Transmission Control Protocol

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1

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 TCP SERVICES

•TCP provides process-to-process communication.

•TCP lies between the application layer and the
network layer, and serves as the intermediary
between the application programs and the network
operations.

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 Services Provided by TCP:
 Process-to-process communication

- using port numbers

 Stream delivery service

- delivers data as stream of bytes

 Sending and receiving buffers

 - uses two buffers, the sending buffer for sending

process and receiving buffer for receiving process
 Segments

- unit of data is segment

- groups bytes form segment
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  Full duplex communication
- data can flow in both directions
 Multiplexing and demultiplexing
- performs multiplexing at sender and
demultiplexing at receiver
 Connection oriented service

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 TCP/IP protocol suite

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 Stream delivery

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 Sending and receiving buffers

Stream of bytes

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 TCP segments

Segment N Segment 1
H H

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 TCP FEATURES

To provide the services mentioned in the previous

section, TCP has several features that are briefly
summarized in this section and discussed later in
detail.

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 Features of TCP
 Numbering system
- no field for segment number in header
- sequence number and acknowledgement fields are used
Byte number
- TCP numbers all data bytes that are transmitted in a
connection
Sequence number
- TCP assigns a sequence number to each segment
- number of first byte of data carried in that segment

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  Acknowledgement number
- is the number of next byte the receiver expected
to receive.
 Flow control
 Error control
 Congestion control

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 Note

The bytes of data being transferred in

each connection are numbered by TCP.

The numbering starts with an arbitrarily

generated number.

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 Note

The value in the sequence number

field of a segment defines the number
assigned to the first data byte
contained in that segment.

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 The value of the acknowledgment field
in a segment defines the number of the
next byte a party expects to receive.

The acknowledgment number is

cumulative.

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 SEGMENT

A packet in TCP is called a segment.

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 TCP segment format

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 Control field

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 Pseudoheader added to the TCP segment

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 Note

The use of the checksum in TCP is

mandatory.

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 Encapsulation

TCP
Application-layer data
header

IP
header

Frame
header

TCP payload
IP payload
Data-link layer payload

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 A TCP CONNECTION
•TCP is connection-oriented. It establishes a virtual
path between the source and destination.
•All of the segments belonging to a message are then
sent over this virtual path.

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 Connection establishment using three-way handshake

Passive
Active open
open seq: 8000

UAPRS F
SYN
seq: 15000
Connection ack: 8001
opened nd: 5000
U A P R S F rw
SYN + ACK
seq: 8000
ack: 15001
UAPRS F
rwnd: 10000
ACK

Means “no data” !

seq: 8001 if piggybacking
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 A SYN segment cannot carry data, but it
consumes one sequence number.

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 A SYN + ACK segment cannot carry
data, but does consume one
sequence number.

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 An ACK segment, if carrying no data,
consumes no sequence number.

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 Figure 15.10 Data Transfer

seq: 8001
Send
request ack: 15001
UAPRS F
Data Receive
bytes: 8001-9
000

Send seq: 9001

request ack: 15001
UAPRS F
Data Receive
bytes: 9001-1
0000

seq: 15001 Send

ack: 10001 request
UAPRS F
Data
17000
bytes: 15001-
seq: 10000
ack: 17001
UAPRS F
rwnd:10000

Connection Termination

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 Figure 15.11 Connection termination using three-way handshake

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 Note

The FIN segment consumes one

sequence number if it does
not carry data.

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 Note

The FIN + ACK segment consumes one

sequence number if it does
not carry data.

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 Figure 15.12 Half-Close

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