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CCN Notes For Unit 1 VTU Students Prof Suresha V PDF
CCN Notes For Unit 1 VTU Students Prof Suresha V PDF
Explains the Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and its versions for ISDN services.
Discuss the most popular modems are available for data transmission.
1. Introduction :
Data communications and networking are changing the way we live. Computer Communication
Network (CCN) deals with four major concepts. They are
1. Data communications
2. Networking
3. Protocols and standards and
4. Networking models.
Networks exist so that data may be sent from one place to another-the basic concept of data
communications. Data communications between remote parties can be achieved through a
process called networking. Protocols and standards are vital to the implementation of data
communications and networking. Protocols refer to the set of rules and regulations; a standard
is a protocol that has been adopted by vendors and manufacturers. Network models serve to
organize, unify, and control the hardware and software components of data communications
and networking.
A network is a combination of hardware and software that sends data from one location to
another. The hardware consists of the physical equipment that carries signals from one point of
the network to another. The software consists of instruction sets that make possible the services
that we expect from a network. Computer networks are very complex object; hence it is
partitioned in to vertical set of levels, each level called layer.
Prof. Suresha V, Dept. Of E&C E. K V G C E, Sullia, D.K-574 327
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It is a 7 layers model.
The OSI model is not a protocol; it is a model for understanding and designing a network
architecture that is flexible, robust, and interoperable.
The OSI model is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allows
communication between all types of computer systems.
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Layers are designed to identify which networking functions had related uses and collected those
functions into discrete groups that became the layers. The OSI model allows complete
interoperability between networks. The Each layer uses the services of the layer immediately
below it.
Peer-to-Peer Processes: Layer x on one machine communicates with layer x on another machine
called Peer-to-Peer Processes. This communication is governed by an agreed-upon series of rules
and conventions called protocols. Communication between machines is therefore a peer-to-peer
process using the protocols appropriate to a given layer, which is shown in figure 1.3.
Interfaces between Layers: Each interface defines what information and services a layer must
provide for the layer above it. Well defined interfaces and layer functions provide modularity to
a network.
Prof. Suresha V, Dept. Of E&C E. K V G C E, Sullia, D.K-574 327
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Data flow mechanism in OSI model: The figure 1.4 gives an overall view of the OSI layers.
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1.3 Layers in the OSI Model: This section briefly describes the functions of each layer in the
OSI model.
1. Physical Layer: It layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a
physical medium. It is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node) to the
next. It deals with the mechanical and electrical specification of the primary connections like
cable, connectors etc.
Synchronization of bits: Both Transmitter and Receiver are in the same clock.
Physical topology: Way in which the network formed, ring bus, etc.
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Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control
Error control
Access control
Figure 1.7 illustrates hop-to-hop (node-to-node) delivery by the data link layer
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Logical addressing
Routing
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Mail services
Directory services
Summary of Layers :
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TCP/IP MODEL
It is a 7 layers model
It is a 4 layers model
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1.5 ADDRESSING***
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols:
1. Physical addresses
2. Logical addresses
3. Port addresses, and
4. Specific addresses
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4. Specific Addresses: Some applications have user-friendly addresses that are designed for that
specific address.
E-mail address
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3. Signaling: It is used for information exchange concerning the establishment and control of a
telecommunication circuit & the management of the network, in contrast to user information
transfer. The signaling system was required to perform other tasks such as
Providing other functions such as caller ID, voice mail, and so on.
In modern telephone networks the tasks of data transfer and signaling are separated:
Data transfer is done by one network, signaling by another, which is shown in figure 1.25
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Wireless services such as personal communications services (PCS), wireless roaming, and
mobile subscriber authentication.
Enhanced call features such as call forwarding, calling party name/number display, and
three-way calling.
Layers of SS7: It is very similar to the five-layer Internet model, but the layers have different
names as shown 1.26
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5. Services Provided by Telephone Networks: *** Telephone companies provide two types of
services: Analog and Digital.
1. Analog Services:
800 service
900 services
2. Digital Services:
Switched/56 service.
6. Dial Up Modems:
Traditional telephone lines can carry frequencies between 300 and 3300 Hz of BW 3000 Hz. This
range is used for transmitting voice. The effective bandwidth of a telephone line being used for
data transmission is 2400 Hz, covering the range from 600 to 3000 Hz, shown in figure 1.27
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.
Figure 1.28 Modulation/demodulation
7. Modem Standards ***
Most popular modems available are based on the V-series standards published by the ITU-T
V.32 modem:
Uses 4 bits of each symbol represent data; then total data rate is 4 x 2400 = 9600 bps.
V.32bis Modem:
It uses 128-QAM transmission (7 bits/baud with I bit for error control) at a rate of 2400
baud (2400 x 6 = 14,400 bps.)
V.34bis Modem:
V.90 Modem
V.90 modems with a bit rate of 56,000 bps. Also called 56K modems.
These modems may be used only if one party is using digital signaling
They are asymmetric in that the downloading rate is a maximum of 56 kbps, while the
uploading rate can be a maximum of 33.6 kbps.
V.92 Modem
The standard above V90 is called V.92.
These modems can adjust their speed, and if the noise allows, they can upload data at
the rate of 48 kbps. The downloading rate is still 56 kbps.
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The modem has additional features. For example, the modem can interrupt the Internet
connection when there is an incoming call if the line has call-waiting service.
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Idle: Channels 1 to 5 are not used and provide a gap between voice and data communication.
Upstream data and control: Channels 6 to 30 (25 channels) are used for upstream data
transfer (24 channels) and 1 control. If there are 24 channels, each using 4 kHz (out of 4.312
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Downstream data and control: Channels 31 to 255 (225 channels) are used for downstream
data transfer and control. One channel is for control, and 224 channels are for data. If there
are 224 channels, then the data rate up to 224 x 4000 x 15, or13.4 Mbps. But in practice data
rate is normally below 8 Mbps, due to high noise in the some channel.
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It is a splitter less ADSL, since the installation of splitters at the border of the user
premises expensive and impractical.
This technology allows an ASDL Lite modem to be plugged directly into a telephone jack
and connected to the computer.
The splitting is done at the telephone company. It uses 256 DMT carriers with 8-bit
modulation.
It can provide a maximum downstream data rate of 1.5 Mbps and an upstream data rate
of 512 kbps.
A data rate of 1.544 Mbps can be achieved without repeaters up to a distance of 12,000
ft (3.86 km).
HDSL uses two twisted pairs (one pair for each direction) to achieve full-duplex
transmission.
The symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL) is a one twisted-pair version of HDSL.
Although this feature meets the needs of most residential subscribers, it is not suitable
for residential subscribers that send and receive data in large volumes in both directions.
Table below shows a summary of DSL technologies: Note: Two-binary, one-quaternary (2B1Q)
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1.8 CABLE TV NETWORKS: The cable TV network started as a video service provider, but it
has moved to the business of Internet access. Two types
1. Traditional Cable Networks
2. Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial (HFC) Network
1. Traditional Cable Networks: It was called community antenna TV (CATV) because an antenna
at the top of a tall hill or building received the signals from the TV stations and distributed them,
via coaxial cables, to the community. Figure 1.34 shows a schematic diagram of a traditional
cable TV network. Communication in the traditional cable TV network is unidirectional
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Each TV channel occupies 6 MHz; this can accommodate more than 80 channels.
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Upstream data are modulated using the QPSK modulation technique due to high noise.
2. Sharing: Both upstream and downstream bands are shared by the subscribers.
Upstream Sharing: The upstream data bandwidth is 37 MHz. Only six 6-MHz channels available
in the upstream direction. A subscriber needs to use one channel to send data in the upstream
direction. The question is, "How can six channels be shared in an area with 1000, 2000, or
even100, 000 subscribers?" The solution is timesharing.
Downstream Sharing: The downstream band has 33 channels of 6 MHz. A cable provider
probably has more than 33 subscribers; therefore, each channel must be shared between a
group of subscribers
3. CM and CMTS:*** To use a cable network for data transmission, need two key devices:
1. Cable Modem(CM)
2. Cable Modem Transmission System (CMTS).
1. The cable modem (CM): It is installed on the subscriber premises. It is similar to an ADSL
modem, as shown in figure 1.37.
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5. Calculate the minimum time required to download one million bytes of information using
each of the following technologies:
a. V32 modem
b. V32bis modem
c. V90 modem
d. ADSL modem
e. Cable modem
Prof. Suresha V, Dept. Of E&C E. K V G C E, Sullia, D.K-574 327
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Dividing the transmitted bit stream into frames: Answer- Data Link Layer
II.
Determining the route to be used through the subnet: Answer- Network Layer
III.
IV.
V.
2 a. Explain OSI model, with a neat diagram. Consider a source, destination machine and some
intermediate nodes for discussion.(May/ June 10 10marks Ans refer page no.3 to 5)
b. How addresses employed (used) in internet employing TCP/IP protocol can be classified?
(May/ June 10 02 marks Answer refer page no.13 to 15)
c. What is DSL technology? List different DSLs available. Discuss salient feature of ASDL.
(May/ June 10 08marks Answer refer page no.22 and 23)
3 a. What are the levels of addresses that are used in internet, employing the TCP/IP protocols?
(December 10 10marks Answer refer page no.13 to 15)
b. What are different types of services provided by telephone networks? (December 10
06marks Answer refer page no.20)
c. Name the major components of a telephone network. (December 10 04marks Answer
refer page no.16)
4 a. With a neat diagram, explain the TCP/IP reference model, giving a brief description of the
protocols in each layer (June/July 2011 10marks Answer refer page no.11)
b. Differentiate between CM and CMTS. (June/July 2011 04marks Ans refer page no.28)
c. Explain the operation of ADSL using discreet multi one modulations indicating the different
channels, with a neat diagram. (June/July 2011 06marks Answer refer page no.22 &23)
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ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
c. What is DSL technology? What are the services provided by the telephone companies using
DSL? Distinguish between DSL and DSLAM (December 2011 10marks Answer refer
page no.22 and 23)
6. a. Describe the ISO OSI reference model of a computer network. Discuss the function of
Each layer. (December 2012 10 marks Answer refer page no.2 and 5)
b. Describe the SS7 service and its relation to the telephone network. (December 2012
05marks Answer refer page no.19 and 20)
c. Distinguish between a DSL modem and a DSLAM. December 2012 05marks Answer
refer page no.22)
7.(a) Explain briefly with relevant examples, the 4 levels of address that are used in an internet
employing the TCP/IP Protocols.( June/July 2013 10marks Ans refer page no. 13)
(b). Briefly describe the function of physical layer and data link layer ( June /July 2013
06 marks Answer refer page no.5 and 6 )
(c).Explain the operation of ADSL using Discrete Multitone Technique indicating the different
channels with diagram.( June/July 2013 04 marks Answer refer page no.24 )
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