SECTION TWO

PROJECT ENVIRONMENT

2.1 Physical Environment

The proposed Hugh Parkeys Belie Adventure Island is located about 8.6 miles (14 km)
southeast of Belize City. The physical description will consist of physical, biological and marine
components that make up the natural environment. These components are important in
considering the relative potential impacts that can arise from such an undertaking. The proposed
development will encompass the expansion areas identified in the first Environmental Impact
Assessment and will consist of residential/guest accommodations along with other relative
amenities. The following is a brief summary of the project environment.
2.1.1 Meteorology
Belize has a tropical to subtropical climate with a pronounced wet and dry season even though
there are significant variations in the weather patterns in the region. The average rainfall varies
considerably throughout the country ranging from 1,350 millimeters in the north and west to
4,500 millimeters in the extreme south and lower Maya Mountains. Seasonal differences in
rainfall are greatest in the northern and central regions of the country where, between January
and April or May, fewer than 100 millimeters of rain fall per month.
The dry season is shorter in the south, normally only lasting from February to April. A shorter,
less rainy period, known locally as the "little dry," usually occurs in late July or August, after the
initial onset of the rainy season. Rainfall in the area is relatively limited. Annual average for the
area is 60 inches (1,524 mm) 80 inches (2,032mm) (See Fig. 2.1). The mean air temperature of
the project area is 27 C. The extreme high temperature recorded was 37 C and the extreme
low was 13 C.
2.1.2 Oceanography
The following oceanographic components were analyzed for the proposed expansion of Hugh
Parkeys Belize Adventure Island.
2.1.2.1 Hydrographic Profile
The hydrographic profile of the near shore environment along the different development sites
can be appreciated in Fig. 2.2. The physical water quality parameters are the functions which
modify and influence the structural and biological elements of the barrier platform and by
extension the proposed project site. These parameters include winds and waves, tides, currents,
temperature, salinity and turbidity.

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Fig. 2.1 Rainfall Isopleth Map of Project Site

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Fig. 2.2 Hydrographic Profile of the Expansion Project

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2.1.2.2 Winds and Waves

The coast of Belize is subjected to southeasterly trade winds that average 10-17 knots. The
greatest trade winds are experienced in July (Stoddart, 1962). The coastal regions of the country
get the majority of the winds. The general wind patterns of the proposed sites are that of eastsouth-easterly winds during the dry season, easterly winds in the rainy season and occasional
northerly winds during the cooler months. In the period March-June the average wind speed is
highest but the average wind-speed inland is considerable lower than along coastal areas.
The prevailing winds are the main driving force for waves and surface currents in coastal Belize
and by extension the project area. During the periods when the southeasterly and easterly winds
prevail, maximum wave energy are developed in the deep seas, which are dissipated at the crest
of the barrier reef, as well as over the barrier platform, with the breaking of these waves. During
these times the waters surrounding the caye become richly oxygenated which bodes well for
the flora and fauna in the area.
2.1.2.3 Tides
Belize experiences semi-diurnal tides with amplitudes in the order of 0.5 M during normal
weather and about 0.8 M in variation during the cold fronts. Another phenomenon affecting tidal
amplitude in Belize and at the project site in general is the Sun Tides in October and March, in
any given year. During these times the migration of the Sun to and from the southern
hemisphere has an additive effect on the tides, which are otherwise primarily dominated by the
gravitational pull of the moon.
During these times both the high tides and low tides are higher than normal. These variations
may be on the order of 8 inches to 1 ft. The highest sun tides are experienced during the full
moon and new Moon phases of the lunar cycle in which the high tide is referred to as Higher
High Water Spring Tide or HHWS. During these times the low tide is referred to as Higher
Low Water Spring Tide or HLWS. During the lower tidal cycle, which occurs during the 1st
Quarter and 3rd or Last Quarter phase of the lunar cycle, the high tides are referred to as Higher
High Water Neap Tide or HHWN: The low tides are referred Higher Low Water Neap Tide
of HLWN.
The sun tides can have a severe inundating or flooding and erosional effect on low lying areas
such as the project site. During the times of the sun tides and in markedly rough sea states, the
eastern or lower end of the primary project site becomes waterlogged and inundated by the sea.
The reduced elevation and gently sloping profile of the beach in the area of the project site is a
function of low tidal amplitude and the reduced energy afforded by the caye in the immediate lee
of the barrier reef.
2.1.2.4 Currents
The currents influencing the depositional and erosional processes of the proposed project site are
derived from both wind-driven and tidal sources. The wind driven currents are greater in
magnitude and are in general more influential in affecting the dynamics of the cayes and the
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ecosystems of the surrounding waters. Wind driven currents in the Belize City areas have been
recorded at 1 - 1.5 knots at the immediate sub-surface depths and 0.2-0.6 knots at a depth of 1.8
meters (FAO/UNDP unpublished report, 1983).
The prevailing surface current among the Belize cayes and generally within the Barrier Reef is in
a southerly direction. This is the case with the Hugh Parkeys Belize Adventure Island expansion
project. These currents do not only affect sediment transport but also the distribution of sessile
organisms including grasses and algae in the area of the project site.
2.1.2.5 Bathymetry
Based on the hydrographic provinces (Purdy, 1966), the caye rests on the Barrier Platform. This
is relevant to continental shelf in which the project site is located on the outer most ridges or
shoal of such shelf. The area of the Continental Shelf running from the back-reef of the main
barrier reef to the eastern shore line of cayes has been referred to by Purdy (1975) as the Barrier
Lagoon.
The waters between this first line of cayes, including Spanish Lookout Caye, and the mainland
have been referred to by Purdy (1975) as the Shelf lagoon. Purdy has sub-divided these Lagoonal
systems on the basis of a Northern Shelf Lagoon and a Southern Shelf lagoon the dividing
point being at the Belize river delta in Belize City. The Northern shelf Lagoon running from
Belize City to San Pedro and including the Chetumal Bay is relatively shallow with depths not
exceeding three (3) fathoms.
The Northern Shelf lagoon is shallow and flat, being interrupted by relict drainage channel and
sinkholes caused by Pleistocene erosion (Purdy 1974; Scott 1966). One of these channels the
English Caye or Eastern Channel, which is 4 miles south of the project site, makes a deep
undulating cut of about 30 meters in depth through the Barrier platform. This Channel probably
represents an old streambed of either the Belize River or Sibun River. Other noted drainage
channels in the reef includes the Saint Georges caye Channel, 5 miles north of the project site,
and the Caye CaulkerCaye Chapel channel.
2.1.2.6 Water Quality
Water samples were also taken around the caye in order to determine the water quality of the
receiving environment. For the proposed project, 6 sampling points were analyzed (See Fig. 2.3)
by an accredited DOE laboratory (See Annex IV). The following summarizes the water quality
of the project site.
Turbidity
The waters coming from the ocean and flushing over the Barrier Platform are clear and largely
free of turbid influences. The clarity of this deep ocean water is attributable to its nutrient-poor
status and consequently low primary productivity. Wave energy buildup across the barrier
lagoon however, makes the area between the back reef of the main barrier reef and the barrier
lagoon turbid in heavy seas.
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Fig. 2.3 Water Sampling Points for Expansion Project

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Suspended solids and total solids measurements taken for the proposed expansion project site by
Tunich Nah Consultancy team ranged from 2-6 and 26,100 27,200 ppm respectively. There
was little variation between the sampling points for both parameters which could implicate that
there was little deviation from the normal concentrations.
Hardness
This parameter is just a measurement of the different precipitate ions that are found in
conglomeration with salt water. In this instance, the sample sites range was indicative of open
sea water environment or oceanic quality in conjunction with the salinity values that will be
described as follows.
Nutrients
The nutrient levels (nitrates/phosphates) for the different sampling sites were low and indicative
of low- induced impacts and/or flow through circulation as is common in non-stratified water
columns (open sea environment). There were also no variations between sampling sites. In
addition, BOD levels were low ranging from 14 to 19 mg/l. Nevertheless, a monitoring program
will be developed to gather more data in this regard.
Salinity
Salinity varies across the Belizean continental shelf in a north to south direction, as well as in an
east to west direction. The variation in salinity along an east to west axis generally shows higher
salinities as one proceeds eastwards or away from the mainland influences, which is a function of
the decreased riverine freshwater inputs. Thus oceanic conditions with relatively high salinities
(30-36 ppt) prevail in the more distal waters of the shelf lagoon, as well as the barrier lagoon and
reef system. This situation is accentuated during the drier months. Thus oceanic conditions are
normally experienced in the deep sea and across barrier lagoon, the barrier Platform and the deep
sea beyond the reef.
The salinities recorded by the Tunich Nah Consultancy Team were more or less uniform at 34.5
ppt. This reflects a totally oceanic environment, with salinities being in excess of the oceanic
quality mean of 35 ppt.
There are some variations in the salinity with the seasons across the continental shelf. The
diluting influences of riverine outfalls during the rainy season, does not generally proceed from
the mainland as far east as the distal or eastern boundary of the Shelf Lagoon and thus the
western shores of Spanish Lookout Caye. Brackish water influences from the mainland does not
proceed as far east as the barrier reef crest.
2.1.2.7 Zone of Influence
As mentioned earlier, the proposed project is located about 8.6 miles southwest of Belize City.
The proposed expansion coupled with the increase growth in the tourism sector will undoubtedly
affect both the social and receiving environment.
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It is anticipated that the zone of influence will not be limited to the development zones but will
extend the entire breadth and length of the caye. This also includes the navigable areas and
attractions (Dolphin Pen) that the present and proposed expansion project aims to achieve.
In considering the expansion project, the development will strictly be influencing the tourism
sector and to a lesser extent the Belizean population. It is anticipated that as the development
unfolds, the traffic activity between the development area and Belize City will increase, thereby
creating both water and road movements around the project site.
2.1.3 Geology
The geological component will consist of the geomorphology and the sub-surface geology in
conjunction with the geological history of the caye and barrier plateau. In addition the relative
soil conditions will be outlined along with the quantity of materials to be extracted will be
profiled in the following sections.
2.1.3.1 Geomorphology and Sub-surface Geology
Spanish Lookout Caye is located on the continental shelf of Belize. It has been postulated that
the caye is the remnant of a pre-existing high that has formed into an island after the flooding of
the northern half of the continental shelf some 5,000 - 8,000 years ago. This event, known as the
Flandrian Transgression, was heralded by the melting of ice caps and glaciers and subsequent
sea-level rise towards the end of the last ice age.
The stratigraphy of the area is a reflection of sea-level rise and fall over time. Sea level has gone
through five (5) rise and fall events over the last 80,000 100,000 years. (James and Ginsburg
1979). It has been asserted that sea level last stood at their present levels 80,000 100,000 years.
B.P. It has been asserted that the deposition of the basement limestone upon which the Holocene
reefs materials are found were deposited in the Pleistocene 130,000 years. B.P. (Springer-Verlag
2003).
The thickness of this material varies up to 82 feet, and the thickness of Holocene reef material
overlying the Pliocene base is up to 65.6 feet in thickness (James and Ginsburg 1979). Thus the
Spanish Lookout Caye at the margins of the barrier platform may have accreted up to 65.6 feet of
sediments over the last 130,000 years. These sediments are expected to be a mixture of carbonate
sediments alternated with organic materials, the latter being mainly in the form of peat.
In general there is a marked west-to-east gradation in sediment composition on the Belize
continental shelf. There is understandably a decrease in terregenous clay and marl material as
one proceeds eastward from the mainland coast to the edge of the continental shelf, and a
converse increase in carbonate sediments, to the extent that the marine-derived carbonate
sediments are the exclusive sedimentary materials by the time one reaches the caye from the
mainland.

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The primary carbonate materials in the waters surrounding the caye and on the beaches and the
reclaimed portion of the caye are Halimeda sand, with a minor contribution from coral fragments
and coralline algae. This overall mixture of Halimeda tests, coral fragments and coralline
particles is generally referred to as coralgal sands (Purdy et al 1975).
Halimeda is a genus of marine macro-algae which has a hard calcareous skeleton that degrades
into coarse sand upon the demise, and subsequently erosional and weathering processes, that the
skeletal remains of the algae are exposed to.
The sediments of the mangrove dominated portion of the caye, which is over 90% of the area, is
characterized by peat. In those areas in which this sediment has been deposited on dry land and
allowed to be de-watered, such as in the area of the marina, the humus is spongy from the large
airspaces created from the decomposition and internal shrinkage of the peat. In permanently
inundated areas, which characterize much of the dwarf mangal, the peat is a fine and
unconsolidated colloid, which grades into a clinging muck in the sub-surface areas.
2.1.3.2 Geological History
Belize is located on the Yucatan continental block which is one of two Paleozoic blocks forming
Central America, the initial splitting of the Yucatan block from the Nicaragua - Honduras block
occurred along the east west fracture zone known as the Cayman Trench. Evidence indicates
that both the Yucatan and Nicaragua Honduras blocks have rotated to their current position in
the upper Eocene.
The tectonic activities continued in the Cretaceous and Pliocene times resulting in the continued
widening of the Cayman Trench. Tectonic activities in the Cayman Trench also resulted in the
establishment of five parallel submarine ridges trending North-North -East. The landward most
of these ridges forms the northern part of the barrier platform, including the project area, as well
as Ambergris caye. The second nearest ridge to main land Belize forms the base of the Turneffe
Atolls and central portions of the barrier platforms.
The third submarine ridge forms the base of the lighthouse and Glovers Reef atolls as well as
the southern portions of the Barrier Reef. The two most seaward or distal submarine ridges are
completely submerged in the deep waters of the Western Caribbean.
2.1.3.3 Seismology
The Spanish Lookout Caye is not located along any major fault line or zone as can be seen in the
Geological Fault Location map, (See Fig. 2.4). This site however, is just west of an unnamed
fault line that seems to run parallel to the coast and intersects and converges with one another
just running similar. There are no major faults in the immediate vicinity; however the site is just
south from a cluster of offshore epicenters that have been experienced recently.
Generally for Belize, earthquake hazard increases steadily from the north of the country to the
south as can be observed in the Maximum Seismic Intensity map of Belize. In addition, as can be
seen in Figure 2.5, the proposed expansion project falls in the < 5.0 magnitude scale (Richter
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scale). Earthquakes that affect the country of Belize occur in the Gulf of Honduras which is the
plate boundary zone between North America and the Caribbean. Belize, on occasion would
experience mild tremors as the one experienced on November 26, which occurred in Chiapas,
Mexico and was registered at 5.8.
The US Geological Surveys National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) is responsible for
the tracking of all these epicenters and according to the NEIC, Belize would experience a 6.0
magnitude on the Richter scale subterranean earthquake in the ocean approximately every 8
years in the aforementioned fault between Hunting Caye and Puerto Cortez (see Plate 2.1 below).
With this in mind and based on the different geological maps, the proposed expansion
development is prone to seismic activity. It is necessary therefore that the building be designed
and constructed in accordance with the Caribbean Uniform Building Code (CUBiC Annex V
and VI) or in accordance with any other Code or Standard approved by the Government of
Belize.

Earthquakes depicted on the seismicity maps are taken from the USGS/NEIC PDE catalog

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Fig. 2.4 Geological Fault Map of Belize

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Fig. 2.5 Seismic Intensity Map of project site

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2.1.3.4 Soils
The soils investigation for the Hugh Parkeys Belize Adventure Island Expansion Project was
undertaken by Alberto A. Rosado a Civil / Structural Engineer assisted by two technicians in
September, 2007.
The program of probing was as follows:
BH # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11
The probe locations are indicated on the Probe Location Plan (See Fig. 2.6) with the results
detailed in Annex VII of this EIA document.

Fig. 2.6. Probe Location Plan.

Probes No. BH1 through BH11 were conducted on the property upon which the planned
development is being proposed.
The equipment consisted of a Mackintosh Probe manufactured by Engineering Laboratory
Equipment of England. This probe is a method of in situ testing for subsurface soil
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characteristics in which an instrumental device with a conical tip is pushed into the ground with
rods at a constant rate.
The Mackintosh probe consists basically of a 10 pound hammer sliding on a half inch diameter
rod dropping through a distance of 12 inches and striking an anvil at the lower end of that rod on
the end of which is a hardened steel cone one inch in diameter.
The probe is driven by blows of the drop hammer and the number of blows per foot of
penetration is recorded. The penetration resistance and soil properties are then correlated to the
standard penetration test for cohesive and non-cohesive soils.
2.1.3.5 Extraction of Materials
As part of the development plan, the proposed expansion project intends to carry out a series of
forecasted dredging and excavation activities. The dredging component will involve three (3)
sets of dredging activities associated with the expansion project, viz: dredging of the access
channel near shore areas of the East Side to accommodate the marina basin and berthing facility,
the dredging of the interconnecting kayak trail and access areas on the South Island of the project
site along with the dredging of the various burrow pits to the east, west and north of the Spanish
Lookout Caye for project fill (See Detail ED in Fig. 2.7).
Considering these forecasted activities, the project plans to utilize the dredging and excavated
materials (spoils) for land reclamation purposes. The soil around the dredge sites (See Section
2.1.3.3 and Fig. 2.7) will consist of peat and sand that extends to the mangrove fringes of the
access channel and South Island. It is anticipated that the burrow pits (See Fig. 2.7) will consist
of coralgal sand that will be used for the beach reclamation activity. Therefore, the proposed
expansion project will involve the gradual filling of the development areas which will include
some low lying mangrove area.
In view of the forecasted dredging activities and considering the tidal prone areas of the project
sites, the development plans to elevate the development contour some 5 feet (1.52 m) in the
South Island and 3 feet (0.9 m) in the other development areas.
Dredging Equipment
There are many factors in choosing the correct and appropriate dredging equipment for the
proposed dredging activities (Herbich, 2000). One of these factors is the type of material to be
dredged followed by the location of the activity and finally, the deposition of the dredging spoils
or materials. There are a variety of tools or dredgers capable of being used on a project. So all
parameters may play an important role in economic analysis, but ultimately, if the work is to be
accomplished by contract, the competitive bidding process will often serve as the final decision
mechanism (Herbich, 2000).
With this in mind it is anticipated that the proposed expansion project will utilize a cutter suction dredge for the major portion of the anticipated dredging operations. This type of dredge
uses cutter - suction mechanism to remove the peat and sand while depositing the spoils at a
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pre-existing location. Other dredging mechanism will include the use of excavator and grab type
dredging machines. Little can be done to mitigate direct effects of dredging, except to choose a
dredging method and environmental circumstance that minimizes damage. Alternatively a grab
type dredge will result in less mortality than will a suction-type dredge (Herbich, 2000).
Dredging Volumes and Fill
Based on the dredging engineering calculations, the proposed dredging of the marina access
channel, marina basin, and South Island will yield an estimated 139,997.8 cubic yards or
107,036.1 cubic meters (See Fig 2.7 and Table 2.1) that will be utilized for land reclamation
purposes. Based on this yield, the volume of material dredged/excavated will be adequate to
reclaim the project site and other related infrastructural works.
Of this volume, it is estimated that the access channel and marina basin (See ID 1-3 in Fig. 2.7)
will produce 20,801.1 cubic yards (15,903.6 m3) of material. This channel/basin (1.9 acres) will
be dredged in order to accommodate the 27 slip marina. The dredging of the existing kayak
channel (1.8 acres) to access the South Island will be located will generate another 14,560.70
cubic yards (11,132.5 m3) of material.
The final dredging activity relates to the excavation of the burrow pits on the east and west of the
caye (See Table 2.1 and Fig. 2.7). It is anticipated that this activity will yield an additional
104,636 yd3 or 80,000 m3 of materials as described in Table 2.1.
These dredging volumes are modest given the scale of the proposed expansion project. It is
anticipated that much of the dredging spoils will be composed of a mixture of peat and sand (See
Fig. 2. 6 and Annex VII). The dredging of the island will generate mostly peat that will be used
as a sub-base for land reclamation purposes whereas the dredging of the burrow pits will be used
for beach development and reclamation process and to raise the level of the east side that has
experienced greater compaction than anticipated.
Table 2.1 Anticipated Dredging volumes for the proposed project
Location
Marina Component
South Island
Burrow Pit (East of Island)
Burrow Pit (West of Island)

Area (Acres)
1.90
1.80
4.90
2.47
11.07

Depth (Feet)
6.9
11.5
11.5

Volume (Cubic Yards)

20,801.1
14,560.7
65,397.5
39,238.5
139,997.8

Project Fill Requirements

Based on the design concept and project layout and development, the proposed expansion project
will require about 138,968.6 cubic yards (106,249.1 m3) of fill material (See Fill Requirements
in Fig. 2.8). Based on these observations, the proponent plans to raise the development sites to
some three (3) to five (5) feet above the MSL. It is anticipated that the proposed dredging
activities will yield an estimated 139,997.8 cubic yards of spoils (See Fig. 2.7 and Table 2.1).
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Fig. 2.7 Proposed Dredging Sites and Dredge Volumes

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Fig. 2.8 Expansion Project Fill Requirements

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In view of this fact and based on the proposed project being carried out in different development
phases, the excess spoils (if any) will be used, where applicable, to refurbish any existing portion
of the present development that requires immediate attention (flood and tidal prone areas, road
and infrastructure areas).
Disposal of Spoils
As described earlier, the dredging operation will yield some 139,997.8 cubic yards of material or
spoils which will be utilized for the different reclamation purposes. In view of this, a
containment mechanism involving a geo-textile material that will be tied to lumber stakes will be
utilize to dewater the dredge spoils (See Fig. 2.9 and Plates 2.2 and 2.3). The placement of the
geo-textile material is to allow the water to gradually seep through leaving the spoils behind,
allowing the spoils to eventually become the reclaimed area or zone. The stakes utilizes will
conserve the reclaimed outline.
This method of containment was successfully used during the dredging of the lagoon and filling
of the north island during the first phase of development. This method will be utilized only in
certain areas, such as adjacent to mangrove areas to be preserved and seaside beaches.

Fig. 2.9 Typical Fill Section

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Plate 2.2 Geotextile material supported by stakes to contain sediment

Plate 2.3 Side view of geotextile containment structure note fill material
A pipeline system consisting of a discharge floating line or pontoon will be used to transfer the
spoil from the dredger to the reclaimed areas. If the distance is long, one or more booster pumps
will be required at intervals along the discharge line (Herbich, J. B. 2000). Once dried, the
material will be allowed to settle and naturally compact itself. This is a very cost effective
method for land reclamation. It is anticipated that the dredged materials will consist of sand and
peat (See Fig. 2.7, 2.8 and Annex VII).
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Maintenance Dredging
It will be necessary to carry out maintenance dredging around the marina and South Island
access channel. The proposed maintenance dredging will be required because of the dynamic
movement of the waves and sediment accumulation over the years. It is expected that dredging
may need to be carried out every five (5) years or as stated by the relevant authorities.
Methods of Controlling Sedimentation of the Marina
Any dredging for the marina will be limited to the area immediately where the channel and the
marina will be sited. To minimize siltation of the lagoon the following mitigation measures will
be put in place:
Dredging will be done in phases. There will be a sufficient time between each phase for
any suspended material to settle.
A sediment curtain will be installed where the channel exits into the sea. This will
minimize the amount of silt going into the sea.
The use of sheet piles to reduce the erosion rate occurring at the channels and thus
eventually reaching the marina.
It is expected that boat movement will create waves in the immediate area which can act
to erode the nearby shoreline. There already exists a speed limit on entry to the access
channel to reduce this effect. This will also be enforced in the marina and the marina
access channel.
The shoreline in this area will be protected as the slips will be sited away from land.

2.1.4 Land Use

It is anticipated that the land use for the project site and related surrounding areas will involve
the use of traditional utilization coupled with the growing tourism sector as summarized in the
following sections.
2.1.4.1 Land Use of Project Site
The caye, especially the proposed expansion project, will be utilized for tourism related activities
including diving, snorkeling, kayaking and leisurely time with the dolphins. In addition, a host of
other amenities will be offered to the guest and visiting population (See Existing and Proposed
Land Use in Fig. 2.10).
The existing manatee research program housed at Spanish Lookout Caye is a comprehensive and
collaborative research project which began in October of 1998 with support from Earthwatch

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Institute. Past support of the project commenced with the previous island owner Mr. Sidney
Turton, and has continued with the new owners.
The objective of the program was designed to investigate the habitat and behavioral ecology of
the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) population in the Drowned Caye areas.
In general the whole Drowned Caye Range is used by many local tour operators from Belize City
and northern Belize, as a popular manatee viewing area.
2.1.4.2 Land Use of Surrounding Areas
The area adjacent to the project site consists of cayes that are primarily used as fishing camps
and/or are leased or privately own lands. Approximately 10 to 15 local fisherfolk and their staff
utilize the immediate areas of Spanish Lookout Caye for fin-fish fishing and the harvesting of
conch and lobster. There are a few temporary fishermens camps on some of the northern cayes
with the inclusion of Raymond Heusners camp about half mile north of Spanish Lookout Caye,
Banister Caye and Water Caye
Much of the lobster trapping activities take place to the northwest and southeast of the island
where lobster shades or Sumbras are popularly deployed in the waters off the north-eastern
and north-western side of the island by fishers in the area. The conch fishing areas in the
immediate vicinity of the caye are located in the waters off the west and north-eastern portion of
the island.
Apart from the use of the areas around Spanish Caye for snorkeling and diving by the Dive
Connection operation, the area is also used by other tour operators for snorkeling and scuba
diving, as well as for swimming and caye based recreational activities.
The area is also a busy conduit for boats journeying to and from Turneffe and Lighthouse Reef
Atolls, as well as other destinations on the main reef such as St. Georges Caye, Goffs Caye and
English Caye.
The English Caye Channel, which is a major sea lane into the Belize Harbour, lies immediate
south of Goffs Caye. The area is the most important entry point for merchant ships and cruise
ships into the country.
The area immediately northeast of Stake Bank and west of Spanish Bay is utilized by Sugar
Ships. These are serviced by tug boats which haul sugar barges that are berthed at Ships Bogue
on the leeward side of Gallows Point, about 4 5 Nautical Miles (NM) north-west of Spanish
Bay.
Other immediate areas of interest also lie in the proposed Stake Bank Cruise Ship port (See Fig.
1.2) and the North Drowned Caye Development (Grand Ocean View).

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Fig. 2.10 Proposed Land Use Development Scheme

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2.2 Bio-physical Environment

The biophysical environment was divided into two categories which are the flora and fauna of
the Spanish Lookout caye and the immediate surroundings. These two categories were further
subdivided into their respective subcategories and described as best by the consultancy team. The
methodology employed by the team included the descriptions of the encounters of both the
marine and terrestrial animals as well as the use of known literature (Spanish Bay Resort EIA,
Stake Bank EIA and Grand Ocean View EIA) as well as interviews with the local fisher folks of
the area to corroborate the data collected.
2.2.1 Flora
Rapid biological assessment of the expansion project site was corroborated with the previous
environmental assessment made for the said project. The flora assessment revealed that the
dominant emergent semi-aquatic or inter-tidal tree species were the mangroves, specifically the
Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle). This was found at the land/water interface on the primary
shoreline around the caye, as well as on the secondary or internal shoreline lining the various
bogues or channels. In regards to the primary shoreline, the Red Mangroves (Rhizophora
mangle) dominate the land/water interface in the mixed mangrove zone (See Fig. 2.10 and 2.11).
Both the Black Mangroves (Avicennia germinans) and the White Mangroves (Laguncularia
racemesa) were present in significant numbers in the caye more specifically around them mixed
zone (See Fig. 2.10). The Black Mangroves (Avicennia germinans) were much more abundant
than the White Mangrove (Laguncularia racemesa) in most of the mixed zones, with the Red
Mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) being the most abundant species overall.
Other types of vegetation encountered on the caye included the abundance of Coconut Trees
(Cocos nucifera,) that were planted along with various palm trees that were ornamentally
introduced. In addition, Button Wood (Conocarpus erectus) and the Sea Grape (Cocoloba
univera) were observed colonizing the beach portion of the caye.
On the marine aspect the most dominant marine floral vegetation was the Turtle Grass
(Thallassia testudinum) followed by the Manatee Grass (Syringodium filiforme) which were
found in great abundance throughout the near shore waters of the different development sites.
Other sub-tidal plant life at the project site also included a number of macro-algal species such as
Benthic Green Algae or Chlorophyta such as Udotea spp., Halimeda spp., Penicillus spp., and
Rhipocephalus spp. along with a number of Brown Algae or Rhodophyta.
Acreage and Type of Vegetation to be cleared
The proposed expansion project will encompass approximately 26.80 acres. Of the total area
(186 acres), 15.89 acres will be removed as part of the expansion phase and will include
primarily selective mangrove clearing and pruning activities (See Expansion Area in Fig. 2.11).
This area also takes into consideration the appropriate buffer zones. The land will be cleared to
allocate the proposed developments at the different sites. The development will also include a
series of dredging activities designed to obtain fill for land reclamation.
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Fig. 2.11 Proposed Mangrove Clearing for the Expansion Project

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2.2.2 Fauna
Similarly to the flora survey, the faunal survey consisted of a rapid biological assessment in
conjunction with the base line data submitted in the first environmental assessment for the
proposed Hugh Parkeys Belize Adventure Island. In so doing the following sections summarize
the faunal survey for the expansion project.
2.2.2.1 Invertebrates
Some of the invertebrates confirmed during the site visit included:
Corals
There are no known coral reef assemblages in the immediate vicinity of the Spanish Lookout
Caye. The placement of the burrow pits could impact the already poor state of health of some of
the more scattered assemblages that are located to the far south of the caye at Paunch Caye. In
diving the area, the zone showed a marked decline in the overall health of the patch reef
compared to the much healthier Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS). The corals that
were prominent among the invertebrate assemblages include the Stag Horn coral (Acropora
cervicornis), the Mountainous Star Coral (Montastrea faveolata), the Giant Brain Coral
(Colpophyllia natans) and the Lettuce Coral (Agaricia agaricites) as described in Annex X of the
Spanish Bay Resort Environmental Impact Assessment.
Other Invertebrates
Other invertebrates observed by the consultancy team included: the Hermit Crab (Paguristes
puncticeps), the Fiddler Crab (Uca grapsus), the Coral Crab (Gecarcinus lateralis), the Queen
Conch (Srtumbus gigas), the Spiny Lobster (Panulirus argus), Giant Anemone (condylactis
gigantean), the Octopus (Octopus briareum), and the Sea Star (Oreaster reticularis). This listing
is by no means the full extent of the invertebrate populations in the area.
2.2.2.2 Vertebrates
The project site is also inhabited by a great diversity of vertebrates. These included numerous
fish species, sea turtles, crocodiles, dolphins, manatees and sea birds as summarized in the
following sections below.
Mammals
The two only marine mammals are the West Indian (Trichechus manatus manatus) and the
Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Both of these are frequently found in and around the
caye at times. A number of Manatee surveys over the past 8 10 years have indicated that the
populations are in general healthy. Important nesting and foraging sites include the Hicks Caye
area, the Montego Caye and Frenchman Caye areas, as well as the Gallows Point and Drowned
Caye areas the proposed project site being a subset of the latter.

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Anecdotal information has indicated that the bogue dividing the caye in two (2) major parts has
some areas that are resting holes or resting sites for the manatee (Sanchez). Another manatee
resting area is said to lie a little north of the project site in the immediate lee of Browns Caye
(Sanchez).
The Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) has been commonly seen throughout the area of the
proposed project site although none were observed in the wild during the qualitative habitat
survey by the consultants. Captive animals however, can be found in the pen at the North Island
development.
Reptiles
The only reptiles that are known to inhabit the Spanish Lookout Caye is the American Crocodile
(Crocodylus acutus). This reptile is cited as CITES I species (1997 IUCN Red List of
Endangered Species). In Belize the American Crocodile habitat is mangrove swamps on some
cayes and brackish coastal lagoons, ponds, rivers, coastal lagoons, and also marshes near sea
level. American Crocodile is known to share the same coastal area as the Morelets Crocodile (C.
moreletti) which is known to occur more frequently in deep freshwater rivers and lagoons. Ross
and Mayer (1993) suggest that hybridization may occur between the two species. There is no
known nesting or burrowing areas for these reptiles on Spanish Lookout Caye.
In considering the amphibians, the most important one to consider is the Sea turtles. Presently
there are no known nesting beaches for Sea Turtles on Spanish Lookout Caye, the water
surrounding the Caye have been known to be inhabited by all three (3) Sea Turtle species which
are known to inhabit Belize, viz; the Green Turtle (Chelonia midas), the Hawksbill Turtle
(Eretmochelys imbricate) and the Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta).
Fish
The fish population in and around the caye were far less than those compared to the previous
assessment. Nevertheless, in concordance with the base line data, finfishes were relatively
abundant and ubiquitous throughout the range of habitats in the proposed expansion project area
and these included White Grunt (Haemulon plumieri), the French Grunt (Haemulon
flavolineatum), the Spanish Hogfish, the Ballyhoo (Hemiramphus brasiliensis), and the Yellow
Tail Snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus).
Sea Birds
The total list of birds recorded in Belize is now approaching 600 species. Approximately 40%
are North American migrants that are present in Belize during migration periods, October to
December and March through May. Over 80 of the total species are of special conservation
concern, these include nesting sea and shorebirds vulnerable to disturbance and degradation of
quality wetland foraging areas both inland and on the cayes. There are some birds which are
considered to be Yucatan Endemics such as the Yucatan Flycatcher (Myiarchus yucatensis,
Yucatan Jay (Cyanocorax yucatanicus) and the Black Catbird (Melanoptila glairostris) which is

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threathened by habitat loss through the clearance of littoral forest especially on the coastline and
cayes in Belize.

Bird Survey methodology

The survey was conducted from a high wooden lookout point overlooking the area to be
developed. Standard point count monitoring techniques used to determine baseline information
of the birdlife on the caye. Birding was conducted during peak activity hours of 6:00am to
09:00am and from 4:00 to 6:00pm.The investigator used an 8x40 Ranger Eagle Optics binocular
to identify the birds.
A small skiff was used to circumnavigate the island and access a channel that lead into the
lagoon on the caye. All field observations were cross referenced for distribution and seasonality
using the Birds of Belize Checklist and field guide produced by H. Lee Jones. The results of the
survey are described in Table 2.2.

Description of Habitat types on the caye

Spanish Caye is dominated by Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) which is found mainly on
the fringes, with small patches of Black and White mangroves. A shallow lagoon with stunted
Red Mangroves is located near the middle of the caye. The shallow lagoon functions as
important feeding habitat for various wetland birds such as herons, egrets, stilts, yellowlegs, and
wood storks. At the time of the field survey there were no signs that the caye is being used as a
breeding site for sensitive and gregarious marine species such as the Red Footed Booby or the
bridled terns which have a declining breeding population.
The lagoon appears to an excellent habitat for the American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus)
which was observed during the survey swimming in a stream near the engine room. The
following table below indicates a sample of the birdlife on the caye.
Table 2.2 List of birds identified on Spanish Lookout Caye
Common name
Brown Pelican

Habitat
sea

Seasonality
resident

sea

resident

Anhinga

Scientific name
Pelecanus
occidentalis
Phalacrorax
brasilianus
Anhinga anhinga

lagoon

visitor

Magnificent
Frigatebird
Great Egret
Snowy Egret
Little Blue Heron
Great Blue Heron

Fregata
magnificens
Ardea alba
Egretta thula
Egretta caerulea
Ardea herodias

sea

resident

lagoon & mangrove

Lagoon,mangrove
Lagoon
lagoon

visitor
visitor
winter resident
visitor

Neotropic Cormorant

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Abundance
very
common
common
very
common
very
common
uncommon
uncommon
common
Uncommon

Common Name
Green Heron
White Ibis
Wood Stork
Common Blackhawk
Black Bellied Plover
Spotted Sandpiper
Laughing gull
White Crowned
Pigeon
Cinnamon
Hummingbird
Green Breasted
Mango
Golden Fronted
Woodpecker
Flycatcher
Mangrove vireo
Yucatan vireo
Royal Tern
Black necked Stilt
Yellow Warbler
Magnolia Warbler
Northern Waterthrush
Black and White
Warbler
Meloduis Blackbird
Great-Tailed Grackle
Greater Yellowlegs

Scientific Name
Butorides
virescens
Eudocimus albus
Mycteria
americana
Buteogallus
anthracinus
Pluvialis
squatarola
Actitis macularia
Larus atricilla

Habitat
mangroves

Seasonality
resident

Abundance
common

lagoons
lagoons

visitor
resident

uncommon
uncommon

mangrove

resident

uncommon

beach

winter resident

uncommon

lagoon & beach

sea

winter
resident

Columba
leucocephala
Amazilia rutila

mangrove

seasonal
resident only
resident

Common
very
common
common

Anthracothrax
prevostii
Melanerpes
aurifrons
Empidomax
species
Vireo pallens
Vireo magister

beach

common

resident

uncommon

resident

common

mangrove
mangrove

resident
resident

Sterna maxima
Himantopus
mexcicanus
Dendroica
petechia
Dentroica
magnolia
Sieurus
noveboracensis
Mniotilta varia

beach
lagoon

visitor
transient

uncommon
Very
common
common
uncommon

mangrove

minter migrant

common

mangrove

winter migrant

common

Mangrove

winter migrant

common

mangrove

Winter migrant common

Dives dives
Quiscalus
mexicanus
Tringa
melanoleuca

Coconut trees
Coconut trees

resident
resident

common
common

lagoon

transient

uncommon

mangrove

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2.2.3 Conservation Issues

The coastal and marine environments are facing increased pressure due to development. It is
with this notion that the following sections will be developed to address any possible impact that
might arise from the construction and operational activities.
2.2.3.1 Endangered Species of Special Significance

West Indian Manatee

A number of endangered species have been identified in Belize based on the Red Data Book of
the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Relevant species in the Project
area includes the three sea turtles species, the Green Turtle (Chellonia midas), the Hawksbill
Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and the Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta). Sea Turtles are
heavily targeted as a consequence of commercial fishing and their numbers have declined
significantly over the last decade.
The West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) has also been listed as endangered by
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and vulnerable to extinction by IUCN. They species is also
protected under the CITES Regulations where it has been placed on Appendix I of the Species
List.
In Belize the highest concentration of manatees are located in Southern Lagoon near Gales Point.
Manatees are generally found along much of the mainland coast and cayes. They have been
documented by scientific researches, tour guides and fishermen to frequent the waters of the
Drowned Cayes.
Although the manatee stocks in the project area are reported to be fairly robust, there have
incidents of injuries from boat traffic. This is mainly from propeller damage, which in severe
instance have been known to result in mortalities. There have also been reports of manatee
stranding in the area; these events are rare however.

American Crocodile

On the national front, another species of significance in relation to conservation is the American
Crocodile (Crocodilus acutus). A couple fishermen and tour guides have reported the sighting of
a large American crocodile that lives in a shallow lagoon on the caye.
The American Crocodile is protected by the Wildlife Protection Act which precludes the
crocodile from any hunting or collection otherwise. The crocodile is also falls under the CITES
Regime on international trade.

Black Catbird
The species of conservation concern is the Black Catbird (Melanoptila glabrirostris), although
not identified on Spanish Caye at the time of the survey this species is threatened globally and is
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endemic to scrubby woodlands in the Yucatan Peninsula and Littoral forest on the Belize
coastline and offshore Islands like Caye Caulker and San Pedro. Its main threats are loss of
habitat for the development of tourist resorts and residential subdivisions. The population of
Black Catbird on the cayes is highly vulnerable to hurricanes. Belizes local populations are not
secure and conservation of its habitat is vital. The developer of the caye will conserve 66 feet of
forest surrounding the caye, this is a good strategy that will enhance the conservation value of
the site and also protect the caye from hurricanes.

Sandwich Tern (Sterna sanvicensis)

This species is threatened in Belize but not globally. Lots of important habitat by development
has almost reduced this bird as a breeding species in Belize. The bird is common in winter.

Bridled Tern (Sterna anaethetus) and Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii)

Breeding populations have declined significantly due to unregulated development. There is little
information available about these species.

Brown Noody (Anous stolidus)

This species breeding habitat has disappeared in Belize. Feral animals also contributed to its
decline.
2.2.3.2 Conservation Areas
The Spanish Lookout Caye is just six miles south-east of the Swallow Caye Wildlife Sanctuary
which was designated in July 2002 specifically for the protection of the West Indian Manatee
(Trichechus manatus manatus).
On the other hand, Goffs Caye, which is to be put under special management by the Coastal
Zone Management Authority and Institute, lies 5 miles to the south of the project site. Apart
from the aforementioned areas, the waters off the southeastern shore of the island have been
reported as an important spawning and nursery area for lobsters. This area is to be left in an
undisturbed state.
2.2.4 Marine and Coastal Protected Areas
Marine Protected areas declared under the Fisheries Act allow multiple uses under a zonation
scheme which typically designates three zones: 1) General use zones, conservation zones and
preservation zones. Belize, marine reserves include terrestrial areas, either as islands or adjacent
mainland areas. Management objectives include protection, scientific, research, visitation,
education, conservation of marine flora and fauna, natural regeneration of aquatic life,
preservation of fish breeding grounds and habitats, and for controlled extractive use (within
specified zones). Marine reserves area also established to provide protection of habitat utilized
by manatees. The National Parks Systems Act (1981) provides for the creation of protected
areas on National Land, which includes seabed.
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Caye Caulker Forest and Marine Reserve (1998)

The Caye Caulker Forest Reserve, the northernmost 100 acres of the island, was declared in May
of 1998 and co-management agreement signed between the Forest Department and FAMRACC
(Forest and Marine Reserves Association of Caye Caulker) in May 14, 2001. The Caye Caulker
Marine Reserve includes the turtle grass lagoon adjacent to the Caye Caulker Forest Reserve and
the Belize Barrier Reef that runs parallel to the entire Caye, extending approximately a mile
beyond the reef. This area has been used for snorkeling, scuba diving and sport fishing for some
time.
The reserves are co-managed by the Forest and Marine Reserves Association of Caye Caulker
(FAMRACC), an NGO composed of community representatives formed for this purpose, along
with the Fisheries Department
Swallow Caye Wildlife Sanctuary (2002)
Swallow Caye Wildlife Sanctuary was signed into legislation on 10th July 2002. It is
approximately 7500 acres of sea and mangrove around the Northern Drowned Cayes and
Swallow Caye. The reserve will be co-managed by Friends of Swallow Caye and the
Department of Natural Resources. Friends of Swallow Caye is a group of representatives from
various government agencies and non-government organizations. It was put together to set up
and operate the Swallow Caye Wildlife Sanctuary.
Half Moon Caye Natural Monument (1982)
Half Moon Caye Natural Monument (HMCNM) lies in the southeastern part of the atoll and
includes Half Moon Caye. HMCNM encompasses the surrounding reef plus areas of the reefs
atolls lagoon and deep water outside the atoll. The total protected area is 39.211720 sq
kilometers.
2.3 Social Environment
The social assessment is merely an examination of those issues related to project development,
and is not intended to change or modify social groups or values of communities or individuals. It
is intended to complement and enhance the execution of the development during all phases of
construction and completion of the project. The core concerns of the social assessment are
intended to analyze the social issues the proposed expansion project may have on the immediate
area and on the region on a whole.
2.3.1

Social Infrastructure and Services

Education, Health Services

The highest level of infrastructural educational and health service is found in Belize City. No
other nearby facility offers the variety of informal social services in the region except for Caye

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Caulker and San Pedro. The Belize City Development Guidelines recommends that existing
resorts should be obliged to offer staff and clients alike, health clinic or para-medical services.
Labor and Employment
Tourism and fishery activities are two of the most important economic activities in the region.
Temporary/permanent employment in the region within the tourism service sector includes
employment for dive masters, snorkel and tour guides, and service personnel. Traditionally, the
area is used by fishermen and private individuals both for recreation and fishing.
Communication and Services
Communication systems on other cayes in the region are almost non-existent, except for radio
communication linkages and cellular phone. Major communication systems are available in
Belize City.
2.3.2 Traditional User Activities and Tenure
The traditional users of the area remain the same as is the related activities which are primarily
fin fishing, conch and lobster harvesting. Traditional lobster fishermen still place their traps at
their usual place. Lobster trapping and conch diving takes place in the waters to the immediate
northeast and north of the island. Elsewhere in the wider region, a number of other fishermen
from Belize City, Belmopan, and northern and southern Belize utilize other traditional fishing
grounds.
Some of the fishermen utilizing fishing grounds and traditional spawning areas between Shag
Caye and Water Caye east and west of the islands and along the reef include but are not limited
to: Raymond Heusner, Alberto Cherrington, John Castro, Lenny Castro, Victor Foreman,
Orlando Requena, George Carr and Mr. Pou.
Foremans Caye located just immediately south of Spanish Caye is owned by Victor Foreman.
Water Caye, also located immediately south of Spanish Caye and Foremans Caye is titled to
Tradewinds Limited. Pous over water cabins and fishing camp is located south east of Water
Caye.
Immediately north of Spanish Caye the small island known as Boring Bogue is said to be leased
to Francis Hecker and Albert Cherrington. Tenure on the Caye immediately north of Boring
Bogue is leased to Mr. Fred Brown, while the other northern caye, referred to as Bannister
Bogue is leased and occupied by Mssrs. Melvin Young, John Castro and Leonard Castro.
A fishing camp owned by George Carr and currently rented to another individual is located on a
small caye immediately southwest of Spanish Lookout Caye. Immediately north of George
Carrs camp is the old remains of John Castros fishing camp.
The area immediately south-east of Spanish Lookout Caye is also used by fishermen to obtain
bait for their fishing operations. This area is also a good spawning nursery grounds for lobsters.
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Most of the wider region is used by fishermen from the area, as well as by fishermen from Belize
City, Sarteneja and other northern coastal communities, and Belmopan. No real number data
was gathered to get an indication of real number of users that are not from within the area.
2.3.3

Tourism Activities in the Region

Besides tourist accommodations in Belize City, there are a number of existing tourist resorts and
facilities within the wider coastal region. The Turneffe atoll boasts 3-resort type facility, and a
marine research facility at Calabash Caye. The construction of a tourist resort facility,
Castaways Reef Resort development is also under construction at Calabash Caye.
On Water Caye a hotel, a hotel and timesharing tourist facilities is in the process of being
constructed, while on Foremans Caye the construction of tourism accommodations on a small
scale is also being considered. There is one other tourism facility being proposed south of Water
Caye.
2.3.4

Tourism Activities in the Area

The following cayes have some tourism related activities.

Browns Caye

Browns Caye is a privately leased caye located almost immediately north of Spanish Lookout
Caye. Current accommodations are warden quarters and a two storey structure. Over time it is
envisaged that ten cabanas accommodations will be constructed.
Current commercial activities include dredge works, transportation of sand and gravel, supplies
and materials to various cayes in the region and ship to shore barging of garbage which is picked
up by Belize Waste Control and taken to the Belize City dump site. A dredge barge sits west of
the island and dredging is done from time to time at or near this same location.
The caye is utilized as a stop over by many local fishermen especially during bad weather.

Foremans Caye

Foremans Caye is a privately owned island located immediately south of Hugh Parkeys Belize
Adventure Island (formerly Spanish Caye Resort). Reportedly, Spanish Lookout Caye was
originally called Spanish Lookout Caye Range with Formans caye originally known as Spanish
Caye; how the names of the caye have changed over time has not been explained.
Foremans Caye is utilized as the main base for commercial fishing activities. It also
permanently houses Formans family and staff throughout the year. Visiting local groups, GOB
and NGOs organizations from time to time utilize the existing facility for various activities.

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Future proposed construction activities on Foremans caye include the construction of about
three over-water cabanas west of the Caye.
Of note to mention, is that Mr. Foreman is recommending that the area east in front of the caye
be given some protected status.

Water Caye

Water Caye, located immediately east of Spanish Caye had some construction activities slated in
2004. The construction activities for Water Caye included the establishment of a hotel complex
and beach area, marina and land resources for private residential lots.

Goffs Caye

Goffs Caye is a popular recreational, snorkeling and dive site for many locals and tourist alike.
More recently, cruise tourism activities have taken up the majority of the uses of the caye
marginalizing the regular local tourism activities. Carrying capacity and the long term ecological
balance of the caye have become one of the major concerns of the industry.
In July 2004, an official agreement was signed which gave CZMAI management control of the
caye, and the power to implement new management mechanisms involving the use of the caye
and its surrounding waters.

English Caye

English Caye is also another major tourism attraction for many locals and tourist alike.
Recreational day visits and related activities are common on the caye. The area is especially
unique for picnicking, swimming, snorkeling and diving. Its steal-strengthened lighthouse marks
the route for high sea-going vessels with large depth, accessing the channel into the Belize City
harbor and to the Port of Belize.

Sergeant's Caye

The tiny Sergeant's Caye, designated after a buyer from that 18th century, is a very small island
also visited by many local and tourist alike. Over the last four decades the island has seen some
major erosion and destruction from hurricane and natural elements overtime. The caye is ideal
for picnicking and swimming. This little island is located almost directly north of English Caye
and east of Spanish Caye.
2.3.5

Transportation

Sea Traffic
Sea traffic in the area varies. The immediate area is generally used by local fishermen from
nearby fishing camps and a number of illegal fishermen. The general area is also used by tour

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operations, regular boat and water taxi operators to access nearby recreational cayes, fishing
areas, diving and snorkeling sites, Turneffe Atoll and other areas east of Spanish Caye.
The area immediately south of Goffs and English Cayes is used by large cargo boats and cruise
ships into the Belizean Port. The area immediately northeast of Stake Bank is utilized by tug
boats hauling sugar to be unloaded on to sugar ships. During the off-season the sugar barges are
stored near Stake Bank.
The project proponents presently have a subsidiary, Belize Dive Connections that currently owns
four (4) relatively large boats which include a Trimaran and three (3) uni-hull crafts. The current
full time staff to support Belize Dive Connections operation is twenty (20).
These include; boat captains, dive masters, deck hands and snorkeling guides. Apart from these
twenty (20) staff members, there are two full time staff supervisors at the Radisson Marina Dive
Shop, as well as four (4) technical staff to assist with the general logistics of the operation.
Air
Presently, the caye has an undesignated landing site for helicopters. This area is currently located
on the East Side development. There are regular flights to the caye which are mostly tourist
visiting the Dolphin Encounter Lagoon and other recreational aspects of the caye.
It is anticipated that this transportation means will be upgraded with a proper helipad to cater to
such activity. More on this issue is described in the subsequent sections of this document.
Nevertheless, this means is a great boost to the project and it is anticipated that more air crafts of
this nature will be able to visit the caye.
2.4 Archeological Environment
In compliance with the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Terms of Reference for
Development of the Spanish Lookout Caye, namely the expansion of the first phase of the
Spanish Bay Resort on Spanish Lookout Caye , south-east of Belize City, the authors were asked
by the TNCE to conduct an Archaeological Impact Assessment on the Spanish Lookout Caye.
The four areas that this development will affected are the North Island, East Side, West Beach,
and South Island.
The TNCE firm in the year 2004 conducted an Environmental Impact Assessment for the first
phase of a proposed project for the development of the Spanish Bay Resort at Spanish Lookout
Caye situating south-east of Belize City. The first phase was completed and operational (See
Plate 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6). Some of the background information relating to that first phase remains
relevant to this new development phase and will be re-used in this write-up.
The purpose of the assessment is to identify and document any cultural remains, archaeological
and or colonial relics and any other features that may be of interest to the Institute of
Archaeology (as defined by the National Institute of Culture and History Act, Chapter 331
Revised Edition 2000) and place these in their geographic location in the areas of study.
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The report also offers recommendation/s for the protection and/or mitigation for any such
remains prior to the implementation, and as a result of any civil works during the project. The
Archaeological Assessment and Survey will be conducted with full awareness of and adherence
to the National Institute of Culture and History Act, Chapter 331 Revised Edition 2000.
2.4.1 Project Description
The proposed expansion of the Spanish Bay Resort development is located on Spanish Lookout
Caye sometimes referred to as Spanish Lookout Caye. The caye is located approximately 14 km.
(8.6 miles) southeast of Belize City (See Fig. 1.2).
The proposed development slated for the Caye is to upgrade and expand the existing
infrastructure to accommodate a rapidly growing clientele. The research and education facility is
to be complimented by a recreational tourism aspect of the operation which is to, in principle,
sensitize and generate interest among primary and secondary school students throughout the
Country, in regards to marine life and the environment which supports them.
A marine museum was built during the first phase and is in full operation (See Plate 2.7). It is
envisioned that the resort and commercial end of the proposed initiative will generate sufficient
funds to assist substantially in sustaining the educational and research components of the
operation.
The recreational aspect of the Spanish Bay operation is currently focused on scuba diving,
snorkeling, and kayaking. This aspect of the operation is registered as Belize Dive Connection
and is a well known establishment in the dive-tourism industry. The administrative centre of this
aspect of the program is the Radisson Fort George Marina, from where it has been operating
since the founding of the operation in 1995.
It has been envisioned that the focus of the Foundation will be to provide educational
opportunities in the marine environment for primary and secondary students in Belize through
classroom and field trip experiences.
There will also be a focus on marine research activities for scientists and student groups at the
caye. The original Spanish Bay Resort was initially leased a little over a year ago. The Caye has
only been recently purchased from its previous owners by the proposed project proponents.

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Plate 2.4 Former Development during First Phase

Plate 2.5 Development in Phase 1

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Plate 2.6 Phase 1 showing Development and Channel

Plate 2.7 Marine Museum and Educational Center

2.4.2 Literature Review

Spanish Lookout Caye is geologically a part of the Drowned Caye Range (See Fig. 1.2) and in
effect, forms the southern extreme of the island chain. The caye is also known by a variety of
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other names including Spanish Caye and Spanish Lookout Caye Range: The latter being the
original name of the caye (Victor Foreman, pers. comm.).
Spanish Lookout Caye sits in a rich archipelagic area (See Fig. 1.2) with cayes that have some
present human tenancy, as well as those that have been abandoned. The nearest isolated body of
land, small islet, lies to the immediate south of the project site. This area is referred to as
Foremans Caye (See Fig. 1.2).
A small un-named caye, which is functionally a part of the Spanish Lookout Caye Wetland
System, is located at the western entrance of the main mangrove channel or bogue separating the
two islands which are collectively known as Spanish Caye or Spanish Lookout Caye (See Fig.
1.2). This small caye houses a modest present-day fishing camp owned by one, George Carr.
2.4.3 Description of the Area
Spanish Lookout Caye is located approximately 8.6 miles (south-east of Belize City and is
approximately 186 acres in size. The island is an over-wash mangle which is low-lying and
largely inundated, and is for all intent basically a wetland area. As mentioned earlier, the caye is
a part of the Drowned Caye Range and in effect geologically forms the southern extreme of the
island chain or archipelago. In general, the vegetation on this caye can be classified as a
Mangrove Range or locally known as dwarf mangrove.
This is especially evident and noticeable in the interior of the study area where higher mangrove
vegetation flanks the periphery (See Plate 2.8). This portion of the caye is presently not
reclaimed, as yet, and is only accessed through a net work of small and shallow cannels that
takes you to the interior of the wetland (See Plate 2.9 and 2.10).
North Island & West Beach Expansion
North Island - Detail 1
The North Island, as it is referred to by the developers for orientation purposes, is irregular
crescent shaped being on the northern tip of the Spanish Bay Caye. It comprises mainly of mixed
mangrove vegetation. It is surrounded by water that separates it from the main island.
The North Island is the site for new beach villas bearing the positional identification of the island
North Beach Villas. These North Beach Villas will complement the existing Dolphin pens,
including a Dolphin Medical pen, a bridge and an observation dock that were erected during the
first phase of development of the Spanish Bay Resort that was completed in 2004 and
operational.

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Plate 2.8 Short/Dwarf Mangrove Vegetation

Plate 2.9 Close up of canal running through spine of Wetland

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Plate 2.10 Other smaller canals or channels

West Beach Development

The West Beach Development as the name implies will happen along the west side of the
Spanish Bay Caye. The west side of the caye is also comprised mainly of Mixed Mangrove with
occasional patches of Dwarf Mangrove toward the interior. The development however, will be
concentrated mainly in the inundated Mixed Mangrove area closer to the shoreline. The proposed
development of the west side will include building of a Research Laboratory/Office, a Dolphin
House, Classrooms, Staff Housing, Cabanas, Hotel Units and a Main Boardwalk. The Main
Boardwalk will be erected through the Dwarf Mangrove vegetation.
East Side Expansion
The East Side Expansion will be developed along the eastern and northeastern shore of the
Spanish Bay Caye. This area is also comprised of Mixed Mangrove vegetation. Dwarf mangrove
however, dominates the middle of a large part of the island. This section of the island was
targeted for development during the first phase of the Spanish Bay Resort. Consequent to that
project there are existing Over Water Cabanas, Dock/infrastructure, and Staff Houses, Generator
/Treatment Plant and Walkways and Boardwalk.
The East Side Expansion will be in a cluster in comparison to the North Island and the West
Beach Expansion component of the development project. The east side component, however,
already has some existing cabanas that were erected during the first phase of building the
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Spanish Bay Resort. The new expansion project component proposes to erect some Over Water
Cabanas along the north east section of the island, Beach Hotel rooms, Marina Town Houses,
Hotel, Shops, Beachside Casitas, Water tanks, and other Staff Housing.
South Beach Expansion Detail 3
The South Beach expansion component does not situate on the south of the island as one would
think, but, on the eastern most point on the island. This area is also covered with Mixed
Mangroves vegetation and occasional patches of Dwarf Mangroves toward the interior. The
Expansion project will consist of Island Villas, Town Houses and an Arrival Dock and six other
smaller docks referred to as Stations. This development is designed intricately along a loop with
a network of Boardwalks connecting Island Villas, Townhouses and Dock stations.
2.4.4 Methodology
The authors reiterate that this proposed project, the Expansion of the Spanish Bay Resort at
Spanish Lookout Caye, situated at Southeast of Belize City, is an expansion or continuation per
se, of the first phase that entailed the construction of the Spanish Bay Resort which is now
completed and operational.
Prior to the initial implementation or commence of the first phase of the project, the TNCE firm
prepared an Archaeological Impact Assessment that complied fully with the National Institute of
Culture and History Act, Chapter 331 of the Laws of Belize, Revised Edition 2000. The purpose
of the archaeological assessment was to identify and document any cultural remains,
archaeological or colonial relics or features in the area that would be adversely affected by the
development. The conclusion of that archaeological impact assessment cleared the project, which
now serve as a reference for this expansion project. The components of the second phase are the
North Island, East Side, West Beach and South Island described above.
Prior to our visit to the Caye, the Institute of Archaeology was visited on numerous occasions to
check if there were any records, on file, of any archaeological remains or feature on or near the
general vicinity of Spanish Bay Caye or Spanish Lookout Caye as it is sometimes referred to. At
the Institute of Archaeology (IOA), the general registry of sites and master map was first
consulted thereafter the library for any books, manuscripts, reports or other literature that may
have any literature (on prehistoric or historic investigation), on or around the general location of
Spanish Bay Caye.
Following the research at the IOA, a field visit was made by the team leader Mr. Jose Pepe
Garcia, Mr. David McCulloch, the surveyor/cartographer, Mr. Kareem Myvette, Mr. Gentle,
wild life researcher, myself and an assistant to conduct in situ research and reconnaissance. The
objective of the research was twofold: 1) to be appraised of the development that has taken place
on the island and 2) to look for archaeological or colonial remains that may exist on the area
slated for development.
However, due to the nature of the topography and vegetation of the island, consisting of purely
mangroves and wetland environment, it was extremely difficult to traverse the areas of concern
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without the use of water vessel; hence we used a boat to access the various channels that crosses
through the island whereby visually surveying and reconnoitering the wetland area. Since there
are no dry land except for mangrove roots protruding from the water, all efforts of our visual
research was done from inside the boat and from the lookout tower situated on the already
reclaimed and developed portion of the Caye (See Plate 2.11).
As a result of the Islands physical setting and water logged environment, the researchers were
limited as to the ability to conduct a more intensive archaeological examination. The entire area
that was examined is under water covered by a mangrove range. This area will need a good deal
of filled (reclaiming) before it becomes hospitable. During our visit and inspection, however, no
features of an archaeological or colonial nature were observed in any of the development areas.
2.4.5 Result of Survey
Result of our research for back ground information for Spanish Bay Caye at the Institute of
Archaeology was none existent. There is no records or reports on prior archaeological works in
the area nor were their visual evidence to suggest any prehistoric settlement or occupation on the
island. Personal communication with personnel of the Institute of Archaeology however,
informed that members of the IOA took some photograph of sherds and other artifacts found on
the island during a visit to the Caye in 2002.
Photos of these artifacts, comprising of few badly eroded and pitted spindle whorl, net sinkers
and pottery fragments, were studied. The fact that there are no accompanying report with the
badly eroded artifact, coupled with the environment observed during the site visit, led me to
believe that these artifacts may have appeared through secondary deposits.
One should consider, however, that given the physical formation/creation of the island (through
land reclamation and fill), that it would not be surprising that broken pottery sherds along with
numerous other things were dug and taken to the island as fill and now appears as secondary
deposits.
As mentioned before the only means of traversing the study area of the caye was by means of a
boat which we had no choice but to use in order to see the interior. Most accessible channels and
arteries in the islands interior were navigated to see if perhaps there would be any trace of land
needless to say any remnants of archaeological remains or feature of prehistoric or historic
occupation. The researchers did not find any evidence of pre-historic or historic settlement or
occupation in the area of study.
2.4.6 Recommendation
Even though our reconnaissance and visual survey did not yield the presence of any
archaeological remains or features, this does not rule out the existence of any archaeological
remains lodged in or submerged in the waters of the coastal zones of the caye. It has been
known and documented in the archaeological records that small coastal island (including the
coast lines of Belize) have, over the millenniums, been inundated as a result of rising sea level.

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Reports have indicated that many small coastal trade posts, salt making and fishing communities
on the coast line of Belize are now under water and Archaeologist are just now retrieving many
water logged artifacts lodge in the silt of the sea bed.

Plate 2.11 Panoramic View of Developed and Undeveloped Areas

Just a few years ago in 2004, in a similar environment in southern Belize, Archaeologist Dr.
Heather McKillop (McKillop 2004,2005) found a water-logged artifact in the form of a wooden
paddle from a submerged salt manufacturing facility once occupied by the ancient Maya in the
Paynes Creek National Reserve.
Given this scenario, the frequent occupation of islands and maritime activities and trade by the
ancient Maya, it is quite possible that there could be many (more) artifacts and ancient remains
hidden in the bottom of the sea. It is therefore prudent to request that caution must be taken when
dredging to do land fill or excavating canals.
Should any artifacts or portion of artifacts show up in the fill, operations should stop and the
Institute of Archaeology must be informed so that the appropriate measures could be arranged.
Since the proposed area of impact for development is presently submerged and has to be
dredged, extreme caution must be taken when gathering primary or source material as these may
contain archaeological pieces which would be dumped elsewhere and perhaps creating more and
curious archaeological questions. Again, if this should occurs, the Institute of Archaeology,
being the authority, must be informed for appropriate action and guidance.
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2.5 Legal and Policy Setting

The following sections summarize the legal proceedings binding the expansion of the proposed
Hugh Parkeys Belize Adventure Island.
2.5.1 Environmental Protection Legislation
Current national environmental policies are based on the need to take an integrated approach to
environmental management and the need to work towards the goal of sustainable development.
The Government of Belize through the Department of Environment, Coastal Zone Management
Authority and Institute, the Department of Fisheries, Forestry Department and the other
government institutions are the regulatory bodies of the various instruments.
Of importance to the proposed development is the need to identify those regulations and
legislations which will need compliance for development activities in respect to the area and
region of the proposed development. In light of the fact that the area and region of the proposed
development is within an area of significant importance in terms of its tourism and ecological
importance and proposed planning regime, it is also important that development activities strike
a balance between development and the environment.
This section is aimed at reviewing relevant environmental resource and planning legislations and
regulations to ensure that development project meets policy and legislative criteria, and that
relevant requirements are built into project design and implementation. The policy review also
outlines specific procedures and measures to be carried out before, during and after project
development
2.5.1.1 The Environmental Protection Act SI 22/1992 and 328/2003
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT established the Department of the Environment. Under
section 3 (3) the Department has the responsibility to monitor the implementation of the Act and
Regulations, and to take necessary actions to enforce the provisions of the Act and Regulations.
This enabling legislation provides the Government and the Department with the comprehensive
environmental protection authority it needs in order to address modern environmental pollution
problems. The ACT also grants the Department of Environment broad regulatory and
enforcement authority for the prevention and control of environmental pollution, conservation
and management of natural resources, and environmental impact assessment (EIA).
The Environmental Protection Act entrusted the Department of the Environment with a broad
range of functions relating, but not limited to, the assessment of water pollution, the coordination
of activities relating to the discharge of wastes, the licensing of activities that may cause water
pollution, the registration of sources of pollution and the carrying out of research and
investigations as to the causes, nature and extent of water pollution, and the necessary prevention
and control measures (section 5). The Department is also empowered to approve EIAs.
Under the revised edition 2000 Part III 7 (1) (d) specifying the standards in excess of which
pollutants discharged into the environment shall not be discharged or emitted; (e) formulating
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environmental codes of practices specifying procedures, practices or releases limits for

environmental control relating to works, undertakings and activities during any phase of the
development and operation, including the location, design, construction, start-up, closure,
dismantling and clean-up phases and any subsequent monitoring activities and (f) environmental
quality guidelines specifying recommendations in quantitative or qualitative terms to support and
maintain particular uses of the environment and (j) the control of noise.
Under the Act, no person, installation, factory or plant shall, unless specifically permitted by the
Department, emit, deposit or discharge or cause emission of any pollutant or contaminant into
the atmosphere or environment in contravention of the permitted levels. Every person,
installation, factory or plant emitting air pollutants is required to maintain and submit to the
Department, records of the type, composition and quantity of pollutants emitted.
Schedule II (Regulation 8) of the 2003 revised edition specifies projects which may require an
environmental impact assessment or environmental impact study depending on the location and
size of the project. These include but are not limited to coastal land reclamation involving an
area of more than 10 acres; resort and recreational development in terms of construction of
coastal resort facilities or hotels and development of tourist or recreational facilities on small
islands; and infrastructure projects such as yacht marinas.
No person shall cause or permit the extracting, crushing, screening, handling or conveyance of
materials or other operations likely to give rise to airborne dust without taking reasonable
precautions, by means of spray bars or wetting agents, to prevent particulate matter form
becoming airborne.
Furthermore any person or undertaking exploiting the land, water resources, seas or other natural
resources shall ensure the protection of the environment against unnecessary damage or from
pollution by harmful substances; and no person shall emit, import, discharge, deposit, dispose of
or dump any waste that might directly or indirectly pollute water resources or damage or destroy
marine life.
2.5.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations SI 107/1995 and 25/2007
The Environmental Impact Assessment (1995) regulations describe in detail the processes
involved in the preparation and evaluation of environmental impact assessments. The
regulations divide projects or activities into three categories. The first category consists of those
projects that automatically require an environmental assessment based on the sensitivity of the
surroundings or the nature of the undertaking.
The second category comprises those projects that may require an assessment to be carried out,
but with some modifications based on the location and size of a project. The third category
encompasses activities or programs that do not require an assessment to be conducted which may
not have significant impacts on the environment. In March of 2007, amendments to the
regulations were published in which by each category or schedule would carry an application and
processing fee. In addition, an environmental clearance (schedule III) fee was also instituted
which should generate considerable income for the Department.
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The Environmental Impact Assessment Part V - 20 (4) states that every project, program or
activity shall be assessed with a view to the need to protect and improve human health and living
conditions and the need to preserve the reproductive capacity of ecosystems as well as the
diversity of species. Under 20 (5) when making an environmental impact assessment, a proposed
developer shall consult with public and other interested bodies or organizations and under 20 (7)
a decision by the DOE to approve an environmental impact assessment may be subjected to
conditions which are reasonably required for environmental purposes.
2.5.1.3 Effluent Limitation Regulations

SI 94/1995

THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EFFLUENT LIMITATION REGULATIONS came into force in

1996, at which time the Department of the Environment commenced enforcing the Regulations.
The Regulations are intended to control and monitor discharges of effluent into any inland waters
or the marine environment of Belize.
2.5.1.4 Pollution Regulations

SI 56/1996

The Pollution Regulations of 1996 addresses issues of air, water and soil pollution, including
noise pollution. Part III 6 (1) deals generally with the emission of contaminants into the air
where no person shall cause, allow or permit contaminants to be emitted or discharged either
directly or indirectly into the air from any source.
Part X 31 (c & d) deals with pollution of land generally that could be harmful, or potentially
harmful to animals, birds, wildlife, plants or vegetation. The Department of Environment is
responsible for the enforcement of the Pollution Regulations Act.
2.5.2

Coastal Zone Management Strategy Chap. 329 2000 Revised Edition

The Coastal Zone Management was legally established in 1998 with the passage of the Coastal
Zone Management Authority Act (Act # 5 of 1998). Under section 5 (1), the main functions of
the Authority include (i) to advise Government on matters related to development and use of
resources in the coastal zone in an orderly and sustainable manner; (ii) formulation of policies on
coastal zone management; (iii) development of a coastal zone management plan and revise it as
needed; (iv) commission monitoring and research of coastal areas (v) promote public awareness
and; (vi) prepare guidelines for developers.
The Coastal Zone Management Strategy seeks to facilitate improved management of coastal
resources, to ensure economic growth is balanced with sound environmental management
practices. The Strategy seeks to review and enhance existing laws, regulations, policies and
guidelines relating to conservation, resource management and development controls in the
coastal zone area.
These support a coastal area management framework that addresses the need for management
approaches in location between, as well as within, Coastal and Marine Protected Areas, and

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special requirements for management development and conservation in the barrier reef region,
particularly the cayes.
2.5.3 Cayes Development Policy CZMIA/Fisheries Department 1995
The Cayes Development Policy has served to consolidate existing legislations, and to promulgate
regulations and guidelines applicable to the development and sustainable management of all the
cayes within the coastal zone of Belize. The Policy calls for a detailed planning system to control
the use of land, and water development to cover the entire coastal zone. The policy also
demarcates/recommends zones and a system of assigning development codes for the cayes.
The main thrust of the document is to articulate the type of actions and initiatives that must be
undertaken by all the various stakeholders in order to ensure sustainable use and long-term
protection of natural and cultural resources and development within the coastal planning regions.
The policy addresses such areas as caye ownership, protected areas management, land use
planning and development control, extraction of materials, infrastructure and transport, shipping
and the use of marine vessels, waste disposal and fuel storage, fiscal incentives to encourage
responsible practices and incorporation of actions within the national strategic planning
framework.
2.5.4

Solid Waste Management Authority Act SI 224 of 2003

Under the Act, the Authority shall devise ways and means for the efficient collection and
disposal of solid waste employing modern methods and techniques and exploring the possibility
of recycling waste materials. Under the Act construction waste material includes building
materials from construction, alteration and remodeling building or structure of any kind, such as
lumber, concrete, steel roofing, etc. SI 13/1991 established the Solid Waste Management
Authority and gave it broad powers for the collection and disposal of solid waste.
2.5.5

National Institute of Culture and History 330/2000

Under section (4) of the Ancient Monuments and Antiquities Act, all ancient monuments and
antiquities however situate, whether upon any land or in any river, stream or watercourse, or
under territorial waters of the country, and whether or not before the date of the commencement
of this Act in private ownership, possession, custody or control, shall absolutely vest in the
Government.
Under section (12), if any person finds any ancient monument or antiquity he shall within
fourteen days of such findings report the details of the findings to the Minister.
2.5.6

Belize Water Industry Act No. 1 of 2001

The Water Industry Act repeals the Water and Sewerage Act, Chapter 185 of 1971 Laws of
Belize. Chapter one of the Act deals with controlling disposal of wastes generated from sewer
treatment. The Act makes new provisions with respect to the supply and control of water and
sewerage services in Belize.
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The Water Industry Act also establishes the responsibility of private entities to provide facilities
for the final disposal of sewerage taking into consideration Chapter 36 of the Environmental
Protection Act 1 of 2001.
2.5.7

Belize Public Health Act Revised Edition SI 40/2000

Under Part VIII of Offensive Trades 128 (1) b the Minister can make regulations relating to
nuisances for the prevention, control or reduction of pollution or contamination of air, soil or
water caused by any activity or condition resulting in the emission of a pollutant or contaminant
into the environment. The Act also specifies restrictions and regulations for nuisances from
factories or other industrial developments, and incidental provisions relating to offensive
businesses.
2.5.8

National Lands Act (No. 6 of 1992) and SI 191 of 2000

The Act is designed to establish a framework for the management of national lands. The Act
applies to all lands (other than Reserved Forest) not already "located" or granted, including any
lands acquired by or ceded to the Crown. They are classified as town, suburban, rural, mineral
lands and beach lands.
In Section 28, where the sea, or any sound, bay or creek is described as forming part of the
boundary of any national land to be granted or disposed of, then high water mark shall be
considered to be the property boundary. Under the Act, the seabed defined as the land extending
seawards from the high water mark of ordinary tides, is National Land owned by the
Government of Belize under the authority of the National Lands Act.
2.5.9

Crown Land Rules SI 60 of 1939

Under Crown Land Rules (Statutory Rules and Orders 66 of 1939), a 66 ft wide strip of land
along all water frontages, measured from high water mark, is designated as public easement, but
lands titles prior to 1930 included the land to the high water mark and in some cases, below the
high water mark.
2.5.10 Mines and Minerals Act Chap. 226 of 2000
The Mines and Minerals (General) Regulations provide a general framework for the
implementation of the Mines and Minerals Act. These Regulations cover a range of topics such
as application, duties, terms and conditions and failure to comply with the conditions of a mining
license. Under the Act land includes land beneath water. The Act also addresses dredging
and sand mining, which is essential in avoiding destruction to coastal habitats such as seagrass
beds and the coral reef.
2.5.11 Forests (Mangrove Protection) Regulations, SI No. 52 of 1989
The Forests (Protection of Mangrove) Regulations, 1989, prohibit any "alteration (which
includes cutting and defoliating, but does not include "selective trimming") of mangroves on any
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land except with a permit (reg. 4). Alterations which involve dredging or filling can be
authorized only in "exceptional circumstances."
Factors considered for issuing or denying permits include the proximity of the proposed project
to coastal and reef areas known to be of outstandingly high ecological value (reg. 5(2) (i)), and
the existing or proposed plans such as the barrier reef regional management and development
plan. The Mangrove Regulations were amended in 1992 to increase the level of fines and
sanctions.
2.5.12 The Forest Act

SI 213/2000

The protection of all mangroves fall under this Act via the Forest (Protection of Mangrove)
Regulations. Mangrove clearance may be permitted under this Act. In most cases a permit to
clear mangroves is issued after a multi-agency assessment is conducted. This Act includes the
establishment of Forest Reserves which may include mangroves, littoral forests and water
bodies. However, no specific regulations exist under this Act that address littoral forests. The
Forest Act is currently being revised.
The legislative basis for conservation of national lands is defined by the Forest and Wildlife
Conservation Acts. The Forest Act provides for the protection and conservation of all mangrove
forests on both private and national lands, any alterations to which require evaluation and permit
by the Forestry Department.
2.5.13 Belize Tourist Board Act SI 275 of 2000
The Belize Tourist Board Act establishes the Belize Tourist Board with wide responsibilities for
the promotion of tourism in Belize. Apart from being charged with the development of the
tourism industry, the Belize Tourist Board also has the responsibility to foster understanding
within Belize of the importance of environmental protection and pollution control and the
conservation of natural resources. The 2003 revised edition contains specific regulations relating
to requirements and licenses, etc., of tour guides, tour operators, and local water passengers and
water sport vessels.
2.5.14 Hotels and Tourist Accommodation Act SI 285/2000
Under Part II (2) an application for registration in respect of any premises used for the business
of a hotel or tourist accommodation should be carried out. Part III (14) defines the minimum
standards to be observed by hotel and tourist accommodation. Part III of the Act defines
registration and Regulations of Hotels and Tourist Accommodations. Under the Act the Belize
Tourism Board has the responsibility of registering all hotel and tourist accommodation in
Belize.
Subject to the provisions of the Act, Part IV (22 91)) states that there shall be levied and paid a
tax at the rate of seven per centum of all the accommodation charges in regards to lodging. Part
V General, sets out Offences and penalties and regulations prescribing standards for hotels and

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tourist accommodation. The Hotels Act and the Housing and Town Planning Act complement
each other, since they both address tourism and residential developments in coastal areas.
2.5.15

Protected Areas Conservation Trust Act (PACT) Chap. 218/2000

The Protected Areas Conservation Trust Act (PACT) establishes a fund for the financing of all
protected areas, including marine reserves and all other protected areas on the coast. Indirectly
related is the Fiscal Incentives Act, which provides numerous facilities for coastal developments.
A portion of the fees collected at the border points is used to finance local community based
initiatives.
2.5.16 Customs and Excise Duties Act Revised Edition SI 48 of 2000
Part II Customs and Excise Duties 3.-(1) addresses any exemption or rebates provided by or
under the authority of the Act; that there shall be raised, levied, collected and paid for the use of
the Government, the customs duties, in respect of goods imported into Belize, or taken out of
bond for consumption in Belize, at the rates set out in the First Schedule of the Act.
Under PART V 35.-(1) the Minister may make regulations for the licensing and establishment of
inwards duty free shops and for all matters connected therewith. Under (2) without prejudice to
the generality of the foregoing, the Minister may make regulations for any or all of the following
matters:
(a) The fees and other charges that may be payable by the operators of such shops;
(b) The type of goods to be sold in such shops;
(c) The category of persons who may purchase goods from such shops;
(d) The maximum value of purchases which may be made by persons from such shops;
(e) The currency to be used in purchasing such goods;
(f) The areas where such shops may be established;
(g) The maintenance and inspection of records relevant to the storage, sales and receipts of
goods;
(h) Any other matters for which it may be deemed expedient to make regulations.
2.5.17 Civil Aviation Act Chapter 239/2000
This act empowers the Civil Aviation Authority to grant licenses for the construction and
operation of aerodromes and runways or helipads for the use of commercial and recreational
purposes. In addition, this is the governing body in charge with all aspects of air transportation in
Belize.
2.5.18 International Conventions and Agreements
Belize is signatory or party to many international conventions and agreements, and is a member
of many regional organizations involved in the management and protection of biological
resources. Those that impact on biodiversity are listed below.
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(a) United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) (ratified 13 August, 1983).
(b) World Heritage Convention (ratified in 1990).
(c) Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES) (ratified 1976).
(d) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (ratified in December, 1993).
(e) Central American Biodiversity Convention.
(f) Convention for the Conservation of Biodiveristy and the Protection of Priority Areas in
Central America.
(g) Agreement on Cooperation between Belize and Mexico for the Protection and the
Improvement of the Environment and the Conservation of Natural Resources in the Border Zone
(signed 20 September, 1991).
(h) Protocol on Specially Protected Wildlife (SPAW Protocol)
(I) Land-Based Sources of Pollution Protocol (LBSP).
(j) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (ratified September, 1994).
(k) Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) (ratified 12 May,
1995).
(l) International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (signed 1982).
(m) Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea of 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish
Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (signed 1995).
(n) Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of
Bacteriological (Biological) Toxins and their Destruction (signed 1980).
(o) Western Central Atlantic Fisheries Commission (WECAFC) (1985).
(p) Latin American Organization for Fisheries Development (OLDEPESCA) (1997).
(q) Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider
Caribbean Region (The Cartagena Convention).
(r) The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitats
(RAMSAR) (Signed 1971).
(s) International Dolphin Conservation Program (IDCP).
(t) International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
(u) Inter-American Convention for the Conservation and Protection of Marine Turtles
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Table 2.3

Licenses and Permits required by the Development

Activity
Pier Construction

License or Permit required

Permit to construct pier, marina (or
sea wall)
Land Clearing
Permit to alter mangrove required
Helipad Operation
Landing Permit for Helicopters
Dredging and Quarry
Mining license and permit for
extraction of materials
Hotel License
Establishment and operation of hotel
and prescribing conditions
Tour Operation
License to conduct offshore and
inland tours and fishing trip
Food
Handlers Handling of food certificate for
Certificate
persons working in restaurants and
kitchens
Effluent Discharge
Effluent Discharge of gray water and
effluent from waste treatment plant
Archeological Finds
Cessation order for archeological
finds

2-53

Permitting Agency
Land Utilization Authority
Forest Department
Civil Aviation Department
Geology and Petroleum Dept.
Belize Tourism Board
Belize Tourism Board, Dept.
of Fisheries
Public Health Dept.

Dept. of Environment
National Institute of Culture
and History