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with respect to wider aspects of medieval society. All examples retaining significant remains of
medieval date are considered to be nationally important.
Richmond Castle is a very well-documented example of an early enclosure castle, important not
only for the excellent state of preservation of its twelfth century keep and other later medieval
remains, but also the exceptionally good survival of its earlier eleventh century features. It is one
of a very small number of stone castles built in the first twenty years after the Norman Conquest
to retain almost all its eleventh century masonry, and Scolland's Hall is one of the oldest, if not
the oldest, great halls in the country. The remains of other structures and features, relating to all
phases of the castle's history, will survive within the open areas of its three courts.
History
Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details.
Details
Richmond Castle occupies a naturally strong defensive position on the cliff above the River
Swale in Richmond. The monument includes the exceptionally well-preserved standing remains
of the castle, its three courts (the barbican or outer court, the great court and the second court or
cockpit), Castle Bank, down to the edge of Riverside Road, where parts of the south range of the
great court survive and the rampart to the north and east of the cockpit and great court
respectively. Unlike most castles built during the years immediately following the Norman
Conquest, the original building material at Richmond Castle was stone rather than earth and
timber. The earliest form of the castle was that of a massive curtain wall around two sides of a
triangular great court. By and large, the masonry of this wall dates to the last thirty years of the
eleventh century, though the parapets and wall walk on the east side are early fourteenth century.
The great court measures 91m north to south and 137m east to west. Unless it carried a timber
palisade, the south side was originally undefended, being adequately protected by the steep drop
down to the Swale. Three projecting towers defended the eleventh century curtain on the east
side while another smaller tower stood at the south-west angle. The curtain on the west side
stands to a considerable height and contains an eleventh century sallyport, a subsidiary gate
through which the garrison could rush to defend the castle from attack. It also contains a
semicircular arch indicating the site of the greater chapel. At the north angle of the curtain,
beneath the later keep, is the eleventh century inner gatehouse, which was the principal entrance
to the castle and led from the barbican. The outer gatehouse is no longer standing, but the twelfth
century east wall of the barbican survives and the line of the west wall is followed by modern
walling. In the south-east angle of the great court is the eleventh century Scolland's Hall, named
after a steward of the first earl. Originally a two-storey building, with the ground floor being
given over to cellarage, the first floor was reached from an external stair and consisted of the
great hall and, at the south-east corner, the earl's private chamber, known as the solar. Original
windows survive on both floors but differences in the stonework on the south wall indicate some
rebuilding in the twelfth century. In the fourteenth century, the hall was modified by the insertion
of a new doorway and window. The solar retains marks from a fire and appears to have been
remodelled in the thirteenth century after being gutted. Eleventh century masonry also survives
in the three rectangular towers projectinMonday, September 19, 2016
7:46 PM
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