CH 14

Dealing
with data
14
Daniel conducted a survey
of his class to record the
number of people in each
classmates family. His
results were: 3, 6, 7, 5, 4, 4,
7, 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 6, 5, 5, 3,
3, 4, 6, 4, 4, 5. How many
families contain 3 people?
What family size is the most
common? The data as listed
are difficult to work with so
we need to present them in
a way that makes them
easier to analyse. This
chapter looks at dealing
with data in different ways.
554
Maths Quest 7 for Victoria
Introduction
Our world is becoming increasingly complex. Data or numerical information are used
in almost every occupation and are very much a part of everyday life.
The skills needed to collect, summarise and interpret data are therefore important so
we can understand the use of data in newspapers, on television and in our future
education and careers.
Reading graphs
Graphs are a very useful way of displaying data, or numerical information. Newspapers
regularly contain graphs to show us certain types of data. Use of graphs makes the data
easier to understand than written information. The reasons for this are obvious. Pictures
and images are often quicker to read and digest than paragraphs of writing.
However, without skills in reading graphs, we may receive the wrong impression
from a graph or may have little understanding of what it is showing. This section of the
chapter will focus on the use of graphs, reading them accurately and understanding
what they can and cannot tell the reader.
All graphs should have the following features:
1. a title to tell us what the graph is about
2. clear labels for the axes to explain what is being shown
3. evenly scaled axes if the graph has numerical axes, they must have a scale,
which must stay constant for the length of the axes and the units that are being
used should be indicated
4 legends these are not always necessary, but are necessary when any symbols
or colours are used to show some element of the graph.
555
Chapter 14 Dealing with data
To complete the following exercise, you will need to look very carefully at the graphs
given for each question. Answering the questions will help you to understand more
about the process of reading graphs.
remember
remember
All graphs should have the following features:
1. a title
2. clearly labelled and evenly scaled axes
3. legends when any symbols or colours are used to show some element of the
graph.
14A
Reading graphs
Bill total
1 Telephone bills often include a

Telephone bills April 1999April 2000
graph showing how much your
$160.00
previous bill totals. Use the
$140.00
column graph at right to answer
$120.00
the following questions.
$100.00
a What is the title of this graph?
b What is the horizontal axis
$80.00
label?
$60.00
c What is the vertical axis label?
$40.00
d How often does this person
$20.00
receive a phone bill?
$0.00
e In which month was the bill
04/99 07/99 10/99
1/00
4/00
the highest?
Months (April 99April 00)
f Was each bill for roughly the
Total of bill
same amount?
g If you answered yes to part f, approximately how much was the amount?
h Why would it be useful to receive a graph like this with your phone bill?
i If the next bill was for $240.09, would this be normal? Why?
j How much (approximately) do phone calls from this phone cost per month?
2 Samantha and Thomas surveyed students
from their school to find out how they
travelled to school each day. Their results
are shown in the pie graph at right.
a How many students were surveyed?
b What is the most common method of
transport?
c What is the least common method of
transport?
Method of transport used to go to school

Combination (17)
Walk (78)
Bus (85)
Ride bike (42)
Car (25)
Tram (64)
Train (45)
d In which sector of the pie graph would a person who used both tram and train be
recorded?
e
i How many students travelled by car?
ii Write this amount as a fraction of the total number of students surveyed.
iii What percentage of students travelled by car?
f How many more students travelled by tram than by bike?
3 An apple producer records her sales for a 12-week period.
Apple sales over a 12week period
70
60
Number of boxes sold
50
40
30
20
10
0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Week number
a
b
c
d
How many boxes were sold in the first week?

How many boxes were sold in the fifth week?
How many boxes were sold in the eighth week?
The values for some weeks may be unusual. Which ones might be unusual?
Explain your answer.
e What might cause unusual values in a graph like this?
f Does the graph indicate that apple sales are improving? Explain your answer.
4 The number of cars speeding at various locations were recorded on a particular day.
The results are shown in the graph below.
Percentage of speeding cars
at 7 locations in Melbourne
Percentage
of speeding cars
556
Code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
50
40
30
20
10
0
Legend
3 4 5 6
Locations
Location
Monash Freeway, Glen Iris
Monash Freeway, Mulgrave
Maroondah Highway, Ringwood
Mt Alexander Rd, Essendon
Springvale Rd, Springvale
Nepean Highway, Carrum
Sydney Rd, Coburg
557
a
b
c
d
At which location was the percentage of speeding cars greatest?

What was the percentage of speeding cars there?
Can we tell how many cars were speeding there?
Why has the percentage of speeding cars, rather than number of speeding cars,
been graphed?
e Why might the percentage of speeding cars be so much larger in locations 1 and 2?
f Do we know from the graph what the speed limits were in each location?
g Do we know from the graph by how much the cars exceeded the speed limit?
5 Jemima and Stephen counted the cars in
Car colours in car park
the supermarket car park, dividing them
Other (11)
into colour categories. Their results are
Red (21)
Orange (3)
shown in the graph at right.
a What was the most common colour?
Brown (18)
b What was the least common colour?
Green (15)
c How many cars were blue?
d How many more green cars were
Blue (12)
there than yellow cars?
Yellow (5)
e
i How would we represent zero
White (34)
(or no) cars of a particular colour
using this graph?
ii What type of graph could be used to represent no cars of a particular colour
category?
f How many cars were in the car park altogether?
g Why would there be a category called other?
6 This line graph shows the change in the value of some shares on the stock market over
a day.
Price ($)
Change in the value of shares from 10 am to 4 pm

$1.66
$1.64
$1.62
$1.60
$1.58
$1.56
$1.54
$1.52
$1.50
10.00 am
12.00 pm
2.00 pm
4.00 pm
Time
a How is this graph different from a bar or column graph? (Column graphs are used
in questions 1, 3 and 4.)
b What was the share price at 10.00 am?
c What was the share price at 4.00 pm?
d Did the price rise continually throughout the day?
e Why is a line graph useful to show changes over time?
7 The chart at the top of page 558 displays the climate of Melbourne, based on average
monthly maximum temperatures and average daily rainfall for each month. The
temperature is recorded in degrees Celsius and the rainfall in millimetres.
70.0
60.0
60.0
50.0
50.0
40.0
40.0
30.0
30.0
20.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
Ja
n
Fe uary
br
ua
r
M y
ar
ch
A
pr
il
M
ay
Ju
ne
Ju
A ly
Se ugu
pt st
em
O ber
c
N tob
ov er
e
D mb
ec er
em
be
r
70.0
Rainfall (mm)
Rainfall and temperature in Melbourne

over a period of 12 months
Temperature (C)
Month
Average monthly
maximum temperature (C)
a
b
c
d
e
Average rainfall (mm)
In which month(s) is the average temperature highest?

In which month(s) is the temperature lowest?
In which month(s) is the rainfall highest?
In which month is the rainfall lowest?
With each of the 4 seasons, we expect particular characteristics. For example, in
summer, we expect high temperatures and low rainfall. What does the graph show
about the characteristics of:
i autumn (March, April, May)?
ii winter (June, July, August)?
iii spring (September, October, November)?
8 In their physical education class the girls in a Year 7 class were asked to sprint for 10
seconds. The teacher recorded their results on 2 different days. They are shown in the
graph at right.
Distances run by 8 students on 1 April and 29 April
80.0
70.0
Distance (m)
60.0
50.0
40.0
Pa
ula
Ja
ne
t
M
eli
ssa
Ra
ch
el
Sa
m
an
tha
Sa
rah
Be
tty
30.0
He
len
558
Name of student
1 April
29 April
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Why are there 2 columns for each girl?

Which girl ran the fastest on either day?
How far did she run on each day?
Which girl improved the most?
Were there any students who did not improve? Who were they?
Could this graph be misleading in any way? Explain your answer.
Why might the graphs vertical axis start at 30 m?
559
Data and frequency tables

Throughout this chapter we will come across various types of data so it is important to
be able to distinguish one from the other.
Discrete data:
data which take on exact values that may be counted; an example
includes the number of goals kicked by a football team.
Continuous data: data which take on any value and are able to be measured; an
example includes the height of students in your mathematics class.
Categorical data: data which involve grouping or classifying things; an example
includes hair colour.
Ordinal data:
data which involve a rating or ranking; an example includes your
report card where the grade scale may range from A+ to F.
1. Discrete and continuous data are numerical (that is, the data are expressed as
numbers).
2. Categorical and ordinal data are non-numerical (that is, the data are expressed
as words).
3. Frequency is the number of times a result or piece of data occurs.
Frequency tables
In collecting, organising and displaying your own data, the first step is to understand
how to gather the information in an organised way so it is easier to display later. To do
this we often use tables, such as frequency distribution tables or spreadsheets, to record
the information in a systematic way. The frequency distribution table consists of 3
columns headed category, tally and frequency.
WORKED Example 1
Janet decided to survey her class about their favourite type of drink. She asked each
member of the class to name their favourite drink and recorded the results. Here are the
results of her survey: water, Coke, Sprite, Coke, Fanta, Pepsi, Fanta, Pepsi, Pepsi, Coke,
Coke, water, Deep Spring, Diet Coke, Coke, orange juice, Pepsi, Coke, Pepsi, Pepsi, water,
water, Pepsi, lemonade, Fanta, Coke.
a Can you see any problems with the way Janet has displayed the data?
b Organise Janets results into a frequency table to show how many people liked each
drink.
c From the frequency table, find:
i the number of students surveyed
ii the most popular drink
iii the least popular drink.
THINK
WRITE
a Look at the results and comment on how

the data are presented and organised.
a The data are organised haphazardly; that is,

there is no particular order or pattern. It is
difficult to see how many types of drinks
there are or how many drinks of each type
were voted on. The data look very messy.
Continued over page
560
THINK
WRITE
4
5
Draw up a frequency distribution

table comprising 3 columns, headed:
category (in this case, drink), tally
and frequency; that is, the total
number of results for a particular
category.
In the first column, list the possible
types of drinks; that is, water, Coke
etc.
Systematically go through the results
and place a stroke in the tally
column each time a particular drink
is noted. Note: A score of 5 is
denoted as a gatepost (that is, 4
vertical strokes and one diagonal
stroke | | | | ).
Write the total tally of strokes for
each drink in the frequency column.
Calculate the total of the frequency
column.
c iii The total of the frequency column

gives us the number of students
surveyed.
iii 1 Make note of the highest value in
the frequency column and check
which drink it corresponds to.
Note: There may be more than
one answer.
2 Answer the question.
iii
Make note of the lowest value in

the frequency column and check
which drink it corresponds to.
Note: There may be more than
one answer.
Answer the question.
Drink
Water
Coke
Sprite
Fanta
Pepsi
Deep Spring
Diet Coke
Orange juice
Lemonade
Tally
Frequency
4
7
1
3
7
1
1
1
1
||||
|||| ||
|
|||
|||| ||
|
|
|
|
Total
26
c iii A total of 26 students were surveyed.

iii Coke and Pepsi have the highest
frequency; that is, a value of 7.
The most popular drinks are Coke and

Pepsi.
iii Sprite, Deep Spring, Diet Coke, orange

juice and lemonade have the lowest
The least popular drinks are Sprite,

Deep Spring, Diet Coke, orange juice
and lemonade.
In worked example 1, Janet would have found her task of recording results easier if she
had started with a table and kept a tally (or count) as she went. She might not have
thought of all possibilities of answers but she could have left extra spaces for these.
561
Sometimes, due to the nature of our survey, the data may contain far too many individual, numerical values. Rather than construct a frequency distribution table which
lists each individual value, we use a range of values, called a class interval, as our
category. For example, the range 100104 may be used to cater for all the values that
lie within the range and include 100 and 104. Similarly 105109 may be used to cater
for all the values that lie within and include 105 and 109.
WORKED Example 2
The data below show the ages of a number of mobile phone owners:
12, 11, 21, 12, 30, 26, 13, 15, 29, 16, 17, 17, 17, 21, 19, 12, 14, 16, 43, 18, 51, 25, 30, 28,
33, 62, 39, 40, 30, 18, 19, 41, 22, 21, 48, 31, 33, 33, 34, 41, 18, 17, 31, 43, 42, 17, 46, 23,
24, 33, 27, 31, 53, 52, 25
a Draw up a frequency table to classify the given data. Use a class interval of 10; that is,
ages 1120, 2130 etc, as each category.
b How many people were surveyed?
c Which age group had the largest number of people with mobile phones?
d Which age group had the least number of people with mobile phones?
e How many people in the 2130 age group own a mobile phone?
THINK
a
1
2
3
WRITE
Draw up a frequency distribution table. a

In the first column, list the possible
Age
age groups; that is, 1120, 2130 etc.
group
Systematically go through the results
1120
and place a stroke in the tally
2130
column each time a particular age
3140
group is noted.
4150
Write the total tally of strokes for
5160
each age group in the frequency
over 60
column.
Calculate the total of the frequency
column.
Tally
||||
||||
||||
||||
|||
|
Frequency
|||| |||| ||||

|||| ||||
||||
||
19
15
10
7
3
1
Total
55
b The total of the frequency column gives

us the number of people surveyed.
b A total of 55 people were surveyed.
c The 1120 age group has the highest

Make note of the highest value in the

frequency column and check which
age group it corresponds to.
The 1120 age group has the most number

of people with mobile phones.
Continued over page
562
THINK
WRITE
Make note of the lowest value in the

frequency column and check which age
group it corresponds to. Note: There
may be more than one answer.
d The over 60 age group has the lowest

Check the 2130 age group in the table

to see which frequency value
corresponds to this age group.
e The 2130 age group has a corresponding

frequency of 15.
The over 60 age group has the least

number of people with mobile phones.
Fifteen people in the 2130 age group

own a mobile phone.
remember
remember
1. Frequency is the number of times a result or piece of data occurs.
2. A frequency distribution table consists of 3 columns, headed category, tally and
frequency.
14B
Data and frequency tables
1 Classify each of the following as discrete, continuous, categorical or ordinal. Provide

an explanation of your reasoning.
a The make and model of cars in the car park
b The life span of a fly
c Australias credit rating
d The number of participants in an aerobic class
2 Jane has partly completed the following frequency distribution tables. Using the data
available, complete each of the following tables for her.
a
Colour
Tally
Frequency
Blue
Green
Red
Yellow
|||| |||| ||
|||| ||
||||
|||| |||
12
Total
31
Fruit
Apple
Pear
Banana
Mango
Pineapple
Tally
16
|||| |
|||| |||| ||||
28
Total
WORKED
Example
Frequency
90
3 Rosemary decided to survey the participants of her local gym about their preferred
sport. She asked each participant to name one preferred sport and recorded her results:
hockey, cricket, cricket, tennis, scuba diving, netball, tennis, netball, swimming,
563
netball, tennis, hockey, cricket, lacrosse, lawn bowls, hockey, swimming, netball,
tennis, netball, cricket, tennis, hockey, lacrosse, swimming, lawn bowls, swimming,
swimming, netball, netball, tennis, golf, hockey, hockey, lacrosse, swimming, golf,
hockey, netball, swimming, scuba diving, scuba diving, golf, tennis, cricket, cricket,
hockey, lacrosse, netball, golf.
a Can you see any problems with the way Rosemary has displayed the data?
b Organise Rosemarys results into a frequency table to show the participants preferred sports.
c From the frequency table, find:
i the most preferred sport
ii the least preferred sport.
d Did any sport(s) have the same frequency?
4 Complete a frequency table for the following data from a study of the wildlife found
in an area. The animals observed were:
rabbit, rabbit, wallaby, numbat, rabbit, wombat, wallaby, tiger snake, wallaby, wallaby, rabbit, emu, rabbit, wallaby, kangaroo, wallaby, wombat, rabbit, kangaroo, redbellied black snake, rabbit, emu, wallaby
5 Complete a frequency table for the following data detailing how many catches a
wicket-keeper took in her last 45 innings.
6, 3, 2, 4, 7, 4, 6, 2, 5, 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 0, 5, 4, 4, 3, 6, 1, 0, 2,
3, 5, 7, 6, 2, 4, 1, 3, 2, 9, 4, 6, 7, 5, 4, 3, 2, 4, 1, 0, 1, 5
6 Simone asked her friends how many people there were in their families and obtained
these data: 5, 4, 7, 5, 3, 4, 5, 7, 2, 3, 6, 4.
Construct a frequency table for these data.
WORKED
Example
7 Draw up a frequency table to classify the following data on house prices. Use a range
of values (such as $100 000$109 000) as each category. The values are: $100 000,
$105 000, $110 000, $150 000, $155 000, $106 000, $165 000, $148 000, $165 000,
$200 000, $195 000, $138 000, $142 000, $153 000, $173 000, $149 000, $182 000,
$186 000.
8 Draw up a frequency table to classify the following data on students heights. Use a
range of values (such as 140144) as each category.
The values are: 168 cm, 143 cm, 145 cm, 151 cm, 153 cm, 148 cm, 166 cm, 147 cm,
160 cm, 162 cm, 175 cm, 168 cm, 143 cm, 150 cm, 160 cm, 180 cm, 146 cm, 158 cm,
149 cm, 169 cm, 167 cm, 167 cm, 163 cm, 172 cm, 148 cm, 151 cm, 170 cm, 160 cm.
9 Complete a frequency table for all vowels in the following paragraphs.
Australian Rules Football is a ball game played by two teams of eighteen players with
an ellipsoid ball on a large oval field with four upright posts at each end. Each team
attempts to score points by kicking the ball through the appropriate posts (goals) and
prevent their opponents from scoring. The team scoring the most points in a given
time is the winner. Usually this period is divided into four quarters of play.
Play begins at the beginning of a quarter or after a goal, with a tap contest between
two opposing players (rucks) in the centre of the ground after the umpire either
throws the ball up or bounces it down.
564
Questions 10, 11 and 12 refer to the following information.

A real-estate agent has listed all the properties sold in the area in the last month as
shown below. She wants to know what has been the most popular type of property from
the following: 2 bedroom house, 4 bedroom house, 3 bedroom house, 2 bedroom unit,
4 bedroom house, 1 bedroom unit, 3 bedroom house, 2 bedroom unit, 3 bedroom
house, 1 bedroom unit, 2 bedroom unit, 3 bedroom house, 3 bedroom house, 3 bedroom house, 2 bedroom unit, 1 bedroom unit.
10 Complete a frequency table for the list given and work out which type of property was
most popular.
11 multiple choice
The least popular type of property is the:
A 1 bedroom unit
B 2 bedroom unit
D 3 bedroom house
E 4 bedroom house
C 2 bedroom house
12 multiple choice
The property which is half as popular as a 2 bedroom unit is the:
A 4 bedroom house
B 3 bedroom house
C 2 bedroom house
D 1 bedroom unit
E none of these
13 multiple choice
The frequency column of the frequency table will:
A add up to the total number of categories
B add up to the total number of results given
C add up to the total of the category values
D display the tally
E none of these
How do they rate?

1. Determine the most popular television show among the students in your class
by conducting a survey.
(a) Draw up a frequency table of the results.
(b) Which television show was the most popular?
(c) Which television show was the least popular?
(d) Were any of the television shows equally popular?
(e) Were there any students who did not have a favourite television show?
2. Plan and conduct a survey of each student in your class. Rate 4 different pop
groups or performers (of your choice) on a scale ranging from excellent to very
poor.
(a) Comment on how the survey was conducted including information on:
(i) the categories by which the performers were assessed
(ii) the scale indicators
(iii) any difficulties encountered.
(b) Draw up a frequency table of the results.
(c) Comment on the results obtained.
565
Column and bar graphs

Column and bar graphs are the simplest types of graphs we can use to show the
results of data collection. We use categories to divide our results into groups and we
count the number of results (frequency) for each category to graph them. It is easiest to
graph a set of data when you have completed a frequency table. A frequency table
makes the information you need easy to read.
Column graphs
Column graphs should be presented on graph paper and have:
1. a title
2. labelled axes which are clearly and evenly scaled
3. columns of the same width
4. an even gap between each column
5. the first column beginning half a unit (that is, half the column width) from the
vertical axis.
WORKED Example 3
Beth surveyed the students in her class to find out their preferences for the school uniform.
Her results are shown in the table below.
Type of uniform
White shirt and black skirt/trousers
Blue shirt and black skirt/trousers
Blue shirt and navy skirt/trousers
White shirt and navy skirt/trousers
Tally
Frequency
|||| |||
||||
|||| |||| ||
||||
8
4
12
5
Total
29
Construct a column graph to display the results.
4
5
Rule up a set of axes on graph paper. Provide a

title for the graph. Label the horizontal and
vertical axes.
Scale the horizontal and vertical axes. Note:
Leave a half interval at the beginning and end of
the graph; that is, begin the first column half a
unit from the vertical axis.
Draw the first column so that it reaches a
vertical height corresponding to 8 people. Label
the section of the axis below the column as
White shirt and black skirt/trousers.
Leave a gap (measuring one column width)
between the first column and the second column.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each of the
remaining uniform types.
DRAW
Uniform preferences
Number of people
bl Wh
in favour
ac it
k es
sk h
irt irt
/
bl Bl trou and
ac ue
k s sers
sk hi
irt rt
/ a
na Bl trou nd
vy ue se
sk shi rs
irt rt
/t a
na Wh rou nd
vy ite se
sk sh rs
irt irt
/tr a
ou nd
se
rs
THINK
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
566
Bar graphs
Bar graphs are drawn in a similar manner to column graphs. However, there is one
major difference. To draw a bar graph, numbers are placed on the horizontal axis and
categories on the vertical axis. Therefore, instead of having vertical columns we have
horizontal bars.
When drawing bar graphs, they should be presented on graph paper and have:
1. a title
2. labelled axes which are clearly and evenly scaled
3. horizontal bars of the same width
4. an even gap between each horizontal bar
5. the first horizontal bar beginning half a unit (that is, half the bar width) above
the horizontal axis.
WORKED Example 4
This table shows the weekly expenses of a
typical Australian family. Construct a bar
graph to display the following data.
Item
Food and drink
Rent or mortgage
Transport
Clothing
Recreation
Other
Amount ($)
140
200
70
50
70
160
THINK
1
4
5
Rule up a set of axes on graph paper.

Provide a title for the graph and label
the axes.
Scale the horizontal and vertical axes.
Note: Leave a half interval at the
beginning and end of the graph; that is,
begin the first horizontal bar half a unit
above the horizontal axis.
Draw the first horizontal bar so that it
reaches a horizontal distance
corresponding to $140. Label the
section of the axis beside the horizontal
bar as Food and drink.
Leave a gap between the first horizontal
bar and the second horizontal bar.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each of the
remaining items.
DRAW
Weekly expenses on various items
Other
Recreation
Clothing
Transport
Rent or
mortgage
Food and
drink
0
40 80 120 160 200

Amount ($)
567
Double graphs
To compare two sets of data relating to the same topic at the same time, we use double
graphs. We may use double graphs when comparing a students performance in the
middle of the year and then again at the end of the year, or prices of products during
different times of the year, such as hotel accommodation at peak (holiday) and off-peak
periods.
WORKED Example 5
Construct a double column graph to display the following data, showing students
examination results in June and December. Comment on how the June results compare
with the December results.
Results obtained in
June (%)
Results obtained in
December (%)
Peter
58
68
Janet
68
75
Freda
75
80
Percy
84
86
Simone
95
97
Gertrude
63
60
THINK
1
Rule up a set of axes on graph

paper. Provide a title for the
graph and label the axes.
Draw 2 columns representing

the June and December results
side by side without a gap.
DRAW/WRITE
Examination results of 6 students in June and December
100
80
Percentage
Student
60
40
20
0
Include a legend distinguishing

the June results from the
December results below the
completed graph.
Comment on how the June

results compare with
Decembers.
Peter
Janet
Freda Percy Simone Gertrude

Name of student
June
December
All students, except for Gertrude, performed better in

the December examination. Simone obtained the highest
result in both examinations. Peters December result
showed the most improvement.
568
remember
remember
1. Graphs should be drawn on graph paper for greater accuracy.
2. Column graphs must have:
(a) a clear, bold title
(b) labelled axes which are clearly and evenly scaled
(c) columns of the same width
(d) an even gap between each column
(e) the first column beginning half a unit from the vertical axis.
3. Bar graphs must have:
(a) a clear, bold title
(b) labelled axes which are clearly and evenly scaled
(c) horizontal bars of the same width
(d) an even gap between each horizontal bar
(e) the first horizontal bar beginning half a unit above the horizontal axis.
4. Double graphs are used to display two sets of data of the same type at the same
time.
14C
WORKED
Example
Column
graphs
Column
graphs
Column and bar graphs
1 Beth surveyed the students in her class to find out their method of travelling to school.
Her results are shown in the table below.
Transport
Car
Tram
Train
Bus
Bicycle
Tally
||||
||||
||||
||||
|||
Frequency
|||| ||||
||||
|||| |||| |||
|||
Total
Column
graphs
(DIY)
15
9
18
8
3
53
Construct a column graph to display the data.

2 Construct a column graph to display the following data, showing the types of pets
owned by the people in a certain street.
Type of pet
Number owned
Dog
Cat
Budgerigar
Rabbit
Snake
Guinea pig
Canary
Pony
Mouse
16
12
5
6
1
3
3
1
5
569
3 Construct a column graph to display the following data, showing the number of
people attending different movies at a local cinema one evening.
Movie
Number of people
350
250
370
280
300
310
Kiss the Girls

Gattaca
L.A. Confidential
The Full Monty
My Best Friends Wedding
Contact
4 Construct a column graph to
display the following data,
showing the number of runs
scored by Australian batsmen
in a recent cricket test innings.
5 Construct a column graph to

display the following data,
showing the mean daily
maximum temperatures for
each month in Cairns,
Queensland.
WORKED
Example
6 This table shows the number of

students absent from school each
day in a fortnight. Construct a bar
graph to display the following data.
Batsman
Number of runs
Taylor
Elliot
Blewett
M. Waugh
S. Waugh
Ponting
Healy
Reiffel
112
18
7
3
2
26
62
23
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Day
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Mean daily
maximum
temperature (C)
31.8
31.5
30.7
29.3
27.6
25.9
25.6
26.4
27.9
29.7
30.8
31.8
Number of
students absent
15
17
20
10
14
16
14
12
5
14
Bar
graphs
Bar
graphs
(DIY)
570
7 Construct a bar graph to display the following data, showing the

percentage of children in a class who are immunised against
certain diseases.
Disease
Measles
Mumps
Chickenpox
Rubella
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Tetanus
Percentage
immunised
95
68
52
65
12
15
85
8 Use the ranges of values (that is, 04, 59, 1014)

as categories to draw a column graph to display
the following data.
Distance (km)
04
59
1014
1519
2024
25 and over
Number of people who ran

the distance
1
4
15
10
5
3
9 Use the ranges of values (that is, 6064, 6569, 7074) as

categories to draw a column graph to display the following data.
Speed (km/h)
6064
6569
7074
7579
084
Number of people driving at

that speed
25
32
36
21
15
10 Construct a frequency table using ranges of values as categories before drawing a

column graph to display the following data. The data lists the mass (in kilograms) of
20 men: 75, 85, 78, 79, 92, 63, 68, 78, 75, 79, 84, 75, 85, 76, 63, 79, 95, 102, 85, 78.
571
11 Construct a double column graph to display the following data, showing the favourite
subjects of students in a class at 2 different times. Remember to make the 2 bars dif5
Double
ferent colours and provide a key or legend.
column
Comment on how the April figures compare with Novembers.
WORKED
Example
graph
Favourite subject
April
November
Art
Drama
English
German
Mathematics
Physical education
Science
Social science
6
3
2
3
5
8
2
4
7
2
5
4
6
2
4
3
33
33
Total
Double
column
graph (DIY)
1998
1999
Open night
Open day
Fair/fete
Parent/teacher interviews
Music concert
Drama festival
210
150
400
305
215
155
250
180
480
290
230
190
GE
QUEST
EN
Event
CH
AL
1 Six chocolate-biscuit packers can pack six packs of chocolate biscuits in

60 seconds. How long will it take 60 chocolate-biscuit packers to pack
600 packets of chocolate biscuits if all packers work at the same rate?
2 Two satellites are travelling toward each other at speeds of 20 000 km/h
and 28 000 km/h respectively. How far apart are the satellites 1 minute
before their collision?
3 What is the greatest number of
boxes which can be crossed
without having more than 2 crossed
boxes in any straight line?
GAME
time
MAT H
12 Construct a double column graph to display the following data, showing attendances
at various events over 2 years.
Dealing
with
data 01
14.1
572
What did Jacques Cousteau inv

invent
The question
in 1942?
1942?
number, and its answer letter
gives the puzzle answer code.
Answer the
questions
below.
Number of games owned

owned by
by 12 students.
Games
Y 8
U 7
S 6
Q 5
O 4
J 3
C 2
H 1
B 0
Vi
V
Ann Ian
A
I
Ed
E
Will
W
Dan
D
Lil
L
1 Who has the same number of games as Lil?
Gail
G
Flo
F
Ray
R
Ted
T
Nan
N Name
9 This person has 5 more games than Flo and its

not Nan or Vi.
2 How many games does Flo have?
10 This person has only one game.
3 The person with no games.
11 How many games does Ian have?
4 Who has 3 games less than Will?
12 Who has seven games?
5 Will has how many games?
13 Who has the most games?
6 The second highest number of games owned.
14 Who has 3 games less than Dan?
7 Ted and this person have the same number of games.
15 This person has one more game than Lil and Ted.
8 Gail and Vi and this person have the same number
16 She has the third highest number of games and
of games.
its not Gail or Nan.
6 8 13 3 12 14 4
4
1
10
11
12
12 13 15 16 15 8 9
573
1
Questions 1 to 4 relate to the
column graph at right which shows
the cost of grapes (per kilogram)
over a number of months.
3 During how many months were

the cost of grapes recorded?
4.20
4.00
3.80
3.60
3.40
3.20
3.00
4 In which month was the cost of

grapes the highest, and what was
this cost?
Questions 5 to 7 relate to the bar graph
at right which shows the number of
different coloured beanies in a large
packet of beanie lollies.
5 How many green beanies were in the
packet?
6 Which colour of beanie had the least
number in the packet?
7 What was the total number of beanies
in the packet?
January February March

Month
April
May
Green
White
Beanie colours
2 In which month did grapes

cost the least?
4.40
Price ($)
1 What was the price of grapes

in March?
Cost of grapes (per kg) between January and May
Blue
Pink
Red
Yellow
0
10
20
30
40
Number of Beanies
50
8 Complete a frequency table for the following data from a survey about sports which
are played by students. Forty students were surveyed to obtain the data:
cricket, tennis, basketball, none, football, basketball, basketball, cricket, none,
tennis, tennis, cricket, football, tennis, basketball, basketball, hockey, football,
cricket, none, football, tennis, tennis, hockey, none, basketball, basketball, basketball, cricket, cricket, basketball, football, football, none, cricket, hockey, tennis,
hockey, none and basketball.
9 Construct a frequency table to show the ages of the following people who were in a
picture theatre. Use a range of values (that is, 04 years, 59 years, 1014 years and
so on) to construct the table using the data:
15, 20, 48, 36, 61, 4, 17, 51, 26, 38, 40, 12, 61, 32, 18, 29, 53, 15, 22, 58, 47, 16,
31, 36, 26, 49, 6, 15, 28, 24, 36, 46, 60, 23, 29, 11, 42, 18, 25, 18, 46, 39, 56, 57,
43, 62, 24, 16, 11.
10 Use the frequency table in question 9 to identify the age group with the largest
number of people in the picture theatre.
574
Line graphs
Line graphs are graphs which are best suited to displaying changes in values over a
period of time. To draw a line graph, choose scales for both the vertical and horizontal
axes, in the same way as for a column graphs vertical axis. Then simply plot points
from a table of values and join them with straight lines. Line graphs also provide useful
information about what happens in between particular points of data.
Line graphs should be drawn on graph paper and include:
1. a title
2. a horizontal axis which is evenly scaled and labelled (usually as time)
3. a vertical axis which is evenly scaled and labelled
4. a line which joins successive plotted points.
WORKED Example
The following line graph represents a patients temperature over time.

Temperature of patient from 1 am to 11 am
38.8
Temperature (C)
38.6
38.4
38.2
38.0
37.8
37.6
37.4
37.2
1
a
b
c
d
e
6
7
Time (am)
10
11
What was the starting time of observations?

What was the patients temperature at that time?
What time was it when the patients temperature was highest?
What was the highest temperature?
At what time was the patients temperature 37.6C?
THINK
WRITE
a Time is represented by the horizontal axis

which begins at 1 am.
The observations began at 1 am.
1
2
Look at the horizontal axis and note

the first value on the scale.
b Read vertically up from 1 am on the

time axis to the point at which the graph
begins on the temperature axis and
answer the question.
b At 1 am the patients temperature is 37.8C.
575
THINK
WRITE
Look at the graph and locate the highest

point.
Read vertically down until the
corresponding value on the time axis is
obtained and answer the question.
c The patients temperature was highest at

4 am.
Look at the graph and locate the highest

point.
Read horizontally across until the
corresponding value on the time axis is
obtained and answer the question.
Note: The value occurs exactly halfway
between 38.4C and 38.6C.
Locate 37.6C on the temperature axis

and read across to the point at which it
intersects (touches) the graph.
Read vertically down until the
corresponding value(s) on the time axis
is obtained. Note: A temperature of
37.6C occurs at two different times.
e The patients temperature is 37.6C at

8 am and remains this way until 9 am
after which it continues to decrease.
1
2
1
2
WORKED Example
The patients temperature reached 38.5C

at 4 am.
The following table of values shows the number of goals scored in a ball game.
Time in minutes (horizontal axis)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100
Number of goals (vertical axis)
12
17
19
25
28
30
35
38
a
b
c
d
Draw a line graph showing the results from the above table of values.
How many goals had been scored after 10 minutes?
How long (in minutes) was the match?
How many goals had been scored by half-time?
THINK
DRAW/WRITE
Rule up a set of axes on graph

paper. Provide a title for the
graph and label the axes.
Goals scored in a match

Number of goals
(total)
Time after start of match (minutes)

Continued over page
42
576
Scale the horizontal and vertical

axes.
Plot the first point on the axes.

Locate 0 minutes on the time axis
and 0 goals; mark this point.
Plot the next point on the axes.

Locate 10 minutes on the time
axis and follow an imaginary
vertical line until a height
representing 5 goals is reached;
mark this point.
Repeat step 4 for each pair of

remaining data.
Join the points with a straight

line.
DRAW/WRITE
Goals scored in a match
Number of goals (total)
THINK
40
30
20
10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time after start of match (minutes)
b Locate 10 minutes in the table of

values and look directly below to
see the corresponding number of
goals. Alternatively, the graph may
be used. Read vertically up from 10
minutes on the time axis until the
point on the graph is reached and
then read across until the
corresponding goal value on the
vertical axis is obtained.
b Five goals were scored after 10 minutes.
c Look at the last time value in the

table of values or refer to the graph
to find the length of the match.
c The match was 100 minutes long.
length of match
d Half-time = ------------------------------------2
Determine when half-time

occurs; that is, divide the length
of the match by 2.
Evaluate.
Using either the graph or the table

of values, obtain the
corresponding number of goals.
Half-time occurs after 50 minutes which

corresponds to 25 goals.
Twenty-five goals were scored by half-time.
--------- minutes
= 100
2
= 50 minutes
577
remember
remember
1. Line graphs must be drawn on graph paper and include:
(a) a title
(b) horizontal and vertical axes which are evenly scaled and labelled
(c) a line which joins successive plotted points.
2. The horizontal axis of a line graph usually displays time.
14D
Example
1 The following line graph represents the volume of water in a test tube as it is filled.
6
Volume (mL)
Volume of water in test tube

60
40
20
0
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
2
3
4
Time after start of filling (s)
What is the minimum value shown on the vertical axis?

What is the maximum value shown on the vertical axis?
What is the maximum value shown on the horizontal axis?
After 1 second, how many millilitres of water are in the tube?
After 2 seconds, how many millilitres of water are in the tube?
How long is it before 50 mL of water is in the tube?
Does the volume increase by the same amount each second? Explain your answer.
If the tube continues to be filled by the same amount each second (that is, the
same rate), how long would it take to reach:
i 70 mL?
ii 80 mL?
Distance run by Sussan over a period of 2 hours
2 Look at the following line

16
graph showing how Sussan
12
performed in a fun run.
8
a How far was the race?
b How long did it take
4
Sussan to run the race?
0
c What interval is used on
0.5
1
1.5
Time after start of race (h)
the vertical axis?
d What interval is used on the horizontal axis?
e How far had Sussan run in the first half hour?
f Did she run the same distance in the next half hour?
g How far did she run in the second half hour (from 0.51 hours)?
h How far did Sussan run in the last hour?
i How long did it take for Sussan to run 10 km?
j In which part of the race did Sussan run the fastest?
Distance run (km)
WORKED
Line graphs
3 Look at the following line graph, showing the number of furrows ploughed by a
farmer in 4 hours.
Number of furrows ploughed
Number of furrows ploughed in 4 hours
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
Time (hours)
3.5
How many furrows were ploughed in the first 0.5 hour?

How many furrows were ploughed after 1.5 hours?
How many furrows were ploughed after 4 hours?
How long did it take to plough 5 furrows?
How long did it take to plough 15 furrows?
Did the farmer plough the same number of furrows in each 0.5 hour?
Why could it have taken longer to plough some furrows than others?
4 Look at the following line graph showing the height of a child (Timmy) over 5 years.
Increase in Timmy's height between 1990 and 1995
170
160
Height (cm)
578
150
140
130
120
110
100
1990
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
1991
1992
1993
Years
1994
1995
Why are there 6 values shown, when this is a graph of growth over 5 years?
How tall was Timmy at the start of the measurement period?
What interval is used on the vertical axis?
What interval is used on the horizontal axis?
How much did Timmy grow in the first year?
How much did Timmy grow in the 5 years?
How many years did it take for Timmy to grow 10 cm?
Why might Timmy have grown faster in some years than others?
WORKED
Example
579
5 The table of values below shows the height of a tree after planting.
a Construct a line graph to display the data.
b How tall was this tree when it was planted?
c Has this tree grown at the same rate every year?
(Did it increase by the same amount each time?)
d Why might it have grown faster in some years than others?
Number of years
since tree planted
Height of tree (m)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
6 The table of values at right shows the
number of bacteria after an infection
started in an animal.
a Construct a line graph to display
the data.
b How many bacteria were there
when the animal first became
infected?
c How long did it take for this
number to double?
d How long would it be before the
number of bacteria was 128 000?
7 The table of values at right shows the
number of people in a stadium over
a period of time when a football
match is played.
a Construct a line graph to display
the data.
b What time would you think the
match started?
c Which time would have been
busiest for gate attendants?
d What was the maximum number
of people in the stadium throughout
the day?
e If entry costs were $15.00 per
person, how much money in total
was paid for entry tickets?
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.58
0.78
1.00
1.20
1.56
1.89
2.05
2.48
2.95
Time after
infection (min)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Time
10.00 am
11.00 am
12.00 pm
1.00 pm
2.00 pm
3.00 pm
4.00 pm
5.00 pm
6.00 pm
7.00 pm
Line
graphs
Line
graphs
Line
graphs
(DIY)
Number of
bacteria
1 000
2 000
4 000
8 000
16 000
32 000
64 000
Number of
people in
stadium
150
2000
3500
10 500
24 000
24 100
24 200
24 100
2000
0
580
8 The following table of values shows the first 10 overs of a limited overs (50 overs)
cricket match and the number of runs scored after each over.
Over
Total runs scored after

each over
0
4
6
9
14
19
25
27
29
35
42
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
a
b
c
d
GAM
me
E ti
QUEST
GE
EN
MAT H
Dealing with
data 02
Draw a line graph to display these data.

What was the score after 1 over?
What was the score after 10 overs?
Would it be reasonable to predict the teams total score would be 5 times the score
after 10 overs? Explain your answer.
CH
AL
1 At an egg stall in the market, Pedro was selling a certain number of

eggs for 20 cents each. Janice bought half of them plus one more.
Angela bought half of those remaining plus one more. The next customer was Eric who bought half the eggs remaining plus one more.
This left Pedro with 19 eggs which he sold off at the bargain price of 15
cents each. How much did he make from the sale of the eggs?
2 A kitchen water tap leaks at the rate of one drop every three seconds. If
it takes 840 drops of water to fill a 100 mL container, how many litres
of water will be lost in one year (365 days)?
extension More line graphs
extension
Click on the extension icon on the Maths Quest CD-ROM for more questions on line
graphs.
extension Travel graphs
extension
Click on the extension icon on the Maths Quest CD-ROM for explanations, worked
examples and questions on travel graphs.
MQ 7 Chapter 14 Page 581 Wednesday, June 18, 2003 4:23 PM
581
Pie graphs
Pie graphs or pie charts are quite distinct from any of
Disk space
the graphs we have looked at or worked with so far.
These graphs have no vertical or horizontal axes. Pie
graphs are used to display the different parts or portions Unused
which make up one whole of an object or event. They
are sometimes called sector graphs as they are made up
of sectors of a circle. Consider the pie graph at right.
Used
Reading pie graphs like this one can be difficult as
there is a limited amount of information. We are able to
determine the proportion (fraction) or percentage of used and unused disk space; however, we dont know the size of the disk. When drawing the pie graphs, it is important
to remember that the more information you can show, the easier it will be to read. To
read an unlabelled graph, you will need a protractor (remember that there are 360 in a
circle).
To determine information about a sector, follow these steps.

1. Measure the size of the angle of each sector of the graph.
2. Express each of the angles as a fraction of 360.
3. Simplify the fraction if possible. This is called the proportion.
4. Multiply the fraction by 100%. This is called the percentage.
In the given pie graph, 60% of the disk space is used, while 40% is unused. When
drawing pie graphs or interpreting information from them, it is important to be able to
convert angles of a circle to percentages and percentages to angles of a circle.
WORKED Example
a Calculate the required angle size for the following:

i
7
-----15
ii 20%.
b Calculate the fraction and percentage of a circle that an angle of 54 represents.

THINK
WRITE
a ii Convert the given fraction to an angle by

multiplying by 360.
7
- 360
a ii Angle = ----15
= 168
20
ii 20% = -------100
ii
1
2
Convert the given percentage to a

fraction.
Convert the fraction to an angle by
multiplying by 360.
Angle =
=
20
---------
100
7200
-----------100
360
= 72
Continued over page
582
THINK
WRITE
b 54 written as a fraction of a circle is
Convert the given angle to a fraction by

dividing by 360.
Simplify the fraction.
Convert the fraction to a percentage by

multiplying by 100%.
Evaluate.
4
5
54
--------360
=
=
3
-----20
3
-----20
100%
= 15%
An angle of 54 is equivalent to the
fraction
WORKED Example
54
--------360
3
-----20
or 15%.
Students in competition
Look at the following pie graph.

a What percentage of students in the
competition are boys?
Boys (45%)
b What percentage of students in the
Girls (55%)
competition are girls?
c What is the total of the percentages?
d Using a protractor, determine the size of the
angle of the sector showing the boys in the competition.
e Using calculations, determine the size of the angle of the sector showing the boys in the
competition. Comment on the results obtained.
THINK
WRITE
a Read the value from the pie graph and

a 45% of the students in the competition are

boys.
b Read the value from the pie graph and

b 55% of the students in the competition are

girls.
c Total = boys + girls

= 45 + 55
= 100
The total of the percentages is 100%.
Add the two percentages obtained in

parts a and b.
d Use a protractor to measure the angle of

the boys sector.
d The sector showing the boys in the

competition has an angle of 162.
1
2
Convert the given percentage to a

fraction.
Convert the fraction to an angle by
multiplying by 360.
Compare the answers obtained in

parts d and e.
45% =
Angle =
=
45
--------100
45
---------
100
16 200
---------------100
360
= 162
Both methods give the same result. However,
the calculations give a more accurate answer.
583
WORKED Example 10
For the following data showing the number of cars of various colours sold by the local
dealer:
a copy and complete the following table of values
b construct a pie graph to display the data.
Colour of car sold
Number of cars
Fraction
6
6
9
3
3
9
Red
Blue
Green
Purple
Orange
White
Total
36
THINK
WRITE
Angle size
Determine the fraction of the

total number of cars represented
by red cars, by dividing the
number of red cars by the total
number of cars.
Repeat step 1 for each of the
coloured cars.
number of red cars

Fraction of red cars = -----------------------------------------------total number of cars
6
= ----36
=
Fraction of blue cars =
=
6
-----36
1
--6
Fraction of green cars =
9
-----36
Add each of the fractions to

obtain the total.
Note: The sum should equal
one.
1
--4
Fraction of purple cars =
3
-----36
1
-----12
Fraction of orange cars =
3
-----36
1
-----12
Fraction of white cars =
9
-----36
=
3
1
--6
Total =
1
--6
1
--6
1
--4
1
-----12
1
--4
1
-----12
1
--4
=1
Continued over page
584
THINK
4
WRITE
Red sector =
360 = 60
Blue sector =
1
--6
1
--6
Green sector =
1
--4
360 = 90
Purple sector =
1
-----12
360 = 30
Orange sector =
1
-----12
360 = 30
Convert each fraction to an

angle by multiplying by 360.
White sector =
5
1
--4
1
2
Use a compass to draw a circle

and clearly mark the centre.
Draw a horizontal line extending
from the centre of the circle to
the rim of the circle. This is
called the radius.
Line up the centre of the
protractors baseline (that is,
where the vertical, 90 line,
intersects with the horizontal
baseline) with the centre of the
circle.
Measure the angle of the red
sector calculated in part a (that
is, 60) and mark this on the
diagram.
360 = 90
Total = 60 + 60 + 90 + 30 + 30 + 90
= 360
Add each of the angles to

obtain the total sum and enter in
the table.
Note: The sum should equal
360.
Enter all results into the table.
Colour
Number
of car sold of cars
360 = 60
Red
Blue
Green
Purple
Orange
White
Total
36
Fraction
1
--6
1
--6
1
--4
1
-----12
1
-----12
1
--4
60
60
90
30
30
90
360
90
180
Angle
represented
by fraction
60
THINK
5
WRITE
Label this sector as red, shade it

and place the number 6 (that is,
the number of red cars) in
brackets next to the word red.
Line up the centre of the

protractors base with the centre
of the circle. Position the baseline
of the protractor so that it is now
directly above the line which
denotes the end of the first sector.
Note: You may need to rotate
your page to mark the angle.
Red (6)
90
180
Red (6)
Measure the angle of the blue

sector calculated in part a (that
is, 60) and mark this on the
diagram.
90
60
180
Red (6)
Label the sector as blue, shade it

and place the number 6 in
brackets next to the word blue.
Blue (6)
Red (6)
Repeat steps 6 , 7 and

the remaining sectors.
for
Number of cars of various

colours from a total of 36 cars
Blue (6)
Red (6)
Green (9)
Purple (3)
Orange (3)
White (9)
585
586
remember
remember
1. To find the angle in a circle for a given fraction, multiply by 360.
2. When converting percentages to angles in a circle, first change the percentage
to a fraction then multiply by 360.
3. An angle can be written as a fraction of 360.
4. To draw a pie graph or pie chart, follow these steps:
(a) draw a circle with a compass
(b) use a ruler to mark the radius
(c) measure the angle which corresponds to the first category and label it
(d) measure the other angles around the circle
(e) shade each sector of the pie graph
(f) include a legend explaining the shading or, alternatively, label each sector.
14E
WORKED
Example
Pie
graphs
Pie
graphs
Pie
graphs
(DIY)
8a
WORKED
Example
8b
WORKED
Example
Pie graphs
1 Calculate the required angle size for the following.

a
1
--2
1
--3
1
-----10
1
-----12
1
--4
1
--6
1
--9
1
--8
1
-----24
1
-----60
k 10%
17%
m 12%
n 92%
14.1
o 60%
2 Calculate what fraction and percentage of a circle is represented by the following angles.
a 90
b 45
c 60
d 30
14.2
14.3
e 20
f 10
g 15
h 36
i 72
j 24
k 12
l 9
m 18
n 180
o 120
Election results
3 Look at the following pie graph.
a What percentage of votes went to Danielle?
b What percentage of votes went to Andrew?
c What percentage of votes went to Christiana?
Andrew
(35%)
d What is the total of the percentages?
e Using a protractor, determine the size of the
Danielle
(50%)
angle of the sector showing the votes received
by:
Christiana
(?%)
i Danielle
ii Andrew
iii Christiana.
f Using calculations, determine the size of the angle of the sector showing the votes
for the 3 candidates.
Comment on the results obtained.
Type of dogs in the pound
4 Look at the pie graph at right.

a From the graph, state the total
number of dogs in the pound.
b How many labradors were in the
pound?
c How many Rottweilers were in the
pound?
Schnauzer (6)
Terrier (18)
Rottweiler (12)
German shepherd (3)
Labrador (6)
14.4
14.5
587
d What fraction of the total number of dogs were terriers?

e What angle should the terrier sector be?
f Which type of dog was the fewest in number?
5 Look at the following pie graph showing
Votes received
the candidates and the percentage of
James (10.2%)
votes received in a club election recently. Samantha (23.8%)
a Who won the election?
Paula (17.0%)
b What percentage of votes did Paula
receive?
c Can this pie graph tell us how many
people voted in the election?
Brigid (21.8%)
Ian (27.2%)
Explain your answer.
d What would be the size of the angle, to 2 decimal places, for the sector representing Brigids votes?
WORKED
Example
10
6 For the following table of values, showing the number of kilograms of meat of various
types which a butcher sold in a day:
a copy and complete the table of values
b construct a pie graph to display the data.
Type of meat
Amount sold
(kg)
Lamb
Beef
Pork
Chicken
Turkey
Rabbit
10
45
5
15
10
5
Total
90
Fraction
Angle size ()
7 For the following table of values, showing the popularity of certain breakfast cereals,
complete the fraction and angle size columns before drawing a pie graph to display
the data.
Type of cereal
Number who
like it
Corn Flakes
Oats
Rice Crunches
Muesli
Super Sugary Cereal
Frosted Circle Crisps
18
9
9
6
24
6
Total
72
Fraction
Angle size ()
8 For the following table of values, showing the type of roofing material used in 36
houses, complete the fraction and angle size columns before drawing a pie graph to
display the data.
14.6
588
Roofing material
Number of
houses
Concrete tiles
Terracotta tiles
Galvanised iron
Colourbond
Slate
Shingles
12
9
6
3
2
4
Total
36
Fraction
Angle size ()
9 For the following table of values, showing the favourite songs of a group of people,
complete the fraction and angle size columns before drawing a pie graph to display
the data.
Favourite song
Number of
people
Angle size ()
30
40
20
15
10
5
Waltzing Matilda
Amazing Grace
Praise my Soul
Yesterday
Yellow Submarine
Click Go the Shears
Total
Fraction
120
10 For the following table of values, showing the hobbies of a group of students, complete the angle size column before drawing a pie graph to display the data. The first
percentage has been converted for you.
Hobby
Stamp collecting
Photography
Sailboarding
Skateboarding
Model making
Total
14.2
Percentage of
total
20
15
20
30
15
Angle size ()
20
--------100
360 = 72
100
11 For the following table of values, showing the sports played by a group of students,
complete the angle size column before drawing a pie graph to display the data.
Sport
Cricket
Hockey
Netball
Soccer
Tennis
Total
Percentage of
total
20
25
40
10
5
100
Angle size ()
589
Walking billboard
Top drivers a walking billboard

By PAUL GOVER, motoring editor
The worlds most expensive billboard

isnt in London or Manhattan.
Its the space on the head, chest and
arms of Michael Schumacher.
It costs mega-money to buy advertising space on the body of Mr Formula One, the Ferrari star expected to
win the Australian Grand Prix on
Sunday afternoon.
His personal salary is in the $50
million-plus range. The Formula One
budget for the Ferrari team is more
than $150 million a year.
Schumachers hat alone cost a
German bank more than $10 million
for a three-year lease. It outbid
McDonalds for the space.
A lot of the advertising on

Schumachers racing suit is reserved
for the major backers of the Ferrari
team, led by Marlboro and Shell.
A cigarette company also ensures
the race suits are a suitable red.
Even when local laws ban its name,
the distinctive fag packet logo takes its
place.
There are arm patches for the
teams minor sponsors, including TicTac lollies, while FedEx tipped in an
estimated $10 million last year to
claim the shoulders.
Source: Herald Sun, 10 March 2000
Read the given article and then answer the following questions.
1. Where can the worlds most expensive billboard be found?
2. How much did it cost to lease Michael Schumachers hat? For what period of
time will it be leased?
3. Who are the major backers of the Ferrari team? How much do they each
contribute?
4. Draw up a table displaying each of the listed sponsors of the Ferrari team and
the amount they contribute.
5. Present the data displayed in the table as a column graph.
6. Present the data displayed in the table as a pie graph.
590
2
1 Complete a frequency table for the following data from a survey on a group of
peoples preferred takeaway food. Fifty people were surveyed to obtain the data:
pizza, chicken, hamburgers, fish and chips, hamburgers, pizza, hamburgers,
hamburgers, pizza, chicken, pizza, hamburgers, chicken, fish and chips, hamburgers,
hamburgers, chicken, pasta, pizza, fish and chips, chicken, pasta, hamburgers, pasta,
pizza, fish and chips, chicken, pizza, pizza, hamburgers, pasta, pizza, pasta,
hamburgers, chicken, pizza, pasta, pasta, hamburgers, pasta, hamburgers, pizza, pizza,
hamburgers, chicken, pasta, pizza, fish and chips, hamburgers and pasta.
Questions 2 to 6 relate to the following table of values which shows the accumulation of
frequent flyer points for a traveller.
Date
1.8.99
1.9.99
1.10.99
1.11.99
1.12.99
1.1.00
Number of
points
5 000
5 800
7 800
7 800
10 800
12 500
2 After choosing an appropriate scale, draw a line graph to display the data.
3 How many frequent flyer points did the traveller have on 1.8.99?
4 How many frequent flyer points did the traveller earn in the next month?
5 Are there any parts of the graph which are horizontal?
6 When do they occur? What does this show?
Questions 7 to 10 relate to the pie graph shown.
The pie graph shows the seasons in which a
number of different plants flower.
Flowering seasons
Winter (3)
Autumn (5)
7 How many flowers are included in the group?

8 What percentage of the flowers flower in
spring?
9 Calculate the size of the angle needed to
represent the number of plants which flower
in summer.
Summer (12)
Spring (20)
10 Use a protractor to check your answer to question 9.
591
Summary statistics
Summary statistics are used to summarise data so we can make sense of them, without
necessarily graphing them. Given below are some key words which will be used
throughout the exercise.
The range of a set of values is the difference between the highest and lowest value in
the data. For example, in a set of test results, the lowest might be 34 while the highest
might be 99. The range in that case would be 99 34 = 65.
The mean of a set of data is what many of us think of as the average. It is the exact
middle of a set of numbers and is found by adding the data values and dividing by the
number of values in the set of data.
The median is the middle value of the data, when the values are arranged in
numerical order.
The mode of a set of data is the most common value.
Mean
The mean or average of a set of values is the sum of all the values divided by the
number of values.
WORKED Example 11
For each of the following sets of data, calculate the mean:
a 5, 5, 6, 4, 8, 3, 4.
b 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7.
THINK
WRITE
a Total of values = 5 + 5 + 6 + 4 + 8 + 3 + 4
= 35
Number of values = 7
total of values
Mean = ----------------------------------------number of values
Calculate the total of the given

values.
Count the number of values.
Define the rule for the mean.
Substitute the known values into the

rule and evaluate.
Calculate the total of the given

values.
Take note of the number of times
each value occurs. That is, 0 occurs
3 times (3 0), 1 occurs 5 times (5
1), 4 occurs 4 times ( 4 4), 5
occurs 3 times (3 5), 7 occurs 2
times (2 7).
Count the number of values.
Note: Although zero has no
numerical value, it is still counted as
a piece of data and must be included
in the number of values tally.
Mean =
35
-----7
=5
b Total of values = 3 0 + 5 1 + 4 4 +
=35+27
= 0 + 5 + 16 + 15 + 14
= 50
Number of values = 17
Continued over page
592
THINK
WRITE
Define the rule for the mean.
Substitute the known values into the

rule and evaluate.
Round off the answer to 1 decimal

place.
Note: The mean doesnt necessarily
have to be a whole number or
included in the original data.
total of values
Mean = ----------------------------------------number of values
-----Mean = 50
17
= 2.941 176 471
= 2.9
Median
The median is the middle value for an odd number of data and the average of the
two middle values for an even number of data.
When determining the median:
1. The values must be arranged in numerical order.
2. There are as many values above the median as there are below it.
3. For an even number of values, the median may not be one of the listed scores.
WORKED Example 12
Find the median for the following sets of data:
a 5, 4, 2, 6, 3, 4, 5, 7, 4, 8, 5, 5, 6, 7, 5.
b 8, 2, 5, 4, 9, 9, 7, 3, 2, 9, 3, 7, 6, 8.
THINK
WRITE
Arrange the values in ascending

order.
Select the middle value.
Note: There are an odd number of
values; that is, 15. Hence, the eighth
value is the middle number or
median.
Arrange the values in ascending

order.
Select the middle values.
Note: There are an even number of
values; that is, 14. Hence, the sixth
and seventh values are the middle
numbers.
1
2
1
2
2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8
The median of the scores is 5.
2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9
THINK
3
593
WRITE
Obtain the average of the two middle

values.
Note: Add the two middle values and
divide the result by 2.
6+7
Median = -----------2
13
1
- (or 6 --- )
= ----2
2
The median of the scores is 6 1--2- or 6.5.
Mode
The mode is the most common value in a set of data.
Some sets of data have more than one mode, or no mode at all; that is, there is no value
which corresponds to the highest frequency, as all values occur once only.
WORKED Example 13
Find the mode of the following scores:
a 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9
b 12, 18, 5, 17, 3, 5, 2, 10, 12
c 42, 29, 11, 28, 21.
THINK
WRITE
Look at the set of data and highlight

any values that have been repeated.
Choose the value which has been
repeated the most.
a 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9

Choose the value(s) which have been
repeated the most.
Note: Some sets have more than one
mode. The data set is called bimodal
as two values were most common.
b 12, 18, 5, 17, 3, 5, 2, 10, 12

Note: No mode is not the same as
having a mode which equals 0.
c 42, 29, 11, 28, 21
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
The numbers 5 and 6 occur twice. However,

the number 8 occurs three times.
The mode for the given set of values is 8.
The number 5 occurs twice. The number 12

occurs twice.
The mode for the given set of values is 5
and 12.
No values have been repeated. The set of

data has no mode since none of the scores
correspond to a highest frequency. Each of
the numbers occurs once only.
594
Range
The range of a set of values is the difference between the highest and lowest values.
WORKED Example 14
Find the range of the following data.
12, 76, 35, 29, 16, 45, 56
THINK
WRITE
Obtain the highest and lowest values.
Highest value = 76
Lowest value = 12
Define the range.
Range = highest value lowest value
Substitute the known values into the rule.
= 76 12
Evaluate.
= 64
Graphics Calculator tip!
The set of values has a range of 64.
Finding the mean, median, mode and

range
To enter data into the TI83 graphics calculator, press STAT and select 1:Edit. Type
your data in the L1 column. Press ENTER after each entry. (You can type over existing
numbers or press DEL to delete.) To find the mean and median of your data, press
STAT then arrow across to select CALC and 1:1 Var Stats and press ENTER . The
mean is the value given for x. Scroll down to find the median. This is shown as Med=.
You will also be able to calculate the range by viewing the values for minX (the lowest
value) and maxX (the highest value).
To assist you in finding the mode you can sort the data list into ascending order.
Press STAT select 2:Sort A(, then press 2nd L1 (to sort List 1) and press ENTER .
(Note that selecting 3:Sort D( sorts the data in descending order.) You can view the
sorted data by pressing STAT 1:Edit. (Highlighting L1 shows the full list of the data
across the bottom of the screen for easier viewing.)
The screens below show the summary statistics for the data: 3, 4, 8, 4, 5, 6
Mean = 5
Median = 4.5
Range = 8 3 = 5
Mode = 4
595
remember
remember
1. To determine the mean of data in a list simply obtain the total of all the values
and divide by the number of values.
2. The median is the middle value for an odd number of data and the average of
the two middle values for an even number of data which are arranged in
numerical order. There are as many values above the median as there are below it.
3. The mode is the most common value. If two values are most common, they are
called bimodal.
4. The range is the difference between the highest and lowest value in the data.
14F
WORKED
Example
11a
Summary statistics
1 For each of the following sets of data, calculate the mean.

a 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7
b 5, 6, 7, 5, 5, 8
c
d 3, 5, 6, 8, 7, 7
e 5, 4, 4, 6, 2, 3
f
g 12, 10, 13, 12, 11, 14
h 11, 12, 15, 17, 18, 11 i
j 10, 14, 12, 12, 16, 14
4, 6, 5, 4, 2, 3
2, 2, 2, 4, 3, 5
12, 15, 16, 17, 15, 15

a 2, 4, 5, 6, 8
b 9, 8, 7, 4
c
d 4, 1, 5, 2
e 7, 5, 4, 1, 6, 7
f
g 2, 4, 3, 5, 9, 1
h 7, 1, 4
i
j 4, 5, 8, 2, 4, 7, 7, 3
4, 1, 5, 4, 2, 3, 2
5, 7, 7, 9, 2
7, 6, 4, 8, 2, 9
3 multiple choice
The mean for the data 5, 5, 6, 7, 2 would be found by:
A adding all the results and multiplying by the number of results
B adding all the results and dividing by the number of results
C adding all the results
D choosing the middle result
E ordering the results, then choosing the middle result
WORKED
Example
11b

(Hint: Use the grouping of values to help you.)
a 9, 9, 7, 7
b 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4
c
d 1, 1, 2, 3, 3
e 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 5
f
g 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, 1, 1, 1, 1
h 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2 i
j 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 6
5 multiple choice
When finding the mean of a set of data:
A zeroes do not matter at all
B zeroes must be counted in the number of results
C zeroes must be added to the total as they will change it
D zeroes will make the mean zero
E none of these is true
4, 4, 3, 3, 5, 5
1, 2, 2, 5, 5, 6, 7
4, 4, 5, 5, 8, 8, 1, 1, 9
Summary
statistics
Mean
Mean
(DIY)
596

a 5, 0, 4, 6, 0, 5, 1
b 3, 4, 7, 1, 5, 0, 8
c
d 5, 1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 2
e 0, 5, 0, 1, 4, 8
f
g 4, 1, 0, 9, 6
h 4, 1, 5, 0, 14, 12
i
j 15, 1, 7, 4, 1, 0, 0
8, 4, 17, 2, 0, 0, 4
5, 3, 0, 4
11, 11, 0, 15, 0, 17
7 For each of the following sets of data, calculate the mean. Express your answers as
decimals, rounded off to 2 decimal places where appropriate.
a 5, 1, 4, 0, 3, 8
b 4, 4, 1, 0, 2
c 5, 5, 1, 3, 0, 3
d 2, 5, 0, 1, 8
e 3, 3, 2, 4, 0, 0
f 3, 8, 5, 1, 4, 2, 0, 3, 5
g 4, 5, 1, 4, 12, 15
h 6, 5, 1, 6, 5, 2
i 9, 4, 1, 1, 3, 8, 3, 0, 1
j 4, 0, 0, 5, 2, 4
8 multiple choice
For the following set of data, 2.6, 2.8, 3.1, 3.7, 4.0, 4.2:
A the mean value for the data will be above 4.2
B the mean value for the data will be below 2.6
C the mean value for the data will be between 2.6 and 3.0
D the mean value for the data will be between 3.0 and 4.0
E the mean value for the data will be between 4.0 and 4.2
WORKED
Example
Median
Median
(DIY)
12a
9 Find the middle value (median) for the following sets of data, by carefully ordering
the values first.
a 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7
b 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9
c 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 8, 9
d 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5
e 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 9
f 7, 7, 7, 10, 11, 12, 15, 15, 16
g 4, 3, 5, 3, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4
h 1, 2, 5, 4, 1, 1, 1, 2, 5
i 1, 2.5, 5, 3.4, 1, 2.4, 5
j 1.2, 1.5, 1.4, 1.8, 1.9
10 Find the middle value (median) for the following sets of data, by carefully ordering
the values first. Note there is an even number of values.
12b
a 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4
b 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 5
c 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7
d 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 9
e 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4
f 2, 4, 4, 6, 8, 9
g 1, 5, 7, 8
h 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9
i 1, 4, 7, 8
j 1, 5, 7, 8, 10, 15
WORKED
Example
11 Find the mode for each of the following sets of data.

a 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6
b 2, 9, 8, 8, 4, 5
c 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3
13
d 4, 6, 4, 2, 7, 3
e 2, 4, 3, 6, 2, 4, 2
f 4, 8, 8, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3
g 6, 2, 12, 10, 14, 14, 10, 12, 10, 12, 10, 12, 10
h 7, 9, 4, 6, 26, 71, 3, 3, 3, 2, 4, 6, 4, 25, 4
i 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 9, 9, 9, 6
j 3, 7, 4, 3, 4, 3, 6, 3
WORKED
Example
Mode
Mode
(DIY)
12 Find the mode for each of the following sets of data.

a 2, 0, 4, 0, 6, 2, 0
b 4, 2, 5, 6, 8, 4
c 35, 6, 6.2, 7.0, 6.2, 3.4
d 15, 14, 11, 14, 17, 14
e 1.2, 1.5, 1.3, 1.02, 1.5, 1.4
f 3.7, 3.5, 3.8, 3.08, 3.5
g 100, 101, 105, 102, 100, 100, 102, 105, 102, 103
h 29, 53, 47, 48, 35, 45, 37, 45, 42, 46, 27, 45
i 11.2, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.2, 11.7, 11.8
j 11, 15, 14.9, 15, 16.2, 11.32, 15, 14.2, 17
597
13 multiple choice
Which of the following is a correct statement?
A The mean, median and mode for any set of data will always be the same value.
B The mean, median and mode for any set of data will never be the same value.
C The mean, median and mode for any set of data must always be close in value.
D The mean, median and mode for any set of data are usually close in value.
E None of these statements are true.
14 a Find the range of the following: 15, 26, 6, 38, 10, 17.
b Find the range of the following: 12.8, 21.5, 1.9, 12.0, 25.4, 2.8, 1.3.
14
WORKED
Example
15 multiple choice
The range of the following set of numbers: 16, 33, 24, 48, 11, 30, 15, is:
A 48
B 59
C 37
D 20
E 11
16 Eleanor wanted to know what her mathematics test average was. Her teacher said that
she used the mean of her test results to calculate the end-of-year mark. Eleanors test
results (percentages) were: 89, 87, 78, 75, 89, 94, 82, 93, 78.
What was her mathematics test mean?
17 The number of shoes inspected by a factory worker in an hour was counted over a
number of days work. The results are as follows: 105, 102, 105, 106, 103, 105, 105,
102, 108, 110, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 102, 105, 106, 105, 104, 102, 99, 98, 105,
102, 101, 97, 100.
What is the mean number of shoes checked by this worker in one hour? Round
your answer to the nearest whole number.
18 The number of students in the cafeteria each lunchtime was surveyed for 2 weeks.
The results were as follows: 52, 45, 41, 42, 53, 45, 47, 32, 52, 56.
What was the mean number of students in the cafeteria at lunchtime in that fortnight? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
19 A cricketer had scores of 14, 52, 35, 42 and 47 in her last 5 innings. What is her mean
score?
20 Tom thinks that the petrol station where he buys his petrol is cheaper than the one
where his friend Sarah buys her petrol. They begin to keep a daily watch on the prices
for 4 weeks and record the following prices (in cents per litre).
Tom: 75.2, 72.5, 75.2, 75.3, 75.4, 75.6, 72.8, 73.1, 73.1, 73.2, 73.4, 75.8, 75.6, 73.4,
73.4, 75.6, 75.4, 75.2, 75.3, 75.4, 76.2, 76.2, 76.2, 76.3, 76.4, 76.4, 76.2, 76.0
Sarah: 72.6, 77.5, 75.6, 78.2, 67.4, 62.5, 75.0, 75.3, 72.3, 82.3, 75.6, 72.3, 79.1, 70.0,
67.8, 67.5, 70.1, 67.8, 75.9, 80.1, 81.0, 58.5, 68.5, 75.2, 68.3, 75.2, 75.1, 72.0
a Calculate the mean petrol prices for Tom and Sarah.
b Which station sells cheaper petrol on average?
c Why might Tom have been misled?
21 Peter has calculated his mean score for
history to be 89%, based on five tests.
If he scores 92% in the sixth test,
what will his new mean score be?
598
22 Kim has an average (mean) score of 72 in Scrabble. He has played six games. What
must he score in the next game to keep the same average?
23 A clothing company wanted to know the size of jeans that should be manufactured in
the largest quantities. A number of shoppers were surveyed and asked their jeans size.
The results were: 13, 12, 14, 12, 15, 16, 14, 12, 15, 14, 12, 14, 13, 14, 11, 10, 12,
13, 14, 14, 10, 12, 14, 12, 12, 10, 8, 16, 17, 12, 11, 13, 12, 15, 14, 12, 17, 8, 16, 11,
12, 13, 12, 12.
a What is the mode of these data?
b Why would the company be more interested in the mode than the mean or median
values?
24 Jennifer wants to ensure that the mean height of her jump in the high jump for 10
jumps is over 1.80 metres.
a If her jumps so far have been (in metres) 1.53, 1.78, 1.89, 1.82, 1.53, 1.81, 1.75,
1.86, 1.82, what is her current mean?
b What height must she jump on the tenth jump to achieve a mean of 1.80?
c Is this likely, given her past results?
14.3
25 The local football team has been doing very well. They want to advertise their average
score (to attract new club members). You suggest that they use the mean of their past
seasons game scores. They ask you to find that out for them. Here are the results.
Game scores for season (totals):
110, 112, 141, 114, 112, 114, 95, 75, 58, 115, 116, 115, 75, 114, 78, 96, 78, 115, 112,
115, 102, 75, 79, 154, 117, 62.
a What was their mean score?
b Would the mode or median have been a better average to use for the advertisement?
Families
Let us look at the data presented at the start of this chapter. Daniel obtained the
following data from his survey on the size of each class members family:
3, 6, 7, 5, 4, 4, 7, 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 6, 5, 5, 3, 3, 4, 6, 4, 4, 5.
1. Complete a frequency table for these data.
2. How many families contain 3 people?
3. Use your frequency table to draw a column graph.
4. What family size is the most common?
5. Draw a pie graph to display the data.
6. Calculate the (a) mean (b) mode (c) median.
7. What is the range of the data?
8. Conduct a survey of your own to collect data from members of your class on
the size of their families.
9. Display your data by drawing a column graph and a pie graph.
10. Calculate the mean, mode and median of your data.
11. Write a short report comparing your data with that collected by Daniel.
599
summary
Copy the sentences below. Fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word or
expression from the word list that follows.
1
All graphs should have a

axes.
, be well
and have
is the number of times a piece of data or

occurs.
A frequency
has three columns headed:

and frequency.
,
4
Column graphs consist of

of
width.
Bar graphs are similar to column graphs; however, they consist of

.
6
7
graphs
lines.
Line graphs display a
time.
8
9
are
spaced, vertical
drawn
by
joining
with
in values over a
graphs or
or horizontal
of
graphs are graphs with no

.
When converting fractions to an angle in a circle,
by 360.
10
Angles in a circle can be written as a fraction out of
11
The
12
The
(or average) is obtained by adding the total of the
values and dividing by the number of values.
13
The
equals highest value minus lowest value.
is the middle value of the data arranged in numerical

.
14
The most
WORD
distribution
median
vertical
range
evenly
tally
common
title
360
value is called the
LIST
straight
change
bars
line
mean
horizontal
order
points
frequency
columns
labelled
pie
period
scaled
result
mode
category
multiply
table
sector
equal
axes
600
CHAPTER
review
14A
Science marks
100
80
60
40
20
te
r
Pa
ul
M
ar
y
Jo
hn
G
eo
rg
Ri e
ng
o
0
Pe
1 Look at the following graph, showing the test marks of

a group of students.
a What is the title for this graph?
b What is the label on the vertical axis?
c What is the label on the horizontal axis?
d What scale is used on the vertical axis?
e What does the legend explain?
f Which student has the highest mark?
g Which student(s) would have failed if the pass mark
was 50%?
h What was Pauls mark?
i What was Georges mark?
Mark (%)
14A
Names
2 Look at the following graph, showing air quality.

Air quality index recorded in 3 regions during a week
Very Poor
Eastern region
Western region
Poor
Geelong region
Fair
Good
Very Good
Sat
a
b
c
d
e
14B
Sun Mon Tues Wed Thur
Fri
What does the horizontal axis represent?

What does the vertical axis represent?
Which region had a very good rating every day?
Which day did the Western region have a fair air quality rating?
Which region had a good rating every day?
3 Draw up a table of values to classify the following results of a survey of new migrants to
Australia. The question asked was What was your country of origin? The following
countries were named:
New Zealand, Bosnia, China, New Zealand, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Philippines, New
Zealand, New Zealand, United Kingdom, China, Vietnam, China, United Kingdom, New
Zealand, United Kingdom, Iraq, China, United Kingdom, United Kingdom, China, Hong
Kong, India, Philippines.
601
4 Complete a frequency table for the following data, showing the number of goals scored by a
footballer in each match over the last two years.
5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 6, 5, 5, 6, 2, 7, 4, 3, 7, 8, 5, 4, 5, 5, 7, 3,
2, 8, 1, 5, 4, 6, 6, 4, 4, 5, 3, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 5, 3, 7, 2, 1
14B
5 Use the following table of values to answer the questions below.
14C
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
a
b
c
d
e
f
Number of flies
(thousands)
24
28
26
20
18
15
12
10
11
12
15
19
In drawing a column graph, what would be on the horizontal axis?

In drawing a column graph, what would be on the vertical axis?
What is the minimum value required on the vertical axis?
What is the maximum value required on the vertical axis?
What scale could be used for the vertical axis?
Draw a column graph to display these data.
6 Use the following table of values to answer the questions below.

Subject
Modern history
China in focus
Beginners photography
First aid and fitness
Business enterprises
Consumer studies
Outdoor education
Number enrolled
15
12
16
18
15
12
16
a What is the minimum value which would be required on the horizontal axis if a bar
graph was to be drawn?
b What is the maximum value which would be required on the horizontal axis if a bar
graph was to be drawn?
c Which class has the largest number of students?
d If the maximum number of students for each of these electives is 15 students, which
ones can take more students?
e Which electives have too many students?
f Draw a bar graph of the data.
14C
602
14D
7 Look at the following graph, showing the change in size of an iceblock over time.
Size of iceblock over a period of 11 minutes
Size (mm3)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
a
b
c
d
e
f
14D
5 6 7
Time (min)
10 11
What are the units on the vertical axis?

What are the units on the horizontal axis?
How large was the iceblock at the beginning?
How long did it take for the iceblock to melt?
How long was it before half of the iceblock melted?
How much of the iceblock had melted by 5.5 minutes?
8 a Use the following table of values to construct a line graph of the data.
b Which axis should represent age?
c Which axis should represent height?
Age (years)
1
2
3
4
5
6
14E
Height (cm)
80
85
88
93
99
104
9 Look at the following graph showing the main reasons for people settling in Victoria in
1995.
Reasons for settling in Victoria in 1995
Friends live
here (9.3%)
Job opportunities
(4.1%)
Other
(7.2%)
Spouse lives
here (40.2%)
Family lives
here (39.2%)
a What sort of graph is this?

b Which was the most common reason for people to migrate to Victoria?
c The Other category includes the reasons preferred climate, lifestyle and employer
located here. Why do you think these reasons have been included under Other?
d What should be the size of the job opportunities sector?
e Why could a value of zero not be shown on a pie chart?
603
10 For the following table of values showing the types and numbers of animals on a particular
farm:
14E
a copy and complete the following table of values

b construct a pie graph to display the following data.
Type of animal
Number on farm
Horse
Cow
25
Duck
15
Dog
Cat
10
Pig
40
Sheep
20
Total
120
Fraction
Angle size ()
11 Draw a pie graph which displays the data in question 6 of the chapter review.
14E
12 For the following table of values showing the occupations of a group of people, complete
the fraction and angle size column before drawing a pie graph to display the data.
14E
Occupation
Number of
people
Bank clerk
10
Dentist
Doctor
15
Engineer
Manager
20
Real estate
agent
10
Secretary
20
Solicitor
Teacher
10
Total
100
Fraction
Angle size
()
604
14F
14F
13 For the following sets of data, find:

i the mean
ii the mode
iii the median.
a 4, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, 3
c 4, 2, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6
e 1, 2, 1, 4, 1, 5, 1
g 1, 5, 4, 5, 7
i 1, 7, 5, 8, 9, 5, 3
b
d
f
h
j
2, 4, 2, 4, 3, 7, 4
4, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 3
5, 8, 1, 7, 7, 5, 2, 7, 5, 5
2, 4, 2, 5, 7, 6, 3
1, 5, 8, 7, 4, 8, 5, 6, 8
14 Look at the following part of a teachers mark book. Use it to answer the questions below.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
Name
Test 1
Test 2
John
Peter
Mark
James
David
Rachel
Mary
Eve
Esther
85
85
95
82
76
62
87
94
68
94
63
58
67
95
85
75
63
68
What was the class mean for test 1?

What was the class mean for test 2?
In which test did the class do better?
How many students scored above the mean in test 1?
How many students scored above the mean in test 2?
What was the mode score for test 1?
What was the mode score for test 2?
What was the median score for test 1?
What was the median score for test 2?
Calculate the mean score for the two tests for each student and list them.
What is the range of values for these means?
15 Look at the following results of height measurements (in cm) for the students in class 7A:
145, 152, 148, 152, 163, 148, 165, 158, 159, 162, 145, 153, 156, 158, 157,
159, 169, 156, 156, 156, 152, 154, 128, 141, 154, 153, 156, 156, 165, 168.
a What is the range of heights?
b What is the mean height of the class?
c What is the mode for the heights?
test
yourself
d What is the median height of the class?
e Are these three values (mean, mode, median) similar?
f Why might this be so?
CHAPTER
14F
14

CH 14

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CH 14

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Dealing

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

Chapter 14 Dealing with data

1 Telephone bills often include a

Method of transport used to go to school

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

How many boxes were sold in the first week?

Chapter 14 Dealing with data

At which location was the percentage of speeding cars greatest?

Change in the value of shares from 10 am to 4 pm

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

Rainfall and temperature in Melbourne

Average rainfall (mm)

In which month(s) is the average temperature highest?

Why are there 2 columns for each girl?

Chapter 14 Dealing with data

Data and frequency tables

a Look at the results and comment on how

a The data are organised haphazardly; that is,

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

Draw up a frequency distribution

c iii The total of the frequency column

Make note of the lowest value in

c iii A total of 26 students were surveyed.

The most popular drinks are Coke and

iii Sprite, Deep Spring, Diet Coke, orange

The least popular drinks are Sprite,

Chapter 14 Dealing with data

Draw up a frequency distribution table. a

|||| |||| ||||

b The total of the frequency column gives

b A total of 55 people were surveyed.

c The 1120 age group has the highest

Make note of the highest value in the

Answer the question.

The 1120 age group has the most number

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

Make note of the lowest value in the

d The over 60 age group has the lowest

Check the 2130 age group in the table

e The 2130 age group has a corresponding

The over 60 age group has the least

Fifteen people in the 2130 age group

Data and frequency tables

1 Classify each of the following as discrete, continuous, categorical or ordinal. Provide

Chapter 14 Dealing with data

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

Questions 10, 11 and 12 refer to the following information.

How do they rate?

Chapter 14 Dealing with data

Column and bar graphs

Construct a column graph to display the results.

Rule up a set of axes on graph paper. Provide a

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

Rule up a set of axes on graph paper.

40 80 120 160 200

Chapter 14 Dealing with data

Rule up a set of axes on graph

Draw 2 columns representing

Include a legend distinguishing

Comment on how the June

Freda Percy Simone Gertrude

All students, except for Gertrude, performed better in