cordial bottle suggest mixing 25 mL of cordial with 250 mL of
water. How much cordial should be mixed with 5.5 L of water?
A 0.55 mL
B 5.5 mL
C 55 mL
D 550 mL
E 5500 mL
CH
AL
1 The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5. If the longest side of the
triangle measures 40 cm, what is the perimeter of the triangle?
2 A 747 airplane has a length of 70.5 m and a wing- A
span of 59.7 m. A model of this plane has a wingspan
of 30 cm. How long is the model?
D
3 The triangle ABC at right is an isosceles right-angled
triangle. The length of AC is 20 cm. If the lengths of
AD and BD are the same and the lengths of CE and
BE are the same, what is the length of DE?
C
B
E
203
Hav
Ha
ve a laugh.
Solve the
ratio equations to find
the value of each letter
and the puzzle code.
Why are
Why
are pianos
hard
har
d to open?
4 45
2
6
1 21
4 45
3 21
3 43
7 21
4 51
5 21
4 51
7 21
6 4 85 10
4 51
4 85
3
4
3 : A = 15 : 24
G : 7 = 6 : 28
85 : 17 = M : 2
S : 5 = 16 : 40
B : 2 = 25 : 6
4 : H = 32 : 37
4 : 4 21 = 8 : N
3:T=5:7
5 : 2 = 10 : C
26 : 60 = I : 12
O : 5 = 18 : 30
2 : 3 = U : 11
1 : 3 = D : 18
70 : 35 = 7 : J
7 : P = 35 : 57
21 : 24 = 7 : X
2 : 1 = 15 : E
K : 11 = 30 : 132
1 : 2 = Q : 11
Z : 9 = 42 : 54
9:F=4:3
221 : L = 10 : 15
16 : 1 = 8 : R
Why
Wh
y did the bees go
go on strike?
strike?
1 2
831 4 45 4
12
1152
451
5 51 11 52
2 21 4 45 3 43 721 451 451 721
9 1152
2
731
2
643
643 5 51 1152
2
1 21
643
10 11 52
7
8
3 7 212
6 43
8 31
643
721
451
204
1
1 Find the ratio of unshaded parts : shaded parts in the diagram.
2 True or false? 5 weeks is to 2 months 5 : 2
3 multiple choice
Of the 99 744 people who attended a tennis tournament, 32 854 were males. The best
ratio approximation when comparing the number of females to males is:
A 1:2
B 2:3
C 3:2
D 2:1
E 3 : 1.
4 Express the ratio 24 : 36 in simplest form.
5 Find 3 ratios equivalent to 2 : 3.
6 Rewrite the ratio $2.10 to 30 cents in simplest terms.
12 4
7 Use the cross multiplication method to determine whether the pair of ratios ------ ; --- is
15 5
in proportion.
21 3
8 Find the value of b in the proportion ------ = --- .
9
b
9 A grocer has apples and oranges in the ratio 3 : 5. If there are 420 apples, how many
oranges are there?
10 To make toffee 1 cup of water is used for each 3.5 cups of sugar. If you use 10.5 cups
of sugar, how many cups of water will you need?
Comparing ratios
In some cases it is necessary to know which of the two given ratios is the larger (or
smaller). And sometimes it is necessary to know whether the given ratios are equal. In
other words, we may need to compare the ratios.
WORKED Example 9
Which is the greater ratio in the following pair?
3 : 5; 2 : 3
THINK
1
Write each ratio in fraction form.
Change each fraction to the lowest common

denominator (which is 15).
Compare the fractions: since both fractions

have a denominator of 15, the larger the
numerator, the greater the fraction.
The second fraction is greater and it
corresponds to the second ratio in the pair.
So state your conclusion.
WRITE
3 2
--- ; --5 3
9 10
------ ; -----15 15
9
10
------ < -----15 15
Therefore 2 : 3 is the greater ratio.
205
When we are measuring the steepness of various slopes or hills, we need to compare
ratios. Gradient is a word used in mathematics to describe the slope, or steepness of a
hill.
vertical distance
The gradient of a hill is calculated by finding the ratio --------------------------------------------- between
horizontal distance
rise
any 2 points on a hill. This is also known as calculating -------- .
run
WORKED Example 10
A
Vertical
distance
Find the gradient of the hill (AB),

if AC = 2 m and BC = 10 m.
B
THINK
Horizontal distance
WRITE
Write the rule for finding the gradient.
Vertical distance is 2 m and horizontal

distance is 10 m. Substitute these
values into the formula.
Simplify by dividing both numerator

and denominator by 2.
vertical distance
Gradient = --------------------------------------------horizontal distance
2
= -----10
1
= --5
Since the gradient is the measure of the steepness, when we need to compare the
steepness of two (or more) hills, all we need to do is compare the gradients of these
hills. The larger the gradient, the steeper the hill.
For example, if the gradient of hill A is found to be 1--2- , while the gradient of hill B is 1--5- ,
we can conclude that hill A is steeper, as 1--2- > 1--5- .
206
Similar triangles
We often need to compare ratios when we are dealing with similar triangles. Similar
triangles are those which have exactly the same shape, but different size.
In similar triangles, the ratios of corresponding sides are equal.
WORKED Example 11
The diagrams at right show a pair of
similar triangles. Find the value of x.
THINK
1
2
3
X
3 cm
Y
4.5 cm
x cm
WRITE
The unknown side YZ in a smaller

triangle corresponds to the side BC in the
larger triangle. Also side XY in the
smaller triangle corresponds to the side
AB in the larger triangle. Since the
triangles are similar, the ratios of these
corresponding sides must be equal.
Identify the values of YZ, BC, XY and AB.
9 cm
6 cm
B
10 cm
YZ
XY
-------- = --------BC
AB
YZ = x; BC = 10 cm; XY = 3 cm; AB = 6 cm
x
3
Make sure that all measurements are in the ------ = --10
6
same units and substitute the known values
and the pronumeral into the proportion.
Cross-multiply and solve for x.
x 6 = 3 10
6x = 30
6x 30
------ = -----6
6
x=5
Write the answer, including units.
The length of side YZ is 5 cm.
Note: To find the value of x in the previous example, we could use different pairs of
YZ
XY
YZ
XZ
corresponding sides. Namely, instead of using -------- = --------- , the proportion -------- = -------BC
AB
BC
AC
could have been used. Verify that the result obtained in the worked example is the same
as that obtained by using the second proportion.
remember
remember
1. To compare the ratios, write them in a fraction form first, then compare the 2
fractions by writing them with a common denominator.
2. Gradient is a measure of the steepness of the slope and is calculated by finding
horizontal distance
the ratio --------------------------------------------- . (The distances are measured between any 2
vertical distance
points on the slope.)
3. Similar triangles have exactly the same shape, but different size.
4. The ratios of the corresponding sides in similar triangles are equal.
6D
WORKED
Comparing ratios
1 Which is the greater ratio in each of the following pairs?

a 1:4 ; 3:4
b 5:9 ; 7:9
c 6:5 ; 2:5
e 7:9 ; 2:3
f 2:5 ; 1:3
g 2:3 ; 3:4
i 5 : 9 ; 7 : 12
j 9:8 ; 6:5
Math
d 3 : 5 ; 7 : 10
h 5:6 ; 7:8
cad
Example
207
Comparing
ratios
2 In each of the following cases, decide which team has the better record.
a Easts won 2 matches out of 5. Souths won 5 out of 10.
b Wests won 13 out of 18. Norths won 7 out of 12.
c Tigers won 12 out of 20. Cougars won 14 out of 25.
d Stickers won 8 out of 13. Bolters won 13 out of 20.
sheet
L Spread
XCE
Comparing
ratios
Comparing
ratios
(DIY)
3 In a cricket match, Jenny bowled 5 wides in her 7 overs while Lisa bowled 4 wides
in her 6 overs. Which bowler had the higher wides per over ratio?
WORKED
Example
10
4 a Find the gradient of each of the hills represented by the following triangles.
i
ii
iii
E
2m
3m
B
3m
2m
D
5m
3m
iv
b Which slope has the largest gradient?

c Which slope has the smallest gradient?
d List the hills in order of increasing steepness.
5 Draw triangles that demonstrate a gradient of:
2
3
4
a --b --c --1
1
3
G
1.5 m
3
d --2
7m
2
--5
sheet
L Spread
XCE
208
WORKED
Example
6 Each of the diagrams below show a pair of similar triangles. Find the value of x in each case.
a
11
10
4
x
b
3
12
c
5
15
4
x
d
7
8
x
e
3
10
8
x
f
6
1.5
209
7 Triangles PQR and DEF are similar so that PQ corresponds to DE, PR corresponds to
DF and QR corresponds to EF. Find the length of the missing side in each of the
following combinations.
a PQ = 10 cm
DE = 5 cm
PR = 6 cm,
find DF
b PQ = 4 cm
DE = 12 cm
QR = 5 cm,
find EF
c DE = 4 cm
PQ = 6 cm
EF = 8 cm,
find QR
d DF = 5 cm
PR = 8 cm
DE = 6 cm,
find PQ
e QR = 16 cm
EF = 6 cm
PQ = 12 cm,
find DE.
8 The rectangles A, B and C are similar.
As with triangles, the corresponding
sides of similar rectangles are in the
same ratio. The dimensions of rectangle
B are 6 cm 4 cm.
a Find the length of rectangle A if its
width is 7 cm.
b Find the width of rectangle C if its
length is 4 cm.
6 cm
B
A
9 Use similar triangles to solve the

following problem. (Hint: Draw
diagrams first.) At a particular time
of day a 1 m pole casts a shadow
2.5 m long. At the same time a tree
casts a shadow 15 m long. How tall is
the tree?
10 multiple choice
5 a
a If --- > --- then a could be:
6 5
A 4
B 5
C 6
D 7
E all of these numbers
a 3
b If --- < --- , then:
b 5
A a<3
B b<5
C a<b
D b<a
E a=2
c If the gradient of LN in the triangle
at right is 1, then:
L
A a>b
B a<b
C a=b
a
D a=1
E b=1
N
b
d If the 2 triangles below are similar, then the value of a is:

A 6
2
1
B 8
3
C 9
4
2
D 12
E 15
a
7 cm
4 cm
C
4 cm
210
Increasing and decreasing in a given

ratio
Consider the following products and their results.
5
20 --- = 25
The result (25) is larger than the original (20).

4
5
20 --- = 20
5
The result is the same as the original (20).
4
20 --- = 16
5
The result (16) is smaller than the original (20).
5
Observe that multiplying by a ratio greater than 1 (that is, --- ) caused an increase of a quan4
5
tity, multiplying by a ratio equal to 1 (that is, --- ) resulted in the quantity being unchanged
5
4
and multiplying by a ratio smaller than 1 (that is, --- ) caused a decrease of a quantity.
5
Generally, multiplying by a ratio greater than one increases the quantity, while
multiplying by a ratio less than one decreases the quantity.
WORKED Example 12
Increase $25 in the ratio 6 : 5.
THINK
1
6
The given ratio --- is greater than 1.
5
So, to increase the amount, multiply it
by this ratio.
Evaluate.
WRITE
6
New amount = $25 --5
= $30
WORKED Example 13
Decrease 55 kg in the ratio 3 : 5.
THINK
1
3
The given ratio --- is less than 1 and
5
therefore will cause a decrease in the
amount. So multiply the mass by this
ratio.
Evaluate.
WRITE
3
New mass = 55 kg --5
= 33 kg
211
WORKED Example 14
In recent years, bus fares have increased by one-fifth. If the old fare was $2, what is the
new fare?
THINK
1
2
3
WRITE
The old fare can be considered as

a whole. Find the new fare as a
1
fraction of the old fare (it is --5
bigger).
6
Multiply the old fare by the ratio --- .
5
Evaluate.
1
New fare = 1 + --5
5 1
= --- + --5 5
6
= --- of the old fare
5
6
New fare = $2 --5
= $2.40
Note that there is an alternative solution to the previous question. We could first calculate the increase in dollars and cents by finding
1
--5
of $2 (since the increase was
1
--5
of the
old fare). We would then add the increase to the old fare to obtain the new fare.
Check this calculation:
Increase =
1
--5
$2
= $0.40
New fare = old fare + increase
= $2 + $0.40
= $2.40
(same answer as before)
remember
remember
Multiplying by a ratio greater than one results in an increase in the amount being
calculated, while multiplying by a ratio smaller than one causes a decrease of the
amount.
212
6E
6.6
SkillS
HEET
WORKED
Example
12
WORKED
Example
d
hca
Mat
13
Increasing
and
decreasing
in a given
ratio
Spreadshe
2 Decrease the following quantities in the ratio given.

a Decrease $20 in the ratio 1 : 2.
b Decrease $60 in the ratio 2 : 3.
c Decrease $140 in the ratio 3 : 5.
d Decrease 36 mm in the ratio 5 : 6.
e Decrease 75 cm in the ratio 1 : 3.
f Decrease 220 m in the ratio 3 : 4.
g Decrease 45 mg in the ratio 4 : 5.
h Decrease 64 g in the ratio 7 : 8.
i Decrease 99 kg in the ratio 7 : 9.
j Decrease 840 cm3 in the ratio 11:12.
4 Council rates this year have increased in the ratio 5 : 4. If the old rates were $1200,
what are the new rates?
et
EXCEL
1 Increase the following quantities in the ratio given.

a Increase $50 in the ratio 3 : 2.
b Increase $75 in the ratio 6 : 5.
c Increase $120 in the ratio 5 : 3.
d Increase 24 mm in the ratio 7 : 4.
e Increase 72 cm in the ratio 7 : 6.
f Increase 155 m in the ratio 8 : 5.
g Increase 36 mg in the ratio 5 : 2.
h Increase 84 g in the ratio 8 : 7.
i Increase 132 kg in the ratio 13 : 12.
j Increase 450 cm3 in the ratio 9 : 5.
3 In each case decide whether the change will be an increase or a decrease and write
down the new quantity.
a Change $20 in the ratio 5 : 2.
b Change $55 in the ratio 2 : 5.
c Change $50 in the ratio 9 : 10.
d Change 54 m in the ratio 5 : 9.
e Change 200 L in the ratio 6 : 5.
f Change 450 km in the ratio 10 : 9.
g Change 56 cm2 in the ratio 7 : 8.
h Change 120 mg in the ratio 8 : 5.
i Change 12.5 kg in the ratio 4 : 5.
j Change $6.80 in the ratio 3 : 2.
Spreadshe
et
EXCEL
Increasing
and
decreasing
in a given
ratio
Increasing and decreasing in

a given ratio
Increasing
and
decreasing
in a given
ratio (DIY)
5 Land values have increased in the ratio 7 : 5. What is the new value of a block of land
formerly valued at $54 000?
6 Gate taking for Rugby League games decreased in the ratio 5 : 8. In the previous year
the gate taking was $1.2 million. What was it this year?
7 The capacity of water in a small dam was 36 000 kL last week. If it has since
decreased in the ratio 7 : 12, what is its capacity now?
8 A newsagent recently changed his order of newspapers in the ratio 7 : 6. What is his
new order if he previously ordered 390 papers?
WORKED
Example
14
9 In each case, calculate the new quantity.

a A former fare of 80 cents increased by one-fifth.
b A former rate of pay of $4.50 per hour was increased by two-fifths.
c A former mass of 80 kg increased by one-quarter.
d A former value of $1200 increased by one-third.
e A former volume of 36 cm3 increased by two-thirds.
f A former fare of $1.20 decreased by one-fifth.
g A former mass of 90 kg decreased by one-sixth.
h A former cost of $15 decreased by two-fifths.
i A former speed of 84 km/h decreased by one-twelfth.
j A former number of 480 in an audience decreased by three-quarters.
213
10 Because of a pay rise, Lenas salary was increased in the ratio 6 : 5.

a If her old salary was $45 000, what is her new salary?
b If her new salary is $48 000, what was her old salary?
11 multiple choice
a The dimensions of a rectangle 8 cm by 5 cm were increased in the ratio 2 : 1. The
new rectangle has an area of:
A 40 cm2
B 80 cm2
C 20 cm2
D 160 cm2
E 120 cm2
b The volume of air in a balloon was changed in the ratio a : b. The volume would
decrease if:
A a>b
B a=b
C a<b
D b<a
E a = 2 and
b=1
c During a year the price of
a trolley of groceries
increased in the ratio
8 : 5. How much would I
have paid for a trolley of
groceries at the beginning
of the year if I paid $120
at the end of the year?
A $75
B $100
C $120
D $140
E $192
QUEST
GE
EN
M AT H
d Over a period of time Meras height changed from 140 cm to 160 cm. Her height
increased in the ratio:
A 7:1
B 8:1
C 7:8
D 8:7
E 20 : 1
e A student increased his mathematics marks by 20%. This is equivalent to an
increase in the ratio:
A 5:1
B 6:5
C 6:1
D 20 : 1
E 1:5
CH
AL
2
3
1 To make two --- -cup servings of cooked rice, you add --- of a cup of rice,
3
1
1 4
--- teaspoon of salt and 1 teaspoon of butter to 1 --- cups of water. How
4
2
2
many --- -cup servings of cooked rice can you make from a bag containing
3
12 cups of rice?
2 During a sale, the price of a television was reduced in the ratio 4 : 5.
After the sale, the price of the television was increased to the original
price.
a By what ratio was the sale price increased to restore the original
price?
b What percentage increase is this?
214
Dividing in a given ratio

Consider the following situation:
Isabel and Rachel decided to buy a $10 lottery ticket. Isabel had only $3 so Rachel put
in the other $7. The ticket won the first prize of $500 000. How are the girls going to
share the prize? Is it fair that they would get equal shares?
In all fairness, it should be shared in the ratio 3 : 7.
WORKED Example 15
Share the amount of $500 000 in the ratio 3 : 7.
THINK
WRITE
How many shares (parts) are in the ratio

altogether?
First share represents 3 parts out of a total of

3
10, so find ------ of the total amount.
10
Second share is the remainder, so subtract
first share from the total amount.
Total number of parts = 3 + 7

= 10
3
First share = ------ $500 000
10
= $150 000
Second share = $500 000 $150 000
= $350 000
Note that in the previous example the second share represents 7 parts out of the total of
7
10. So the alternative way to calculate the size of the second share would be to find ----10
of the total amount.
Check this calculation:
Second share =
7
-----10
$500 000.
= $350 000 (same answer as before)
WORKED Example 16
Concrete mixture for a footpath was made up of 1 part of cement, 2 parts of sand and 4
parts of blue metal. How much sand was used to make 4.2 m2 of concrete?
THINK
WRITE
Find the total number of parts.
There are 2 parts of sand to be used in

2
the mixture, so find --- of the total
7
amount of concrete made.
Total number of parts = 1 + 2 + 4

=7
2
Amount of sand = --- 4.2 m2
7
= 1.2 m2
remember
remember
To share a certain amount in a given ratio, find the total number of shares (parts)
first. The size of each share is given by the fraction this share represents out of the
total number of shares.
Dividing in a given ratio
WORKED
Example
15
2 Share the amount of $1000 in the following ratios.

a 2:3
b 3:1
c 1:4
d 1:1
f 5:3
g 3:7
h 9:1
i 7 : 13
e 3:5
j 9 : 11
L Spread
XCE
sheet
1 Write down the total number of parts for each of the following ratios.
a 1:2
b 2:3
c 3:1
d 3:5
e 4:9
f 5:8
g 6:7
h 9 : 10
i 1:2:3
j 3:4:5
6F
215
Dividing
in a given
ratio
4 Rosa and Mila bought a lottery ticket costing $10. How should they share the first
prize of $50 000 if their respective contributions were:
a $2 and $8?
b $3 and $7?
c $4 and $6?
d $5 and $5?
e $2.50 and $7.50?
WORKED
Example
16
5 Concrete mixture is made up of 1 part cement, 2 parts sand and 4 parts blue metal.
a How much sand is needed for 7 m3 of concrete?
b How much cement is needed for 3.5 m3 of concrete?
c How much blue metal is required for 2.8 m3 of concrete?
d How much sand is used for 5.6 m3 of concrete?
e How much cement is needed to make 8.4 m3 of concrete?
6 Three friends buy a Lotto ticket
costing $20. How should they share
the first prize of $600 000, if they
each contribute:
a $3, $7 and $10?
b $6, $6 and $8?
c $1, $8 and $11?
d $5, $6 and $9?
e $5, $7.50 and $7.50?
7 Three angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. What is the magnitude of each
angle?
8 In a school, the ratio of girls in Years 8, 9 and 10 is 6 : 7 : 11. If there are 360 girls in
the school:
a How many Year 8 girls are there?
b How many more Year 10 girls are there than Year 8 girls?
9 In a moneybox, there are 5 cent, 10 cent and 20
cent coins in the ratio 8 : 5 : 2. If there are 225 coins
altogether:
a how many 5 cent coins are there?
b how many more 10 cent coins than 20 cent
coins are there?
c what is the total value of the 5 cent coins?
d what is the total value of the coins in the moneybox?
10
20
sheet
CEL Spread
X
3 If Nat and Sam decided to share their lottery winnings of $10 000 in the following
ratios, how much would each receive?
Dividing
a 1:1
b 2:3
c 3:2
d 3:7
e 7:3
in a given
ratio (DIY)
f 1:4
g 9:1
h 3:5
i 12 : 13
j 23 : 27
216
10 In a family, 3 children receive their allowances in the ratio of their ages, which are
15 years, 12 years and 9 years. If the total of the allowances is $30, how much does
each child receive?
11 The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4 : 6. What is the difference in magnitude between the smallest and largest angles?
Work
ET
SHE
6.2
12 multiple choice
a A square of side length 4 cm has its area divided into two sections in the ratio
3 : 5. The area of the larger section is:
A 3 cm2
B 5 cm2
C 8 cm2
D 10 cm2
E 16 cm2
b A block of cheese is cut in the ratio 2 : 3. If the smaller piece is 150 g, the mass of
the original block was:
A 75 g
B 200 g
C 300 g
D 375 g
E 450 g
c Contributions to the cost of a lottery ticket were $1.75 and $1.25. What fraction of
the prize should the larger share be?
7
5
7
3
5
A -----B --C --D --E -----12
7
5
5
12
d A television channel which telecasts only news, movies and sport does so in the
ratio 2 : 3 : 4 respectively. How many movies, averaging a length of 1 1--2- hours,
would be shown during a 24 hour period?
A 2
B 3
C 4
D 5
E 6
2
1 A class of 30 students were surveyed and it was found that 16 students had dogs as
pets, 9 students had cats as pets and the remainder had no pets. Write down the ratio
of cats : no pets.
2 True or false? The ratio 85 : 105 in simplest form is 17 :21.
50
6
3 Find the value of n in the proportion ------ = --- .
n
9
4 The ratio of blue-eyed students to brown-eyed students in a class is 4 : 7. If there are
16 blue-eyed students, how many brown-eyed students are there?
5 Which is the greater ratio 3 : 4 or 5 : 7?
6 Triangles XYZ and ABC at right are similar. If XZ = 12 cm,
AC = 6 cm, XY = 4 cm, find the length of AB.
A
X
7 Increase 260 cm3 in the ratio 9 : 7. (Write your answer

correct to 2 decimal places.)
8 Decrease 55 g in the ratio 5 : 6. (Write your answer correct
to 2 decimal places.)
B
Y
C
Z
9 Jack and Jill share the cost of a $10 lottery ticket in the ratio $6 and $4. If they win
first prize of $950 000, how should they share first prize?
10 Cordial can be made up with 7.5 parts of water and 1.5 parts of cordial. What fraction
of water should there be?
217
Scale drawing
You have often seen a scale, stated on a map or a plan. Refer to an atlas and you will
see an example of a scale.
C
C
PA
AL
River
Do
er
Crimea
River
CAUCASUS
Mt Elbrus 5642 m
SE
CASPIAN SEA
MTS
BLACK SEA
BALKAN MTS
PS
Mt Olympus
2917 m
IONIAN
SEA
Balkan
Peninsula
ASIA
AEGEAN
SEA
1 : 28 000 000
0
Malta
Astrakhan
Sea of
Azov
S
MT
Danube
AT
Mt Etna
3323m
C
RI
NA
DI
A
SE
IC
RI
Teulada
Riv
IAN
TRANSYLVAN
ALPS
Crkvice
Vesuvius
1281 m
River
ter
IA
Tis
za
TH
T
BI
LE S
VE MT
AD
TYRRHENIAN
SEA
ies
r
ve
Ri
AR
Grossglockner
3801 m
Elba
Dn
CASPIAN
DEPRESSION
Riv
er
River
Don
ets
River
AN
TI
S
MT
River
be
Danu
ALPS
River
AP
EN
NI
NE
S
er
Riv
DE
r
ve
Ri
er
Riv
hine
der
SU
Cape Tainaron
Rhodes
Cyprus
Crete
250
500
750
1000 km
1 centimetre on the map represents

280 kilometres on the ground.
Conformal Conic Projection
Scale drawings are very valuable in that they show a true picture (or model) of the
real article. That is, an object and its scale drawing are similar figures exactly the
same in shape, but different in size.
Plans and maps often use a ratio scale (that is, a scale, written as a ratio). The first number
in a ratio represents the drawing, while the second number represents the real object.
For example, let us suppose the ratio scale on a plan is written as 1 : 100. This means
that any distance measured on the plan is 100 times bigger in real life; that is, 1 cm on a
plan corresponds to 100 cm (or 1 m) in real life. This can also be written as 1 cm 1 m.
WORKED Example 17
Rewrite the ratio scale 1 : 10 000, using the most appropriate units.
THINK
1
2
WRITE
Choose a unit for the ratio (usually cm);

it must be the same for both numbers.
Since 10 000 is quite a large number,
convert to a suitable unit. In this case it
is most appropriate to convert to
metres.
1 : 10 000
1 cm 10 000 cm
1 cm 100 m
Scales can be used to find the size of a real object, given the size of its drawing and
vice versa. When using the ratio scales, it is important to remember that the units of
length for both, the drawing and the real object, are always the same. For example, if
the length of the drawing is given in mm, the length of the object, found using the ratio
scale, will also be in mm. Once the answer is obtained, it can then be changed (if
necessary) to more appropriate units.
218
WORKED Example 18
If a scale of 1:100 is used to draw a tree, what is the actual height of a tree whose height in
the drawing is 5 cm?
THINK
WRITE
Let the height of the tree be h.
The ratio of the length of the drawing to

5
the actual length of the tree is --- . At the
h
same time we know that the scale used
1
for the drawing is --------- . Equate these
100
two ratios to form a proportion.
Cross-multiply.
Find the value of h. (The units of length
for the object must be the same as the
units of length used for the drawing.)
Convert the height to the more
appropriate units and write the answer.
3
4
h = height of the tree

1
5
--------- = --100
h
1 h = 5 100
h = 500 cm
The actual height of the tree is 5 m.
A scale factor is used when we are enlarging or reducing figures. To obtain the lengths
of the enlarged (or reduced) shape, a scale factor is written as a fraction and then each
length of the original shape is multiplied by that fraction.
For example, to enlarge an original shape by using a scale factor of 2 : 1, we would
multiply each dimension of the shape by 2--1- . And to reduce an original shape by using a
scale factor of 1 : 2, we would multiply each length of the shape by 1--2- .
(Compare this with increasing or decreasing an amount in a given ratio. Can you see
any resemblance?)
WORKED Example 19
Find the new dimensions of a rectangle 3 cm 2 cm, if it is enlarged using a scale factor of
3 : 1.
THINK
1
Each dimension has to be enlarged by

3
the scale factor --- . So multiply each,
1
3
length and width by --- to find the
1
dimensions of the rectangle after the
enlargement.
Write the answer.
WRITE
3
New length = 3 --1
= 9 cm
3
New width = 2 --1
= 6 cm
The enlarged rectangle is 9 cm 6 cm.
219
remember
remember
1. Ratio scales are often used on maps and plans. The first number in a ratio scale
refers to the drawing, while the second number refers to the real object.
2. Ratio scales can be used for finding the size of the real object, when the size of
the drawing is known and vice versa. The given length and the length obtained
using the ratio scale are always in the same units.
3. Scale factors are used for enlarging or reducing figures. To find the new
dimensions of the object after enlargement or reduction, all the original
dimensions of the object are multiplied by the scale factor.
Scale drawing
6.7
SkillS
HEET
Math
Ratio
scales
sheet
L Spread
XCE
Example
cad
Map
scales
L Spread
XCE
Map
scales
(DIY)
sheet
1 Rewrite the following ratio scales using the most appropriate units.
a 1 : 10
b 1 : 100
c 1 : 1000
d 1 : 10 000
e 1 : 100 000
17
f 1 : 5000
g 1 : 60 000
h 1 : 400
i 1 : 750 000 j 1 : 2 200 000
2 Write the following as ratio scales.
a 1 cm 20 cm
b 1 cm 50 000 cm
c 1 cm 10 m
d 1 cm 200 m
e 1 cm 5 km
f 1 cm 50 km
g 1 cm 5.5 km
h 2 cm 2 km
i 2 cm 2.5 km
j 3 cm 6 km
3 On a town plan, the scale is given as 1 : 100 000.
a Find the actual distance between:
i two buildings which are 3 cm apart on the plan
ii two streets which are 5 cm apart on the plan
iii two houses which are 2 mm apart on the plan
iv two parks which are 6.5 cm apart on the plan
v the town hall and the high school which are 7.5 mm apart on the plan
vi two cinemas which are 2.8 mm apart on the plan.
b Find the distances on the plan between:
i two intersections which are 1 km apart
ii two department stores which are 200 m apart
iii an airport and a motel which are 15 km apart
iv a service station and a bank which are 2.5 km apart
v the northern and southern extremities which are 22 km apart
vi two shops which are 500 m apart.
WORKED
6G
220
4 If a scale of 1 : 50 is used to make each of the following drawings:

a what would be the width of the drawing of a house which is 25 m wide?
18
b what would be the height of the drawing of a man who is 2 m tall?
c what would be the dimensions of the drawing of a rectangular pool 50 m by 20 m?
d what would be the dimensions of the drawing of a table 4 m by 1.5 m?
e what is the actual height of a tree whose height in the drawing is 10 cm?
f what is the actual length of a truck whose length in the drawing is 25 cm?
g what are the dimensions of a television set whose dimensions on the drawing are
10 mm by 8 mm?
h what are the dimensions of a bed whose dimensions on the drawing are 4.5 cm long
by 3 cm wide by 1.2 cm high?
WORKED
Example
5 Referring to the plan of the house

shown at right, find:
a the dimensions of the lounge
b the width of the hallway
c the length of the garage
d the floor area of the
kitchen/living room
e the total floor area of the
largest bedroom.
(Hint: Use a ruler to find the
required lengths on the plan first.)
Kitchen/Living
Bedroom 1
Lounge
Linen
Laundry Bath Bedroom 3
WC
Bedroom 2
Scale 1:200
Garage
6 Find the new dimensions of the following shapes, if they are enlarged using the scale
factor shown.
19
a Rectangle 4 cm 3 cm
(scale factor 2 : 1)
b Square of side length 2 cm
c Square of side length 3 cm
d Circle with radius 1.5 cm
e Equilateral triangle with side length 6 cm
f Isosceles triangle with sides 4 cm, 4 cm, 7 cm
WORKED
Example
7 Calculate the new dimensions of the following shapes, when they are reduced with the
scale factor shown.
a Rectangle 6 cm 4 cm
b Square of side length 3 cm
c Circle with diameter 20 cm
d Equilateral triangle with side length 4 cm
e Isosceles triangle with sides 5 cm, 5 cm and 2 cm
8 Draw the original and the reduced shapes, described in question 7 parts a and b.
9 multiple choice
a On a map the scale is given as 5 cm represents 2.5 km. In ratio form, this would be:
A 1 : 0.5
B 1:5
C 1 : 50
D 1 : 5000
E 1 : 50 000
b A rectangle 8 cm by 6 cm is enlarged so that the new rectangle has an area of
108 cm2. The scale factor used was:
A 2:1
B 3:1
C 1:2
D 2:3
E 3:2
221
A
B
A national park ranger is

planning a survey. The
scale on her map is
1 : 20 000. She plans to
walk from A to B to C
and then back to A, as
shown on her map. How
far
will
she
walk
altogether?
A 6 km
B 7 km
C 8k
D 9 km
E 2 km
d This line from a map shows the 2 towns of Bampton and Cordwell. The towns are
actually 120 km apart. The scale on the map is:
A 1 : 120
B 1 : 40
Bampton
C 1 : 120 000
D 1 : 4 000 000
Cordwell
E 1 : 1 200 000
How high is that tree?

Consider Svetlanas problem from the start of the chapter. She has taken some
measurements and drawn a rough sketch of the situation (see page 189).
1 Why did she take the measurements on a sunny day?
2 Explain why the two triangles she has drawn are similar triangles.
3 Use these similar triangles to calculate the height of the tree.
4 The tree triangle is a larger version of the metre-ruler triangle. What scale
factor could be used on the smaller triangle to obtain the larger triangle?
Another way of calculating the height of the tree would have been to produce a
scale drawing of the tree triangle.
5 Consider the imaginary line running from the top of the tree or the metre ruler
to the end of the shadow along the ground. Explain why the angle that this line
makes with the ground is the same for each triangle.
6 Draw a scale drawing of the metre-ruler triangle and measure the angle.
7 Use the measured angle and produce a scale drawing of the tree triangle.
8 What measurement do you obtain for the height of the tree? Compare this with
the result obtained in part 3.
9 Try this investigation again by obtaining your own measurements to calculate
the height of a tree or other tall object. Remember that you need a sunny day!
222
Rates
Whether we like it or not, most things in life change, either over a short or long period
of time. Rates are a very important and useful concept to measure and compare how
different quantities change.
We usually write a rate using the word per or the slash /.
For example, the speed of a car is measured in kilometres per hour (km/h). The cost
of flour can be measured in dollars per kilogram ($/kg).
It is customary to write the rates in simplest form.
A rate is considered to be in its simplest form if it is per one unit.
For example, the rate 20 metres per 8 minutes can be expressed in simplest form as
2.5 metres per minute.
WORKED Example 20
Express the following statement using a rate in simplest form.
The 30 litre container was filled in 3 minutes.
THINK
1
WRITE
A suitable rate would be litres per minute

(L/min). Put the capacity of the container in
the numerator and the time in which it was
filled in the denominator of the fraction.
Simplify the fraction.
30 L
Rate = ------------3 min
10 L
= ------------1 min
= 10 L/min
WORKED Example 21
Joseph is paid $4.50 per hour as a casual worker. At this rate, how much does he receive
for 6 hours of work?
THINK
1
2
3
WRITE
The rate is given in $ per hour. So it actually

Payment per 1 hour = $4.50
tells us the amount of money earned in each
hour; that is, the hourly payment.
For how long did he work?
Hours worked = 6
To find the total payment, multiply the hourly
Total payment = $4.50 6
payment by the total number of hours worked.
= $27
remember
remember
1. Rates are used to measure and compare the changes in different quantities.
2. Rates are usually written using per, or a slash (/).
3. Rates are considered to be in simplest form if they are expressed per one unit
(for example per minute, per hour, per kg and so on).
6H
223
Rates
1 What quantities (such as distance, time, volume) are changing if the units of rate are:
a km/h?
b cm3/sec?
c L/km?
d $ per h?
e $ per cm?
f kL/min?
g cents/litre?
h $ per dozen?
i kg/year?
j cattle/hectare?
2 What units would you use to measure the changes taking place in each of the
following situations.
a A rainwater tank being filled
b A girl running a sprint race
c A boy getting taller
d A snail moving across a path
e An ink blot getting larger
f A car consuming fuel
g A batsman scoring runs
h A typist typing a letter
WORKED
Example
20
WORKED
Example
21
3 Express each of the following statements using a rate in simplest form.

a A lawn of 600 m2 was mown in 60 min.
b A tank of capacity 350 kL is filled in 70 min.
c A balloon of volume 4500 cm3 was inflated in 15 s.
d The cost of 10 L of fuel was $6.50.
e A car used 16 litres of petrol in travelling 200 km.
f A 12 m length of material cost $30.
g There were 20 cows grazing in a paddock
which was 5000 m2 in area.
h The gate receipts for a crowd of 20 000
people were $250 000.
i The cost of painting a 50 m2 area was $160.
j The cost of a 12 minute phone call was
$3.00.
k The team scored 384 points in 24 games.
l Last year 75 kg of fertilizer cost $405.
m The winner ran the 100 m in 12 s.
n To win, Australia needs to make 260 runs in 50
overs.
o For 6 hours work, Bill received $37.50.
p The 5.5 kg parcel cost $19.25 to post.
q Surprisingly, 780 words were typed in 15 minutes.
r From 6 am to 12 noon, the temperature changed from 10C to 22C.
s When Naoum was 10 years old he was 120 cm tall. When he was 18 years old he
was 172 cm tall.
t A cyclist left home at 8.30 am and at 11.00 am had travelled 40 km.
4 Sima is paid $7.50 per hour. At this rate, how much does she earn in a day on which
she works 7 hours?
5 A basketball player scores, on average, 22 points per match. How many points will he
score in a season in which he plays 18 matches?
6 Water flows from a hose at a rate of 3 L/min. How much water will flow in 2 h?
224
7 A cars fuel consumption is 11 L/100 km. How much fuel would it use in travelling
550 km?
8 To make a fertiliser solution, the directions recommend mixing 3 capfuls of fertiliser with
5 L of water. How many capfuls of fertiliser should be used to make 35 L of solution?
9 Anne can type 60 words per minute. How long will she take to type 4200 words?
10 Marie is paid $42 per day. For how long will she have to work to earn $504?
11 The rate of 1 teacher per 16 students is used to staff a school. How many teachers will
be required for a school with 784 students?
12 Land is valued at $42 per m2. How much land could be bought for $63 000?
13 On average, a test bowler took 1 wicket every 4.5 overs. How many wickets did he
take in a season in which he bowled 189 overs?
14 Tea bags in a supermarket can be bought for $1.06 per pack (pack of 10) or for $2.84
per pack (pack of 25). Which is the cheaper way of buying the tea bags?
15
Car A uses 41 L of petrol in travelling 500 km. Car B uses 34 L of petrol in travelling
400 km. Which car is the more economical?
16 Coffee can be bought in 250 g jars for $9.50 or in 100 g jars for $4.10. Which is the
cheaper way of buying the coffee and how large is the saving?
GAM
me
E ti
Ratios and
rates
002
17 multiple choice
a A case containing 720 apples was bought for $180. The cost could be written as:
A 30 cents each
B 20 cents each
C $3.00 per dozen
D $2.00 per dozen
E $2.80 for 10
b Mark, a test cricketer, has a batting strike rate of 68 which means he has made 68
runs for every 100 balls faced. What is Steves strike rate if he has faced 65 overs
and has made 280 runs? (Note: Each over contains 6 balls.)
A 65
B 68.2
C 71.8
D 73.2
E 74.1
c A carport measuring 8 m 4 m is to be paved. The paving tiles cost $36 per m2
and the tradesperson charges $12 per m2 to lay the tiles. How much will it cost to
pave the carport (to the nearest $50)?
A $1400
B $1450
C $1500
D $1550
E $1600
d A tank of capacity 50 kL is to be filled by a hose whose flow rate is 150 L/min.
If the tap is turned on at 8 am, when will the tank be filled?
A Between 1.00 pm and 1.30 pm
B Between 1.30 pm and 2.00 pm
C Between 2.00 pm and 2.30 pm
D Between 2.30 pm and 3.00 pm
E Between 3.00 pm and 3.30 pm
225
Who wrote
wrote Sherlock Holmes
Holmes?
Convert the information on the

left of the page to rates. Join the dots
next to the data and the corresponding rates with a
straight line. Each line will pass through a number
and letter giving the solution code.
20 km in 4 hours
H
3
45 litres in 3 hours
24 kg in 6 minutes
O
16
162 cars in 18 minutes

7 hrs to travel 203 km
120 kg in 6 hours
13
48 km in 1 day
3 L/h
6
9
29 km/h
15
D
B
N
7 kg/min
20 kg/h
17
8 km/h
12 cars/min
2 km/h
9
15
18 L/h
8 L/h
2 21 hrs to travel 20 km
14
16 kg/min
10
2 minute
13
24 cars/min
14
2 litres in 3 minutes
40 L/h
15 mins for 180 cars
12 km/h
2
R
9 cars/min
18
18 litres in 6 hours
3 cars/min
12
4 km in 20 minutes
8 kg in
420 kg in 1 hour
12 hrs to use 96 litres
5 km/h
4 kg/min
12 cars in 30 seconds
3 litres in 10 minutes
15 L/h
11
180 cars in 1 hour
10
10
5
9
15
11
16
6
12
14
17
18
226
Speed
If we travelled from Sydney to Melbourne and someone asked our speed for the trip,
we could answer that it was continually changing and therefore we didnt know.
However, we could tell them our average speed for the trip.
The average speed is an important rate and can be calculated using the formula:
distance travelled
Average speed = --------------------------------------------time taken
distance
Corresponding to the ratio ------------------- , the units of measurement for speed contain units
time
of length in the numerator and units of time in the denominator (for example, km/h,
m/min, cm/s).
The speed of a car is usually measured in km/h. If we were measuring the speed of
an athlete running a distance of 200 m, it would be more appropriate to use the unit m/s
(metres per second).
WORKED Example 22
Calculate the average speed of a train which travels 550 km in 10 h.

THINK
1
Write the formula for calculating

average speed.
Substitute the values for the distance

and time into the formula and evaluate.
WRITE
distance travelled
Average speed = -----------------------------------------time taken
550 km
= -----------------10 h
55 km
= --------------1h
= 55 km/h
227
WORKED Example 23
Express the speed of 60 km/h in m/s.
THINK
WRITE
Write the speed in fraction form.
Convert the given units to the required

units change kilometres to metres
and hours to seconds.
Simplify.
60 km
Speed = --------------1h
60000 m
= --------------------3600 s
= 16 2--3- m/s
remember
remember
1. Average speed is an important rate which can be calculated if the distance
travelled and the time taken are known.
distance travelled
2. Average speed = -----------------------------------------time taken
3. Speed is measured in units such as km/h, m/min, cm/s and so on.
6I
Speed
cad
Math
2 Calculate the average speed (in km/h) for

each of the following.
a A car travels 40 km in 30 min.
b A car travels 200 km in
2 h 30 min.
c A car travels 60 km in
45 min.
d A jet travels 2625 km in 3 h 30 min.
Speed
converter
L Spread
XCE
Speed
converter
HEET
SkillS
Example
sheet
1 Calculate the average speed (in km/h) in each of the following cases.
a A car travels 400 km in 5 h.
22
b A jet travels 1600 km in 2 h.
c The winner of a motorbike race takes 3 h to travel 450 km.
d A marathon runner takes 3 h to run 42 km.
e A train travels 495 km in 11 h.
f A cyclist rides 66 km in 4 h.
g An aeroplane travels 875 km in 3.5 h.
h A triathlete walks 5000 m in half an hour.
i A bus travels 532 km in 5.6 h.
j Sound travels 305 km in a quarter of an
hour.
WORKED
6.8
228
e
f
g
h
i
j
A walker walks 10 km in 1 h 15 min.

A motorbike travels 75 km in 40 min.
A horse gallops 3 km in 3 min.
A racing car completes a lap of 3 km in 1 min.
A rally driver completes a course of 1500 km in 18 h 45 min. Note: Express the
speed as a whole number.
A cyclist rides 500 m in 1 min.
3 Find the distance travelled in each of the following.

a A cyclist rides for 2 h at a speed of 18 km/h.
b A car travels at 85 km/h for 3 h.
c Malka rides her motorbike for 2 h 30 min at 140 km/h.
d The Sunlander travels at 80 km/h for 5 h 45 min.
e An aeroplane travels at 360 km/h for 1 hour 15 min.
4 Find the time taken for each of the following trips.
a A car travels 400 km at 80 km/h.
b A cyclist rides for 50 km at 10 km/h.
c A train travels 560 km at 80 km/h.
d A jet travels 3000 km at 750 km/h.
e A woman jogs for 5 km at 10 km/h.
5 Express each of the following speeds in m/s.
a 36 km/h
23
b 72 km/h
c 54 km/h
d 90 km/h
e 180 km/h
WORKED
Example
Distance (km)
6 The graph at right is a distancetime graph, showing

Joes trip on his motorbike.
a Calculate Joes average speed.
b If he continued at this average speed, how far
would he travel in 7 h?
c If he continued at this speed, how long (to the
nearest quarter-hour) would it take him to ride
400 km?
280
210
140
70
0
0
2
3
Time (h)
10
0
8 am
Ka
te
Distance (km)
7 At 8 am, Rob sets off from a starting point to canoe down a river. At 10 am, Kate sets
off from the same starting point in her motorboat. The graph below shows their
journeys.
a What is Robs average speed?
b When Kate passes Rob:
i what time is it?
40
ii how far from the starting point are they?
30
c Rob and Kate have agreed to meet at a
point 80 km from the starting point. At what
b
20
Ro
time will Kate arrive at this meeting point?
10 am 12 noon
2 pm
9 am
11 am
1 pm
Time (hours)
229
8 Below is a graph, showing a bushwalkers hike. Write a short story describing her hike.
Distance (km)
20
16
12
8
4
0
3
4
Time (h)
QUEST
GE
EN
M AT H
Distance (km)
9 multiple choice
a Over a short distance, an emu can reach a speed of 30 m/s. This is approximately:
A 60 km/h
B 80 km/h
C 90 km/h
D 100 km/h E 110 km/h
b On his way from home to school (a distance of 2.5 km), a boy rides at 6 km/h for
20 min and walks the rest of the way at 3 km/h. His average speed for the whole trip
is:
A 3 km/h
B 4.5 km/h
C 5 km/h
D 6 km/h
E 9 km/h
c The graph of a cars journey is shown at right.
Which of the following is true?
A The car travelled at a constant speed for the
journey.
B The car travelled some distance, then stopped,
and then travelled the rest of the journey at a
slower pace.
Time (h)
C The car travelled some distance, slowed down and
then increased its speed.
D The car went very fast for some time then slowed down.
E The car travelled a certain distance, then stopped, and then returned home.
d One route from Melbourne to Sydney is 950 km. Car A leaves Melbourne travelling
at 90 km/h and Car B leaves Sydney travelling on the same route at 100 km/h.
Where will the cars pass each other?
A 500 km from Sydney
B 450 km from Sydney
C 600 km from Sydney
D 600 km from Melbourne
E 550 km from Melbourne
CH
AL
1 Lachlan was driven from Richmond to Kinglake National Park, a

distance of 60 km, at an average speed of 80 km/h. He cycled back at an
average speed of 20 km/h. What was his average speed for the whole
journey? (Hint: It is not 50 km/h.)
2 The speed of the Endeavour space shuttle while in orbit was 17 400
miles per hour. What is this in km/h? (1 kilometre = 0.62 miles)
3 The rate of ascent for the Endeavour space shuttle is 71 miles in 8.5
minutes.
a What speed is this in km/min?
b What speed is this in km/h?
Work
ET
SHE
6.3
230
summary
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Copy the sentences below. Fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word or
expression from the word list that follows.
Ratios compare
of the same kind.
Ratios contain only
and do not contain a name, or units.
The
of the numbers in a ratio is important.
Before ratios are written, the numbers must be expressed in
.
Ratios can be simplified by dividing each number by the
.
If each number in the ratio is multiplied/divided by the same number, the
resultant ratio is
to the original ratio.
Proportion is a statement of
of the two ratios.
In any proportion the products of the
are equal.
The process of finding such products is called cross-multiplication.
To compare the ratios, express them in a fractional form, then compare
fractions by writing them with a
.
Gradient measures the
of a hill and can be calculated by
finding the ratio of the vertical distance and the horizontal distance
between any two points on the hill.
The larger the
is, the steeper the hill.
Similar figures have exactly the same shape, but
.
The ratios of
in similar figures are equal.
Multiplying a quantity by a ratio greater than 1 causes it to
,
while multiplying by a ratio smaller than 1 causes a quantity to
.
To share a quantity in a given ratio, first the
must be found.
Ratio scales are used in maps and plans. The first number represents the
, while the second number represents the
.
To obtain the dimensions of an enlarged or reduced object, the original
dimensions are multiplied by the
, expressed as a fraction.
Rates are used to measure and compare the changes in
and
are written using the word per, or a slash (/).
Average speed is an important rate and is calculated by finding the
of the total distance travelled and the time taken.
WORD
scale factor
steepness
order
ratio
decrease
highest common
factor
LIST
numbers
diagonally across
from each other
different size
increase
the same units of
measurement
gradient
total number of
parts
corresponding
sides
drawing
quantities
actual object
different quantities
whole numbers
equality
equivalent
common
denominator
231
CHAPTER
review
1 On a farm there are 5 dogs, 3 cats, 17 cows and a horse. Write down the following ratios.
a cats : dogs
b horses : cows
c cows : cats
d dogs : horses
e dogs : other animals
6A
2 Express each of the following ratios in simplest form.

a 8 : 16
b 24 : 36
6B
d $2 : 60 cents
e 20 s : 1 1--2- min
3 Find the value of n in each of the following proportions.

n
20
n
5
a --- = -----b ------ = --3
15
28
7
4
12
6
5
d --- = -----e --- = --5
n
n
8
35 mm : 10 cm
1
-----12
c
f
: 1--3-
2
8
--- = --3
n
3
n
------ = --10
4
6C
4 The directions for making lime cordial require the mixing of 1 part cordial to 6 parts of
water.
a Express this as a ratio.
b How much cordial would you have to mix with 9 L of water?
6C
5 Which is the greater ratio?

4 2
a --- , --5 3
6D
7 5
b ------ , --12 8
6 The horizontal and the vertical distances between the top and bottom points of slide A are
3 m and 2 m respectively. For slide B the horizontal distance between the top and bottom
points is 10 m, while the vertical distance is 4 m.
a Calculate the gradients of slide A and slide B.
b Which slide is steeper? Justify your answer.
6D
7 Two isosceles triangles are similar. In the smaller triangle, the two equal sides are each 4 cm
long and the base is 3 cm long. The base of the larger triangle is 4.5 cm long. Find:
a the length of each of the two equal sides of the larger triangle
b the perimeter of the larger triangle.
6D
4
8 Reduce 70 kg in the ratio --- .
5
9 Seraphimas salary of $38 000 has recently been increased by one-fifth. What is her new
salary?
10 Divide $25 in the ratio 2 : 3.
11 Three people share a Tatts Lotto prize
of $6600 in the ratio 4 : 5 : 6. What is
the difference between the smallest and
largest shares?
6E
6E
6F
6F
232
6G
12 Change each of the following to a ratio scale:

a 1 cm represents 1 m
c 2 cm represents 5 km
6G
13 On a town plan the scale is given as 1 : 50 000.

a How far apart are the two buildings, which are 2 cm apart on the plan?
b A statue in a park is 5 km from the town boundary. How far would this be on the plan?
6H
14 Davids car has a fuel consumption rate of 12 km/L while Susans car has a fuel
consumption rate of 11 km/L.
a Which car is the more economical?
b How far can Davids car travel on 36 L of fuel?
c How much fuel (to the nearest litre) would Susans car use in travelling 460 km?
6H
15 A 1 kg packet of flour costs $2.80 and a 750 g packet costs $2.20. Which is the cheaper way
of buying flour?
6I
16 A 737 jet travels a journey of 2250 km in 2 h 30 min. Calculate its speed in:
a km/h
b m/s.
6I
17 A cyclist riding at 12 km/h completes a race in 3 h 45 min.

a What is the distance of the race?
b At what speed would he have to ride to complete the race in 3 h?
test
yourself
CHAPTER
b 1 cm represents 1 km
d 3 cm represents 60 km.

CH 06

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MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 189 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 190 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 191 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Chapter 6 Ratios and rates

a Count the number of crosses and the

b Count the number of noughts and the

Express both quantities in the same

Omit the units and write the 2 numbers

Ratios compare quantities of the same kind.

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 192 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

5 Rewrite each of the following statements as a ratio.

6 Out of 100 people selected for a school survey, 59

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 193 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Chapter 6 Ratios and rates

7 Write each of the following, using a mathematical ratio.

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 194 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Copy the ratio in your workbook. What is the largest 16 : 24

Write down the question.

Graphics Calculator tip!

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 195 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Chapter 6 Ratios and rates

Before we write a ratio, we need the

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 196 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

1 Express each ratio in simplest form.

2 Complete the patterns of equivalent ratios.

3 Write the following ratios in simplest form.

4 Compare the following, using a mathematical ratio (in simplest form):

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 197 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Chapter 6 Ratios and rates

6 In a primary school that

7 Write the following ratios in simplest form:

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 198 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Write the ratios in fraction form.

Write the proportion statement.

Cross-multiply and equate the products.

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 199 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Chapter 6 Ratios and rates

Let the number of boys be b and write a

Write the answer.

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 200 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

2 Find the value of a in each of the following proportions.

3 Write a proportion statement for each of the following situations.

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 201 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Chapter 6 Ratios and rates

the following proportion statements. Write your

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 202 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 203 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Chapter 6 Ratios and rates

2 21 4 45 3 43 721 451 451 721

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 204 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Maths Quest 8 for Victoria

Write each ratio in fraction form.

Change each fraction to the lowest common

Compare the fractions: since both fractions

MQ 8 Ch 06 Page 205 Thursday, December 7, 2000 2:55 PM

Chapter 6 Ratios and rates