International Conference and Utility Exhibition 2014 on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE 2014)

Jomtien Palm Beach Hotel and Resort, Pattaya City, Thailand, 19-21 March 2014

Principal Characteristics of Thermoacoustic

Sound Generator and Refrigerators Application
Naoki Maruyama1, Yoshikatsu Iwasaki1, Mitsunori Saito1, Yujiro Kitaide1, Kouji Takiguchi2, Shin
Ishida2, Yuuhei Yamagami2, Toshiaki Tsuchiya2 and Masafumi Hirota1

Abstract--The simplified thermoacoustic refrigerator and

sound generator is introduced and the characteristics of this
equipment are evaluated in this paper. A continuous oscillatory
sound in the resonance tube generated by a thermoacoustic engine
was converted to cold heat using a thermoacoustic refrigerator.
This concept involves a refrigerator without a refrigerant and
moving parts, which is different from the currently popular,
conventional refrigerant cycle. The performance of the
thermoacoustic system is experimentally examined, and then
theoretically estimated based on the experimental results. The
purpose of this study is to find an optimal system configuration
and system condition to achieve a high-performance
thermoacoustic refrigerator and sound generator. The
characteristics and performance of a thermoacoustic sound
generator and refrigerator are evaluated separately from the
experimental and theoretical point of view in this paper.
Index Terms-- Resonance tube, Sound generator, Refrigerator,
Thermoacoustic

I. NOMENCLATURE
f:
I:
L:
p:
Qin:
T:
vs:
x:
:

Resonance frequency [Hz]

Work intensity [W/m2]
Resonance tube length [m]
Pressure amplitude [Pa]
Heater input [W]
Temperature [deg-C]
Sound velocity [m/s]
Distance [m]
Wavelength [m]

Subscripts
c:
Regenerator
E:
Engine
R:
Refrigerator

II. INTRODUCTION

he large temperature gradient of gas inside the thin tube

generates a thermoacoustic sound. On the other hand, the
thermoacoustic sound creates a temperature difference of gas
inside a thin tube. A thermoacoustic system signifies energy
conversion between heat and sound. Generally, a temperature
below room temperature is obtained from a refrigerator or heat
N. Maruyama, Y. Iwasaki, M. Saito, Y. Kitaide and M. Hirota are with
the Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507,
Japan (e-mail: maruyama.naoki@mie-u.ac.jp)
K. Takiguchi, S. Ishida, Y. Yamagami and T. Tsuchiya are with Fuji
electric Co., Ltd., Yokkaichi, Mie, 510-8631, Japan

pump system through a refrigerant. Nevertheless, a majority of

current refrigerants usually contain environmental impacts,
such as the greenhouse gas effect. The thermoacoustic
refrigerator and sound generator can be implied as an
environmentally-friendly refrigerator because its principal
characteristic is that the refrigerant is unnecessary.
Accordingly, this kind of refrigerator will replace the
conventional refrigerator, and become the forerunner of
modern refrigerator systems.
In order to enhance the performance and thermal efficiency
of the thermoacoustic refrigerator with the sound generator,
the behavior of acoustics inside the resonance tube should be
theoretically and experimentally examined.
The purpose of this study is to find an optimal system
configuration and adequate system condition to achieve a high
performance thermoacoustic refrigerator and sound generator.
The characteristics of a thermoacoustic sound generator, called
a thermoacoustic engine, and refrigerator are individually
evaluated in this paper. Afterwards, the performance of the
thermoacoustic system is theoretically examined based on the
experimental results.
III. THERMOACOUSTIC ENGINE AND REFRIGERATOR
The thermoacoustic energy conversion system can convert
the heat source to the acoustic sound, and then, the sound is
transformed into cold heat [1]. Figure 1 shows a schematic
layout of a loop-type thermoacoustic refrigerator with a
thermoacoustic engine. A thermoacoustic engine consists of
working gas, a regenerator, heat exchangers and an acoustic
resonance tube. One side of the regenerator, which is made of
a ceramic honeycomb, is warmed by a heat source, such as
waste heat, and the other side is cooled by a cooler, such as
ambient air. The working gas reaches a high-temperature
gradient inside the regenerator. When the temperature gradient
of the gas inside the regenerator reaches a critical value, the
gas in the thin ceramic tube produces an acoustic sound. Then,
the acoustic energy is propagated throughout the
thermoacoustic refrigerator. The resonance tube can transmit
the acoustic energy to the arbitrary point. However, the
wavelength of the acoustic sound is controlled by the
resonance tube length. Therefore, the tube length influences
the resonance frequency of the acoustic sound. The transmitted
sound causes a temperature gradient of the gas inside the
regenerator of a thermoacoustic refrigerator, and the acoustic
sound is converted into cold heat if the hot side of the
regenerator is cooled by ambient air. As a result, a high-

International Conference and Utility Exhibition 2014 on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE 2014)
Jomtien Palm Beach Hotel and Resort, Pattaya City, Thailand, 19-21 March 2014

temperature heat produces low-temperature heat using a loop

type of thermoacoustic system. The most important
measurements in an acoustic device are the resonance tube
length and thin cell diameter of the ceramic honeycomb as a
regenerator.
Regenerator (ceramic honeycomb)
Thermoacoustic refrigerator
Cold heat

Acoustic energy

TE3

Data logger

Sound
Heat exchanger

discharge machine. As a result, each side of the regenerator

was heated and cooled by these cores, respectively. The
regenerator was constructed of fine ceramic with thin ceramic
rectangular ducts, as shown in Fig. 2(c). The overall diameters
of a regenerator were 39 mm and 35 mm in length. The
specifications of the regenerator employed in this experiment
are shown in Table I.

pE1

Cooler
Thermal energy

FFT

TE1 TE2 Regenerator

pE3 pE4
pE2
Thermoacoustic engine
I34

Thermoacoustic refrigerator

C
Working gas

Resonance tube

Qin
155

Sound
Thermoacoustic engine

Power amplifier

pE11

Air

Resonance tube

Heat exchangers
55

505

xE
0
*Resonance tube: SUS304 (LE = 660 mm, od: 42.7 mm, id: 40.3 mm)
(a) Schematic diagram of a thermoacoustic engine

Regenerator (ceramic honeycomb)

Thermoacoustic engine
Heat source

Variable transformer

Regenerator
Tap water in

Tap water in
Micro sheath
heater

Sound
Heat exchanger
Acoustic energy

Cooler
Thermal energy

TE1

TE2

Fig. 1. Outline of loop-type thermoacoustic refrigerator with thermoacoustic

engine.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE

Figure 2 shows an outline of the experimental apparatus
employed for the thermoacoustic engine in this study[2, 3].
The system consists of a thermoacoustic engine and resonance
tube, as shown in Fig. 2(a). The pressures of local sound were
measured by a semiconductor transducer (JTEKT, PD104K),
which was attached to the resonance tube. The detected sound
pressure was amplified by a power amplifier (JTEKT,
AA6210), and then the pressure profile was presented and
recorded by a FFT analyzer (Ono Sokki, DS3104). The
resonance frequency of this system depends on the resonance
tube length. Eleven local pressures were measured in this
experiment. The typical temperatures of the regenerators
edges (TE1, TE2) with the ambient temperature (TE3) were
measured and recorded using K-type thermocouples and a data
logger (HIOKI, 8422-50), respectively.
Figure 2(b) shows details of a thermoacoustic engine. The
engine consisted of a hot and cold heat exchanger, between
which the regenerator was placed. The heating and cooling
cores of these heat exchangers were made of brass. And the
heating core was twisted around by a micro sheath heater. On
the other hand, tap water passed through the core, in order to
cool a cooling core. These cores were cut using an electric

Heat exchanger
Tap water out

Tap water out

(b) Details of thermoacoustic engine

39 mm

(c) Regenerator (Ceramic honeycomb. 900 cell/in2)

Fig. 2. Experimental apparatus of thermoacoustic engine.
TABLE I
SPECIFICATIONS OF REGENERATOR EMPLOYED IN THIS EXPERIMENT.
Material

Fine ceramic

Cell density

900 cell/in2

Wall thickness

2 mil

Channel width

0.397 mm

Length

35 mm

International Conference and Utility Exhibition 2014 on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE 2014)
Jomtien Palm Beach Hotel and Resort, Pattaya City, Thailand, 19-21 March 2014

Function generator

Data logger
TR1
TR2
pR1 pR2 pR3

Power amplifier
pR18
Speaker
Resonance tube

TR3
Regenerator

LR

LR/20

xc

xR
0
*Resonator: SUS304 (LR = 720mm, od: 42.7mm, id: 40.3mm)
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of a thermoacoustic refrigerator.
350
300

Stack hot side temp. 331 deg-C

250
200

156 deg-C

150
100

Stack cold side temp. 62 deg-C

50
0

V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Room temp. 24 deg-C

0

500
145 sec.

1,000

1,500

2,000 2,500
Time t (sec)

(a) Progress of regenerators temperatures

6.0

Pressure amplitude pE3 (kPa)

A. Thermoacoustic engine
The temperature progress and local acoustic pressures
caused by a thermoacoustic engine along the resonance tube
were measured. Figure 4 shows a typical example of the
experimental results obtained by the thermoacoustic engine
employed in this experiment. The experimental conditions for
this result are shown in Table II. By choosing the empirical
experimental condition, the heater input varied from 50 to 250
W, and was adjusted every 50 W steps. The resonance
frequency was f = 135 Hz, and it also depended on the
resonance tube length. Thus, the resonance tube length should
be set to around a 1/4 wave length.
A typical example of a regenerators temperature progress
is shown in Fig. 4(a). In this case, the resonance began at 156
deg-C, and the hot sides temperature increased gradually. The
pressure amplitude increases when the temperature difference
between the hot and cold side increases. As a result, the hot
temperature side became steady when it achieved 331 deg-C,
and then, the pressure amplitude became steady. Figure 4(b)
shows a typical pressure amplitude after achieving the steadystate condition at position 3, shown in Fig. 2(a). The sound
waves are rather steady inside the resonance tube. After that,
heat is converted into sound energy using the thermoacoustic
engine.

Power amplifier

FFT (Personal computer)

Temperature TE (deg-C)

The temperature of the hot side of a regenerator was

controlled by a voltage transformer. The acoustic intensity was
controlled by a temperature difference of each regenerator side,
that was controlled by a temperature gradient inside the
regenerator. Furthermore, an additional cooling device was
attached behind the heating core in order to avoid heat
conduction through the resonance tube wall.
Figure 3 shows the schematic layout of the acoustic
refrigerator employed in this experiment[2, 4]. The system
consists of a sound source, regenerator and resonance tube.
The regenerator employed in this experiment was the same as
the fine ceramic tube employed for the thermoacoustic engine.
The regenerator was set inside the resonance tube, while the
position of the regenerator could be moved along the tube.
The sound source was supplied by a speaker which was
operated using a function generator (Agilent Technology,
33120A) with a power amplifier (EK Japan, PS-3246). The
function generators frequency was set as the resonance
frequency of the tube, whereas the local pressure was
measured using a semiconductor transducer (JTEKT,
PD104K), which was attached to the resonance tube. The
detected sound pressure was amplified by the power amplifier
(JTEKT, AA6210), and then the pressure profile was
presented and recorded by a FFT analyzer (Ono Sokki,
DS3104) with a personal computer. An oscillating frequency,
which is the resonance frequency of this system, depends on a
resonance tube length. The temperatures of the regenerators
edges (TR1, TR2) with the bulk temperature (TR3) were measured
and recorded using K-type thermocouples and a data logger
(HIOKI, 8422-50), respectively.

4.0
2.0

0.0
0.000
-2.0

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

-4.0
-6.0

Time t (sec)

(b) Local pressure profiles of resonance tube (Position 3 in Fig. 2(a))

Fig. 4. Typical example of experimental results obtained from
thermoacoustic engine. (Qin = 150 W, 900 cell/in2, f = 135 Hz)
TABLE II
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR THE THERMOACOUSTIC ENGINE AND
RESULTS.
Resonance tube length, LE
Heater input for regenerators hot side
Room temperature
Sound velocity, vs
Resonance frequency, f
Wave length,

0.66 m
50, 100, 150, 200, 250 W
24 deg-C
346 m/s
135 Hz
2.56 m

International Conference and Utility Exhibition 2014 on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE 2014)
Jomtien Palm Beach Hotel and Resort, Pattaya City, Thailand, 19-21 March 2014

Figure 5 shows the local pressure amplitude in a resonance

tube for a heating quantity to the hot side of the regenerator.
The pressure amplitude increased, as well as the heater input.
This means that the acoustic intensity increases when the
temperature gradient inside the regenerator increases. On the
other hand, the pressure amplitude decreases if the measuring
position is far from the regenerator.
The focus of this research was to develop a thermoacoustic
sound generator. Hence, the acoustic intensity was
theoretically estimated based on the experimental results, as
shown in Fig. 6. Here, a two-sensor method is applied to
estimate the acoustic intensity[5, 6]. The sound intensity,
which is work intensity, increased when the pressure amplitude
increased. The estimated work intensity will be able to
estimate the efficiency of a thermoacoustic engine.
Pressure amplitude pE3 (kPa)

6.0

Qin (W)
250
200
150
100
50

5.0
4.0

2.0
1.0
-0.2

0.0

Regenerator

3.0

0.2

0.4

TABLE III
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS AND RESULTS FOR THERMOACOUSTIC
REFRIGERATOR.
Resonance tube length, LR
Channel radius of regenerator
Room temperature
Resonance frequency, f
Sound velocity, vs
Wave length,
Gas temperature inside
resonance tube, TR3

0.6
0.8
xE/LE

22 deg-C

7.0
6.0
5.0
Temperature difference

1,000
Work intensity I34 (W/m2)

22 deg-C

The temperature difference of each side of the regenerator is

shown in Fig. 7. The position of the regenerator in the tube is
changed by LR/20 steps. After the steady-state condition is
achieved, the local temperature will be measured. The
maximum temperature difference, TR = (TR1 TR 2 ) , was
obtained at around xc/LR 0.20 for f = 120 Hz, or xc/LR
0.20 and 0.80 for f = 240 Hz. For instance, the temperature
difference, which is the temperature gradient, reverses between
both edges of the tube when f = 240 Hz. This means both hot
and cold temperatures are obtained in this system by only
moving the position of the regenerator. However, the
maximum temperature difference decreases even if the
resonance frequency increases.

Fig. 5. Local pressure amplitude of resonance tube.

800
600
400
200
0

0.720 m
0.397 mm (900 cell/in2)
21 deg-C
120 Hz
240 Hz
345 m/s
345 m/s
2.87 m
1.44 m

4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

(a) f = 120 Hz
0

100

200
300
Heat input Qin (W)

3.0
2.0

Fig. 6 Work intensity (xE/LE = 0.159)

1.0

Temperature difference

B. Thermoacoustic refrigerator
The temperature difference between the edges of the
regenerator, which moved inside the resonance tube, was
measured. The experimental conditions are shown in Table III.
The resonance tube length was LR = 0.720 m, and the
resonance frequency was estimated as multiples of 120 Hz.
The experiment was conducted at f = 120 Hz and 240 Hz. If
the frequency was set as 120 Hz, the resonance tube length
corresponded to a 1/4 wave length. On the other hand, it
corresponded to a 1/2 wavelength for 240 Hz. The temperature
difference of each side of the regenerator became higher if the
honeycomb density became high. Therefore, the results
obtained from the regenerator density of 900 cell/in2 with 35
mm length are shown.

0.80
1.00
xc/LR

0.0
0.00
-1.0

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

-2.0
-3.0

(b) f = 240 Hz

xc/LR

Fig. 7. Local temperature difference at any xc/LR position of each regenerators

side.

International Conference and Utility Exhibition 2014 on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE 2014)
Jomtien Palm Beach Hotel and Resort, Pattaya City, Thailand, 19-21 March 2014

TR3

20.0

TR2

15.0

400
200
0

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80
1.00
xR/LR

5.0

(a) f = 120 Hz, xc/LR = 0.20

100

200

300

400
500
Time t (sec)

30.0
25.0

TR1

20.0

TR3

15.0

TR2

500
400
300
200
100
0
0.00

10.0

Regenerator

(a) f = 120 Hz, xc/LR = 0.20

0.20

0.40

0.60

5.0
0.0

100

200

300

400
500
Time t (sec)

(b) f = 240 Hz, xc/LR = 0.20

(b) f = 240 Hz, xc/LR = 0.20

TR2

20.0

TR3

15.0

TR1

10.0

400
300
200
100
0

5.0
0.0

Pressure amplitude pR (Pa)

500

30.0
25.0

100

200

300

0.80
1.00
xR/LR

400
500
Time t (sec)

Regenerator

Edge temperature TR (deg-C)

600

10.0

0.0

Edge temperature TR (deg-C)

800

Regenerator

TR1

25.0

1,000

Pressure amplitude pR (Pa)

30.0

The experimentally obtained pressure amplitude profiles in

the resonance tube are shown in Fig. 9. In this case, the
regenerator was set at xc/LR = 0.20 and xc/LR = 0.80, where the
maximum temperature difference was obtained. The position
of the regenerator is also shown in this figure. The pressure
amplitude was gradually reduced when the XR increased, and
the pressure amplitude obtained for f = 240 Hz became
approximately half of the result for f = 120 Hz. There was no
effect on the pressure profiles of the regenerators existence.

Pressure amplitude pR (Pa)

Edge temperature TR (deg-C)

The temperatures progress of each regenerators side is

shown in Fig. 8. TR1 and TR2 positions are shown in Fig. 3,
while TR3 is the bulk temperature of gas in the tube. The results
obtained from optimum position xc/LR = 0.20 and 0.80 are
exhibited in this paper. The temperature of each regenerators
side changed quickly since the experiment was begun. It can
be found that the gas temperature, TR3, was unstable, because
the molecular oscillation, which was close to the speaker,
influenced to heat generation. After a steady-state condition
was achieved, the temperature difference for this experimental
condition was obtained. The temperature difference, TR , was
still steady, even though the local temperature and bulk
temperatures fluctuated.

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80
1.00
xR/LR

(c) f = 240 Hz, xc/LR = 0.80

(c) f = 240 Hz, xc/LR = 0.80

Fig. 9. Experimentally obtained pressure amplitude inside the resonance tube.

Fig. 8. Progress of temperature difference of each regenerators side.

The focus of this research is to develop an acoustic

refrigerator. Hence, the cooling performance is theoretically

International Conference and Utility Exhibition 2014 on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE 2014)
Jomtien Palm Beach Hotel and Resort, Pattaya City, Thailand, 19-21 March 2014

Pressure amplitude pR (Pa)

500

Two-sensor method
Experiment

400

Regenerator

300
200
100
0
0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80
1.00
xR/LR

(c) Pressure amplitude (xc/LR = 0.20, f = 240 Hz)

20
15
10
5
0

0.00

Regenerator

Work intensity I (W/m2)

evaluated based on the acoustic intensity. Then, two-sensor

method is applied to estimate the acoustic characteristics[5, 6].
Here, the pressure amplitude and work intensity are estimated
based on the experimentally obtained results. For the
estimation, local pressure amplitude, phase difference of these
pressures located side by side on the tube wall, the distance
between these pressures are obtained from the experiment.
Figure 10 shows the pressure amplitude and the work
intensity. The estimated pressure amplitude using two-sensor
method is in good agreement with the experimentally obtained
value. The work intensity dramatically changes between front
and back side of the regenerator. The work intensity close to
the edge of resonance tube has negative value. Moreover, it is
difficult to estimate work intensity with good accuracy,
because of the observed phase differences of sound contains
very small values. However, these results show the energy
consumption at a regenerator. The estimated work intensity
will be available to estimate the efficiency of thermoacoustic
refrigerator.

Two-sensor method

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

-5

Pressure amplitude pR (Pa)

400
200

0.00

0.20

Two-sensor method
Experiment
0.40

0.60

200
100
0

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80
1.00
xR/LR

(e) Pressure amplitude (xc/LR = 0.80, f = 240 Hz)

10

0.00

0.20

Two-sensor method
0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

xR/LR

(b) Work intensity (xc/LR = 0.20, f = 120 Hz)

Two-sensor method

15
10
5
0

0.00

-5

0.20

0.40

0.60

Regenerator

20

Work intensity I (W/m2)

20

30

Regenerator

Work intensity I (W/m2)

40

-10

300

0.80
1.00
xR/LR

(a) Pressure amplitude (xc/LR = 0.20, f = 120 Hz)

Two-sensor method
Experiment

400

Regenerator

600

Regenerator

Pressure amplitude pR (Pa)

500

800

xR/LR

(d) Work intensity (xc/LR = 0.20, f = 240 Hz)

1,000

1.00

0.80

xR/LR

(f) Work intensity (xc/LR = 0.80, f = 240 Hz)

Fig. 10. Pressure amplitude and work intensity.

1.00

International Conference and Utility Exhibition 2014 on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE 2014)
Jomtien Palm Beach Hotel and Resort, Pattaya City, Thailand, 19-21 March 2014

VI. CONCLUSION
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of a
thermoacoustic refrigerator with a thermoacoustic engine. The
characteristics of the engine and refrigerator were
experimentally and theoretically evaluated. In the experiment,
the temperature progress, pressure amplitude and their phase
differences were measured. At the same time, work intensity
was theoretically estimated based on the experimental results
using the two-sensor method.
The performance of the thermoacoustic engine was
estimated for the input energy, and the optimum position of the
regenerator for an acoustic refrigerator inside a resonance tube
was proposed.
If the performance of a thermoacoustic engine and
refrigerator are combined, the generated thermoacoustic sound
may be useful as an energy source for the refrigerator. As a
result, a refrigerator without refrigerant may be created using
these configurations.
VII. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]
[6]

G. W. Swift, Thermoacoustic engines, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 84,

No. 4, pp. 1145-1180, 1988.
Y. Kitaide, N. Maruyama, Y. Iwasaki, M. Saito, K. Takiguchi, S.
Ishida, T. Tsuchiya, Y. Yamagami, M. Hirota, Characteristics of
thermoacoustic sound generator and its application to refrigerator, in
Proc. of 11th International Energy Conversion Engineering
Conference 2013, Paper No. AIAA 2013-3811, 2013.
N. Maruyama, Y. Iwasaki, M. Saito, Y. Kitaide, K. Takiguchi, S.
Ishida, T. Tsuchiya, Y. Yamagami, M. Hirota, Principal
characteristics of thermoacoustic sound generator, in Proc. of
International Symposium on EcoTopia Science 2013, Paper No. P-316, CD-ROM, 2013.
N. Maruyama, Y. Iwasaki, M. Saito, Y. Kitaide, K. Takiguchi, S.
Ishida, T. Tsuchya, Y, Yamagami, M. Hirota, Principal characteristics
of thermoacoustic refrigerator, in Proc. of The Fifth International
Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation for Sustainable
Well-Being, Paper No. MME20, CD-ROM, 2013.
A. M. Fusco, W. C. Ward and G. W. Swift, Two-sensor power
measurement in lossy ducts, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 91, pp. 22292235, 1992.
T. Biwa, Y. Tashiro, H. Nomura, Y. Ueda and T Yazaki, Acoustic
intensity measurement in a narrow duct by a two-sensor method, Rev.
Sci. Instrum., Vol. 78, 086110, 2007.

VIII. BIOGRAPHY
Naoki Maruyama is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Mie
University, Japan. He obtained a BS and MS degree in Mechanical
Engineering from Mie University in 1986 and 1988, respectively, and earned
his Doctorate of Engineering at Nagoya University, Japan in 1998. He began
his career as a research associate at Mie University in 1988. His current
research interests include heat and flow visualization, two-phase flow, energy
conversion, environmental engineering and life-cycle assessment. Among
others, he is a member of the JSME (Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers),
AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics), ASME
(American Society of Mechanical Engineers), and HTSJ (Heat Transfer
Society of Japan).