Mathematics Extension 1

Preliminary Course

maths

Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course

maths
Margaret Grove

Text 2010 Grove and Associates Pty Ltd

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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Author:
Grove, Margaret.
Title:
Maths in focus: mathematics extension preliminary course/Margaret Grove.
Edition:
2nd ed.
ISBN:
9780070278585 (pbk.)
Target Audience:
For secondary school age.
Subjects:
MathematicsProblems, exercises, etc. MathematicsTextbooks.
Dewey Number:
510.76
Published in Australia by
McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
Level 2, 82 Waterloo Road, North Ryde NSW 2113
Publisher: Eiko Bron
Managing Editor: Kathryn Fairfax
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Contents
PREFACE

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ix

CREDITS

ix

FEATURES OF THIS BOOK

ix

SYLLABUS MATRIX

STUDY SKILLS

xi

Chapter 1: Basic Arithmetic

INTRODUCTION
REAL NUMBERS
DIRECTED NUMBERS
FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND PERCENTAGES
POWERS AND ROOTS
ABSOLUTE VALUE
TEST YOURSELF 1
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 1
Chapter 2: Algebra and Surds
INTRODUCTION
SIMPLIFYING EXPRESSIONS
BINOMIAL PRODUCTS
FACTORISATION
COMPLETING THE SQUARE
ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
SUBSTITUTION
SURDS
TEST YOURSELF 2
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 2
Chapter 3: Equations
INTRODUCTION
SIMPLE EQUATIONS
SUBSTITUTION
INEQUATIONS
EQUATIONS AND INEQUATIONS INVOLVING ABSOLUTE VALUES
EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
FURTHER INEQUATIONS
QUADRATIC INEQUATIONS
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
TEST YOURSELF 3
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 3

3
3
9
12
19
37
41
43
44
45
45
51
55
69
71
73
76
90
93
94
95
95
100
103
107
114
118
125
129
132
138
139

vi

Chapter 4: Geometry 1

140

INTRODUCTION
NOTATION
TYPES OF ANGLES
PARALLEL LINES
TYPES OF TRIANGLES
CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS
POLYGONS
AREAS
TEST YOURSELF 4
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 4

141
141
142
149
153
159
163
171
177
184
188
195
197

Practice Assessment Task Set 1

Chapter 5: Functions and Graphs
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONS
GRAPHING TECHNIQUES
LINEAR FUNCTION
QUADRATIC FUNCTION
ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION
THE HYPERBOLA
CIRCLES AND SEMI-CIRCLES
OTHER GRAPHS
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
FURTHER GRAPHS
REGIONS
TEST YOURSELF 5
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 5
Chapter 6: Trigonometry
INTRODUCTION
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE PROBLEMS
APPLICATIONS
EXACT RATIOS
ANGLES OF ANY MAGNITUDE
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
NON-RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE RESULTS
APPLICATIONS
AREA
TRIGONOMETRY IN THREE DIMENSIONS
SUMS AND DIFFERENCES OF ANGLES
FURTHER TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
TEST YOURSELF 6
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 6

199
204
205
205
216
224
228
234
242
246
254
260
264
277
287
288
290
291
291
299
308
318
322
336
342
347
358
362
365
367
374
385
387

vii

Chapter 7: Linear Functions

INTRODUCTION
DISTANCE
MIDPOINT
GRADIENT
EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES
INTERSECTION OF LINES
PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
RATIOS
TEST YOURSELF 7
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 7
Chapter 8: Introduction to Calculus
INTRODUCTION
GRADIENT
DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES
SHORT METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION
TANGENTS AND NORMALS
FURTHER DIFFERENTIATION AND INDICES
COMPOSITE FUNCTION RULE
PRODUCT RULE
QUOTIENT RULE
ANGLE BETWEEN 2 CURVES
TEST YOURSELF 8
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 8
Practice Assessment Task Set 2
Chapter 9: Properties of the Circle
INTRODUCTION
PARTS OF A CIRCLE
ARCS, ANGLES AND CHORDS
CHORD PROPERTIES
CONCYCLIC POINTS
TANGENT PROPERTIES
TEST YOURSELF 9
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 9
Chapter 10: The Quadratic Function
INTRODUCTION
GRAPH OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION
QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES
THE DISCRIMINANT
QUADRATIC IDENTITIES
SUM AND PRODUCT OF ROOTS
EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO QUADRATICS
TEST YOURSELF 10
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 10

390
391
391
396
398
408
412
417
422
426
430
434
435
438
439
440
449
465
471
476
478
482
485
487
490
491
494
498
499
499
500
512
519
525
537
539
542
543
543
549
555
562
566
571
575
576

viii

Chapter 11: Locus and the Parabola

INTRODUCTION
LOCUS
CIRCLE AS A LOCUS
PARABOLA AS A LOCUS
GENERAL PARABOLA
TANGENTS AND NORMALS
PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS OF THE PARABOLA
CHORDS, TANGENTS AND NORMALS
PROPERTIES OF THE PARABOLA
LOCUS PROBLEMS
TEST YOURSELF 11
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 11
Practice Assessment Task Set 3
Chapter 12: Polynomials 1
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF A POLYNOMIAL
DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
REMAINDER AND FACTOR THEOREMS
GRAPH OF A POLYNOMIAL
ROOTS AND COEFFICIENTS OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
TEST YOURSELF 12
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 12
Chapter 13: Permutations and Combinations
INTRODUCTION
FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPLE
PERMUTATIONS
COMBINATIONS
TEST YOURSELF 13
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 13
Practice Assessment Task Set 4
Answers

578
579
579
587
591
610
625
627
634
643
648
652
653
655
662
663
663
667
672
681
706
713
714
716
717
717
730
740
746
747
749
756

ix

PREFACE
This book covers the Preliminary syllabus for Mathematics and Extension 1. The extension material
is easy to see as it has green headings and there is green shading next to all extension question and
answers. The syllabus is available through the NSW Board of Studies website on www.boardofstudies.
nsw.edu.au. You can also access resources, study techniques, examination technique, sample and
past examination papers through other websites such as www.math.nsw.edu.au and www.csu.edu.
au. Searching the Internet generally will pick up many websites supporting the work in this course.
Each chapter has comprehensive fully worked examples and explanations as well as ample sets
of graded exercises. The theory follows a logical order, although some topics may be learned in any
order. Each chapter contains Test Yourself and Challenge exercises, and there are several practice
assessment tasks throughout the book.
If you have trouble doing the Test Yourself exercises at the end of a chapter, you will need to
go back into the chapter and revise it before trying them again. Dont attempt to do the Challenge
exercises until you are confident that you can do the Test Yourself exercises, as these are more difficult
and are designed to test the more able students who understand the topic really well.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks go to my family, especially my husband Geoff, for supporting me in writing this book.

CREDITS
Fairfax Photos: p 327
Istockphoto: p 101, p 171
Margaret Grove: p 37, p 163, p 206, p 246, p 260, p 291, p308 (bottom), p 310, p 311, p 313, p 316,
p 391, p 499, p 543, p 591, p 717, p 719, p 726, p 729, p 730, p 739
Photolibrary: p 205
Shutterstock: p 74, p 164, p 229, p 308 (top), p 580

FEATURES OF THIS BOOK

This second edition retains all the features of previous Maths in Focus books while adding in new
improvements.
The main feature of Maths in Focus is in its readability, its plentiful worked examples and
straightforward language so that students can understand it and use it in self-paced learning. The
logical progression of topics, the comprehensive fully worked examples and graded exercises are still
major features.
A wide variety of questions is maintained, with more comprehensive and more difficult questions
included in each topic. At the end of each chapter is a consolidation set of exercises (Test yourself)
in no particular order that will test whether the student has grasped the concepts contained in the
chapter. There is also a challenge set for the more able students.
The four practice assessment tasks provide a comprehensive variety of mixed questions from
various chapters. These have been extended to contain questions in the form of sample examination
questions, including short answer, free response and multiple-choice questions that students may
encounter in assessments.
The second edition also features a short summary of general study skills that students will find
useful, both in the classroom and when doing assessment tasks and examinations. These study skills
are also repeated in the HSC book.

A syllabus matrix is included to show where each syllabus topic fits into the book. Topics are
generally arranged in a logical order. For example, arithmetic and algebra are needed in most, if not
all other topics, so these are treated at the beginning of the book.
Some teachers like to introduce particular topics before others, e.g. linear functions before more
general functions. However, part of the work on gradient requires some knowledge of trigonometry
and the topic of angles of any magnitude in trigonometry needs some knowledge of functions. So
the order of most chapters in the book have been carefully thought out. Some chapters, however,
could be covered in a different order, such as geometry which is covered in Chapter 4, and quadratic
functions and locus, which are near the end of the book.

SYLLABUS MATRIX
This matrix shows how the syllabus is organised in the chapters of this book.

Mathematics (2 Unit)
Basic arithmetic and algebra (1.1 1.4)

Chapter 1: Basic arithmetic

Chapter 2: Algebra and surds
Chapter 3: Equations

Real functions (4.1 4.4)

Chapter 5: Functions and graphs

Trigonometric ratios (5.1 5.5)

Chapter 6: Trigonometry

Linear functions (6.1 6.5, 6.7)

Chapter 7: Linear functions

The quadratic polynomial and the parabola (9.1 9.5)

Chapter 10: The quadratic function

Chapter 11: Locus and the parabola

Plane geometry (2.1 2.4)

Chapter 4: Geometry 1

Tangent to a curve and derivative of a function (8.1 8.9)

Chapter 8: Introduction to calculus

Extension 1
Other inequalities (1.4E)

Chapter 3: Equations

Circle geometry (2.6 2.10E)

Chapter 9: Properties of the circle

Further trigonometry (5.6 5.9E)

Chapter 6: Trigonometry

Angles between two lines (6.6E)

Chapter 7: Linear functions

xi

Internal and external division of lines into given ratios (6.7E)

Chapter 7: Linear functions

Parametric representation (9.6E)

Chapter 11: Locus and the parabola

Permutations and combinations

(18.1E)

Chapter 13: Permutations and combinations

Polynomials (16.1 16.3E)

Chapter 12: Polynomials 1

STUDY SKILLS
You may have coasted through previous stages without needing to rely on regular study, but in this
course many of the topics are new and you will need to systematically revise in order to build up your
skills and to remember them.
The Preliminary course introduces the basics of topics such as calculus that are then applied in
the HSC course. You will struggle in the HSC if you dont set yourself up to revise the preliminary
topics as you learn new HSC topics.
Your teachers will be able to help you build up and manage good study habits. Here are a few
hints to get you started.
There is no right or wrong way to learn. Different styles of learning suit different people. There
is also no magical number of hours a week that you should study, as this will be different for every
student. But just listening in class and taking notes is not enough, especially when learning material
that is totally new.
You wouldnt go for your drivers licence after just one trip in the car, or enter a dance competition
after learning a dance routine once. These skills take a lot of practice. Studying mathematics is just
the same.
If a skill is not practised within the first 24 hours, up to 50% can be forgotten. If it is not practised
within 72 hours, up to 8590% can be forgotten! So it is really important that whatever your study
timetable, new work must be looked at soon after it is presented to you.
With a continual succession of new work to learn and retain, this is a challenge. But the good
news is that you dont have to study for hours on end!

In the classroom
In order to remember, first you need to focus on what is being said and done.
According to an ancient proverb:

I hear and I forget

I see and I remember
I do and I understand

If you chat to friends and just take notes without really paying attention, you arent giving yourself a
chance to remember anything and will have to study harder at home.

xii

If you have just had a fight with a friend, have been chatting about weekend activities or myriad
other conversations outside the classroom, it helps if you can check these at the door and dont keep
chatting about them once the lesson starts.
If you are unsure of something that the teacher has said, the chances are that others are also not
sure. Asking questions and clarifying things will ultimately help you gain better results, especially
in a subject like mathematics where much of the knowledge and skills depends on being able to
understand the basics.
Learning is all about knowing what you know and what you dont know. Many students feel like
they dont know anything, but its surprising just how much they know already. Picking up the main
concepts in class and not worrying too much about other less important parts can really help. The
teacher can guide you on this.
Here are some pointers to get the best out of classroom learning:
Take control and be responsible for your own learning
Clear your head of other issues in the classroom
Active, not passive, learning is more memorable
Ask questions if you dont understand something
Listen for cues from the teacher
Look out for what are the main concepts
Note taking varies from class to class, but there are some general guidelines that will help when you
come to read over your notes later on at home:
Write legibly
Use different colours to highlight important points or formulae
Make notes in textbooks (using pencil if you dont own the textbook)
Use highlighter pens to point out important points
Summarise the main points
If notes are scribbled, rewrite them at home

At home
You are responsible for your own learning and nobody else can tell you how best to study. Some
people need more revision time than others, some study better in the mornings while others do better
at night, and some can work at home while others prefer a library.
There are some general guidelines for studying at home:
Revise both new and older topics regularly
Have a realistic timetable and be flexible
Summarise the main points
Revise when you are fresh and energetic
Divide study time into smaller rather than longer chunks

xiii

Study in a quiet environment

Have a balanced life and dont forget to have fun!
If you are given exercises out of a textbook to do for homework, consider asking the teacher if you
can leave some of them till later and use these for revision. It is not necessary to do every exercise at
one sitting, and you learn better if you can spread these over time.
People use different learning styles to help them study. The more variety the better, and you will
find some that help you more than others. Some people (around 35%) learn best visually, some (25%)
learn best by hearing and others (40%) learn by doing.
Here are some ideas to give you a variety of ways to study:
Summarise on cue cards or in a small notebook
Use colourful posters
Use mindmaps and diagrams
Discuss work with a group of friends
Read notes out aloud
Make up songs and rhymes
Do exercises regularly
Role play teaching someone else

Assessment tasks and exams

Many of the assessment tasks for maths are closed book examinations.
You will cope better in exams if you have practised doing sample exams under exam conditions.
Regular revision will give you confidence and if you feel well prepared, this will help get rid of nerves
in the exam. You will also cope better if you have had a reasonable nights sleep before the exam.
One of the biggest problems students have with exams is in timing. Make sure you dont spend too
much time on questions youre unsure about, but work through and find questions you can do first.
Divide the time up into smaller chunks for each question and allow some extra time to go back
to questions you couldnt do or finish. For example, in a 2 hour exam with 6 questions, allow around
15 minutes for each question. This will give an extra half hour at the end to tidy up and finish off
questions.
Here are some general guidelines for doing exams:
Read through and ensure you know how many questions there are
Divide your time between questions with extra time at the end
Dont spend too much time on one question
Read each question carefully, underlining key words
Show all working out, including diagrams and formulae
Cross out mistakes with a single line so it can still be read
Write legibly

xiv

And finally
Study involves knowing what you dont know, and putting in a lot of time into concentrating on
these areas. This is a positive way to learn. Rather than just saying, I cant do this, say instead, I cant
do this yet, and use your teachers, friends, textbooks and other ways of finding out.
With the parts of the course that you do know, make sure you can remember these easily under
exam pressure by putting in lots of practice.
Remember to look at new work
today
tomorrow
in a week
in a month
Some people hardly ever find time to study while others give up their outside lives to devote their
time to study. The ideal situation is to balance study with other aspects of your life, including going
out with friends, working and keeping up with sport and other activities that you enjoy.

Good luck with your studies!