Baryonyx

Baryonyx (/brinks/) is a genus of theropod dinosaur

which lived in the Barremian stage of the early
Cretaceous Period, about 130125 million years ago.
The holotype specimen was discovered in 1983 in Surrey,
England, and the animal was named Baryonyx walkeri in
1986. The genus name, Baryonyx, means heavy claw
and alludes to the animals very large claw on the rst
nger; the specic name (walkeri) refers to its discoverer, amateur fossil hunter William J. Walker. Fragmentary specimens were later discovered in other parts of the Size of spinosaurids (Baryonyx in orange, second from right)
United Kingdom and Iberia. The holotype specimen is compared with a human
one of the most complete theropod skeletons from the
UK, and its discovery attracted media attention.

1 Description

Baryonyx was about 7.5 m (25 ft) long and weighed 1.2 t
(1.3 short tons), but the holotype specimen may not have
been fully grown. It had a long, low snout and narrow
jaws, which have been compared to those of a gharial.
The tip of the snout expanded to the sides in the shape of
a rosette. Behind this, the upper jaw had a notch which
tted into the lower jaw (which curved upwards in the
same area). It had a triangular crest on the top of its nasal
bones. Baryonyx had many nely serrated, conical teeth,
with the largest teeth in front. The neck was less curved
than that of other theropods, and the neural spines of its
dorsal vertebrae increased in height from front to back.
It had robust forelimbs, with the eponymous rst-nger
claw measuring about 31 cm (12 in) long.

In 2010, Baryonyx was estimated to have been 7.5 m (25

ft) long and to have weighed 1.2 t (1.3 short tons).[1] It
was estimated at 10 m (33 ft) in 1997, and 9.5 m (31
ft) long, 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in hip height, and 1.7 t (1.9 short
tons) in weight in 1988. The fact that elements of the skull
and vertebral column of the B. walkeri holotype specimen
(NHM R9951) do not appear to have co-ossied (fused)
suggests that the individual was not fully grown, and the
mature animal may have been much larger (as attested by
the size of the related Spinosaurus, which reached about
14 m (46 ft) and 10 t (11 short tons). On the other hand,
the specimens fused sternum indicates that it may have
been fairly mature.[2][3] The second-best-preserved specNow recognised as a member of the family imen (ML1190) was about the same size as the holotype
Spinosauridae, Baryonyx's anities were obscure skeleton.[1][4]
when it was discovered. Apart from the type species
(B. walkeri), some researchers have suggested that The skull of Baryonyx is incompletely known, and much
Suchomimus tenerensis belongs in the same genus and of the middle and hind portions are not preserved. The
that Suchosaurus cultridens is a senior synonym; subse- full length of the skull has been estimated to be 950 mm
quent authors have kept them separate. Baryonyx was (37.4 in), based on comparison with that of the related
the rst theropod dinosaur demonstrated to have been genus Suchomimus (which is 20% larger). It was elonpiscivorous (sh-eating), as evidenced by sh scales gated, and the front 170 mm (6.6 in) of the premaxillae
in the stomach region of the holotype specimen. It formed a long, low snout (rostrum) with a rounded upmay also have been an active predator of larger prey per surface. The nostrils, far back from the tip, passed
and a scavenger, since it also contained bones of a horizontally from one side of the skull to the other. The
juvenile Iguanodon. The creature would have caught and front 130 mm (5.1 in) of the snout expanded into a spatprocessed its prey primarily with its forelimbs and large ulate (ared outwards to the sides), terminal rosette"
claws. Baryonyx lived near water bodies, in areas where shape similar to the modern gharial, and the front 70
other theropod, ornithopod, and sauropod dinosaurs mm (2.7 in) of the lower margin was downturned. The
snout was very narrow just behind the rosette. The creahave also been found.
tures maxilla and premaxilla t together in a complex
articulation, resulting in a strongly curved tooth row. The
gap in the row is comparable to that of Dilophosaurus.
The front 140 mm (5.5 in) of the dentary in the mandible
curved upwards towards this area, and the gap between
the upper and lower jaw is known as the subrostral notch.
1

DESCRIPTION

The snout had extensive pits (which would have been ex- most theropods. Some of the teeth were uted, with six
its for blood vessels and nerves), and the maxilla appears to eight ridges along the length of their inner sides and
to have housed sinuses.[2][5]
ne-grained enamel. The inner side of each tooth row
had a bony wall. The number of teeth was large, with
seven teeth in the right premaxilla (other theropods have
three to ve) and thirty-two in the dentary, where sixteen
is typical. The lower jaw would have had sixty-four teeth,
and the dierence between the number of teeth in the
upper and lower jaws is more pronounced than in other
theropods. The teeth in the dentary were more densely
packed than those in the maxilla, and probably smaller.
The terminal rosette in the upper jaw had thirteen dental
alveoli (tooth sockets), six on the left and seven on the
right side; the rst four were large (with the second and
third the largest), while the fourth and fth progressively
decreased in size. The diameter of the largest was twice
that of the smallest. The rst four alveoli of the denReconstructed skull, Museon, The Hague
tary (corresponding to the tip of the upper jaw) were the
largest, with the rest more regular in size. Interdental
Baryonyx had a rudimentary secondary palate, similar plates were between the alveoli.[2][5]
to crocodiles but unlike most theropod dinosaurs.[6] A
rugose surface suggests the presence of a horny pad in
the roof of the mouth. The upper midline of the nasal
bones had a triangular sagittal crest, which was narrow
and sharp in front. The lacrimal bone in front of the
eye appears to have formed a horn core similar to those
seen, for example, on Allosaurus. The dentary was very
long and shallow, with a prominent Meckelian groove.
The rest of the lower jaw was fragile; the hind third was
much thinner than the front, with a blade-like appearance. The front part of the dentary curved outwards to
accommodate the large front teeth, and this area formed
Three neck vertebrae of the holotype specimen; the third is shown
the mandibular part of the rosette. The dentary had many from two angles
foramina (openings), which were passages for nerves and
blood vessels.[2] It has been suggested that some of BaryThe neck formed a straighter S shape (a sigmoid curve
onyx's cranial bones had been misidentied (resulting in
typical of theropods) than that seen in other theropods; in
the occiput's too-deep reconstruction), and the skull was
fact, the neck was initially thought to lack the S curve.[8]
probably as low, long and narrow as that of the closely
The shape of the cervical vertebrae indicate that they
related Suchomimus.[7]
tapered towards the head and were progressively longer
front to back. The neural spines of the cervical vertebrae were low, thin, and were not always sutured to the
centra (the bodies of the vertebrae). The axis vertebra,
small relative to the size of the skull, had a well-developed
hyposphene. The centra of the dorsal vertebrae were
similar in size. Like other dinosaurs, Baryonyx reduced
its weight (skeletal pneumaticity) with fenestrae (openings) in the neural arches and with pleurocoels (hollow
Restoration of Baryonyx with a sh
depressions) in the centra (primarily near the transverse
Most of the teeth found with the holotype specimen were processes). From front to back, the neural spines of the
vertebrae changed from short and stout to tall and
not attached to the skull; a few remained in the upper dorsal [2]
broad.
jaw, and only small replacement teeth were in the lower
jaw. The teeth had the shape of recurved cones, attened
somewhat sideways. The larger teeth were less recurved
than the smaller ones, but were otherwise uniform. The
roots were very long, and the teeth slender. The carinae
(edges) of the teeth were nely serrated with denticles
on the front and back. There were seven narrow, uniform denticles per millimetre (0.039 in), more than in

The scapulae (shoulder blades) were robust; the bones of

the forelimb were short in relation to the animals size,
but broad and sturdy. The humerus was short and stout,
with its ends broadly expanded and attenedthe upper
side for the deltopectoral crest and muscle attachment and
the lower for articulation with the radius and ulna. The
radius was short, stout and straight, and the olecranon of

3
the ulna apparently very powerful. The lower part of the
ulna had a broad expansion. The rst nger had a large
claw (ungual bone) measuring about 31 cm (12 in) along
its curve, which would have been lengthened by a keratin
sheath in life. Apart from its size, the claws proportions were fairly typical of a theropod; it was bilaterally
symmetric, slightly compressed, smoothly rounded, and
sharply pointed. A groove for the sheath ran along the
length of the claw. The pubic foot of the pelvis was not
expanded.[2]

Preparing the specimen was dicult, due to the hardness

of the siltstone matrix and the presence of siderite; acid
preparation was attempted, but most of the matrix was
removed mechanically. The skeleton consisted of partial skull bones; teeth; cervical, dorsal and caudal vertebrae; ribs; a sternum; coracoids; arm and hand bones;
claws; hip bones, and leg bones.[2][11] The original specimen number was BMNH R9951, but it was later renumbered NHMUK VP R9951.[11][12]

History of discovery
Snout of the holotype specimen, from the left and below

Cast of the hand claw in the Palais de la Dcouverte, Paris

On 7 January 1983 amateur fossil hunter William J.

Walker discovered a large claw, a phalanx bone, and part
of a rib in Smokejacks Pit, a clay pit near Ockley in
Surrey, England. The tip of the claw was missing, but
Walker found it a week later. British palaeontologists
Alan J. Charig and Angela C. Milner examined the nds
at the Natural History Museum of London and found
more bones at the site on 7 February, but the entire skeleton could not be collected until May and June due to conditions at the pit. A team of eight museum sta members
and several volunteers excavated two tonnes of matrix.
Walker donated the claw to the museum, and the Ockley
Brick Company (owners of the pit) donated the rest of
the skeleton and provided equipment.[2][9] The area had
been explored for 200 years, but no similar remains had
been found before.[10]
Most of the bones collected were encased in siltstone
nodules surrounded by ne sand and silt, with the rest
lying in clay. The bones were disarticulated and scattered over a 5 x 2 m (17 x 8 ft) area, but most were not
far from their natural positions. The position of some
bones was disturbed by a bulldozer, and some were broken by mechanical equipment before they were collected.

In 1986 Charig and Milner made the skeleton the holotype specimen of a new genus and species: Baryonyx
walkeri. The genus name derives from ancient Greek;
(barys) means heavy or strong, and
(onyx) means claw or talon. The specic name honours Walker, for discovering the specimen. At that time,
the authors did not know if the large claw belonged to the
hand or the foot (as in dromaeosaurs, which it was then
assumed to be). Due to ongoing work on the bones (70
percent had been prepared at the time), they called their
article preliminary (a Letter to Nature") and promised
a more detailed description at a later date. Baryonyx
was the rst large Early Cretaceous theropod found anywhere in the world at the time.[11][13] Before the discovery of Baryonyx the last signicant theropod nd in the
United Kingdom was Eustreptospondylus in 1871, and in
a 1986 interview Charig called Baryonyx the best nd of
the century in Europe.[2][9] It was widely featured in international media, and its discovery was the subject of
a 1987 BBC documentary. Baryonyx was nicknamed
Claws by journalists punning on the title of the lm
Jaws. The skeleton is mounted at the Natural History
Museum in London, and in 1997 Charig and Milner published a monograph describing the holotype skeleton in
detail.[2][10]
Fossils from other parts of the UK and Iberia, mostly isolated teeth, have subsequently been attributed to Baryonyx or similar animals.[2] Isolated teeth and bones from
the Isle of Wight, including hand bones and a vertebra,
have been attributed to this genus.[14] A maxilla fragment
from La Rioja, Spain was attributed in 1995.[15] In 1999 a
postorbital bone, a squamosal bone, a tooth, vertebra remains, metacarpals, and a phalanx from the Sala de los Infantes deposit in Burgos Province, Spain, were attributed
to an immature Baryonyx (though some of these elements
are unknown in the holotype),[16][17] and dinosaur tracks
near Burgos have been identied as those of Baryonyx
or a similar theropod.[18] In 2011 a specimen (ML1190)
from the Papo Seco Formation in Boca do Chapim, Portugal, with a fragmentary dentary, teeth, vertebrae, ribs,

CLASSIFICATION

hip bones, a scapula, and a phalanx bone, was attributed name).[23] The following cladogram shows the position
to Baryonyx, the most complete Iberian remains of the of Baryonyx within Spinosauridae, after Allain et al.
animal. The skeletal elements of this specimen are also (2012):[24]
represented in the more complete holotype NHM R9951,
except for the mid-neck vertebrae.[4]

Classication

Skeletal diagram of the holotype specimen (below) compared

with the closely related genus Suchomimus

In their original description, Charig and Milner found

Baryonyx unique enough to warrant a new family of
theropod dinosaurs: Baryonychidae. They found Baryonyx to be unlike any other theropod group (and considered the possibility that it was a thecodont, due to apparently primitive features), but noted that the articulation of the maxilla and premaxilla was similar to that
in Dilophosaurus. They also noted that two fragmentary
snouts from Niger, assigned to the family Spinosauridae
by French palaeontologist Philippe Taquet in 1984, appeared almost identical to those of Baryonyx and they referred them to Baryonychidae instead.[11] In 1988, American palaeontologist Gregory S. Paul agreed with Taquet
that Spinosaurus, described in 1915 based on fragmentary
remains from Egypt which were destroyed in World War
II, and Baryonyx were similar and (due to their kinked
snouts) possibly late-surviving dilophosaurs.[3] French
palaeontologist Eric Buetaut also supported this relationship in 1989.[19] In 1990 Charig and Milner dismissed
the spinosaurid anities of Baryonyx, since they did not
nd their remains similar enough.[20]
Discoveries in the 1990s shed more light on the relationships of Baryonyx and its relatives. A snout
from Morocco was referred to Spinosaurus and Irritator
from Brazil was named in 1996.[21] Two years later the
snout fragments from Niger were named Cristatusaurus,
and Suchomimus was named from a partial skeleton from the country. In their description of Suchomimus, Sereno and colleagues placed it and Baryonyx
in the new subfamily Baryonychinae within Spinosauridae; other members of the group were placed in
the subfamily Spinosaurinae.[7][22] They also united the
spinosaurids and their closest relatives in the superfamily Spinosauroidea, but in 2010 Roger Benson considered this a junior synonym of Megalosauroidea (an older

1878 lithograph showing the holotype tooth of Suchosaurus cultridens

The authors of a 2002 article about Irritator proposed that

Suchomimus tenerensis was similar enough to B. walkeri to be considered a species within the same genus (B.
tenerensis), suggesting that Suchomimus was identical to
Cristatusaurus; both are from the Elrhaz Formation.[25] At
about 9.5 m (30 ft) and 2.5 tonnes (5,511 lb), Suchomimus
was larger than Baryonyx.[1] In a 2004 conference abstract, palaeontologists Steve Hutt and Penny Newbery
supported this view based on a large theropod vertebra
from the Isle of Wight which they attributed to Baryonyx; this indicated that the vertebrae of the two genera
were more similar than previously thought.[26] Later studies have kept the genera separate.[4][24][27]

Fragmentary holotype mandible and tooth of Suchosaurus girardi

In a 2003 article, Milner noted that the teeth of Baryonyx were very similar to those of the genus Suchosaurus
and suggested that their remains represented the same
animal.[28] The type species of the genus, S. cultridens,
was named in 1841 based on teeth from Tilgate Forest
in Sussex; a second species, S. girardi, was named in
1897 based on jaw fragments and a tooth from Boca do

5
Chapim. In 2007 Buetaut considered the teeth of S. girardi very similar to those of Baryonyx (and S. cultridens)
except for the stronger development of the crown ribs,
suggesting that the remains belonged to the same genus.
Buetaut agreed with Milner that the teeth of S. cultridens were almost identical to those of B. walkeri, but with
a ribbier surface. The former taxon might be a senior synonym of the latter (since it was published rst), depending on whether the dierences were within a taxon or between dierent ones. According to Buetaut, since the
holotype specimen of S. cultridens is one worn tooth and
that of B. walkeri is a skeleton it would be more practical
to retain the newer name.[29] In 2011 Portuguese palaeontologist Octvio Mateus and colleagues agreed that Suchosaurus was closely related to Baryonyx, but considered
both species in the former genus nomina dubia (dubious names) since their holotype specimens were not considered diagnostic (lacking distinguishing features) and
could not be denitely equated with other taxa.[4]

3.1

Evolution

spinosaurines and baryonychines diverged before the Barremian age of the Early Cretaceous.[7]
Several theories have been proposed about the
biogeography of the spinosaurids. Since Suchomimus
was more closely related to Baryonyx (from Europe)
than to Spinosaurusalthough that genus also lived
in Africathe distribution of spinosaurids cannot be
explained as vicariance resulting from continental rifting.
Sereno et al. proposed that spinosaurids were initially
distributed across the supercontinent Pangea, but split
with the opening of the Tethys Sea. Spinosaurines would
then have evolved in the south (Africa and South America: in Gondwanaland) and baryonychines in the north
(Europe: in Laurasia), with Suchomimus the result of a
single north-to-south dispersal event.[7] It has also been
suggested that baryonychines could be the ancestors of
spinosaurines, which appear to have replaced the former
in Africa.[32] In 2006, it was demonstrated that Iberia
was near northern Africa during the Early Cretaceous;
some researchers have argued that the Iberian region
was a stepping stone between Europe and Africa, which
is supported by the presence of baryonychines in Iberia.
The direction of the dispersal between Europe and
Africa is still unknown,[29] and subsequent discoveries of
spinosaurid remains in Asia and Australia indicate that it
may have been complex.[4]

4 Palaeobiology

Restoration of a sunbathing Baryonyx being groomed by small

pterosaurs and birds

Spinosaurids appear to have been widespread from the

Barremian to the Cenomanian ages of the Cretaceous,
about 130 to 95 million years ago. They shared features
such as long, narrow, crocodile-like skulls; sub-circular
teeth, with ne to no serrations; the snout rosette, and
a secondary palate which made them more resistant to
torsion. In contrast, the primitive and typical condition
for theropods was a tall, narrow snout with blade-like
teeth serrated front and back. The skull adaptations of
spinosaurids converged with those of crocodilians; early
members of the latter group had skulls similar to typical theropods, later developing elongated snouts, conical teeth, and secondary palates. These adaptations may
have been the result of a dietary change from terrestrial
prey to sh. Unlike crocodiles, the post-cranial skeletons
of most spinosaurids (except Spinosaurus) do not appear
to have aquatic adaptations.[30][31] Sereno and colleagues
proposed that the large thumb-claw and robust forelimbs
of spinosaurids evolved in the Middle Jurassic, before
the elongation of the skull and other adaptations related
to sh-eating, since the former features are shared with
their megalosaurid relatives. They also suggested that the

Animatronics display depicting Baryonyx hunting sh, NHM

In 1986 Charig and Milner rst suggested that its elongated snout with many nely serrated teeth indicated that
Baryonyx was piscivorous (a sh-eater), speculating that
it crouched on a riverbank and used its claw to ga sh
out of the water (similar to the modern grizzly bear). In
1984, Taquet pointed out that the spinosaurid snouts from
Niger were similar to those of the modern gharial and
suggested a behaviour similar to herons or storks. Charig
and Milner did not consider Baryonyx to be aquatic (due

PALAEOBIOLOGY

to its nostrils being on the sides of its snoutfar from

the tipand the form of the post-cranial skeleton), but
thought it was capable of swimming like most land vertebrates. They later rejected their initial proposal that
the articulation between the premaxilla and maxilla was
mobile.[2][11]
In 1987 Andrew Kitchener disputed the piscivorous behaviour of Baryonyx and suggested that it would have
been a scavenger, using its long neck to feed on the
ground, its claws to break into a carcass, and its long snout
(with nostrils far back for breathing) for investigating the
body cavity. Kitchener argued that Baryonyx's jaws and
teeth were too weak to kill other dinosaurs and too heavy
to catch sh, with too many adaptations for piscivory.[33]
According to R. E. H. Reid, a scavenged carcass would CT scan video of the holotype snout, created for a 2013 study
have been broken up by its predator and large animals
capable of doing sosuch as grizzly bearsare also capable of catching sh (at least in shallow water).[34]
A 2007 nite element analysis of CT scanned snouts indicated that the biomechanics of Baryonyx were most
similar to those of the gharial and unlike those of the
American alligator and more-conventional theropods,
supporting a piscivorous diet for spinosaurids.[6] Their
secondary palate helped them resist bending and torsion of their tubular snouts.[6] A 2013 beam-theory study
compared the biomechanics of CT-scanned spinosaurid
snouts with those of extant crocodilians, and found the
The skull of the modern gharial has been compared with that of snouts of Baryonyx and Spinosaurus similar in their reBaryonyx
sistance to bending and torsion. Baryonyx was found to
have relatively high resistance in the snout to dorsovenIn 1997, Charig and Milner demonstrated direct dietary tral bending compared with Spinosaurus and the gharial.
evidence in the stomach region of the B. walkeri holotype. The authors concluded (in contrast to the 2007 study)
It contained the rst evidence of piscivory in a thero- that Baryonyx performed dierently than the gharial;
pod dinosaur, acid-etched scales and teeth of the com- spinosaurids were not exclusive piscivores, and their diet
mon sh Scheenstia mantelli (then classied in the genus was determined by their individual size.[12]
Lepidotes), and abraded bones of a young Iguanodon. An
A 2010 study proposed that spinosaurids were semiapparent gastrolith (gizzard stone) was also found. They
also presented circumstantial evidence for piscivory, such aquatic, based on the oxygen isotope composition of
as crocodile-like adaptations for catching and swallow- spinosaurid teeth from around the world compared with
ing prey: long, narrow jaws with their terminal rosette, that of other theropods and extant animals. Spinosaurids
similar to those of a gharial, and the downturned tip probably spent much of the day in water, like crocodiles
and notch of the snout. In their view, these adapta- and hippopotamuses, and had a diet similar to the fortions suggested that Baryonyx would have caught small to mer; both were opportunistic predators. Since most
medium-sized sh in the manner of a crocodilian: grip- spinosaurids do not appear to have anatomical adaptations
ping them with the notch of the snout (giving the teeth for an aquatic lifestyle, the authors proposed that submera stabbing function), tilting the head backwards, and sion in water was a means of thermoregulation similar
swallowing them headrst. Larger sh would be broken to that of crocodiles and hippopotamuses. Spinosaurids
up with the claws. That the teeth in the lower jaw were may also have turned to aquatic habitats and piscompetition with large, more-terrestrial
smaller, more crowded and numerous than those in the civory to avoid
[37]
A
2016 study found that the jaws of
theropods.
upper jaw may have helped the animal grip food. Charig
spinosaurids
were
convergent with those of pike conand Milner maintained that Baryonyx would primarily
these
sh
also have sideways compressed jaws
ger
eels;
have eaten sh (although it would also have been an ac(whereas
the
jaws
of
crocodilians are compressed from
tive predator and opportunistic scavenger), but it was not
top
to
bottom),
an
elongated
snout with a terminal
equipped to be a macro-predator like Allosaurus. They
rosette
that
bears
enlarged
teeth,
and a notch behind the
suggested that Baryonyx mainly used its forelimbs and
rosette
with
smaller
teeth.
This
type
of jaws were likely
[2][35]
large claws to catch, kill and tear apart larger prey.
evolved
for
grabbing
prey
in
aquatic
environments with
In 2004, a pterosaur neck vertebra from Brazil with a
low
light,
and
may
have
helped
in
prey
detection.[38]
spinosaurid tooth embedded in it conrmed that the latter
In their original description Charig and Milner specwere not exclusively piscivorous.[36]

7
ulated that the elongated skull, long neck, and strong
humerus of Baryonyx indicated that the animal was a facultative quadruped, unique among theropods.[11] In their
1997 article they found no skeletal support for this, but
maintained thar the forelimbs would have been strong
enough for a quadrupedal posture and it would probably have caught aquatic prey while crouchingor on all
foursnear (or in) water.[2] A 2014 re-description of
Spinosaurus based on new remains suggested that it was
a quadruped, based on its anterior centre of body mass.
Model carcass based on the position of the holotype bones, NHM
The authors found quadrupedality unlikely for Baryonyx,
since the better-known legs of the closely related Suchomimus did not support this posture.[31]

Palaeoecology

Reconstructed head and arm, NHM

The Weald Clay formation consists of sediments of

Hauterivian (Lower Weald Clay) to Barremian (Upper
Weald Clay) in age, about 130-125 million years old.
The B. walkeri holotype was found in the latter, in clay
representing non-marine still water, which has been interpreted as a uvial or mudat environment with shallow water, lagoons, and marsh. During the Early Cretaceous, the Weald area of Surrey, Sussex, and Kent
was partly covered by the large, fresh-to-brackish water Wealden Lake. Two large rivers drained the northern area (where London now stands), owing into the
lake through a river delta; the Anglo-Paris Basin was in
the south. Its climate was sub-tropical, similar to the
present Mediterranean region. Since the Smokejacks Pit
consists of dierent stratigraphic levels, fossil taxa found
there are not necessarily contemporaneous.[2] Dinosaurs
from the locality include the ornithopods Mantellisaurus,
Iguanodon, and small sauropods. Other vertebrates include sharks (such as Hybodus), bony shes (including Scheenstia), crocodiles, and pterosaurs. Members
of ten orders of insects have been identied, including
Valditermes, Archisphex, and Pterinoblattina. Other invertebrates include ostracods, isopods, conchostracans,
and bivalves. The plants Weichselia and the aquatic,
herbaceous Bevhalstia were common. Other plants found
include ferns, horsetails, club mosses, and conifers.[39]

walkeri holotype specimen. The ne-grained sediments

around the skeleton, and the fact that the bones were
found close together (skull and forelimb elements at one
end of the excavation area and the pelvis and hind-limb
elements at the other), indicates that the environment was
quiet at the time of fossilisation and water currents did
not carry the carcass farpossibly because the water was
shallow. The area where the specimen died seems to have
been suitable for a piscivorous animal. It may have caught
sh and scavenged on the mud plain, becoming mired before it died and was buried. Since the bones are wellpreserved and had no gnaw marks, the carcass appears
to have been undisturbed by scavengers (suggesting that
it was quickly covered by sediment). The disarticulation
of the bones may have been the result of soft-tissue decomposition. Parts of the skeleton seem to have weathered to dierent degrees, perhaps because water levels
changed or the sediments shifted (exposing parts of the
skeleton). The girdle and limb bones, the dentary, and a
rib were broken before fossilisation, perhaps from trampling by large animals while buried. The orientation of
the bones indicates that the carcass lay on its back, which
may explain why all the lower teeth had fallen out of their
sockets and some upper teeth were still in place.[2]

Other dinosaurs from the Wessex Formation of the

Isle of Wight include the theropods Neovenator,
Aristosuchus,
Thecocoelurus,
Calamospondylus,
and Ornithodesmus; the ornithopods Iguanodon,
Hypsilophodon, and Valdosaurus; the sauropods
Pelorosaurus and Chondrosteosaurus, and the ankylosaur
Polacanthus.[40] The Papo Seco Formation of Portugal
where Baryonyx has been identied is composed of
marl, representing a lagoon environment. Other dinosaur
remains from the area include fragments tentatively
assigned to Mantellisaurus, a macronarian sauropod,
and Megalosaurus. Most of the bones of Portuguese
specimen ML1190 were damaged, and some scratches
may be marks from small scavengers. The specimens
disarticulation indicates it was transported from a moreCharig and Milner presented a possible scenario explain- terrestrial environment (since many bones are missing),
ing the taphonomy (changes during fossilisation) of the B. but those found were close together.[4][29]

See also

References

[1] Paul, G. S. (2010). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press. pp. 8788. ISBN
978-0-691-13720-9.

REFERENCES

[11] Charig, A. J.; Milner, A. C. (1986). "Baryonyx, a

remarkable new theropod dinosaur. Nature. 324
(6095): 359361.
Bibcode:1986Natur.324..359C.
doi:10.1038/324359a0. PMID 3785404.
[12] Cu, A. R.; Rayeld, E. J. (2013). Farke, Andrew A, ed.
Feeding Mechanics in Spinosaurid
Theropods and Extant Crocodilians.
PLoS ONE.
8 (5): e65295.
Bibcode:2013PLoSO...865295C.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065295. PMC 3665537 .
PMID 23724135.

[2] Charig, A. J.; Milner, A. C. (1997). "Baryonyx walkeri, a

sh-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin
of the Natural History Museum of London. 53: 1170.

[13] Norman, D. B. (1985). Dromaeosaurids. The Illustrated

Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs: An Original and Compelling
Insight into Life in the Dinosaur Kingdom. New York:
Crescent Books. pp. 5758. ISBN 978-0-517-46890-6.

[3] Paul, G. S. (1988). Predatory Dinosaurs of the World.

New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 271274. ISBN 9780-671-61946-6.

[14] Clabby, S. M. (2005). "Baryonyx Charig and Milner

1986. DinoWight. Retrieved October 12, 2015.

[4] Mateus, O.; Arajo, R.; Natrio, C.; Castanhinha, R.

(2011). A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic
validity of Suchosaurus" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2827: 5468.

[15] Viera, I.; Torres, J. A. (1995). Presencia de Baryonyx

walkeri (Saurischia, Theropoda) en el Weald de La Rioja
(Espaa)". Munibe Ciencias Naturales (in Spanish). 47:
5761. ISSN 0214-7688.

[5] Hendrickx, C.; Mateus, O.; Buetaut, E.; Evans, A.

R. (2016). Morphofunctional analysis of the quadrate
of spinosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the presence of Spinosaurus and a second spinosaurine taxon
in the Cenomanian of North Africa. PLoS ONE.
11 (1): e0144695. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1144695H.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144695. PMID 26734729.

[16] Vidarte, C. F.; Calvo, M. M.; Meijide, M.; Izquierdo,

L. A.; Montero, D.; Prez, G.; Torcida, F.; Urin, V.;
Fuentes, F. M.; Fuentes, M. M. (2001). Restos fsiles
de Baryonyx (Dinosauria, Theropoda) en el Cretcico Inferior de Salas de los Infantes (Burgos, Espaa)". Actas
de las I Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontologa de
Dinosaurios y su Entorno. Salas de los Infantes, Burgos.
(in Spanish): 349359.

[6] Rayeld, E. J.; Milner, A. C.; Xuan, V. B.; Young,

P. G. (2007). Functional morphology of spinosaur
'crocodile-mimic' dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (4): 892901. doi:10.1671/02724634(2007)27[892:FMOSCD]2.0.CO;2.

[17] Pereda-Suberbiola, X.; Ruiz-Omeaca, J. I.; Canudo, J.

I.; Torcida, F.; Sanz, J. L. (2012). Dinosaur Faunas from
the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian-Albian) of Spain. In
Godefroit, P. Bernissart Dinosaurs. Indiana University
Press. pp. 389390. ISBN 978-0-253-00570-0.

[7] Sereno, P. C.; Beck, A. L.; Dutheil, D. B.; Gado,

B.; Larsson, H. C. E.; Lyon, G. H.; Marcot, J.
D.; Rauhut, O. W. M.; Sadleir, R. W.; Sidor, C.
A.; Varricchio, D. D.; Wilson, G. P.; Wilson, J.
A. (1998). A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from
Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science.
282 (5392): 12981302. Bibcode:1998Sci...282.1298S.
doi:10.1126/science.282.5392.1298. PMID 9812890.
Retrieved 2013-03-19.

[18] Prez-Lorente, F. (2015). Dinosaur Footprints and Trackways of La Rioja. Life of the Past. Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 225246. ISBN 978-0-253-01515-0.

[8] Evers, S. W.; Rauhut, O. W. M.; Milner, A. C.;

McFeeters, B.; Allain, R. (2015). A reappraisal of the
morphology and systematic position of the theropod dinosaur Sigilmassasaurus from the middle Cretaceous of
Morocco. PeerJ. 3: e1323. doi:10.7717/peerj.1323.
PMC 4614847 . PMID 26500829.

[19] Buetaut, E. (1989). New remains of the enigmatic dinosaur Spinosaurus from the Cretaceous of Morocco and
the anities between Spinosaurus and Baryonyx". Neues
Jahrbuch fr Geologie und Palontologie Monatshefte. 2:
7987.
[20] Charig, A. J.; Milner, A. C. (1990). The systematic position of Baryonyx walkeri, in the light of Gauthiers reclassication of the Theropoda. In Carpenter, K.; Currie,
P. J. Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 127140.
ISBN 978-0-521-43810-0.

[9] Edwards, D. D. (1986). Fossil Claw Unearths a

New Family Tree. Science News. 130 (23): 356.
doi:10.2307/3970849. JSTOR 3970849.

[21] Russell, D. A. (1996). Isolated dinosaur bones from the

Middle Cretaceous of the Talalt, Morocco. Bulletin du
Musum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4e srie, section C. 18 (23): 349402.

[10] Moody, R. T. J.; Naish, D. (2010). Alan Jack Charig

(19271997): An overview of his academic accomplishments and role in the world of fossil reptile research. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 343: 89109. Bibcode:2010GSLSP.343...89M.
doi:10.1144/SP343.6.

[22] Taquet, P.; Russell, D. A. (1998). New data on

spinosaurid dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of
the Sahara. Comptes Rendus de l'Acadmie des Sciences Paris, Sciences de la Terre et des Plantes.
327 (5): 347353. Bibcode:1998CRASE.327..347T.
doi:10.1016/S1251-8050(98)80054-2.

[23] Benson, R. B. J. (2010). A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the
Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 158 (4): 882935. doi:10.1111/j.10963642.2009.00569.x.
[24] Allain, R.; Xaisanavong, T.; Richir, P.; Khentavong,
B. (2012).
The rst denitive Asian spinosaurid
(Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the early cretaceous
of Laos. Naturwissenschaften. 99 (5): 369377.
Bibcode:2012NW.....99..369A.
doi:10.1007/s00114012-0911-7. PMID 22528021.
[25] Sues, H. D.; Frey, E.; Martill, M.; Scott, D. M.
(2002). "Irritator challengeri, a spinosaurid (Dinosauria:
Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (3): 535547.
doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0535:icasdt]2.0.co;2.
[26] Hutt, S.; Newbery, P. (2004). A new look at Baryonyx
walkeri (Charig and Milner, 1986) based upon a recent
fossil nd from the Wealden. Symposium of Vertebrate
Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy.
[27] Benson, R. B. J.; Carrano, M. T.; Brusatte, S. L. (2009).
A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs
(Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic. Naturwissenschaften. 97 (1): 7178.
Bibcode:2010NW.....97...71B. doi:10.1007/s00114-0090614-x. PMID 19826771.
[28] Milner, A. C. (2003). Fish-eating theropods: A short review of the systematics, biology and palaeobiogeography
of spinosaurs. Actas de las II Jornadas Internacionales
sobre Paleontologa de Dinosaurios y su Entorno: 129
138.
[29] Buetaut, E. (2007). The spinosaurid dinosaur Baryonyx (Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Early Cretaceous of
Portugal. Geological Magazine. 144 (6): 10211025.
doi:10.1017/S0016756807003883.
[30] Holtz Jr., T. R. (1998). Spinosaurs as crocodile
mimics.
Science.
282 (5392):
12761277.
doi:10.1126/science.282.5392.1276.
[31] Ibrahim, N.; Sereno, P. C.; Dal Sasso, C.; Maganuco,
S.; Fabri, M.; Martill, D. M.; Zouhri, S.; Myhrvold,
Semiaquatic adaptaN.; Lurino, D. A. (2014).
tions in a giant predatory dinosaur. Science. 345
(6204): 16131616.
Bibcode:2014Sci...345.1613I.
doi:10.1126/science.1258750.
PMID 25213375.
Supplementary Information
[32] Buetaut, E.; Ouaja, M. (2002).
A new specimen of Spinosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the
Lower Cretaceous of Tunisia, with remarks on the evolutionary history of the Spinosauridae. Bulletin de
la Socit Gologique de France. 173 (5): 415421.
doi:10.2113/173.5.415.
[33] Kitchener, A. (1987). Function of Claws claws. Nature. 325 (6100): 114. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..114K.
doi:10.1038/325114a0.

[34] Reid, R. E. H. (1987).

Claws claws.
Nature. 325 (6104): 487. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..487R.
doi:10.1038/325487b0.
[35] Lpez-Arbarello,
A. (2012).
Phylogenetic
Interrelationships
of
Ginglymodian
Fishes
(Actinopterygii:
Neopterygii)".
PLoS ONE. 7
(7):
e39370.
Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739370L.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039370. PMC 3394768 .
PMID 22808031.
[36] Buetaut, E.; Martill, D.; Escuilli, F. (2004).
Pterosaurs as part of a spinosaur diet.
Nature.
429 (6995):
33.
Bibcode:2004Natur.429...33B.
doi:10.1038/430033a. PMID 15229562.
[37] Amiot, R.; Buetaut, E.; Lecuyer, C.; Wang, X.; Boudad,
L.; Ding, Z.; Fourel, F.; Hutt, S.; Martineau, F.;
Medeiros, M. A.; Mo, J.; Simon, L.; Suteethorn, V.;
Sweetman, S.; Tong, H.; Zhang, F.; Zhou, Z. (2010).
Oxygen isotope evidence for semi-aquatic habits among
spinosaurid theropods. Geology. 38 (2): 139142.
Bibcode:2010Geo....38..139A. doi:10.1130/G30402.1.
[38] Vullo, R.; Allain, R.; Cavin, L. (2016). Convergent evolution of jaws between spinosaurid dinosaurs and
pike conger eels. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61.
doi:10.4202/app.00284.2016.
[39] Ross, A. J.; Cook, E. (1995). The stratigraphy
and palaeontology of the Upper Weald Clay (Barremian) at Smokejacks Brickworks, Ockley, Surrey,
England. Cretaceous Research. 16 (6): 705716.
doi:10.1006/cres.1995.1044.
[40] Martill, D. M.; Hutt, S. (1996). Possible baryonychid
dinosaur teeth from the Wessex Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, England. Proceedings of the Geologists Association. 107 (2): 8184.
doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(96)80001-0.

8 External links
Natural History Museum "Baryonyx: the discovery of an amazing sh-eating dinosaur four
minute video presented by Angela Milner

10

EXTERNAL LINKS

{{int:Coll-attribution-page|
Baryonyx Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx?oldid=740055052 Contributors: Timo Honkasalo, SimonP, Tez, Muriel Gottrop~enwiki, Glenn, GCarty, Giftlite, DocWatson42, Spooky, Bobblewik, Utcursch, Andycjp, Icairns, DanielCD, Rich Farmbrough, Bender235, Kwamikagami, Cmdrjameson, Anthony Appleyard, Mistersooreams, Dinoguy2, Stemonitis, Firsfron, Miwasatoshi, Mtloweman,
Phlebas, Palica, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, MWAK, FlaBot, Maitch, Nihiltres, Gurch, Gdrbot, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, Gaius Cornelius,
Apokryltaros, Daniel Mietchen, Emijrp, SMcCandlish, SmackBot, Jacknstock, Menah the Great, Commander Keane bot, Yamaguchi ,
Chris the speller, Bluebot, J. Spencer, Egsan Bacon, Abyssal, OrphanBot, Snowmanradio, Krsont, Jerkov, Dinosaurologist, Badgerpatrol,
John.Conway, Shrumster, Thor Dockweiler, John, Mgiganteus1, Mr Stephen, TheFarix, Espi, CmdrObot, Spinosaur, Ballista, Oviraptor~enwiki, Cydebot, Casliber, Thijs!bot, Dragon Helm, Tigru~enwiki, CairoTasogare, JAnDbot, Deective, Lasius, Eqdoktor, ArthurWeasley, Walters1, CommonsDelinker, Jens Lallensack, Steveoc 86, Bonadea, Benosaurus, BotKung, SieBot, BotMultichill, FunkMonk,
Colfer2, Miniapolis, Kumioko (renamed), Spotty11222, Denisarona, Twinsday, ClueBot, J.sutton88, Niceguyedc, Rhododendrites, Betos01, SkyLined, Felix Folio Secundus, Addbot, Denali134, LaaknorBot, Tassedethe, Zorrobot, Takkyon, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT,
Materialscientist, Citation bot, Zad68, Mariomassone, FanCollector, Erud, Myspinosaurus44, Ultrazillafan, D'ohBot, Dger, AstaBOTh15,
I dream of horses, Chessboy123, Jonkerz, Rickochocman, Obsidian Soul, Updatehelper, EmausBot, Ornitholestes, Takinzinnia, RA0808,
Tommy2010, Winner 42, TuHan-Bot, A2soup, Hryhorash, Snipe15, Amdyrowlands, ChuispastonBot, ClueBot NG, Mechanical digger,
LittleJerry, Abner Mallity, Bibcode Bot, BG19bot, SaberToothedWhale, Rextron, Northamerica1000, NotWith, BattyBot, Barytyrannus,
GoShow, Dexbot, 6167341175hahaha, Anookara, NYBrook098, TFA Protector Bot, Elaqueate, Itsalleasy, Qwertyjack, Burklemore1,
FACBot, My Chemistry romantic, JohannSnow, Spinofan0731, Nabila fatema, BigDongg, Prakash Nadar, John the editor and Anonymous: 117
|
File:Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Baryonix_skull_43553.JPG License:
CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ghedoghedo
File:Baryonyx_Animatronics_model_1_NHM.JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Baryonyx_
Animatronics_model_1_NHM.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ballista
File:Baryonyx_BW.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Baryonyx_BW.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com)
File:Baryonyx_NHM.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Baryonyx_NHM.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0
Contributors: www.flickr.com/photos/92862117@N00/2596775954 Original artist: Ripton Scott from Wimbledon, United Kingdom
File:Baryonyx_by_durbed.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Baryonyx_by_durbed.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: http://durbed.deviantart.com/art/Heavy-Claw-348535398 Original artist: Durbed
File:Baryonyx_head_&_forelimb_NHM.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Baryonyx_head_%26_
forelimb_NHM.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ballista
File:Baryonyx_model_NHM.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Baryonyx_model_NHM.jpg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ballista
File:Baryonyx_neck_vertebrae.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Baryonyx_neck_vertebrae.png License: CC BY 4.0 Contributors: https://peerj.com/articles/1323/ Original artist: Serjoscha W. Evers, Oliver W.M. Rauhut, Angela C.
Milner, Bradley McFeeters, Ronan Allain
File:Baryonyx_walkeri_rostrum.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Baryonyx_walkeri_rostrum.png
License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Cu A, Rayeld E (2013). "Feeding Mechanics in Spinosaurid Theropods and Extant Crocodilians".
PLOS ONE. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0065295. PMC: 3665537. Original artist: Cu A, Rayeld E
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.0065295.s005.ogv
Source:
https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Feeding-Mechanics-in-Spinosaurid-Theropods-and-Extant-Crocodilians-pone.
0065295.s005.ogv License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Video S1 from Cu A, Rayeld E (2013). "Feeding Mechanics in Spinosaurid
Theropods and Extant Crocodilians". PLOS ONE. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0065295. PMC: 3665537. Original artist: Cu A, Rayeld
E
File:Free-to-read_lock_75.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Free-to-read_lock_75.svg License: CC0
Contributors: Adapted from 9px|Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white_green.svg Original artist: This version:Trappist_the_monk (talk)
(Uploads)
{{int:Coll-image-attribution|File:Gharial_skull.jpg|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Gharial_skull.jpg|CC BY-SA
2.0|[http://www.flickr.com/photos/74733773@N00/5977789713/in/photolist-a7eJBT Skull of a modern day Gharial (Gavialis)|Vince
Smith}}
File:Irritator_Life_Reconstruction.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Irritator_Life_
Reconstruction.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: [//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:
Fred_Wierum&action=edit&redlink=1 Fred Wierum]
File:Moulage_d'une_griffe_de_baryonyx.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Moulage_d%27une_
griffe_de_baryonyx.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thesupermat
File:Red_Pencil_Icon.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Peter coxhead
File:Spinosauridscale.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Spinosauridscale.png License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Matt Martyniuk
File:Spinosaurus_skull_steveoc.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Spinosaurus_skull_steveoc.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Steveoc 86

11

File:Suchomimus_and_Baryonyx.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Suchomimus_and_Baryonyx.

jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: http://qilong.wordpress.com/2010/05/21/croc-snouted-lizards-a-mystery-in-gadoufaoua/ Original
artist: Jaime A. Headden (User:Qilong)
File:Suchosaurus.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Suchosaurus.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/books/britfossils/html/txu-oclc-13370987-2-crocodilians-plate05.php Original artist: James Erxleben
File:Suchosaurus_girardi.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Suchosaurus_girardi.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: https://archive.org/stream/vertbrsfossiles00geolgoog#page/n73/mode/2up Original artist: Henri-mile Sauvage (D.
1917)
File:Tyrannoskull.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/49 Original artist: A.E. Anderson
File:Wikispecies-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Image:Wikispecies-logo.jpg Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi File:_-___(ipped).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/%D0%
A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80_-_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%
D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%
D1%8F_%28flipped%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: [1] Original artist:
|
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
}}