PR E FA C E

W H EN I b egan thi s Tran sl ati on m ore tha n t wo y ears

a o
I had n o in t en tion of p ubli shin g i t ; b u t a s th e
g
work p ro g res s ed it o c cur re d to m e that Arri a n i s an
Au tho r deser vi n g o f m ore a tt en tion fro m th e E n gli sh
s p e aki n g r a c e s th an he h as
No edi tio n o f
yet rece i v e d
hi s work s h a s s o far as I a m aware ever a p p eare d in
En glan d th ou gh on th e C on ti n en t m an y h ave b een pu b
li s he d
In th e fol lo wi n g Tran sl a ti on I h ave t ri ed t o gi ve
a s liter al a r en deri n g of th e G re e k t ex t a s I c o u l d w
i th
ou t tran s re ss i n g th e i di om s o f ou r o w
n l an g u ag e
My
g
theory of th e du ty o f a Tran sla tor i s to giv e th e ip si ssi m a
verba of hi s Au th or a s n early as p ossi bl e an d n ot
pu t
i n to hi s m ou th wor ds whi ch h e n ev er u sed u n der th e
o r hi s w
a
m i s tak en n o ti on o f i m p rov in g h i s di cti on
y of
I t is a c o m p ara ti vely easy thi n g t o
s tatin g h is cas e
gi ve a p araph ra se o f a foreign work p res en tin g th e
gen eral drift of th e origin al ; b u t n o on e u n less h e has
hi m self tri e d it can u n derstan d th e difcu lty of tran s
latin g a cl ass i cal Au th or correctly with o u t o m i ssi on or
m u tilati o n
In th e C om m en tary whi ch I hav e co m pil ed con ti n u al
referen c e h as b een m ade to th e o th er e xtan t au th ori ties
o n th e hist ory o f Al ex an de r s u ch as D i o do ru s Pl u tarch
Curtius Justin an d Aelian 3 s o that I thin k I m ay safely
,

vi

Prefa ce

No t e s t o
ge th er th e b oo k form s a com p lete histor y of Al exan der s
reig n
Mu ch geo g aphi cal an d oth er m ateria l h as al s o
b een gath ered fro m H ero dotus S trab o Plin y an d Am m i
an u s ; an d the all u s i o n s t o th e p l a c es w
hic h are al s o
th e
m en t i o n e d i n
the Old Testam e n t ar e given from
Hebr ew
As Arrian liv ed in th e s eco n d cen t u ry of th e pr e s en t
era an d n early ve hun dre d y ear s aft er D em o sth en es i t i s
T
er e
n ot to b e ex ec ted t h at he w
h
r o te c la s s i c al G re e k
p
are ho w
e ver a t l e ast a do z en v a l u ab l e Gree k au th ors o f
se i t i s
thi s cen tu ry wh o s e w
o rk s ar e s till e xtan t an d o f t he
a s afe s tat em en t to m a k e th at Arri an i s th e b es t o f t h em
all w
ith th e si n gle ex cep tion o f L u cian
I hav e n oti ce d
a s m an y o f hi s d eviat i on s from Atti c Gre ek co n stru cti on s
a s I th o u ght s u i tab le t o a w
A co m p lete
or k o f thi s kin d
i n dex of Prop er Nam es ha s b een added an d the qu an titi e s
el s m ark e d fo r th e aid of th e E n gli sh R eader
of th e vo w
In th e m u l ti pli city of r efere n ce s whi ch I h av e p u t in to t h e
Notes I shou ld be san guin e if I i m agin ed that n o errors
will b e fou n d ; b ut if s u ch occu r I m u st pl ea d as an
e xcu s e th e p r ess u re o f w ork w
hi ch a tea cher in a l arge
s ch oo l ex eri en ces
leavi n g him very little en ergy for
p
that, taki n g th e Tran sl ati on

a sse rt

an

d th e

literary l ab o u r
r

E
D ue

i E s,

D ecem ber, 1 8 8 3

C O NTE NTS

Life

Arr ian

C R AP

an

Writin gs

of

PA

Arrian

Pr eface

B OOK

Phili p an d Accessi on of Al exan der

H i s Wars
wi th th e Thr acian s
II Batt le with th e Trib alh an s
III Alexan der at th e D an u b e an d in t h e C ou n try of th e
Get ae
I V Al exa n d er d e s tr oy s th e C ity o f t h e Geta e The Am
b a s s ad or s of th e C elt s
V R ev olt of Cli tu s an d Gl au ci as
VI D efeat of C l it u s an d Gla u c i a s
VII Rev olt of Th eb e s ( Sep tem ber,
3 3 5)
1 V III F all of Th eb es
IX D e stru ct i on of Th eb e s
X Alexan d er s D ealin g s wit h Ath en s
X I Al exan der cro sses t he H ell e sp on t an d v i si t s Troy

XII Alexan d er at th e T om b of Ach ille s M en m on s advice

R e ect ed b y th e Per si an Gen er al s
XIII B att le of th e Gran icu s
3 3 4)
XIV Arran gem en t of th e H o stile Arm ies
XV D escri pti on of th e B attle of th e Gran i cu s
XVI D efeat of t h e Persi an s L os s on B oth Side s
XVII Ale xan der i n Sar di s an d E p he su s
XVIII Al exan der m ar ch es t o M iletu s an d Occ up ie s th e
I sl an d of L ade
XIX Siege an d C ap tur e of M il etu s
XX Si ege of H ali c arn assu s Ab or tive Att ack on Myn du s

D eath

GE

of

'

8
12

14

16
18
22
25
28

31
34
36

38
41

45

47

5O

{
XXI

'

Siege

of

H ali c arn a ssu s

vii

52
55
58
61

iii

Con ten ts

PA
AP
63
XXI I Siege of H ali carn as su s
XX III D estru cti on of Hali carn as su s Ada Q ueen of Carl a 64
66
XXIV Alexan der in L yci a an d Pam phylia
68
XXV Treason of Ale xan der Son of Ar opu s
XXVI Alexa n der in Pam ph ylia Capt ur e of Asp en du s an d
CR

GE

70
72
74
76

Sid e

XX VII Alexan der in Phr ygia an d Pi sidi a

XXVIII O p erati on s in Pi sidia
XXIX Alexan der i Phrygia
.

B OOK II

C aptu re of M ity len e b y th e Per s i an s D eath of M em n on

II ; Th e Per s ian s captur e Ten e du s Th ey are D efe at ed at
Sea
III Alexan der at Gordiu m
I V C on qu e st of C app a doci a Al exan der s Illn e ss at T ar su s
V Alexan der at th e T om b of S ar dan ap al u s Pr ocee din g s
i n C ili ci a
V I Alexan der a dvan ces t o M yrian dru s D ari u s M ar ch e s
a a i n st him
g

VII D ari u s at I ssu s Alexan der s Sp eech t o hi s Ar m y

VIII Arran gem en t of th e H ostile Ar m ies
I X Alexan der ch an ge s t h e D i s p ositi on of h i s F orce s
I

78

80
82

87

84

X Battl e of I s su s
XI D efeat an d F li gh t of D ar iu s
XII Ki n d Tr e atm en t of D ariu s s F am i ly
XIII F li gh t of M aced on i an D es ert er s in t o E gypt Pr o
ce edin g so f Agi s Ki n g of Sp art a Al exan der occu i es
p
.

89
91
94

97
99
1 01
1 04

XIV

Ph o en i ci a

D ariu s s L ett er,

1 06

d Al exan der s R eply

XV Alexan der s Treat m en t of th e C apt u red Gr eek Am b a s

sad or s
Su bm is si on of Byb lu s an d Sid on
XVI Th e Wors hip of H ercu les in Tyre Th e Tyrian s r e
fu s e t o adm it Al exan der
XVII Sp eech of Alexan der t o h is O fcer s
XVIII Siege o f Tyre Con str u ct ion o f a M ole fr om th e
M ain l an d t o th e I sl an d
XIX Th e Siege of Tyr e
XX Tyre Besieged by Sea as well as L an d
.

an

111

1 14

11 7

1 20

XXI

Siege of Tyre

1 21
1 23

1 24

1 27

Con ten ts
I

K
O R A)

ix

XXII Sie ge of Tyre Naval

X XII I Si ege of Tyr e
XXIV C apt ur e of Tyre

PA

D efeat

of

th e Tyr ian

1 29
13 1
132

XX V Th e Off er s
.

of

D ariu s

r e ect e

ati s ,

Gov ern or

of

Gaz a refu ses t o Su bm it

XXVI Siege of Gaz a
XXVI I C ap t ure of Gaz a

13 4

13 6

13 7

B OO K

III

I Con qu est of E gypt

F ou n dati on of Alexan dria
I I F oun d ati on of Al exan dr i a E v en t s in t he Ae ean
g
III Al exan der vi it s th e Tem p le of Am m on
IV Th e O as i s of Am m on
V Sett lem en t of th e Aair s of E gypt
VI M arch in t o Syria Al exan der s Kin dn ess t o H arp al u s
an d hi s oth er earl
y A dh er en t s
VII Pas s a ge of th e E u ph rate s an d Tigris

D
VI II
escr ip ti on of D ariu s s A r m
y at Ar b ela

IX Alexan der s Tactics H i s Sp eech to th e Ofcers

X Re ecti on of Parm en i o s Advi c e
XI Tacti c s of th e Opp osin g Gen eral s

A
l
XII
e xa n der s Tact i cs
XIII Th e Batt le of Arb ela
XIV Battl e of Arb el a F li gh t o f D ari us
XV D efeat o f th e Per si an s an d Pur su it of D ariu s
XVI E s cap e of D ariu s in t o M edi a M arch of Al exan der
t o B a b yl on an d Su sa
XVII Su b u gation of t he Uxian s
XVIII D efeat of Ariob arz an es an d Capture of Persep oli s
XIX D ar iu s p ur su ed in to M edi a an d Parthi a
XX March thr ou gh th e Casp i an Gat es
XXI D arius i s As sassin at ed b y B ess u s
XX II Reect ion s on th e Fate o f D ariu s
XXIII E xp edi tion in to H yr can ia
XXIV E xp edit ion against th e M ardian s
XXV M ar ch t o Bactra Bes su s aide d by Satibarz an e s
XXVI Phil ot a s an d Parm en i o pu t t o D eath
XXVII Tre atm en t of Am yn t as Th e Ar ias pian s
XXVI II Al exan der cros ses th e Hin du Koosh
.

GE

1 40
1 42
1 44
14 7

1 48

1 50
1 52
1 54
1 57
1 59
1 60
1 63
1 64
1 66
1 68
1 70
1 74
1 76

1 79

1 81
1 82
1 85
1 87
1 89
1 91
1 93
1 95
1 96

Con ten ts

PAG

OE D

XXIX

Con qu est of Bactri a an d Pursui t of Bessus

t h e Oxus
XXX Captu re of Bes su s E xpl oit s in Sogdian a
.

acros s

1 99
201

B O O K IV
I Rebelli on
.

205

of

th e Sog di an ia n s
i ve C i t i e s i n T
of

II Capture F
wo D ays
III Storm in g of Cyr op o]i s Rev olt of th e Scythi an s
IV D efeat of th e Scythi an s b eyon d t h e Tan a i s
.

V Sp itam en es de st r oy s a Macedon i an D e t ac hm en t
VI Spit am en es driv en in t o th e D e sert
VII Tre atm en t of B es sus
VIII Th e M ur d er of Cli tus
I X Alexan der s gri ef for C l it u s
X D i sp u te b etwe en Calli sth en es a n d An axarchu s
XI Callisthen es Op p ose s th e Pr op osal t o h on our Alexan der
.

2 06
2 08
210
21 2
21 4
21 6
21 8
221
22 3

by Prostrati on
XII Calli sth en es refus es t o Pros tr at e him self
XIII Con p iracy of th e Pag e s
XIV E xecu tion of Calli sth en es an d H erm ol aus
XV Alli an ce w
ith t h e Scyt hi an s an d C h ora sm i an s
XVI Sub u gation of Sogdi an a Rev olt of Sp itam en es
XVII D efeat an d D eath of Sp it am en es
XVIII Oxyartes Be si eged in th e Sogdian Rock
XIX Alexan der Capt ur es th e R ock an d M arri es Roxan a
XX M agn an i m ous Treat m en t of t h e F am il y of D ari n
XXI Capture of th e Rock of Ch ori en e s
XXII Al exan der re ach e s th e Riv er C abul, an d Receives the
H om a ge of Taxil es
XXIII Battles with th e As p asian s
XXI V Op eration s again st th e A sp asian s
XXV D e feat of th e Asp asian s Th e As s ao en ian s an d
Gu raean s Att acked
XXVI Siege of M assaga
XXVII Sieges of M assage an d O ra
XXVIII Capture of Baz ir a Advan ce t o the Rock of
.

225
228
2 29
23 1

23 3
23 5
23 7
23 9
241

Aorn u s
.

2 52
2 5 4,
25 5

XXIX Siege of Aorn u s

XXX Capture of Aorn u s Arrival at t h e In du s
.

248
2 50

2 57
2 60
2 62

Con ten ts

C R AP

B OOK

xi

PA

I Al exan der at N s a
y
I I Al exan d er at N sa
y
III In cr edu l ity of E rat osth en es
IV D igre ssi on ab ou t In di a

2 65

26 7

Passage

of

th e I n d u s

269
2 70

V M oun t ain s an d River s of As ia

VI G en er al D e scr ip ti on of In di a
VII M eth od of Bridgin g Riv er s
VIII M arch from th e I n du s to th e Hydaspes
I X Por u s o b st r u ct s Al e xan d er s Pas sa e
g
X Alexan der an d Poru s at th e H yd as p es
X I Al exan der s St rat agem t o get acr os s

2 73

2 74

277

2 79

280

2 82

283

XII Pa ssage of t h e H ydasp es

XIII Pas sage of th e H yd aspe s

284

28 5

XI V Th e B at tl e at th e H y da sp es
XV Ar ran g em en t s of Poru s
XVI Alexan der s Tactics

28 7

288

2 90

XVII D efe at of Poru s

XVII I L o ss es of th e C om b at an t s Pom s Su rre ders
XIX Alli an ce with Poru s D eath of Bu ceph ala s

2 91

293
295

XX C on qu e st of th e Gl au si an E m b a s s y from Abi sar es

Pa ss age of t h e A ce sin es
XXI Advan ce b eyon d th e H y dr aot e s
.

XXII I n va si on of t h e L an d of th e C ath aean s

XXIII A ssau lt u p on San gal a
XXIV Cap tu r e of San g al a
XXV Th e Ar m y refu s es to Advan ce Alexan der s

3 04

Sp eech
3 06

t o th e O f cer s

XXVI Alexan der s Sp e ech ( con tin u ed)

X XVI I Th e An swer of C oen u s
XXVIII Alexan d er r esolv e s t o R etu rn
XXIX Alexan d er r ecr os ses th e H ydraotes an d Acesin es

B OO K VI
.

IV Voy age down th e H y dasp es i n t o th e Acesin es

V Voyage down th e Acesin es
VI Cam p aign again st the M alli an s
.

3 08

3 11
3 13
3 14

I Pr ep ar at ion s for a Voy age d own th e I n dus

II V oyage d own th e H yd asp es
III V oy age d own th e H ydasp e s ( con tin u ed)
.

299
3 02

297
3 01

GE

3 17
3 18

3 20
3 21
3 23
3 24

xii

Con ten ts

AP
VII
VIII
CR

PA

C am p aign again st th e M alli an s ( con tin u ed)

D efeat of t h e M al li an s at th e riv e r H ydr a ot e s
IX St orm in g of t h e M alli an Str on gh ol d
X Al exan der dan ger ou sly Wou n de d
XI Ale xan der Wou n de d
XII An xiety of th e Sold ier s ab ou t Ale xan der

r
XIII Joy of th e Sol di er s at A l exan de s Re co very
XIV V oy age down the H ydr aot e s an d Ace sin e s in t o t h e

GE

3 26

3 28

3 29

3 31

333
335
336

338

In du s

XV Voyage d o wn th e I n du s t o th e L a d of M u sican u s
XVI C m p aign a gain st O xycan u s a d Sam b u s
XVII M u sica s E xecu te d Cap tu r e of Pat al a
XVIII V oy age d own t h e I d s
XIX Voyage down th e I n d u s in t o th e Sea

3 43

M ou th s

3 43

n u

XX E xp l orat i on
.

of

th e

of

th e I n du s

XXI Cam p aign ag ai n st t h O iti an s

XXII M arch th o u gh th e D esert of G ad o si a
XXIII M a ch t hro gh th e D e s er t of Ga dr os i a
XXI V M a ch th rou gh Ga dr osi a
XXV S ffe in g s of th e A y
XXVI Al exan der s M agn an im ou s C o du ct
XXVII M arch t h rou gh C arm an i a Pun i shm en t
e

3 56

rm

3 53

3 46

3 55

3 45

3 49
3 51
3 53

3 42

of

Vi ce
3 60

r oy s

XXVIII Al exan der in Carm a ia

XXIX Alexan der in Per si a T om b

3 62

XXX Peu ce st as
.

C yrus R ep aire d
app o i n t e d V i cero
y of Per s i s

B OOK

of

VII

3 67

I Al ex an der s Pl an s Th e In di a n Phil os oph er s

II Al exan der s D eali n g s w
i t h t h e I n di an Sa ges
III Self s acric e of t h e In di an C alan u s
IV M arri age s b etween M ac edon i an s an d Pers i an s
V Th e Sol di er s Re ward e d
VI An Arm y of Asiat ic s Tr ain e d u n de r t h e M aced on i an
D i s cip li n e
VII N avi gat ion of th e Ti gre s
VIII Th e M ac edon i an s O ffen ded at Al exan der
I X Al exan d er s Sp e ech

X Al exan der s Sp eech ( con ti n u ed)

XI R econ cil iat ion b etween Alexan der an d h i s Ar m y

3 64

3 69
3 71
3 72
3 74

3 76

3 78
3 79
3 81

3 83
3 86
3 87

Con ten ts

AP
XII
CR

iii
PA
x

GE

Ten Th ou san d M aced on ian s sen t H om e with Cr at eru s

D i sp u t es b etween An t i at er an d Ol m ias
p
y p

XIII Th e Nisaean Plain Th e Am a on s

XIV D eath of H eph aesti on
XV Su b j u gati on of th e Cossaean s E m

3 90

3 93
3 95

t an t N ati on

XVI

E xp l or ati on

t h e Casp i an

of

Th e

s ay er s

b as sies fr o m D i s
3 98

Ch a ld aean Sooth

XVI I Th e Adv ice of th e Ch al dee re ect ed

XVIII Pr edict i on s of Al exan der s D eath
.

XIX

E m b a s s ies fr om Greece

Ar ab i a

XX D e s cr ip ti on

of

XXI D es cr iptio
XXI I An O en
XXIII Th e Ar
.

t i on

M em

E leet pr ep are d for In v adi n g

406

Ar abia Voy ag e of N earch u s

408
41 1
41 2

th e E u p h r a t e s an d t h e Pa llacop as

of Al exan d er s App r oac hi n g D eath

of

y R ecru it e d from th e Per si an

ory H on our e d
O m en of Al exan de r s D ea t h

H e h a es
p
41 4

XXIV An oth e
XXV Alexan der Sei e d with F e e
XXVI Al exa de s D eath
as Poi son ed
o r th at Al exan der w
XXV II R
XXVIII Ch aract er of Alexa de
XXIX Ap ol o gy for Alexan der s E rr ors
XXX E u l ogy of Al exan der

41 7

um

41 8

420

421
422

424
42 5
429

I n d ex of Pr op er N am

es

E RRATA

Page 3
Page 8

from th e b ottom , for An ab

for B io d , xix 93 , 94 ; r ea d

Fou r lin es

No te 1 ,
N ot e 3 ,for Biod , xvi 85 ; r ea d
For On ares r ea d O m ares
Page 48
Page 1 08 ( N ot e) for Z eph i 2 ; r ead 1 1
18
Page 1 1 6 ( N ote) for Pa ra dise L ost,
.

1,

xvi

read v

r ea d

i 446
.

93 , 94

400
402
404

5, 1

WR ITINGS

LIFE AND

ALL

we k n o w of Arrie n

OF ABE I AN

i s d er i ve d from

th e

of

n ot c e

h i m i n th e Bi bli otheca o f Ph o t iu s, wh o wa s Pa t ri a rc h
o f C o n s tan t in op l e in th e n i n th c e n t ury an d from
a few
,

wn wri ti n gs We l earn
fro m Su i das th at D ion C assiu s wro te a bi o graphy o f
Ar rie n b ut thi s work i s n o t extan t
Flavi u s Arrian u s
was born n ear the en d o f th e rst cen tury of th e Christian
er a, a t Ni c o m e dia th e ca i ta l o f Bithy n i a
H e b eca m e a
p
p u p il o f the fam o u s S to i c p hil os op h er Ep i c tet u s a n d
a r ds
a ft er w
wen t t o Ath en s wh ere h e recei ve d the

s urn a m e o f t he
yo un g er Xen op h on from the fa ct th at
h e o cc u pi e d th e s am e relat i on t o E pi ctetu s as Xen o ph on
did t o S o cra tes l No t on ly was h e call ed Xen op ho n by
b u t h e call s hi m sel f s o i n Cyn egettcu s ( v
o th e r s
an d i n P eri lus (xii 5 ; xx v l
p
) he di s tin g u i s hes Xen o
ph on by t he addi tion the e lder L ucian (Alexan der 5 6)
ca
ll s Arr ian sim ply Xen op hon D ur i n g the s ta y of th e
e m p er or H ad ri an at Ath e n s A D 1 2 6 Arrie n g a i n e d h i s
fri en ds hi p
H e ac c om p an i ed hi s p atron to Ro m e wh ere
h e re cei v e d t he R o m an c i tiz en shi p
I n con se qu en c e o f
t hi s h e a s s u m e d the n am e o f Flav i us f I n th e s a m e way
t he J e wis h hi stori a n , Jose ph u s ha d b ee n allo we d by
Vespasian an d Ti tu s t o b ear th e i m p eri al n a m e F lavi u s 3
Photi u s sa ys th at Art ia n h ad a di sti n guis he d career in
Ro m e b ei n g e n tru s ted wi th v a ri o u s p o li ti cal o f ce s a n d
a t l as t r e a chi n g t h e s u p re m e dig n i ty o f c on s u l u n d er

i n ci den tal

referen ces

in

h is

Cf Art i an
.

9 See D i o Ca ssi us lxi x 1 5

i
u
s
i
n
e
e
t
c
C
,
,
( y g
3 Cf Jose h us Vi ta i si us
,
p
p
(
.

a
O

"

The An a ba si s

Alexan der

Piu s 1 Previou s t o thi s h e was app o in ted

h
l ch
w
i
a
c
a
a
d
o
f
n
o
r
o
r
e
by
H
i
n
G
ov
C
p
d
r
a
a
p
(A D 1 3 2 )
p rovin ce was soon a fter i n vaded b y th e Alan i o r M as
2
e n M ar c us
d
W
x
e
e
e
h
ll
h
sa etae, w
o m h e d e feat e d an d
p
g
Au reliu s cam e t o th e t hro n e Ar rian wi th drew i n to
pri vate life an d r eturn ed to h is n ati ve c i ty Ni co m edia
Here a ccordin g to Ph o tiu s h e was a pp oin te d p riest to
H e d ie d in th e reign of
D e m eter an d Pers ep hon e
Marcus Aurelius
Th e earli er li terary effor ts o f Arr ie n were p hil os o phi cal
After th e exp ul s ion o f t he phi los o ph ers fro m Ro m e b y
D o m iti an E pi ctetu s d eli v ere d hi s l ec tu res a t Ni copol is
i n Ep i ru s wh ere it i s p rob ab le t hat Arrian was his p up il
I Th ese l ectures were p ub li sh e d b y Arrian u n der the
ti tl e o f D i scou r ses of Ep i ctetu s i n e igh t b o ok s th e rs t
He tells u s
fou r on ly of whi ch h av e co m e d o wn t o u s
hi m self in th e in tro du cti on t o this work th at he strove
ords of hi s
as far a s p o ssibl e to
re s e rv e th e v ery w
p
t ea ch er as m e m en toes o f h i s m eth o d of rea s on i n g an d
di cti on
Gellius (xix l ) sp eak s o f a fth b oo k of th ese
D i scou rs e s
II H e al so com pil ed The E n chiridi on of Ep i ctetus an
ab s tract o f th e p hil oso hy o f E i c t etu s
which is still
p
p
e xt an t
as
Thi s m an u al o f t h e S toi c m oral p hilo so phy w
v ery pop ul ar
b o t h am on g Pa gan s an d Chri stian s for
m an y cen tu ri es
III An o th er work b y Arrie n i n twelve b ook s di s tin ct
from th e a b ove is m e n ti o n e d b y Ph o tius u n de r th e ti tle
An ton i n u s
.

F ri en dly Corwer sa tions

wi th Ep ictetus Of this o n ly a fe w frag m en t s s urvi ve
IV An o th er l o s t wo r k o f Ar ri en o n th e life an d death
o f Ep i c tetu s i s m en tion e d b y S i m p li c i u s in th e b egi n n in g
o f h is C o m m en tary o n th e E n chir i di o n

of

r ov

or

V B esi des
.

Cf Luci an
.

i i g t h es e p hilo s op hi cal work s Arrian

ed t n

(Alexan der,

See D i o Cassi us . lxi x 1 5

.

\J

Lu a

U A A

UU

ALAG I

of

th e s e i s t h e

of

Al ex an der th e

An a bas is

G reat s

f Alexa n d er
C am paign s

ALLA

th e

or

PU L ca

Hi sto ry

Thi s i s

on e

of

h en ti c an d accu rate of hi stori cal work s

Th o u gh i n s p i re d wi th a dm ir ati o n fo r hi s h ero th e au th o r
ev i n ce s i m
He
par ti ali ty an d freedo m from h ero wo r shi p
e xhi bi t s
g rea t li tera ry a cu ten e ss i n th e cho ic e of h is
a u th o ri t i es
an d
i n s i fti n g e vi de n ce
The t wo chi e f
so urc es fr o m
whi c h h e dre w his n arrati ve were t he
hi s t o ri es wri t te n b y P to l em y s on of L ag u s an d Ari s
t o b u l u s s on o f A ri s to b u l u s b o th o f w
h o m were of ce rs
in Al ex an d e r s a rm y
O th er au th o ri ties qu o te d by
A r rian
hi m s el f we re E ra to s th en e s M eg as then es
N earch us A ris tu s a n d As cl e p ia de s
H e al s o m a d e u s e
1
i
h
wh ch e m en ti on s ve ti m es ;
o f Al e x an d er s l e t te rs
h owe ve r q uo tin g the exact words o f th e
o n ly
o n ce
wri te r Th e las t a u th o ri ty whi ch h e m en tion s i s t he /
R oy a l D iar y k e p t b y E um en es o f C a r dia th e p ri vat e
ell a s o f Al exan d e r an d b y t h e
se cre tary o f Phil i p a s w
histo ri an D io do tu s o f E rythrae It i s u sed b y Arr ian
3
2
u
t
ar
c
on ly On ce
a s i t i s b y Pl
h
VI The wo rk n a m e d I n d ica , i s a d escri pti on o f In di a
m an u sc ri p ts w
i th the An a
an d w
a s u su a lly u n i t e d in
Th o u gh i t m ay b e l ook e d
ba si s a s an e i gh t h b o o k
Arria n o ften
u p on
as a
s u ppl e m en t to th e An ab as i s
4
t
e
r
Fro m thi s we m ay
re fer s i n th e o n e w
o rk t o t h e o h
in fe r th at th e au th or wi s h e d th e I n di ca t o b e co n sidere d
an d fro m th e r e m a rk
a di s ti n c t b o o k fro m th e An ab a si s
in An ab v 1 i t i s cl ear t ha t i t was co m p o s ed after
Thi s b oo k i s wri tten i n th e Io n i c dia l ect
t he A n ab a si s
lik e th e Hi s to ry o f H er o dot u s an d th e I n d ica of C tes i as
Th e la t ter u n t r u s t wo r t hy b o o k A rria n wi s h e d to s u ppl a n t

the

m o st

au t

23 , 7
vi 1 , 4 ;
ii 25 , 3
See Ana bas i s , i 1 0 , 4 ;
25
An a b ,
L if e of Alexa n d er , ch ap 7 6
Se e An a b v 5 , 1 ; 6 , 8 ; vi 28 , 6 ; I n di ca , 1 9, 2 1 , 2 3 , 3 2 , 40 cc
.

f Alexan der

The An a basi s

b y h is

wn

i
p ri n cip ally
a n d Ne ar c h u s

n arrat v e ,

M e gas the n e s
VI I

b as e d

th e

on

work s

of

Pho ti u s

m en

t io n

am on

g Arrian

hi

s to r ca

i l
b ook s

work s The E ven ts af ter Aler a n der i n t en

whi c h gi ve s t he h is t ory o f Al e xan der s su c ce s so rs
Ph o tiu s ( co d 9 2 ) h a s p re s erve d m an y ex trac ts from
t his wo rk
VIII Bi thyn i ca in ei gh t b ook s a work often q uo ted
b y E u s ta t hi u s i n his c o m m en ta ri e s t o th e I li a d a n d
I n rega r d t o t h e co n te n ts
t o D io n y si u s Per i ege t e s
Th e Bi thyn ica
P h o ti u s (co d 9 3 ) s ays
o f th i s b oo k
c om m en c e s fro m
th e m ythi ca l e v en ts o f hi s to ry an d
c o m es d o w
n a s fa r a s t h e d ea t h o f t h e l a s t N i co m e d es
who at his d e ath b e q u eath e d hi s k in g dom to th e Ro m an s
wh o h a d n e ver been rul e d b y a ki n g afte r t he exp u ls ion

o f Tar qu i n
IX P a r thrca
in s ev en teen
b o ok s
See Ph o ti u s
(c o d
X Hi s tor y of the Ala n d
Se e Ph o ti u s (c o d
On ly fra g m en t s o f t h is an d th e Pa rthi ca re m a i n
X I B es ide s th e larg e wo rk s we l earn from Ph oti u s
( co d 9 3 ) th at Arrie n wro te th e b i o graphi es o f the
Corin thian Ti m ol eon an d o f th e S yracu sa n D i o n L u cian
a l s o s t a t e s th a t h e w
r o t e th e li fe o f Tillib o r u s
( Al ex
t h e n o t o ri o u s r o bb e r o f A s ia Mi n or
XII A v al u ab le g eo g raph ica l wor k b y Arr ian h as
n t o u s c a ll e d
co m e d ow
H ep tvrh o v q 7 r6vr o v E ufetvo v
a d e s cr ip ti o n o f a v o v a e r o un d t h e c o as t s o f th e E u xin e
g
Thi s n a va l exp edi ti o n wa s exec u t e d b h i m a s G ov ern or
y
Th e Al an i o r A l b an i o f th e E as t a
o f C appa docia
t rib e rel ate d t o t h e M as s ag etae we re t h rea ten i n g to
i n v a de his prov in ce an d h e m a d e this v oyag e wi th a
v ie w of fort ifyi n g t he m o s t i m
p or ta n t s tra te g i c p o i n ts ;
Fro m se ctio n 2 6 o f th e Peripl u s we n d
on
th e c oas t
t h at thi s v oyag e m ust h ave ta k en p la ce a b o u t th e
y ear
fo r th e dea th o f Kin g C o tys II n o ti c e d
1 3 1 or 1 3 2 A D
;
.

>

'

'

'

Life
in

an

p assage

th at

Wr iti n gs of

proved by

d ead, i s

j u st

as

Ar ria n

Bickh

i n ves tigati on s t o h ave o cc urred in 1 3 1 4 i ) Two other

g eographi cal work s The Perip lu s of the Red Sea an d
The Perip lus of the E u xi n e fo rm erly as cri b ed t o Arrian
are p ro v e d t o b el o n g t o a l a t er d a t e
XIII A w o rk o n Tactics com p os ed 1 3 7 A D
In
m an y p ar t s t hi s b o o k a g rees n early v erb ally w
i th t he
la rg er wo rk o f Aelian o n t he sam e a bj e c t ; b u t Leo
Tacti on s (vii 8 5 ) exp res sly m en tio n s t he t wo w o rk s as
disti n c t
.

XIV

An

fra gm

en

Arr a y

t di sco vered i n

D e scri p ti o n

h is

t he

B attles wi t h th e Ala n i wh o i n vaded

prob ably 1 3 7
as Arrian h ad p revi o u sly

of

p rovi n ce

ga in st the Ala n i, i s a
s e ve n t ee n th c en tu ry i n th e

f Ba ttle

h is

feare d l
.

ll work

XV A
s

upp lem

It

is

en

en

Xen op hon

b y Arr i e n

sm a

Xen o ph on

t to

ti tl ed

Cyn egeti cus

the Athe n i a n

on

b o ok

th e

on

th e

Arr ia n

Chase

fo rm

sam e

the

or

su

s a

bj e ct

s econ

in g
The b est e di ti o n s o f th e An ab as i s are th e foll o w
Th e editi o p rin ce
p s b y Trin c a ve lli, Ve n ic e, 1 5 3 5 G orb el,

S tras sburg

1 53 9 ;

H en ri E stien n e

1 5 75 ;

Blan cardu s,

G
Gro n o v i u s, L ey d en , 1 7 04
Rapheli us, A m s terda m , 1 7 5 7 ; A C Borkeck, Le m g ovi a,
Ta uchn it z e diti o n ,
1 7 9 2 ; F S ch m i e der, L e i p zig, 1 7 9 8
Lei p zig , 1 8 1 8 ; J O E lle n dt, K n igsb e rg, 1 83 2 C W
Am

s ter dam

1 668

Krii ger, B erli n , 1 8 3 5

Abic ht ,

Lei p zig
1

18 71

D ii bn er,
'

Pari s

1 8 46 3

See Photi us (codex

D ie Cassi us , lxix 15
.

A RRI AN S PRE FAC E

i tted i n to m y n arra tive as s tri ctly au th e n ti c

hi ch
a ll th e s ta te m en ts re l a t in g t o Al e xan d e r a n d Phili p w
P tol em y son o f L ag u s 1 an d Ari s t ob u lu s s on of Ari sto
b u l u s 2 a g re e i n m aki n g ; an d fro m t h o s e s ta te m en t s
whi ch differ I h ave s el e c ted t h at wh ich app ears to m e
I

Hu V E a dm

Ptol em

wn

no

of

t h e Son

as

L agu s

m o th er ,

Ar sin oe , h a d b een

re a so n

it

ki

t h at

b efore

h is

So ter

s urn am e d

aeu s ,

M acedo n i an

th e Preserv er , b u t

wa s

g
hi s

accessi on

to th e th ron
.

e, an

p aign s , b ei n g o n e o f h i s
ate fri en d s
on t h e di vi si on
.

he

abdi cate d

He

su rvi v ed

t h e th r on

thi s

i
r
ft
er
A
l
e
x
an
d
er
s
e
a
p
o f E gyp t , w
h i ch b e tran sm itted

of

th e

to h i s y ou n gest
e ven t t w
o years , an d di ed

posed hi s
H i stori c , xii i
c om

n a rrati ve .

Not

m u ch

ati on

th e

son

of

thi rty

ei gh t

years,
Phi la delph u s
, Ptol em y
283
H e was a li beral
-

wro te

h i story

h ori ti es

au t

on

th e

wars of

whi ch

Arri am

of

ben ecen ce , s ee Ae li an ( Va ri a
b u t Pl utarch an d Strab o , de
,

ly Art i an
from Ptolem y s

work wh i ch
,

i s h ighly

com

call ed

hi s

his

C a ssan drea ,

wars whi ch
,

wn

con scri ben d a ,

t al es

ch i ef

on

li

served

th a t

1 2,

o f Ale xan der

un

der Al exan der,

of

wa s

as

Lu ci an

whi ch was after

an d w
r ote a h i s tory

M acedon i a ,

Ptole m y ,
warran ted Neith er

n arrat i v e
ch

to w
n in

gyri cal th an th e facts

v ived , b u t t h ey serv ed Arri an
of

an

F or h i s

ded by Ath en a eu s
Ari stob u lu s o f Po ti daea ,

wards
of

i n form

arts ,

em

rei gn

p atron of li terature an d th e
Al exan der , wh i ch i s o n e of

pan i ed hi m throu gh ou t
ilful gen erals an d m o st

m o st

m en

Ptolem y s
f r wh i ch
, o

accom

death , Ptolem y ob tain e d th e i n gdom

After a di s ti n gu i sh ed
t o h i s descen dan ts

ri v ed

M acedon

of

ly

gen er ally b elieved th at Ptol em y was th e offspri n g o f

Pt ol em y w
as on e of th e earl i est frien ds
o f Al exan der

ca m

i n tim

l o w birth

Ph il ip

co n cu bin e o f

of

com m o n

m ore

of

som

ti m

es

m ore

p an e

t h e s e h i st ori es h as

th e grou n d w
or
i n h i s treati se ,

for th e

Q u om o do

sur

p ositi on
hi s tori c si t

com

Ari stobu l u s of i n ven ti n g m arvell ous

for th e sa e of attery
Plu tarch b a se
d

accu s es

val our

o f th i s w
or
ri ter
h i s L ife of Alexa n der chi e y on th e w
We learn
th at Ari stob u l us w
ro t e h i s hi s to r
fro m L u ci an ( M acrobi oi , c
y at
H e was em p loyed b y Al exan der to
t h e advan ced age of ei gh ty fou r

s
su p erin ten d th e restorati on o f Cyru s t om b ( Arri an , vi

Arr(Ia n

th e

d e s erv in

d i ffere n t
on e

ibl e

c ed

m o re

of

r e co r

a c co u n

b ou t wh o m

of

ts

an

Prefa ce

t he

at

'

Ale xan der

h ave

m ore

s am e

D i fferen t

im e

life ;

an

m or e

gi ven

h av e

au th o r s

th e

d th ere i s

n o

wr it ten o r m ore at varian ce

y o p i n i o n th e n arra ti v es o f
,

with each o th er B u t i n m
P tol em y an d Aris to bu l u s a re m ore wo rth y o f c redi t
th a n th e re s t 3 Ar i sto b u l u s b eca u se h e s er v e d u n de r
kin g Al exan der i n his exp e di tion a n d Ptol em y n ot on ly
b ec a u s e b e acco m p an ie d Alexan der in his exp edition
b u t a l s o b ec a u s e h e wa s h im sel f a kin g afterwar ds an d
fal s i ca ti o n o f fa c t s wo u l d h av e b e en m o re d i s gra cefu l
t o hi m th an t o an y o th er m an
Mo re o ver th ey a re bo th
m ore
wor thy o f cre dit b ecau s e th ey co m pile d th e ir
.

h i st ori es

ft er

p u l s i on wa s

y t hi n g

an

Alex an der

u se

n or

re

d eath ,

war d

wh at

di fferen t fro m

wh en

o ffe r e d

lly

re a

n e

ith er

th e m

o cc u rre

to

com

write
S om e

by o ther riters I h av e i corpo rated

i n m y n arra ti v e b e ca u s e th ey s eem ed t o
e wor th y
o f m e n t i on
an d n o t a l to ge th er i m p ro b abl e ; b u t I h av e
gi ven t hem m erely a s rep orts o f Al exan der s p ro c ee din gs
An d i f an y m an wo n d e s W hy a ft er so m a y o ther m en
h av e wri t ten o f Al ex an d e
t he co m p il a t io n o f th i s
h i sto y c am e i n to m y m in d a fter p eru s i n g 1 th e n a
rati v e s o f a ll the re s t
le t him rea d t his o f m i n e an d
s t ate m en

ts

m ade

r,

t hen
1
on

won der ( if h e

dva xy op a a in

ly in

th e

l at

er

th e

c an

sen se

o f rea di n g

writers Arri an
,

Pl

t hroug h = dva7 7 ua5m

u tarch ,

D i on

ll

Ca i m

w is

ach u s , e tc.

foun d

A L E XA N D E R

OF

A NA BA S I S

TH E

BO O

K1

CHAPTER I
D E ATH

PH ILIP

or

WAR S
Ir is

sa

336

wh o

WI T H

bb

sta

nd t h a t h i s

He

ed

m urdered

at

th e festiva

him

by

yo g
un

l whi ch

AL E XAN D ER

or

in th e

pl

At th e tim e
an ex editi on

ot .

start on

to

succes sfu

lly

carri ed

Ari stotle ( Poli t

was

It

residen

ll y

an n ua

no

ble

was

he

co

gt
E pi

h o di n

k g

was b orn
tui ti on

of

at

lb

ce e rate

r us

It

was

Pl

u tarch

( Alex

D i od

xi x

93

94 ;

th e Ath en i an

of

to

Ath en

o f n i n e arch on s a t

writers

Great was

a do

pted

f An ti qu i ti es

th e

of

s on

s,

ye

ars

th e

from

wh o were ele cted

m eth o d

thi s

th e

n am e

determ in in

of

lp

Phi i

an

d O

ly pias
m

an

y th h w plac d d th e
tle w
h
cq uire d v
y great i
e
e hi s m in d
d et i ed it
ti l hi pu pi l wa
p il d by hi s

ll

Pe

3 56

Ari sto

d ch aracter ,

au san i as ,

were i m pli cated

o f hi s as sassin ati on
Ph ili p was j u st ab out
ag ai n st P ersi a w
h i ch hi s son afterw
ard s so

i th s D i cti on a ry

Al exan der th e

ll ge

Th e Attic

n am e d

See

cu st om

th e

of

See

dates .

an

th e

ou t

IS

8,

v.

ly p

of
th e m arr ia e of h i s dau h ter
i th Al exan der, i n
m
i as an d h er son A exan der
oth O
su s ected th a t

Pyth o de m u s wa s arc ho n
Al exan der, 3 b e in g th en

s on

was

T H RACI ANS

TH E

id that Phili p died 1 wh en

Ath en s,2

at

ACC E SSI ON

AN D

an

In

hi s

ou

er

a n

un

as

un

u en c

ov r

er

uh

se
Se A li a ( V ri
Hi t i
ll l ed s
xii
Su h was
hi s abil i ty th t t th e ge f 1 6 h w s e t st d w
it h th g e
wh e h e
en t of M cedo i a by hi s fath e
h d a g i t By a
f 1 8 by h i ski ll
d o
g h g tly a is ted
At th
tiu
g
Phili p in gain i g th b attle of Ch aero ea Wh Ph ili p wa m ux
asce d d th
thr e an d fte
p tti g d w e
dered Al ex d e
to
b elli at h o e h e d c d i t G
th p w w
hi h

ara

on

h i s fath er had

a.

an
n

acquired.

van

See D iod

on

o
.

s or a ,

r,

an

e a e o

s.

u cce s

reece

xvi .

ru

m arc

c ura

a ns

ss

secur e

8 5 ; Arri an ,

rea

en

ov rn

vii .

er

Alexa n der

b ou t twen ty y ears

as

s o on

as

Wars wi th

of a

h e ha d
a l l th e

the Thr a cia n

in to Pel o p o n n esu s 1
rega l p o wer The e b e
were wi thin th e li m its

m ar ch e d

ge ,

se cu re d

th e

bl e d
G eek s who
2
of
e
o
n
o
n
e
su
s
n d a sk e d f o m
P l p
th em t h e s u p rem e
c o m m an d o f t h e e x p e d i t i o n
Per s i n s an
a g a i n s t t he
o f ce w
hi c h th ey h ad al r e a dy c o n fer red p on P hili p
He
r ece i v e d t h e h o n o u
whi ch h e ask e d fro m all e xcep t th e
3
a
ce
a
e
m
o
n
n
s
who re p lied that i t was an h e reditary
L d
i
c u s to m o f t h ei rs n o t t o fo ll o w o th er s b u t to l e a d th em
Th e Ath en ian s a l so a t te m p ted to b ri n g a b o u t som e
p oliti cal ch an ge ; b u t th ey we re s o ala m e d a t the v ery
a pp ro a ch o f A l e xan de r t h at th e y c on c e de d t o him
e ven
m o re
m p l e p u bli c h o o u r s th an th o s e w
hi ch h a d b e en
b esto we d u p o n P hili p H e th en ret r n e d i to M ac e
d o n i a an d b u s ied h im s el f i n p rep arin g fo r t h e e x p e di ti on
i n to A s ia
Howe v e at th e a pp roa ch of s prin g (m i
he
m arch e d t o w
ar ds T h
ce i n t o th e l a d s o f t h e l rib llian s
6
an d I lly r ian s
b eca s e he a sce rt in e d th at th es e n ation s
were m edi tatin g a chan g e of p oli cy ; an d at t h e sam e
t i m e a s t h ey wer e lyi n g on hi s fro n ti er h e th o ght i t
in exp e di en t wh en he wa s a b o u t t o s tar t o a ca m p aig n
so far a way f o m h i s o w
b hi d him
n l a d to l eav e t h e
ass e m

r,

ra

'

See J u s ti n ,
Arrian S

xi

peaks

th e

if

as

thi s

Greeks wi thi n Pelopon n esu s ;

be

h ad

req u est

m or eover

addr essed

en

he

m en

ti on

s n o

on

ly

a s sem

to

bly

i th s om e con f usi on ,
Di o doru s,
Cori n th , wh ich is n oti ced , th ou h w
Ci ti es o u t o f
e o on n esu s , as w
e
as w
i th i n
Justin , an d
u t arch
it , m u st h ave een i n c ud ed ; u n ess we su ose th at th e reso ution
asse d ,
which h ad een revio us
of th e Am
hi ct on i c a ssem
,
was h e d to com reh en d all th e extra e o on n esian cities , wh ich
at

Pl

seem s n o t
3

Ju stin

Plp

b
y

p obabl Gr t
S oli
(i x 5 ) say s
e.

o e.

bly

k g

by
ll

pp
b
Plp

lege
w Phi lip

Lacedaem

on

ii

et

derin

on

Bu l gari a

s
.

were

an

d Croati a

Th e I

Ad ri a ti c Sea, th e distri cts

et re em

con

T h e Tri bal li an

as
Th e in h ere referred to
tem p s eru n t
4
See Ju s tin , xi 3 ; Aeschi n e s , Con tra C tesip hon tem
.

ly p

t ri

lly

ria n s

w cal led

n o

564

b g th e p t of S vi bo
t f th e
o
t
h abi t d th
Bos i Dalm ati a
No th Alb a i

in h a itin
in

ar

e eas ern
n

a,

er

as

n a,

f Alexa n der

The An a bas is

10

wi tho u t b ei n g

i ely s u bj gate d S e t tin g o u t th en

f o m Am ph i p olis h e i n v a de d th e l d o f t h e p eo p le wh o
were call e d i n de p en de t Th c ia s 1 k e e p i n g th e c ity of
Ph ilipp i a d ou t Orb el u s o n t h e le ft C ro s sin g th e
3
s
i e N es s s th ey say h e arr ive d a t m ou n t Hae m
H ere al o n g th e de les up th e
o
th e te th d y
sce n t t o th e m o
h e wa s m et by m an y o f th e
ta i
as
we ll a s by th e i n
t ra de s e q i pp e d wi th a m s
d e p en den t T h ci n s wh o ha d m a de p e p ar ti o n s t o
th er a d van ce o f hi s exp e di ti on by s ei i n g
c h e c k th e f
t he s
it o f th e H ae u s a lo g wh ich w s the o u te
for th e p a ss ag e o f hi s
m y
They h a d c o ll ec te d th ei
wagg on s an d p l ced the i n f on t o f th e
n ot o ly
u si n g th e m as a
p t f o wh ich th ey m igh t defen d
t h e m se l ve s i n ca s e t h e y sh o u l d b e fo c ed b a ck b u t al so
i n ten di n g to let th em l oo s e u p on t h e ph l n x o f th e
Ma ce do i n s wh ere th e m o u tai w s m o s t p ec ip i to u s i f
t h ey t i e d to a scen d
The y h a d c o m e t o th e c on cl s i on 4
t hat th e de n se r th e p h al a x wa s with wh i ch t h e wa gg on s
ru sh i n g d o w ca m e i n t o c o lli s i o n
t h e m o re e a s ily wo u l d
t h ey s ca tter i t by t h e v i ol e n c e o f th ei fall p on i t
B ut Al exan de r fo r m e d a p l an by wh i ch h e m igh t c ross
t h e m o n tai n wi th t h e l eas t dan g er p o ss ibl e ; a d s in ce
h e was es olv e d to r u n all r is ks k n o wi g th t th ere were
o m ea s o f p ass i g el s ewhe e h e o r der e d t h e h e a vy
arm e d so l di e
a s s o on as t h e w
a gg on s b e gan
sh
to
d o wn th e de cliv ity t o o p en th ei ran k s a d d i re c te d
t h t t ho s e wh om th e ro a d was s u f ci e tly wi d e to p e m i t
t

en

an

r v

un

ra

ra

ur

um m

ar

ra m

ar

a a

r s,

ru

1
2

Ka

We

from

earn

Th e Nes s u s ,

ra s u

T hu cy d i d es ,

or

by th T ks

No w

no

ur

wn

as

ro

N es tu s, i s
.

as

au

r er oiny r o :

m en

Arri an

di a o xedda ovm
'

Cf Ari s top h
.

a fter

H orace ( Carm

ii

B lk

th e

p b ably wh t w
4

( Bi rds

an

wards

p pl w e c lled D ii
by th e G k
d

96 , th at th ese
n o w c a e d M e sto

ll

Th e del es

ca

lled P

orta

m en

eo

er

r ee

by

tion ed

Traj an i

i 12,

s,

an

Arrien

Cf Vergi
.

ar e

l (G

em

o ften

Th

form
e

th e

pl u pe f

Atti c futu re

r e ct

of

thi s

t en

se

ver

wi th out

th e

i s di aa xeddi
'

Wa rs with

Ale xan der s

the Thra ci a n s

11

h oul d stan d ap art s o that th e wagg on s m igh t

r ol l th o u gh th e
h o were h em m ed
gap ; b u t th t th o se w
i n o n all s i des sh ou l d e i th er s to o p do w
n t o ge the r o r e ve n
fal l at o n th e g ro u n d an d l ook th e i r shiel ds co
pactly
t og e t h e r s o th at t he wa ggo n s u sh i n g dow
n u p on t h e m
an d i n
all p ro b abi li ty by th e i r v ery i m p e tu s l eap in g
o v er t h e m
m ig h t p a ss o n w
i th o ut in j u rin g th em An d
i t t r n e d o u t j us t a s Al exan der had con j e ctu red an d
e xh o r te d
For s o m e o f th e m en m a de ga p s in th e
p halan x an d o th e rs l o ck e d th ei r shi elds t og e th er Th e
wa gg on s roll ed ov er the sh iel d s with ou t doi n g m u ch
i j ury n ot a s in gl e m an b e in g kill ed un der th e
Th en
th e Ma c e d on ian s r eg i n e d th e i r c ou rag e i n a s m u ch a s
t h e w gg o n s w h i ch th e y h a d exces si vely drea de d h a d
i ic te d n o dam a g e u p o n th em
W ith a lo u d cry th ey
a ss
l ted the Thr aci n s Al exan der o rdered h is arch e s
t o m a ch fro m t he r igh t wi n g i n fr o n t o f t he re st o f t he
p h al an x b ecau s e th e re th e p as sage was easier a d to
s h o o t a t th e Thraci an s w
h er e th ey a dv an ce d
H e hi m
s el f t o o k hi s o w
n g u ard th e s h i e l d b eari n g i n fan t y a d
th e Ag ian ian s 1 an d le d th e m t o th e l eft
The n t he
a c h e s s h o t a t th e Th a ci n s w
h o sallie d fo rward an d
re p l se d th e m ; an d th e p h al
x co m i n g to cl os e gh tin g
eas ily d o ve
aw
ay fro m
th e ir p os itio n m en wh o wer e
Th e c o
ligh t arm e d an d b adly e qu i pp e d b arb arian s
d er
s e q u en c e w
a s t h ey n o l o n g e r w
ai te d to r ec ei v e Al ex
m a c h i n g ag ai n st th em
f o m t h e l eft b u t cas tin g a w y
t h e ir ar m s th ey e d do wn th e m ou n t ai n as eac h m an
b u t o n ly
b es t co l d Ab ou t
o f th e m w
ere kill ed
a fe ww
i ft ess
e e tak en p ri son ers o n a c c oun t o f th ei r s w
o f foo t a n d ac q u a in ta n ce w
ith th e cou n try However all
the wo en w
h o w ere a c co m pan yin g th em w ere cap t u red
as we re als o th ei r c hil dr en an d all th ei r b ooty
th
f E t
P i wh li d
Th Ag i
w
t ib
t o do

so s

au

an

an

Ti ib allia n s
'

an

lg

ere a

r an es

T h ey
try

d i h t i n fan

s er ved

as ern

aeon a

in th e M aced on i an

arm

ve

y chiey

n ear

as

ly

cava r

The An a bas is

12

f Alexa n der

CH APTER II
BATT LE WI T H

T RIBALLIAN S

TH E

b o oty wa y sou th ward t o th e citi es

2
1
s
h
o
t
a
a
n
d
an
a
s
i
P il
en tru s t i n g t o L y s
o n th e s ea sh or e
B t h e hi m s el f c r os se d
t h e d ty of s etti n g i t u p for s l e
m i t an d a dv a n ci g t h o u gh th e H ae m u s in t o t h e
th e s
l d o f th e Trib allian s h e ar i ed at the river Lygin u s 3
Th i s r iv er i s di stan t fro m t h e I s ter three d ay s m arch
Syr m u s kin g o f
t o o n e in t en di n g t o go t o t h e H e m u s
der s e xp edi tion l o g
th e Trib alli an s h eari n g of Al e x
before had s en t the wo en a d ch ildr en of th e n ation o
i n ad van ce t o th e I s t er o rder in g th em to p as s o v er in to
th e n am e o f wh ich wa s
on e o f th e i sl an d s i n th a t ri ve
Peu ce 5 To t hi s i sl an d a l so th e Th raci an s wh o se te rr i
t ori e s wer e con ter m in ou s wi th th ose of th e Tri ballian s
h d ed to geth er fo r re fu g e at th e a pproa ch o f Al exan de
Syr u s hi m s el f likewi s e acco m p a ie d by hi s trai n ha d
ed for r efug e t o th e sam e p la c e
Bu t th e m ai n b o dy
fro m wh ich
of th e Trib allian s e d b a ck t o the ri ve r
Al ex an der had s tart ed th e day b efo r e
Wh en h e h eard of the ir s tart in g h e wh eel ed ro un d
g i n st t h m s u rpri se d t hem j ust
a gai
a n d m arch in g
P h p N p li d E i whi h w th ha b
f Phili ppi
d
ALE XAND ER

s en

t th e

um

an

r v

an

r,

n ,

Am
2

er

ea o

phi p lis
Thi s fcer was
o

s an

on

ere

der

com m an

of

th e

ro

r ours o

yal body g
-

an

Hi s fath er

u ard.

A
l
e
x
an
d
w P
ost
er s en eral s

3
Th ucydides say s ( ii
On th e side o f th e Triballi an s, w
ho
were also in dep en den t, th e b order trib es were th e Treri an s an d th e
Tilat aaan s , w
ho li ve to the n orth of m ou n t Scom b rus, an d stretch to
wards the west as far as th e river O sciu s This river ows fr om th e
s am e m ou n tain s a s th e Nestu s an d th e B ehrn s , an
fi n in h abi ted an d
e xten sive ran e, j oin in g o n to
h o do p e Th e Osci n e is n o wc all ed
hi ch ri ver i s th e Ly gin us ; bu t p erh ap s i t was
Is er
It i s u n certain w
an o th er n am e for th e Oscin e
Al s o n am ed D an u be
Cf H esi od ( The og ,
O vid ( M et ,
5
in dar ( Olym
I t is un certain in w
hat part of t h e
D an u be this islan d was It can n o t b e th e en ce of trab o (vii ,
Cf
M artia ns (vii
Ap ollo m m Rhodi m ( iv
Va leri us F laccus (viii

arm en io ,

as

th e m

ex eri en c ed o f

Bk

'

wi th

B a ttle

the Tri ba llia n s

13

t h ey were e n cam p in g An d t ho se who were s urp ri se d

d re wt h e m s e l v e s u in b a ttl e array i n a wo o dy gl e n a l on g
p
t he b an k o f th e r i v e r
Al e xa n de r drew o u t h i s p h alan x
i n to a de e p col u m n an d led it o n i n p erson He a ls o
o r de r e d th e a rch e r s an d s li n g e
rs to
ru n
for war d an d
d i s ch a rg e arro ws an d s to n es a t th e b arb a ri an s ho p i n g to
p ro v o ke th e m by thi s t o co m e o u t of the woo dy gl e n i n to
t h e g r o un d u n e n c u m b e re d wi th tree s
W he n the y wer e
with in re a ch o f t h e m issil es an d we re s tru ck by th e m
t he y r u s h e d o u t a g a i n st t h e ar ch e rs wh o we re un d efen de d
by s h i el ds wi th t he p u rp o s e of g htin g th e m han d to
h an d
B u t wh en Al exan de r h ad d ra wn t he m th u s o u t o f
t he wo o dy gl e n h e o r d ere d Ph il o tas to tak e th e ca v alr
y
wh i ch c a m e fro m u pp er Mace do n i a an d to ch ar g e their
r ig h t w
in g wh e re they h a d a dvan c e d fu r th e st in t hei r

as

sa

l ly

He

a so

c om m an

d Sopolis
B o t tiaea 2

de d H eracl ides

an

to

l y whi ch ca e f o
an d
Am p h i p oli s a g ain st th e l e ft wi g ; whil e h e h i m s elf
ex t en ded t h e p h a l a nx o f i n fan t y
n d th e r e s t o f th e
h o rse i n f on t o f t he ph al an x n d l e d th e
gai n s t th e
e ne m y s cen t e
An d in dee d as l o n g as the re was o ly
s ki rm ish i g o n b o th s i de s th e T ib allian s did
ot
g e t th e
wors t o f i t ; b t as s oo n a s th e ph alan x i n de s e array
a t tac ke d th em
wi th vig ou r an d the ca val ry fell u p o n
t he m i v ar io s q u te rs n o l o n g e m er ely s t iki g th em
with th e j ve li b t p us h i g th e m wi th th ei r v e ry h orse s
d ed th o u g h t h e woo dy
th en a t l e g th th ey t n e d
gl en to t h e ri ve Th ee th o san d were s lain in t he ig ht
fe wo f th e m were t k e n p i s o n e s b o th b eca se there wa s
iver an d t he a pp ro ach o f
a d en se w
o o d i n fr o n t o f t h e
n ig ht de p i v e d th e M c e do n i n s o f ce ta in ty in th e ir p ur
P to lem y say s that of th e Ma ce do ia s th e m selv es
su i t
an d a b o u t fo ty fo o t s ol d i e s were kill e d
e l ev en h o rs e m e
Th tw g
l
ti
d (iii 1 1 i f )
b i gp
t t
le

on

th e

ca va r

ar

r.

ese

at t e o f

Bo ttiaea

was

on e

en era s are m en

Arb ela

th e

an

ur

Sopoli s i s

di stri ct

of

a s o m en

ra

as

t i on ed (i v 1 3

Macedon i a on

th e

an

gh t b k

ri

an

e n

resen

d 1 8 i n f ra)
of

the Axi us

Alexa n der

The An a basis

14

CH APTE R III
ALE XAND ER

D an c es AN D
Ga m e

AT ru n

IN

Co un re r

THE

or ra n

ON the th ird day

b attle Al exan der r eache d the

r i v er I s ter
which is th e la r ges t of all th e r ivers i n
E u rop e traver se s a v ery great trac t of co u n try an d
Most of these belon g to
arlike n a ti o n s
sep ar t e s v e ry w
1
C
l
i
i n who se ter ri to r y th e s o u rc e s of the
h
t
r
a
t e
e
c
ce
r i ver tak e thei r ri s e
O f t h es e n a ti on s th e r em o tes t are
th e n th e Iaz y gia n n s a
t h e Q u adi SI an d Mar co m an n i 3
6
h
e
who hol d
t
G
n
s
t
h
e
n
e
t
a
r
f
t
h
a
r
om
a
t
a
e
b an ch o
i
e S
;
a ft e

th e

The

t im

Th e

l writ h ave
Gaul Th ese

cl as si ca

G al atian s
people of

n am e o f

th ree

ers

d
th e North
an

th at th e

n am es

s.

an

West

l wa

th en con

of

om an s m ade an y

C e ts

n am es

were

ori

pe ;

u ro

di stin ction
n ed t o th e

to den o te th i s

an

gi lly gi
n a

d it

b tw
p pl

race z

to

v en

was n o t til l

een

eo

e n orth

all

s,

th e

Ca esars

G erm an s
of th e Pyren ees

Ce ts

C l t

an

hin e
Cf Am m i a n us (xv 9) H erodo t us (i v
L ivy
d w
es t of th e

v
1
0 1m
3
3
,
(
(ii i
3
n , the
Art ian i s h ere s ea i n , n ot of A exan ders ti m e , b u t of hi s ow
Th e Q uadi w
of th e Chris tian era
ere a race dw
ellin
in
secon d cen tur
h e a re en era
m en ti on e d w
ith th e
th e sou th -e a s t o f Germ an
ere form ida e en em ies of th e
in
arcom an n i , an d w
om an s , es ecia
h en Arrian wro te
arcu s Au re i us, w
t he rei n o f
h i s n ation dis
a
ears from h i stor a ou t th e en d o f th e fou rth cen tur
3 Th e M arcom an n i
i e th e Q u adi , w
ere a
ow
erful
ran ch of th e
,
dwe i n
i n th e sou th -w
u evi c race , origi n a
es t o f
erm an
; b ut in
th e rei n of i eri u s th e di spo ssessed th e oii o f th e c ou n tr n o wca ed
i th th e Qu a di , th e w
I n con j un cti o n w
Boh em i a
ere ver
form i da e to
th e om an s u n ti Com m odus urch ased eace fr om th em
Th e n am e

Cf Caesar ( Bel Ga b , i
o
r
d
e
r
m
en
den otes
4
ere a tri e of
The Ia z ygi an s w
arm a tian s , w
h o m i rated fro m th e
een th e D n ie er an d th e Sea of Az o v, i n th e
Sea, etw
coa st o f th e B ac
a ci a , n ear th e
rei n of C au di us, an d se tt ed i n
Q u adi , wi th wh o m th e
he w
er e con qu ered
form ed a c ose a i an ce
th e
o th s i n th e
fth
Cf Ovid ( Tristi a ,
c en tur
5
Herodotu s (iv 2 1 ) sa s th at th ese eo e
Ca ed a so arm ati an s
ere a i e d to th e
i v ed east of th e D on , a n d w
c t hian s
Su seq uen t
arm atia th e east
writers un derstood
art o f Po an d , th e s outh o f
sou thw
ard as far as th e D an u e
u ssia an d th e coun tr
5
ere ca ed
ac i an s
h e se eo e w
th e
om an s
he
were
Herodotu s an d h uc dides to h ave i ve d
hraci an s , an d are sai d
an

p k g

y b
lly

Tb

y
ll

T y
bl

lly

lk

ll

lly

l
D
T y

bl

ll

T
y

ll g

l k

by

l S

pp

p pl

by S
y

ll

ll
by

y
Sy

by

l
b

p pl

T y

Alexa n der

the D an u be

at

15

th e d octr in e of i m m o r tality ; th e n th e m ain b o dy of the

Sau r o m atians an d l astly th e Sc th ian s l wh o s e l an d
y
stre tch e s as far as th e ou tle ts o f th e riv e r wh ere th r o u gh
fiv e m o n th s it discha r g e s its wate r int o th e E u xin e Sea 2
H ere Al e x an der fo u n d so m e shi p s o f wa r which ha d co m e
t o h im fr o m B y z anti u m
th ro u gh the E u x i n e Se a an d u p
th e riv er Fi lling th e s e with a rch e r s an d h eavy arm e d
tr oo p s h e sail ed to th e is lan d to which t he Trib allian s
an d Thr acian s h a d e d for r efug e H e tri ed to fo r c e a
l a n d ing ; b u t th e b ar b arian s cam e to m ee t hi m at th e
b rink o f th e riv er wh ere th e ship s w e r e m aking th e
assau l t B u t th e s e w e r e o n ly fe w in n u m b e r an d th e
ar m y in th e m s m all T he sho re s of th e is l an d al so we re
in m ost pl ac e s too st ee p an d p re cip itou s for l an ding an d
th e c u rre nt of th e riv er al ongsi de it b eing as it wer e
sh u t u p into a nar r ow ch ann e l by t h e n e arn e ss of th e
b anks was r ap i d an d exc e e dingly dii cu lt to st e m
Al e x an d e r th ere fo re l e d b ack his sh ip s an d de te r m in ed
to c ross th e I st er an d m arch aga inst th e Getae who
d we l t on th e other sid e o f that riv e r 3 fo r he o b s erv ed th at
m an
y o f th e m h a d co ll e ct ed on th e b ank o f th e riv er fo r
th e p urp os e o f b arring his wa y i f h e shou ld c ross Ther e
w er e of th em ab o u t
caval ry a n d m o re than
,

s o th

it s m outh s They su b s eq u en tly m ig ated

o rth o f thi s ri ver a d w
e s t by th e Sa m at i an s
ere dr i ven fur th er w
T hey were very form i dable to th e Ro m an s in th e reig s of Au gu stu s
an d D o m it i a
D ac ia w
as c on q u ere d by Traj an ; bu t u lt im at ely ab an
do ed by A u eli an w
h o m a de th e D a u b e th e b ou d ary of th e Ro an
E m pi re
A b ou t th e Getae h old in g th e do ct in e of i m ortali ty see
H rodotus ( i v
6 13 ; S t
6
Cf H orac e ( G m a
Th e Scyt hi a s are said by H ero do t s to have i hab ited th e sou th of
Ru ss i a Hi s s u pp o s iti o n th at the y c a e from As i a i s do btle ss c orre ct H e
give s am ple i n form ation abou t thi s race in the fo th b o k of hi s Hi sto y
Hero do tu s ( iv 47 ) s ays th e D a ub e h ad ve m on th s ; bu t Strab o
(vii 3 ) s ay s there were s ev en At th e pre s en t t i e i t h as on ly three
th e se ki n d t
dE w
m o u th s
Th e G ee k s c all ed th e B lac k Sea
iv 4 5 5 ) F igida m e cohi ben t E uxi n i
t n gers
Cf O vi d ( Tri s ti

li tora Pon t i Di ctus ab an ti q u i s Axen u s i lle fuit

u

of

th e D an

e,

n ear

1r v1 o s e
'

s ra

ur

a,

os,

a.

The An a ba sis

16

f Alexan der

i n fantry At th e sam e tim e a strong de si r e s eiz e d h i m

H e th ere fo re w en t o n b o a rd
t o a d va n c e b e y on d th e I ster
the e e t hi m s elf H e al s o ll ed with hay th e hi de s which
s er ved th em as t en t cov eri ngs an d c o ll e cte d fro m th e
co u n try ar o u n d all th e b oats m ade fr o m singl e t r u nks o f
O f the s e th ere was a g re at a b u nd a nc e b e ca u s e th e
t ree s
p e o pl e wh o d well ne a r th e I st er u s e th e m fo r shing in
th e riv e r so m e ti m e s al so fo r ou rn eyin g to e ach oth e r for
t r af c u p the r ive r ; an d m ost o f th e m ca rry on piracy
Havin g colle cted as m any o f th e s e as h e
wi th th e m
c o ul d u p on th e m h e conve yed ac ro ss as m an y o f his
Thos e who
s o ld ier s as was p o ssi bl e in s u ch a fashio n
cross e d with Al e xan der a m ou nt ed in n um b er to
c a val ry an d
i n fa n try
.

CH A P TER I V

ALE XAN DER D E ST ROY S T H E C IT Y o r T HE GE TAE

A M BASSAD O RS o r T H E CE LT s

TH

cross ed ov er by night to a s p o t wh e re th e cor n

sto o d high an d i n this way th e y re ach ed the b an k m ore
s e cre tly At th e app r oach of daw n Al ex an de r l ed his
thr ou gh th e el d o f st a n ding cor n o rde ring th e
m en
1
r
in fant y to l e an u p o n th e co r n with th ei r p ik e s h el d
t ra nsv e r s ely a n d th u s to ad vanc e into th e u nti lled gr o u n d
A s l o n g as th e phalan x wa s a d vancing th r o u gh th e stan d
ing co rn th e cavalry fo llowed ; b u t wh e n th ey m arch ed
o u t o f th e till e d l an d Al e xan der hi m s e lf l e d th e ho rs e
ro u n d to th e right wing an d co m m an ded Ni ca n o r 2 to l e a d
the phal an x in a s q u are Th e Ge tae di d n o t e v e n s u stain
th e rst char g e of th e cav alry fo r Al exa n der s au d aci ty

TH EY

Th e

sa ri ssa ,

Mcd i s
a e

on

G reece ,
9

Son

an

vol

of

It was

xi

or m o re

ch

Parm

92 ,

ctly
f t

o r re

f m
App dix
ro

en o an

our een

en

b th
ro

er o f

sa ri sa ,

to

wa s

s i xt

een

hi t s

P lo

sp

ear

p c li

f et l g
e

on

e u

ar

to th e

See Grote s

The Am ba ss a dors

the Celts

17

s ee m ed inc red i bl e to th e m in having th u s e asily c ross ed

th e I ster th e l arg e st of r iver s in a singl e night witho u t
T err i bl e to th e m
th r owing a b ri dg e ov er the stre am
al so was the c l os ely l ock ed o rder of th e p hal anx an d
vio l e nt th e char g e of th e caval ry At r st th ey ed for
1 w
f
u
re g e into th e ir city which was d ista n t abo u t a p arasang
fro m th e I st er ; b u t wh e n th e y saw that Al e x an der was
l e a ding his p hal anx care fully al ong th e riv er to p re v e nt
his infantry b eing anywh e re s u rrou n de d by th e Ge ta e
l ying in am b u sh ; wh e re as h e was l e ading his cavalr y
str aight on th ey again ab an don ed th e city b e ca u s e it
was b a dly fo r tied Th e y carri ed o ff as m any of th e i r
wo m e n an d chi l dre n as th e ir ho r s e s co u l d carry an d
b e took th e m s el ve s into th e stepp e s in a di re ction which
l ed as far as p ossibl e fr o m th e r iv er Al exan der took th e
ci ty an d all th e b ooty which th e Ge ta e l e ft b e hin d This
3
2
h e gav e to M e le ag er an d Phi li p to carry off After
razing th e city to th e gro u n d h e o ered sac ric e u p on
th e b ank of th e river to Z e u s th e p re s e rver to H e rac l e s 4
an d to I st er hi m s el f b e cau s e h e ha d all o wed h im to
c ross 3 an d whil e it was still day h e b r ou ght all his m en
b ack safe to th e cam p
Th ere am b assa d o r s ca m e to him fro m Syrm u s king of
th e Trib allian s an d fr o m th e othe r in dep e n de nt nations
d welling n e ar th e I st er Som e e v e n a rrived fro m th e
,

'

Persian m easure c on tain in g thi rty s tades n early

three an d three q uarter E n gli sh m il es It is s till u sed by th e Pe sian s
wh o call it fe sen g See H erodotus (vi 42) an d Grote s Hi story of
l

Th e

s gw

as a

ara an

p 3 16
s Aft Al x d s d th M l g
sist d th
f N pt l
S
cl i f P di c s t th g cy d w ss ci t d with hi i th
s
ft w ds p t t d th by th
d f

H w h wv
hi s iv l
i t g
l s l i i I di S
f M ch t s w
S
Greece,
2

vol

i ce .

vi

on

27

er

e er,

oon a

ar

e ea er re

ea

as a

an

er

er

a e

ea

or er o

e a

in fra

Th e

as ,

e an

e re en

oe

er

o em u

eo

on o

a m

Mcd i
.

o n an

a e

See Curttus ,

iv

as an

em

n en

en era

a n

kin gs b eliev ed they were sprun g

from

a.

ee

Hercul es

The An a bas i s

18

Alexa n der

1
f
u
e
l
ts
d
w
e
l
t
n
e
a
r
th
e
I
o
ian
g
l
wh o
Th e s e p e o pl e are
C
All th e
o f g re at statu re an d o f a hau ght y d is p osition
ha d c o m e to see k Al exan der s
e nvo y s s ai d tha t t h ey
To all of th e m h e gav e pl e dg e s of am ity an d
frie n d shi p
re c eived pl ed ge s fro m the m in re t urn He th e n as k ed
t h e Ce l ts what thing in th e wo rl d ca u s ed th e m s p e cia l
ala m e xp e cting that his own gre at fa me ha d re ach ed
th e Cel ts an d ha d p e n e tr at ed still fu r th er an d that th e y
wo u l d say that th e y fe ared him m ost of all things Bu t
th e nswe r of th e Cel ts tu rn ed ou t qu it e contra ry to his
for a s th e y dwelt s o far away fro m Al ex a
e xp e ctati o n
d er in hab iting distr icts dif c l t of acc e ss an d as th e y
saw h e was ab o u t to s e t ou t in anoth er di re ction th e y
sai d th ey were afrai d that th e sk y woul d som e ti m e o r
Th e s e m en al so h e s e nt
othe r f ll d own u p on th e m
b ack calling th e m fri e n d s an d r anking th e m as allie s
ere b ragga rts 2
m aki n g th e re m a rk that th e C el ts w
n

CHAP TE R V
REvotT

Gu

or

ru

AN D

Gas eou

th e n advanc ed into th e lan d of th e Agrian i an s an d

Pa eo n i an s f wh ere m e ss e nger s re ach ed hi m who re p o rt e d
that Clitu s son of Bardylis had re vol ted an d tha t
HE

Th e

Ad iatic Sea
r

xii
iii
xv

v ii

A i st tl

23 )
p 2 93
r
Aeli an ( Van ia H i s tori a ,
o e
Stra bo,
i
m
E
t
hi
1
N
co
c
s
E
u
d
e
E
t
h
i
a
a
0 2 a pes r d Imam
m
o
l
ou
o
K
l
7
,
,
(
12
61 M dwawdia t hawes ; Am m i a n us ,
3
Th e aeon an s w
T ra an p eop e, w
ere a p ow
er u
h o in ear
m e
prea o er a rea par of hra e an d a e on a In i s or a m e
n
e
a
e th e oun r
on th e n or
ern
or er of
a ed on a
e
were on rou e om e to a e on i a , bu t were u ue
th e
h o , owe er, a l owe
em
a
er of
e an er, w
to re ai n
h eir o w
n
e
ere th e h e
r e of
aeon an , ro m
Th e Agri an ian s w
w om
e
o
an d Ae an er orm e a a u a
of
arm e
roo
4
h o arr ed on requ en w
e a n of Il r a w
Bardyli s w
as a
ar w
3

Cf

P
i
f l h ci
l
l y ti s
s
d v
g t t
T c
Mcd i
h t ic l ti s
th y i h b it d c t y
th b d
M c i Th y
l g t bl s
Mcd
s b d d by Philip
f th
Al x d
h v l d th
t t
chi fs
c i f t ib
P
i s f
h
Phil ip
lx d f
d v l bl b dy light
d t ps
chi ft i
ly i
c i
f
t s ith
.

R evolt

Cli tu s

an

d Gla uci a s

Gl a u cias ,1

19

king o f th e Tau lan tian s 2 ha d gon e ov er to

hi m
The y al so re p o r t ed that th e Au taria ti an s 3 inte n ded
to attack hi m o n his way H e acco rdingly re sol v ed to
co m m enc e his m ar ch witho u t del ay Bu t Lan garu s king
o f th e A ri an ian s who in th e l i fe ti m e o f P hil i p ha d b ee n
g
an o p e n an d av o wed fri e n d o f Al e xan der an d ha d gon e
on an e m bass y to him in his p rivat e cap acity at that
ti m e al so cam e to h im with th e n e st an d b e st ar m ed of
t h e shi e l d b e ar ing t r o o p s which h e k e p t as a b o dy g u ard
W h e n this m an h e ard that Al exan der wa s inqu iring who
th e Au tariatian s w ere an d what wa s th e n u m b e r o f th e i r
m en
h e sai d that h e n eed tak e n o acco u nt o f th e m
sin c e th e y w ere th e l e ast wa rlik e o f th e tr i b e s o f that
distri ct an d that h e woul d him s e l f m ak e an inroa d into
th e ir l an d so that th e y m ight hav e too m uch occu p ation
ab o u t th e i r own a ffair s to attack oth e r s Accordingly
at Ale x an de r s o rder h e m a de an attack u p o n the m an d
not only di d h e attack th em b u t h e swep t th e ir l an d
cl e an o f cap tiv e s an d b ooty Th u s th e Au ta ri atian s w ere
in deed o cc u p i ed with th e i r own a ffai r s L an ga ru s was
re warded by Alex an der with th e gre at e st hono ur s an d
re c e iv ed fro m him th e gi fts which w e r e c o nsi dered m ost
val u abl e in th e ey e s o f th e king o f th e Mac ed o nians
4
n
hi
m
his sist er Cy a in
Al ex an der al s o p r o m is ed to giv e
,

'

'

Mcd i s

th e

a e

on

an

but

wa s at las t defeated

s l in by Phili p

an

3 59

l it s h d b s b d d by Phili p i 3 49
t
th
Th is Gl ci s s b s q tly d d s yl
clb td
Py h s Ki g f E p i s wh
i f t f tw y s f g H t k
ght hi p with hi w child
db
th chil d i t hi s w f
i ly
ly f s d t s
d P y h s t C ss d b t
ch d
H
t
i t E pi s d pl c d th b y wh t wlv y s f g p th
3 07
f g
th
l i g hi
d th c
di s
p pl f Illy i i th i ghb h d f
Th T l
w
ti
E pid
wc ll d D
Th s w
Illy i p pl i th D l t i
ti s
w
Il ly i
f Phi l ip by A d t
w th d ght
Cy
p 5 5 7 D Sh w giv i
i g t h c si
At h
S
th
A y t
wh h d p f bl cl i t th M c d i th
C

'

e en

au

rr

n o

au an

e e

n a

en aaus,

ee

as ,

er

un

u ar

are o

eo

er,

ra e
oo

r en

m ar

a e, u

on

r a

an

ear

an

a e.

s o

en

eo

er o

au

e e

our

e n e

oo

uraz z o .

r an

ere a

ere an

as

ear

rr

er

um

rou

u rren

or

n an

an

an

am

an s

am n us , n o

u en

en

a e

an

eav n

ru

re u e

ru

r on e ,

on

ue

re era

a m a

as

a m

en

an m o un

a a , an

m arr a e

a e on

r an

a n

an

er

om an
ou

ron e as

The An a basis

20

Alexa n der

1
B u t La n gar us fe ll
a
rr
iag
e
wh
e
n
h
e
a
rr
iv
ed
at
P
e
ll
a
m
i ll an d died on his re tu r n ho m e
2
n
r
i
o
Aft er this Al exan der m ar ch ed al ong th e riv er E g
3
for Clit u s ha d
m
P
li
u
f
e
o
an d p r oc eeded to th e city
3
s eiz ed this city as it was th e st r ong e st in th e co u ntry
W h e n Al exan d er arr iv ed at this pl ac e an d ha d e ncam p ed
n e ar th e riv er E ordai cu s h e re so lv e d to m ak e an assau lt
B u t Cl itu s h e l d th e m o u n
u p on th e wall th e n e x t da y
tains which e ncirc l ed th e cit y an d com m an ded it from
th e i r h e ight 3 m ore ov er th e y were cov ered with de ns e
thicke ts His inte ntion was to fall u p on th e Mac edonians
But Gl au cias
fr o m all si de s if th e y assa u lt ed th e city
king of th e Tau lan tian s ha d not y e t j oin ed h im
Al exan der how e v er l ed his fo r ce s toward s th e city 3 an d
th e e ne m y a fter sac ri cing three b o ys an equ al nu m ber
an d th ree black r am s salli ed fo r th for the
o f girl s
p ur p os e of re c e iving the Mac ed onians in a han d to han d
conict Bu t as s o on as th e y cam e to cl os e q u ar ter s
th e y left th e p ositions which th e y ha d occ u p i ed str on g
as th e y w ere 5 in s u ch hast e that e v e n th e i r sacricia l
victi m s w ere cap tu red still ly i n g on th e gr o u n d
O n this d ay b e sh u t th em u p i n th e ci t y an d e nca m p
ing n e ar th e wall h e re so l v ed to inter c e p t th e m by a
ci rcu m vallation 3 b ut on th e next d ay Gla u cias king o f
.

Philip s eld er b rother Perdi ccas T his Am yn ta wa s p ut to death

by Alexan der soon after hi s accession Cyn a was pu t to death by
Al cetas at th e order of Perdi ccas th e regen t aft er Al exan der s death
See D i odorus xix 5 2
On it s s ite s tan ds th e m o dern village of
Th e c apit al o f Mac edon ia
Philip a d Al exan der were born here
Neokh ori o Yen iki u y
A tributary of th e Axin e c all ed Agrian u s by Hero dotu s It i s n ow
cal ed Ts cher a
3 T h i s c ity w
as s i tu at e d s ou th o f l ake L ychn i t i s on th e w
e s t s i de of
The lo c al ity i s des crib ed in L i y
th e cha in of Scardu s an d Pin du s
xxxi 3 9 40
Nowc all ed D evol
with a participle in stead of th e Atti c K i p i s
Th e u se of K l
frequen t in Arriam an d the lat er writ ers
son

of

4
5

a T OL

a r e

Revolt

Cli tus

an

d Glau ci as

the Tau lan t ian s,

21

arriv ed with a gre at fo r c e Th e n indeed

Al e xan der gav e u p th e ho p e o f cap tu ring th e city with
his p re s e nt fo r c e sinc e m any warlik e t r oop s ha d e d for
re fu ge into it an d Glau cias with his l arg e ar m y woul d b e
l ik e ly to foll o w hi m u p cl os ely i f h e assai l ed th e wall
Bu t h e s e nt Phi lotas on a fo r aging e xp edition with th e
b e asts of b u r de n fr o m th e cam p an d a su fci e nt b o dy o f
caval ry to er v e as a g u ard W h e n Gl au cias h e ard of
th e expedition o f Phil otas he m arch ed ou t to m ee t him
an d s eiz ed th e m ou ntai n s which s u rr ou n ded th e pl ain
fro m which Phil otas in te n ded to p r o c u re fo rag e
As
soon as Al e xan der was i n for m ed that his caval ry an d
b easts o f b u rde n wo u l d b e in d an ger i f night ov ertook
them taking th e shi e l d b e aring t r oop s 1 th e ar ch e rs th e
Agrian ian s an d ab o u t fo u r h u n dred caval ry h e w e nt
with all sp eed to th e i r ai d The re st o f th e ar m y h e l e ft
b ehin d n e ar th e city to p re ve nt th e citiz e ns fr o m hast e n
ing for th to fo rm a j u nction with Glau cias (as th ey wou l d
hav e d on e) if all th e Mac ed onian ar m y ha d with drawn
D ire c tly Glau cias p erc e iv ed that Al ex an der was a dv an c
i n g b e e vacu at ed th e m o u ntains an d Phil otas a n d his
B u t Clit u s an d
fo rc e s re t u r n ed to th e cam p in safe t y
an der
Gl au ci as still i m agin ed that th e y ha d cau ght Al ex
in a disa dvantag e o u s p osition 3 fo r th e y w ere o cc u pyin g
th e m ou ntains which c o m m an ded th e pl ain by th ei r
h eight with a l arg e b o dy of caval ry j av eli n th rower s
an d s ling er s b e si de s a consi de rable nu m b er o f h e avy
arm ed in fant ry
More ov er th e m en who had b ee n
.

'

b
s g dsw
b dy f i f t y
d
g i d by Phil p igi lly f wi
b
pl y d p s l
d f d s f th ki g b t ft w ds l g d i t s v l dis ti ct
b ig d s Th y w h plit s i t d d f cl s c b t b t
lightly
d d
t f
pid v l t i s th th ph l x Lik
k s th y f ght with th
h d d p ik d shi ld T h y
th G
cc p i d
i t
di t p siti b tw th h v y i f t y f th
ph l x
ps S G t G
d the lig ht t
d th p lt s t s
l xi ch 92
1

or

Th e H yp asp i sts
an z e
i ,

e en

er

vo

m ore

ou

erm e
e

an
.

an

ar

en

e o u

or ra

a e

an

or

on e-

on

on

an

een

o e

om

an

an

m ore

a an

ee

e era

an

ea

ro o

an r

er on a

as

o e

en ar e

em

er, an

n um

er

ere a

u ar

or

ere

an

earer

na

or

ree

a an

arm e

sh i el d-

ro e s

reece,

The An a basi s

22

f Alexan der

b el e agu ered in th e city w ere exp e ct ed to p ur su e th e Mac e

Th e g r o u n d al so
do n ian s cl os e ly if th e y m a de a re tre at
th r ou gh which Al exan der ha d to m ar ch was e vi de ntl y
narr o w an d cov ered with woo d ; on on e si de it was
h e m m ed in by a r ive r an d on th e oth er th ere was a v e ry
l o fty an d c raggy m o u ntain so that th ere wo u l d not b e
roo m fo r th e ar m y to p ass e v e n if on ly fo u r shi e l d
b e arer s m ar ch ed ab re ast
.

CH AP TE R VI
D E FE AT
TH E N Al e xan d e r
t h e de p th o f th e

or

dre w

CLI T US

AND

GLAU C IAS

his ar m y in s u ch a way that

p hal an x was 1 20 m en 3 an d stationing
2 00 caval ry on e ach wing h e o r dered th e m to p r e s er v e
sil e nce i n o rder to re c eiv e th e wo r d o f co m m an d q uickly
A cco rdingly h e gav e th e si gn al to th e h e av y ar m ed
in fantry in th e r st plac e to h o ld th eir s p e ar s e re ct an d
th en to cou ch th em at th e conce r t ed sign 3 a t on e ti m e
to incline th ei r s p e ar s to th e r ight cl os ely l ock ed
tog e th er and at anothe r ti m e toward s th e l e ft H e th e n
s e t t h e phal anx its elf into qu ick m otion for ward an d
m ar ch ed it toward s th e wings now to th e r ight an d th e n
to th e l eft After th u s arrangi n g an d r e a rran ging his
ar m y m any tim e s v e ry r ap i d ly h e at l ast fo rm ed his
p hal anx into a so r t o f w ed g e an d le d i t toward s th e l eft
l
against th e e n e m y who ha d lo ng b ee n in a state of
am az e m e nt at s ee i n g both th e o rder an d th e r ap i d ity
Co ns e q u e nt ly th e y di d n o t su stain
his e volu tions
of
Al exan der s atta ck b u t qui tt ed th e r st r i d g e s o f th e
m o u ntain
Up on this Al exan der o rd ered th e Mac e
d on ian s to rais e th e b attl e c ry an d m ak e a c l att er with
th ei r s p e ar s u p on th ei r shi e ld s ; an d th e Ta u lan ti an s
b ei n g sti ll m o re al ar m ed at th e nois e led th e i r a r m y
b ack to th e city with all spe ed
u

D efea t

Cl itus

an

d Gla u ci a s

23

'

saw on ly a fe w of th e e n e m y sti ll c c
cu p yi n
g a r i dg e al ong which l a y his ro u te h e o rdered
hi s b o dy g u ard s an d p er sonal co m panions to tak e th ei r
shi el d s m o unt the i r hor s e s an d ri de to the hill ; and
w hen th e y re ach ed it if thos e who ha d occ u p i ed th e
p osition a waited th e m h e sai d that hal f of th e m w ere to
l e ap fr o m th e ir ho r s e s an d to ght as foot so ldi er s being
m ingle d with th e caval r y
Bu t wh e n th e e n em y saw
A l e x an der s a d vanc e th e y qu itt ed th e hill an d re t re at e d
to th e m o u ntains in b oth di rectio ns Th e n Alexander
with his co m p anions} s e iz ed the hi ll a n d s e nt for th e
A gr ian ian s an d a r cher s who n u m b ered
H e al so
o rdered th e shi el d b e ar ing g u a rd s to c ro ss th e rive r an d
ft er th e m the re gi m e nts o f M ac ed oni a n in fan try with
a
instr u ctions that as soon as the y ha d s u cc e e ded in c ross
i n g th ey s h o u l d draw ou t in r ank towa rd s t he l e ft so
that th e p hal anx o f m en c r ossing m i ght app e ar co m p act
at onc e
H e him s e l f in th e vang u ard was all th e
ti m e o b s er ving fro m th e ri d g e th e e n e m y s advanc e
Th e y s ee ing the fo rc e c r ossing th e river m arch ed d own
th e m o u ntains to m ee t the m with th e p u rpos e o f attack
ing Al e xan der s re ar in its re t re at Bu t as th e y were
j u st dr awing n e ar Al e xan der r u sh e d for th with his own
d ivision a n d th e p hal an x rais e d th e b attl e c ry as if
ab ou t to ad van c e th r o u gh th e riv er Whe n th e e n e m y
saw all th e Ma c ed o nians m ar ching agains t th e m th e y
t u rn ed an d e d Up on this Al exan der le d th e Agrian
i ans an d ar ch er s at fu ll s p eed toward s th e rive r and su c
But
c ee ded in b e ing hi m s el f th e r st m an to c r oss it
As Al e xan der

h vy c v l y wh lly chi y c p s d f M c d i s by
C
f
lp
bi th w k w by th h
bl
p i s
s It w di vi d d it s s i t 1 5 Du whi ch w
B th
i A
which th y c
d ft th St t s
dist ict s f
Th i
th
1 6th Ile
s t gth v i d f
Asp t
1 5 0 t 250
f
d th
c ll d g
y l h s g d t th h d f which
Al x d hi s lf g
lly ch g d S A i iii 1 1 1 3 1 8
1

Th e

ro

n o

as

ers

n am e

ren

rm

er

er

or

a e

rom

as

ar e

e em

as

ra

a e on an

om

or e -

ee

an

ara e on e,

u ar

rr en

on

or

er e

am e

rom

m en

em a , or ro

en era

o e

e n am e o

om

or

on oura

ao - a
m

ar e

orm e

e an

a a r

ea

e r

ea

The An a basis of Alexan der

24

'

wh en h e saw the e ne m y p re ssing u p on th e m en in the

rear he station e d his en gin e s of war u p on th e b ank an d
o rdered th e e n gin eer s to sh oot fr om th e m as far fo r ward
as p o s ili le all sor ts o f p r oj e ctile s which are u su ally shot
from m ilitar y e ngin e s } H e d ire cte d th e a rch er s who
ha d al so entered th e wat er to sho o t th ei r arr ows fr om th e
m i ddl e o f th e riv er
Bu t Gl au cias d u r st not a dvanc e
within r an g e of th e m issil e s 3 so t hat the Ma c e donian s
p ass ed ov er i n su ch safety tha t not on e of them l ost his
life in th e re tre at
Th ree d ay s aft er th is Al exan der d iscov ered th at Clitu s
an d Glau cia s l ay carel e ssly en cam p ed 3 that n e ith er were
t h ei r s e ntin el s on g u ard in m i l ita ry o rder no r ha d th e y
p r ot e ct ed th em s el ve s with a r am p a rt o r di tch as if th e y
i m agi n ed h e ha d with drawn th ro u gh fe ar 3 an d th at
th ey ha d exten ded th e i r lin e to a disa d vantag e ou s l ength
He th ere fo re cr oss ed th e r iver a gain s e c re tly at th e
appr oach of night l e a ding with him the shie l d b e aring
g uard s the Agrian ian s th e ar ch er s an d th e b rigade s of
Perdic oe s 5 an d Coen u s} a fter having give n o rder s for th e
,

iti on to hi s othe m ilitary im provem en t s Philip h ad organ iz ed

ith p roj ect ile an d b atterin g en gin es sup erior to
an effect i ve s ieg e train w
Thi s artillery was at on ce m ade
an ythin g of th e kin d e xi stin g be fore
use of by Alexan der in thi cam p aign a gai n s t th e Illyri an s
Perdi ccas son of Oron tes a Ma ce don ian w
as on e of Al exan der s
T h e kin g i s sa i d on hi s d eath bed to have
m os t dis tin guis hed gen eral s
taken th e royal s ign et from his n ger an d to have gi ven i t to Perdi ccas
After Al exan der s death h e was appoin t d regen t ; but an all ian ce was
f orm ed again st hhn by An ti pater Cra te s an d Ptolem y H e m arched
in to E gyp t again s t Ptolem y Bein g defea t ed in his attem p t s to forc e the
p ass age of th e Ni le h i s own troop s m u ti n i ed ag ain st h im an d slewhi m
See D i odorus xvi ii 3 6 For hi s person al vel our see As li an
( Vari a Histori c xii
3 Coen us son o f Pol em ocrates w
as a son in law of P arm en i o an d
H e v i ol en tly accu s ed hi s brother i n
on e o f Al exan der s b est gen eral s
law Philot as of treas on an d pers on ally su p erin ten d ed th e t ort urin g of
that fam ou s ofcer previou s to hi s execution ( Cm ti n s v i 3 6
He
was put forward by th e arm y to dissuade Alexan d er from advan c in g
b eyon d the Hyphasis ( Arri a n v
Soon after th is h e di ed an d w
as
1

add

In

ra

'

Revolt

Thebes

25

y to fo llow As s o on as he saw a favo ur

a bl e opp ortun ity fo r th e a ttac k w
i thou t waitin g for all t o
b e p r es en t b e d esp atch ed th e a rch er s an d Agrian ian s
a gain st th e foe
Thes e b ein g arran g ed in p h al an x fe ll
un a wares w i th the m ost furi o u s charge u p on th eir an k
wh ere th ey were lik ely to co m e i n to con i ct wi th thei r
weak est p oin t an d sl ew som e o f th em still in their b eds
o th ers b ein g ea sily ca u gh t i n th ei r igh t
Accordin gly
m an y w
er e th ere c a tu re d an d kill ed a s w ere m an y al so
p
i n th e di sor derly an d p a
n i c stri ck en retreat w
hi ch en su ed
No t a fe w m or eov er were tak en p rison ers
Al exan der
k ep$ u p th e p u rs ui t as far a s th e Ta ula n t ian m o un tain s
a n d a s m an y o f th e m a s e sc a p ed p res erved th ei r li ve s b
y
th ro win g away th eir arm s
Clitu s rst ed for r efu ge
in to th e ci ty whi ch h owev er h e s et on re an d wi th
drewt o G l au cia s in th e l a n d o f th e Taulan tian s

rest of

the

arm

C H AP TE R
RE VOLT

WHILE these

0F

ev en

TH E BE S

we re

ts

VI I

( Sep tem
occ u r rin

ber,

so m e of

th e

iles
c i ty

ex

who had b een ban i she d fro m Th eb e s; com in g t o the

by n ight an d b ei n g b ro u ght i n by so m e of the citiz en s
i n order to eect a c h an ge i n th e govern m en t appre
h en de d an d slew ou ts i de t h e Cadm ea 1 A m yn tas an d
h o h el d t hat fortre ss h avi n g
Ti m olau s tw
o of th e m e n w
as ab ou t t o b e
n o s u sp i ci on th at an y h o s til e a ttem p t w
m a de
Th en en t eri n g th e p u b li c a ssem bly th ey i n ci te d
,

b uried
vi .

wi th

all

possibl e m agn i cen ce n ear

th at

river,

3 27

(Arri an ,

was

th e Acrop olis of Th ebes, an oval em in en ce of n o

l
eader o f a Ph oen i cian col on y,
t
h
e
a
d
m
u
s
f
r
C
r
e
t
m
e
d
a
t
e
a
t
h
e
i
h
n
a
,
g
g .
wh o i s said to h ave foun ded i t Sin ce th e b attle of Ch aeron ea, this
ci tadel h ad been h eld by a M acedon ian garri son
2 Am
n i an o fcer , an d Ti m olau s a l eadin g Th eb an
o
M
ace
d
w
a
s
a
n
as
t
y
o f th e Mace don ian faction
1

h e Cadm

'

ea

26

An a basi s

Alexan der

Al exan der,

h ol d i n g o u t t o
t h em a s pr etex
ts th e an ci e n t an d gl or i ou s wo rds lib er ty
n o w a t l a st t o
an d fr e e do m
o f speech an d u rgi n g t h e m
r id th e m s el v es o f th e h eav y y ok e o f th e M a c edo n ian s
By stou tly m ai n tain i n g tha t Alexan der h a d b e e n killed
i n Illyr i a th e y gai n ed m o re p ower i n p e rs u adi n g th e

m u l ti tu de 3
fo r thi s rep ort was pre va l en t an d fo r m a n y
c r e di t
b o th b ec au s e h e h a d b een
r e a s on s i t g ai n e d
s h a d arriv e d
a n d b ec au se n o n e w
a b se n t a l o n g ti m e
f ro m him
Ac cordin gly a s i s u s u al i n s u ch c ases n o t
kn o wi n g th e fac ts ea ch m an c on j ectu re d what was m o st
p l easi n g to hi m sel f
W hen Al exan de r hear d wh at as b ein g do n e a t
Th eb es h e th o u ght i t wa s a m ove m en t n o t a t all t o
b e s ligh ted in as m u ch a s h e h a d fo r a l on g ti m e s u s
ecte d t he c i t y o f Ath e n s an d d ee m e d th e a u da ci o u s
p
ac ti on o f th e Th eb an s n o t ri via l m at t e r i f th e L ace dae
m o n i an s w
h o h ad l o n g b ee n di sa ffe c te d i n thei r feelin gs
t o him an d th e Aetolian s an d certai n o th er Stat es i n t h e
Pelo p on n ese wh o were n ot rm i n th eir allegi an ce t o
h im sh o ul d t ak e p art wi th th e Theb an s in the ir r ev o
H e th erefo re le d h i s arm y th ro u gh
l u tion ary effort
2
l
d
a
ea
an
d
E
i
m
i
i
E or
o t s an d al on g th e p eak s o f Stym ph a ea
3

a n d on th e se ve n th d a
arri v e d a t Feli n a
a n d Parava ea
y
S tarti n g the n c e h e e n tere d Bo e o ti a o n th e
i n Th es saly
s i x th day ; so t ha t t h e Th eba n s did n o t l earn
t h at h e
h a d p ass e d so u th o f Th er m op yl a e u n til h e wa s at
5
u
O n chest s wi th th e who l e o f h i s a rm y
E ven th en
t h e au th o rs o f t h e revol t a s s er te d t ha t An ti pater s ar m y
h ad a rri v e d o u t o f Ma cedo n i a s to u tly ai rm i n g tha t
t he Theban

'

to

r e vo

lt

fro m

'

Cf Aslian
.

3
4
5

of

Th ese

( Vari a H i storic

xi i

were two provi n ces in

th e

west of

Tw
o di vi si on s of E pir u s
A town on th e Pen us i n H estiaeotis

M acedon ia

A tow
n i n Boeotia,

Theb es

on

ke C

th e la

op ai s,

di stan t 5 0

stades n orth -

west

Revelt

Thebes

27

l f wa s dea d an d b ein g very an gry wi th

t ho s e wh o an n ou n ced th at i t wa s Al exan de r hi m se lf w
ho
wa s a dvan ci n g 1 For t h ey s aid i t m u st b e an o th e r
Al exan der th e so n o f Aeropu s wh o was co m i n g 2 O n
th e follo w
in g day Al exan der s et o u t fro m On ch estu s an d
a dvan c ed
t ow
ards th e ci ty al o n g th e
t erri tory cou se
3
c ra te d t o I ol au s , w
h ere i n deed h e e n c am ped i n orde r
t o gi ve th e Th eb an s fur th e r ti m e t o rep e n t o f th ei r evil
r es o l u ti o n s a n d t o s en d an em b a s sy t o hi m
B u t s o far
we re th ey fro m s h o wi n g an y si gn o f wi shin g t o com e
t o a n acco m m o dat i o n tha t thei r c aval ry an d a large b o dy
o f ligh t ar m ed in fa n try s alli e d fo r th fro m
t he c i ty as
far a s t h e c am p a n d s ki rm i shin g with th e Ma ce do n ian
o u tp osts
s l e w a fe w of t h ei r m e n
Al exan d er h ere
u p o n se n t fo rt h a
p arty o f his ligh t arm e d i n fan try a n d
ar ch ers t o r e el t h e i r s o r ti e ;
an d th ese
m e n r e elle d
p
p
th em w i th e as e j u s t a s t h ey we r e a pp roachin g th e v ery
Th e n ex t day h e t oo k th e wh o l e o f h is a r m y an d
c am p
ard s th e g a te w
m a r ch e d r o un d t o w
hich le d t o El eu th erae
an d Atti c a
B u t n o t e v en t h en d id h e as sa ult th e wa ll
i tsel f b u t e n cam pe d n ot far away fro m the Cadm ea i n
ord er th a t s u cc o u r m igh t b e a t h an d to t h e Ma ce don i an s
wh o were o ccu pyi n g tha t c i ta del Fo r th e Th eb an s had
b l ock a de d th e Ca dm ea wi th a d o ub l e s toc k a de an d were
g uardi n g it so th at n o o n e fro m wi th o ut m i ght b e ab l e
t o gi v e s u ccou r t o th os e wh o we re b elea gured an d th at
th e g arri s o n m igh t n o t b e a b l e b y m aki n g a s a lly t o d o
th em an y i n j u r y wh en t h ey we re a t tackin g th e en em y
B u t Al exan d er re m ai n ed e n cam p ed n ear th e
o u tsi de
Al exan der

hi m

se

'

It

seem s

from

as
Plu tarch th at Ale xa n der w
i th th e Ill yri an s
a b attle w

really

woun de d

i n th e

h ead by a ston e, i n
2
Th is Al exan der wa s al so called Lyn cest es , from b ei n g a n ative of

li
n
P
hi
l
i
H e was an accom p ce i
Lyn cesti s , a di stri ct of M a cedon i a
p s
H e accom p an ied Al eXan der
m urder, bu t w
as p ardon ed by h i s su cce ss or
3 3 0 , for h avin g carri ed
a s p u t to death i n
th e Great in to Asia , bu t w
i th D ari us
See Arrz an , i 2 5
on a tre ason abl e correspo n den ce w
3 Th e fri en d an d ch ari oteer of H ercu l es
.

The An abasi s

23

Alexan d er

ill wish ed rath er to co m e t o fri en dly

t erm s wi th th e Theb an s than t o co m e t o a co n test wi th
t h em 1
T h en th ose o f th e Theb an s wh o kn ewwh at was
for th e b es t i n ter est o f th e com m on we al t h were eager
t o go ou t to Al exan der an d o b tain p ardon for th e co m
m on al ty o f T heb es for th eir r e volt ; b u t th e exil e s an d
t hose wh o h a d s um m on e d t h em h om e k ep t o n i n citin g
th e p opu l ac e t o war by e v ery m ean s in th eir p o wer s in ce
t h ey despa i re d of ob tai n i n g for th e m sel ve s an y in dul
g en ce fro m Al exan der e spe ci ally as s om e of th em were
2
H ow ever n o t even for thi s did Al ex
a l so Boeotar ch s
an der assa u lt th e ci ty
Cadm

fo r h e

ea,

st

C H APT E R VI I I

FALL

or

T H EBE S

P tol em y s on of Lagu s tell s u s th at Perdiccas who

b een p os ted in the a dvan ced guar d o f the cam p
wi th his o wn b rigade an d wa s n ot far from th e en em y s
Alexan der to
ai t for th e sign al fro m
s tock ade di d n ot w
a s th e
n
a cc o rd w
c o m m en c e th e b attl e ; b u t o f hi s o w
rst to assau lt th e stoc kade an d hav in g m a de a b reach
3
in it fell u p on th e adv an ced gu ar d o f th e Th eb an s

BUT
had

H e sen t to dem an d th e surren der of th e an ti M ace don ian leaders,

Ph oen ix an d Proth ytes , but offeri n g an y oth er Th eb an s wh o cam e ou t to
hi m th e term s agreed upon in th e p recedin g year
See Pl utarch (L ife
of Alexan d er ,
an d D i odom s, xvii 9
2 The Bo eotarch s w
ere th e chief m a gi strates of th e B o eo tian con federacy,
ch o sen an n u ally by th e di eren t Stat es
Th e n um b er varied from ten
At th e ti m e of th e b attle of D elium , in th e Pel op on n esian
to t elve
war, th ey were eleven in n um ber, two of th em b ein g Th eb an s See
Gro te, H i story of Greece, vol
p 2 96
3 Arris h sa s that th e atta c
of th e M acedon i an s u p on Th eb es w
as
y
i th out orders fr om Alexan der ; an d th at th e captu re
m ade by Perdi ccas, w
was eecte d in a sh ort tim e an d with n o labour on th e p art of th e cap tors
But D iodorus says th at Al exan der ordered an d arran ged th e
(ch
assault, th at th e Th eb an s m ade a b rave an d desp erate resi stan ce for a
1

'

Fa l l of Thebes

Am yn tas,1

of

An dro m

29

fo llo wed

Perdicoe s b e
c a us e h e h ad b een s ta ti on e d w
ith him
This g en eral
als o o f h is ow
n accord le d on hi s b riga de w h en h e sa w
tha t Perdi coes had advan ce d wi thi n the sto ck a de
Wh e n
Al exan der sa w thi s h e le d on th e rest of his arm y
feari n g t h at un s u pp orted th ey m ig ht b e i n terc ep te d b
y
t h e Th eb an s an d b e i n dan ger o f de stru cti on
He g ave
in stru cti on s to th e arch ers an d Agrian ian s to ru sh wi thi n
th e s to ck a de bu t h e still r etai n e d th e guards an d shie l d
b eari n g tro op s o utsi d e
Th en in deed P er di coes aft er
forc in g his w
a
y wi thi n th e s ec on d s to c k a de fell t h er e
wo un de d with a dar t an d wa s carr i ed back grie vo u s ly
in j u red to the cam p wh ere h e wa s with di fc ulty c ured
of hi s w o un d
H owever th e m en of Perdiccas in com
p an y wi th the arch ers sen t by Al exan der fell u p on th e
Theb a n s an d shut t he m u p i n th e h oll o w way l ea di n g
t o th e t em p le o f H eracl e s a n d fo ll owe d th e m in th ei r
re treat a s far a s th e t e m p l e i ts el f
Th e Th eb an s h av i n g
wheel ed ro u n d agai n advan ced from that p osi ti on wi t h
a s h o ut an d
put th e Mace do n i an s to igh t E u ryb ota s
th e C retan th e c ap ta i n o f th e arch ers fell wi th ab ou t
s e ven ty of his m en ; b u t t he r es t ed to the M ace do n ian
g u ard an d th e royal s hie ld b eari n g troop s No w w hen
A lexan der sa w t h at h i s o wn m e n we re in ight an d
t ha t th e Th eb an s h a d b r ok en t he i r ran k s in p urs u it he
w ith his p h al an x drawn u p in p rop er
a tta cked th em
The
b ac k wi thi n the gates
o r de r
an d drove th em
Theb an s e d i n s u ch a p an i c th a t b ei n g driv en i n to th e
son

en es,

l on g tim e ,
them

an

th e B oeo tia n alli es, b ut th e M acedon i an s

m itted gre at sla u gh ter o f th e b esi eged ( D i ed xvii 1 1

h
w
a
s
A
r
r
i
an
s auth ori ty , w
i sh ed to
w
o
m
P
l
e
to
th at
y,

d th at

selves co m

n ot

on l y

It i s p robable
exon erate Al exan der from th e guil t o f destroyin g Th ebes

1
r
l

i oers
e
a
di
n
x
d
e
s
o
Am yn tas w
as on e of Al e an
g
broth ers w
ere accused of bein g accom p li ces in th e pl ot

were ac quitted

He

was

ever
how

. 9 .

111

soon

wards

after

H e an d hi s
of Phil o tas , b ut
killed in a s irm i sh
.

30

The

An a basi s of Alexan der

ity thro u gh the gate s th e y h a d n ot ti m e to sh u t them

fo r th e M a cedo n i an s wh o were cl os e b ehi n d th e fu gi tiv es
ith th e m wi thi n th e for ti ca ti o n s i n asm u ch as
r u sh ed w
t h e walls wer e de sti tu te o f d efen d ers o n a cc o u n t of th e
W hen th e Mace
n u m e r ou s
p i ck e ts i n fro n t o f t h em
do n ia n s h a d en tere d th e C a dm e a s o m e o f th em m arc h ed
i th th ose wh o h el d th e for tress
o u t o f it i n co m p an y w
in to the oth er p ar t o f th e c i ty opp osi te th e t em pl e of
1
m
hi
n
A p o
b u t o th e rs cros si n g al o n g t he wall s whi ch
were n o w i n th e p osses si on o f thos e wh o ha d r us h ed in
i th t he fu gi ti ves advan ce d wi th a r u n in to
t oge th e r w
t h e m ar k et pl a c e
Th o se o f th e Th eb an s wh o h a d b een
dra wn u p oppos i te th e t em pl e o f Am phi on s t o o d th ei r
gr o un d for a sh o r t t i m e ; b u t wh en th e Mace don ian s
u n de r th e co m m an d o f Al e x a n d e r w
e re se e n t o b e
p re ss
i n g h ard u p o n the m in v a ri o u s di rec ti o n s th e ir cav al ry
ru sh e d thro u gh th e ci ty an d s a llie d for th in t o t h e p l ain
an d th ei r i n fan try e d for safe ty as each m an fo u n d i t
The n in deed th e The b an s n o l on ger d efen d
p ossi b le
i n g th e m s el ves were sl ai n n o t so m u ch b y th e Mace
d o n ian s as b y th e Ph oci an s Pl ata ean s a n d o ther
B o eoti an s 2 wh o by i n di s c ri m i n ate slaught er ven te d th eir
ra g e a gai n s t th e m
S o m e were even a tta cke d in the
ho u ses h a vi ng ther e t urn e d to defen d th em selve s from
th e e n e m y a n d o th e rs wer e sla i n as th ey were s u ppli
cati n g th e
p r o t ectio n o f t he go ds in th e te m p l e s ; n ot
e v en t he w
o m en an d c hil dre n b ei n g s are d 3
p
c

Th e

y th i cal foun der

of

th e

wall s

of

Th ebes

See Pa usa n i as

(i x

Th e Th eban s h ad i n curred th e en m i ty of th e oth er B oeoti an s by

treatin g th e m as su b ects i n s tea d o f alli es
Th ey h a d d estroyed th e re
stored Pla taea , an d h ad b een th e chi ef en em ie s o f th e Ph oci an s i n th e

hich en ded i n th e sub u gati on o f th at p eop le by Phil i .

Sacred War , w
p

See Sm ith s H i story of Greece , pp 46 7 , 4 7 3 , 5 06

3 More th an 5 00 M acedon i an s w
ere
i lled , w
h ile
Th eb an s w
ere
s old in to slavery
sl ain , an d
See Asl i an ( Va ri a H i s tor i c , xiii 7 )
D i od om s (xvii 1 4) Pa usan i as (viii 3 0) Pl utarch (Life of Alexan der ,
'

D es tructi on

Thebes

CH AP TE R
D E ST R U C T I ON
T HI S

w as

or

IX

31

TH E BE S

Greek s t o b e a gen eral cal a m ity

for it s tru ck th e re s t of t h e G reek s w ith n o l e ss c on
s te rn a ti o n th an it did th o s e w h o h ad th em s el ve s ta ke n
p a rt in the s tru ggl e b o th o n acc o u n t o f th e m agn it u d e of
t h e c a pt u r e d c i ty an d th e c el erity o f th e a c ti on
th e
r e s u lt o f whi c h was i n t he h ighes t de gree c on trary t o
t he e xp e c ta ti o n b o th o f th e s uffe re r s a n d th e p e rp e tra t o rs
Fo r th e di sas ter s whi c h b efell th e Ath en ian s i n r el atio n
1
t o S i c ily tho u gh i n r ega r d t o th e n u m b er of th o s e wh o
p eri s h e d th e y b r o u ght n o le ss m i sfo rt u n e t o th e c ity
yet b ec au s e th ei r arm y was d e s t ro ye d far a wa y fro m
th eir own la n d b ein g c om p o s e d for the mo s t part rath er
of a uxili ary t roo p s th an o f n ati ve Ath e n i an s a n d b e c a u s e
their c ity its elf wa s l eft t o th e m i n tac t s o tha t afterwards
the y he ld th ei r o wn in war e ven for a l on g ti m e th ou gh
ghtin g a gai n s t the L ac e dae mon i an s an d t hei r allie s a s
well as th e Grea t Kin g ; th e s e di s as ter s I say n either
pro du c e d i n the p er s on s wh o wer e th em selve s in volve d
i n th e c ala m ity a n e q u a l s en s a ti o n of t he m i sfo rt un e n o r
did th ey c aus e th e o the r Gre ek s a s i m ilar c o n s tern ati on
at th e cata s tro ph e Again th e defea t su stained by the
Ath eni an s at Ae g o s p o ta m i 2 was a nav al o n e an d th e
c ity rec ei ve d n o o th e r h u m ilia ti on than th e d emolitio n
o f th e L o n g W a ll s th e s u rr e n d er o f mo s t o f h er s hip s
H owever th ey s till retain ed
an d th e l o s s of s u p re m ac y
the ir h ere ditary fo r m of g o v ern m en t an d n o t l o n g after
r ec o ve re d th eir fo rm er p ow er t o s u ch a de gree as n o t
o n ly t o b u ild u p the L on g W a ll s b u t t o rec o ve r th e r ule
felt

by

th e

Th e

sal e

J usti n

tw
o

(xi

ards

of
.

4)

sa

Theb es
41 5 4 1 3
-

405

c ap ti ves reali z ed
tal ts
ffe d f
y th at la g
s we

th e

en

on
.

See

re o

r e su m

th e

part

of

th e bidders

See Grote s Greece,

Thu cy di des (i i
.

re

or ab ou
rom

eelin

an

s of

vol . vii .

Xen ophon (Hellen i cs

ii

hostili ty

The An a basi s of Alexan der

32

an d i n th eir tur n t o pre serve from extrem e

d an ger tho se very L ace da e mon ia ns then s o fo rmi dable to
th em w
ho ha d c om e a n d a l mo s t o bliter at e d the ir c ity
Mo reo ver the d efe at of the L ace daemon i ans a t L eu c tra
an d Man ti n ea lled th e m with c o n s t e rn ati o n r a th er by
th e u n exp ec t edn ess o f th e di s a s t er th an b e cau s e o f th e
nu mb er of th o se wh o p erish e d 2 An d th e a ttack m ade
by th e B oeo tian s an d Arcadian s un der Ep ami non da s
u p o n th e c ity o f S p ar ta
ev e n thi s t errie d b o th th e
L ac e dae mon ians th em s el ves a n d th o se wh o p artic ip a te d
with the m in th e transac tio n s a t that ti me} rather by the
n o velty of th e sight th an by th e r e ality of th e d an g er
The c a ptu re of th e city of th e P la ta e ans w as n o t a great
ca lamity by reas o n of th e s m all nu m b e r of th o s e w ho
w ere tak en i n it 3 mo s t of the c itiz en s havi n g lo n g befo re
4
e sca p e d t o Ath ens
Again t he capt ur e o f M elu s an d
Sc io n e s i m ply rela te d t o i n s ula r S t a te s a n d ra th er
bro u ght di s grac e t o th o s e who p e rp etrate d the o u trag e s
than pro duced great s u rp ri s e amon g the Grec i an c om
m u n ity as '5 a wh ol e
B u t the Th eb ans h avi n g e ffe c te d th eir r ev o lt s u dd en ly
an d w ith ou t an y previ o u s c on sidera tio n the capt re
o f th e c ity b ein g br o u ght ab o u t i n s o s h o rt a ti m e a n d
withou t di f cul ty o n th e p ar t of t h e capt o rs th e sla u gh
as na tur a l fr om it s b ei n g m a d e by
ter b e i n g great as w
m en of the sa m e r a c e w h o w er e gl uttin g th eir re ve n g e
o n th em for anc i en t i n j u i e s th e c om pl et e ens lav e m en t
o f a c ity w hi c h exc ell e d a m o n g th o s e i n G r ee c e at tha t
of

th e

sea

1
3

By Con on s
At Leu ra

ct

victory at Cn idus
3 94
they l ost 400 Sp artan s an d
.

See Xen ( Hellcat , vi

3
Th e Achaean s, E lean s, A hen ian s , an d
3 69
his crisis ,
alli es of S p ar a at
s

daem

L ace

on ian s

D i odom

the

( xv

42 6
41 6

som e o f

See Xen

5 2 , etc
See Thuc ,
an d 421
See Thu c , v 3 2 , 8 4, etc
.

c adian s were

th e Ar
.

(Henn a ,

D es tru cti on

Thebes

33

ti m e b o th i n p ow e r an d warlik e rep u tati on all thi s was

att rib ute d n ot w itho u t p rob ability t o the av en gin g wrath
o f th e de ity
I t see m e d as if th e Theban s h ad afte r a
l o n g ti m e s u ffe re d thi s p u ni sh m e n t fo r their b etrayal of
1
th e G ree k s i n th e M e dian w
fo r th eir s eiz u re o f th e
ar
c ity o f Pla t aea e d u ri n g th e t ru c e an d fo r their com pl ete
e n s l a v e m e n t o f it a s w e ll as fo r t h e u n H ell en i c s l au ght e r
of t h e m en w h o h a d s u rr e n d e re d t o th e L ac ed a emo n i an s
whi c h ha d b een c om m i tte d a t th e i n stigati o n of the
Th eb an s
an d for th e
de vas tati o n o f th e territ ory in
whi c h the Gr eek s ha d s to o d in b attle array agai ns t th e
Me des an d had rep ell e d dan ger from Greec e ; la stly
b e cau s e by their v o te th ey h a d t rie d to r ui n th e Ath en i an s
w he n a mo ti on w as b rou ght for wa rd a mon g the allie s

o f th e L ac e d a e mo n i a n s fo r th e en s l ave m e n t o f Ath en s
More o ver it was r ep orte d th at b efo re th e di sa s ter m an y
p ort en t s w ere s e n t fr om the de ity whic h i n d ee d at th e
t im e w e re t rea te d w it h n egl e c t b u t afterward s wh en
m e n c all e d th e m t o r e m e m br an c e the y we re c om p ell e d t o
c on side r th a t the e vent s whi c h o cc urre d h a d b een l on g
3
f
r
n
e
b e o e pro g o s ti cat d
Th e s e tt l e m en t o f Th eb an affair s wa s en tr u s te d by
Al exan d er t o th e allie s w h o h a d take n p ar t i n th e a c tio n
Th ey r e s ol v e d t o o cc u py th e Ca d m ea w ith a g arri s o n ;
t o r az e the city t o the g ro un d ; t o di s t rib u te amo n g
the m s el ve s all the territ o ry exc ept wh at was dedi cate d
t o th e go d s ; an d t o s ell in to s lave ry th e wo m e n an d
childre n a n d a s m an y of the m al e s a s s u rvi ve d exc ept
tho s e wh o w ere p ri e s t s o r p rie s t ess e s and th o se who
w e re b o un d t o Philip o r Alex an de r by th e tie s o f ho spi
tality or h ad b e en p u bli c agen ts of t h e Ma c edon i an s I t
,

Th ese p ers on s m u st ha v e forg o tt en t hat Al xan der s predec e ssor an d

th e arm y of X erxes al on g wit h th e Theban s
n am esake h a d se ved in
1

See H erodotus

Plu t arch

t h t Ath
a
3

vi i .

173

( Lysan der, 1 5 )

ho u ld

en s s

See Aali an

be

destroyed

( ram a Hi s tori c

y th t
a

sa s

'

xii

heban

th e T

En

an

th us

vd

m o e

The An aba s is

34

Alexan der

said th at Alexan der preserv ed th e h ou s e an d the

desc end an t s o f Pin d ar th e p o et ou t o f r e sp e c t for hi s
m emory 1 In a dditio n t o the s e thi n g s th e alli es de
c ree d th at Orchom en u s an d Pl ataeae s ho u ld b e rebuilt
i

an

d fo rti ed

C HAPTE R

ALEXAND E R

EALI NGS WI TH Arn rr s

As s oo n as n ew s o f the cal a mity whi c h ha d b efallen the
Thebans r eac h ed th e o ther Greek s th e Ar ca di ans w h o
h ad s et ou t from th ei r o wn la n d for th e pu rp o s e of
gi vi n g aid t o th e The b an s pa ss e d s e n ten c e of death
o n tho s e wh o ha d i n s tigate d th e m t o r en d er aid The
Eleans al s o rec ei ve d b a ck their exile s from b ani sh men t
b ecau se th ey w ere Alexan der s a dherent s ; an d the
Aet o li ans eac h tri be fo r it s elf s e t e m b a ss i e s t o hi m
beggin g t o rec eive p a d on b ec au s e they al s o h a d at
tem pte d t o effe c t a r evol u ti on o n th e r ec eipt of the rep or t
whi ch had b een s pre a d bv th e Th e ban s
Th e Ath en i ans
al s o wh o at the tim e w hen s om e of th e Thebans esc ap
i ng from th e carn a ge a rri ved at Ath ens were en gaged
in c el ebratin g th e G re at My s t eri e s 3 ab an d o ned the sac re d
rite s i n grea t c on s te rn a ti on an d c a rried their g oods
an d ch attel s fr om the ru ral di stri c t s in to the c ity The
p eopl e cam e t o ge th er in p u bli c as se m bly an d o n the
mo ti o n of D em ades ele c te d from all th e citiz ens ten

Plu tarch (Al exan der

c ty
w h D y
f d t

13 )

yf

th t

x de w aft w d
b li v d th t h h d i c ed
f Th b
wh i ci t d hi t

ell s u s

Al e

an

as

er

ar s

hi s ruel
to th e T eban s
He e e e
a
e
a
n urr
th e rat of ion su s , th e u el ary dei y o
e es ,
o n
m
e
o
kill hi s rien Cli u s, an d in du ed hi s soldi ers to re use to followhim
in o the in erior of In i a
3
as des ro e
Orohom en u s w
by th e T eban s
3 64
See B i od ,
P ilip ,
79 ; em os en es ( Con tra L ep ti m em , p
It w
as res ore b
accor in g to Pausan i as, iv 2 7
3 Th e
rea
ys eri es of em e er ere elebra e at E leusis, rom
Boe rom i on , our ep em ber
the 1 5
to the 23 rd of th e m on
sorr

or

D
d

th

th

G tM t

t t

t yd

t d y h

th

w
d

td

S t

xv

Alexan der

wi th

D ea lin gs

Athen s.

35

a mb assad or s m en wh om they knew to b e Alexan der s

s p ec ial a dh eren t s an d s en t them t o signi fy t o him
th o u gh s om ewh at u ns eas on ably that the Athen i an peo
ple rej o i c ed a t h is safe ret u rn from the lan d of th e
I llyrian s an d Triballian s an d at the p u ni sh m en t whic h
h e ha d i n i c te d u p o n th e Th eb ans for their reb elli o n
I n re gar d t o o th e r m a tters he g ave the emb assy a
c ourteo u s reply, b u t w r o te a letter t o th e p e o ple de
m an din g the su rre nder of D emo s th en e s an d L yc u rgu s
as w ell a s th a t o f Hyp erides Polye ctu s Chares Chari
d em u s Ephi alte s D ioti m us an d M oerocles ; 1 allegi n g
th at the s e m en w er e the cau s e of th e di sas ter whi ch
b efell the c ity at Chaero n ea a n d the a th or s o f t h e sub
s equ en t o ffensi ve pro c eedin g s after Philip s dea th bo th

f
a
n
d
agai ns t hi m s el
hi s f the r
He al s o d ec l a ed tha t
they ha d i ns tiga ted th e The b ans to rev olt n o les s than
h ad th o s e o f th e Theb ans th em s el ves wh o fav ou red a
r evol u ti on The A theni an s h oweve did n ot s urren d er
t h e m e n b ut s en t an o th er e mb assy t o Al exand er 3 e n
treati n g hi m t o re m it hi s wrath again s t the Werson s
Th e ki n g did r em it his w rath
w hom h e h ad d e man d ed
agains t th em either ou t of re sp ec t for th e c ity of Athens
o r from an earne s t de s i re t o s tart o n the exp editio n i nt o
Asi a n ot w i s hi n g t o l eav e b ehi nd hi m a mon g the Greek s
an y caus e for dis tru s t H ow e ver h e o rdered Chari dem u s
al o ne o f th e m en w h o m he h ad deman d ed as p ris oners
an d wh o had n o t b ee n gi ve n u p t o g o i n to ban ishm en t
Chari de m us the refore wen t a s an exil e t o Kin g D ariu s
i n As i a 4
.

'

r,

All
E phial
1

th
es ,

es e n in e

m en

wh o were

does n ot m en tion

ili

were

t y
ar

ora ors

m en

xc pt Ch
t ch ( L if

Pl u

ares,

ar

e o

Chari dem

De

u s, an

m o s th en es,

23 )

Chore s , Di oti m u s , an d Hyp erides, bu t p u s th e n am es

am o n in th e li s
of Call i sth en es an d
3 See Aes
i n es (Adversus C tesip hon tem , pp 469 , 5 47 , 55 1 , 603 , 63 3 )
ii 5
D i o dorus ,
Pl u ar (D em osthen es , 2 2 ; P ho i on ,
3 A th e
as P o i on
is em b ass w
ea
of
t
by arius s or l b efore th e b a le of I ssus, for
ea
as put to
He w

t ch

ch

h d

th

d th

h c

h ty

xv

tt

The An a basi s

36

Alexa n der

C HAPTE R

ALE XAN D E R Cao ssn s

XI

H E LL ESPONT

TH E

VI SI TS TROY

AND

HAVING settl ed the s e a airs h e ret rn e d int o Maced on i a

He then o ffere d t o th e Olym pian Z eu s t he sacri ce which
h ad b ee n in s tit u t e d by Ar c h ela u s} an d h ad b een cu s
t o we ry up t o th at ti m e ; an d h e c elebr ate d the pu bli c
2
I t i s said that
con te s t of th e Oly m pi c ga me s a t Ae gae
h e al s o h eld a p u bli c c on te s t i n h o o u r of th e Mu s e s
At thi s tim e it w as r ep or te d th a t th e s ta tu e of Orpheu s
3
r
e
so n of Oeag ru s th e Thra cian which w as in Pi i s
sw eat ed i ncessantly Va iou s were t he expla n ati ons of

d
e
r
n
r
i
s
t
a
thi s pro digy gi v en by th e so o th s a yers b u t A
a m an of Tel m is sus a s ooth say er b ad e Alexan der t ake
c o u rage ; for h e said it w s e v id e n t fr om thi s th at th ere
wou ld b e m u c h l ab ou r fo r th e e pi c an d lyri c p o et s an d
for th e w rit er s o f o d e s t o c om p o s e an d s i n g a b o u t
Al exan der an d hi s achi e v em en t s
At th e b e gin n in g o f th e sprin g he m ar che d
t oward s the H ell es p on t en t ru s tin g the affair s of Mac e
d oni a an d G reec e t o An tip ater H e led n o t mu ch ab ove
'

'

visin

ad
an

hi m

der, b u t to

su

rel

to

n ot

arm

ii 3 0
iii 5 ; D i odorus ,
1 A
r
elaus w
a s kin
of
.

ch

y of

ro o

re

Mcd

a e on i a

on

an m er en ar es

41 3 - 3 99

rom

es

ur

proved

He im

t f hi ki gd
d li ter
t
dp t
i d
t
H i d c d th t gi c p t E i pid
w ll
d Ag th
pi c p t Ch il t vi i t hi ; d t t d E i pid especiall y
th
H al
i it d S c t
wi th f v
wh d cli d th i vi t ti
w th
li
Ed
c pit l f M c d i
Ag
d th burial
plac f it ki gs Phili p w
d
dh
83 6
A
w t ip f l d i M c d i b t w
f th
th
th
dP
th
p t dh
f O ph
H li
d th M es
R h di
i
1 2 84 ; L i y xxii i
Cf Ap ll i
w th
Thi
t t d th y f hi ti
T lm i iz
w city f C i c l b t d f th kil l f i t i h bit t i di vin
ti
Cf Ar i
15 i 4 i
7
(A b i 25 ii 1 8 ii i 2
th e in

ern al arran

ure .

e e

oe

n arro

aom on an

on

as

en

as

ar a ,

r an

Herodotu s, i 7 3
.

u s,
o

an

rea e

o ra es ,

e ear

an

es

er

ere

ne

e n

a e

on a, an

as

as

on

om e o

es

ur

ere ,

a e on a ,

e re u e

as ,

on

an

an

ar

a ron se

an

ur

as m ur

on us

essa,

om

oe s ,

s m an

as a

us ,

ra

n v

s r

s o

so

oer

e ae , or

e o

em en

u e

a our.

t c t p i th c t t wi th Al x
G ci
c i
See C ti

hi s Asi a i

on

b si di z e an

xv

'

eu s an

s o

e m ou

ee n

us

'

e m os

e e ra e

na

no e

soo

or

sa er o

e s

; an d Ci ero (D e D i vi n a ti on e, i 4 1 )
.

m e

an
,

ss s

v.

v.

Alexan der Crosses the Helles on t

p

Visi ts Troy 3 7

an d

in fan try t o geth er w ith light arm ed tr oop s an d

ar ch ers an d mo re th an
c a valry 1 His m arch was
p a st th e la ke Cercin iti s towar d s Am phip o li s an d th e
mou th s o f th e ri ver S trymon H av in g c ro ss ed thi s ri v er
h e p asse d by th e Pan ga ean mou n t ain 3 al o ng th e r o a d
le adin g to Abd era an d M ar on ea Greci an c itie s b u ilt o n
th e co ast
The nc e h e arri v e d a t the ri ver He b ru s 4 a n d
e a s ily c ro ss e d it
Th enc e h e p ro c ee d e d th ro ugh Pae tica
t o th e ri v er Melas h av in g cr o s se d whi ch h e arri v e d at
Se s t u s i n twen ty d ay alt o ge th er fr om the ti m e o f hi s
s ta rti n g from h om e W hen h e came t o E laeus h e
offere d s a c ri ce t o Pr o te silau s u p o n th e t om b o f tha t
h e ro b o th fo r o ther re as on s an d b ecau s e Pr o t e sil a u s
seeme d t o h av e b een the rs t o f the Greek s wh o to o k
p art with Agam e m n o n i n the exp editi o n t o Iliu m t o
di s e m b ar k i n A si a The de si gn o f thi s sacric e was th at
his dis e m b arkin g i n Asi a m ight b e mo re fo rtu n a te th a n
th at o f Pro te s il au s h a d b e en 5 H e then c ommitte d t o Par
m en i o th e d u ty of co n veyin g the caval ry an d t he greater
p ar t o f th e i nfantry fr om Se s tu s t o Abyd us an d they
we re t ran s p o rte d i n 1 6 0 trir eme s b es ides m an y tradin g
v es sel s 6 The prevailin g a cc ou n t i s th at Alexan der
s tar te d from Eleens an d p u t in to the Port o f A c haean s
tha t with hi s own h an d h e s teere d th e general s s hip
in fa t y a d
D i do
(xvii 1 7 ) says t hat t here w e
c avak y H gi ves th e n um bers i th e di fferen t brigades w ll a th e
-

ru s

er

as

i n fan try n
west n um b ers recorded wer
in fan try an d 000 ca v alry
th e h i gh es t
3 Thi s lake i s n ear th e m ou t h of th e S trym on
It is c all ed Prasi as by
Herodotus (v
Its p resen t n am e is Tak hyn o
3 T hi s m ou n tain i s n ow c alle d Pirn ari
Xerxes took th e sam e rou t e
when m ar c hin g in to Greece See H rodotus v 1 6 vii : 1 1 2 ; Aeschylus
E uri pides (Rhesus 92 2
( P ersa e
4
1 10
See Theo i tus
Nowcall e d Mari t z a
5 Cf
Ho m er (I li ad i i 7 0 1 ) Ovi d ( E p istolae H eroidum xii i 93 )

th e lo

Herodo tus (ix

th

The A

plac e in

ppli ed twen ty ship s of war

en i an s su

A lan di n g

cr

See D i odorn s , xv1 i 22

of Troas, n ear Cap e Sigaeum
I

th e

th w t

n or

es

f Alexan der

The An a basis

38

acro ss an d th at wh en h e was ab o t th e m iddle of the

channel of the H elle sp on t b e sa cric e d a b ull to Pos eidon
an d the Nereid s an d p o u e d forth a lib atio n t o th em i nt o
Th ey s ay al s o th a t h e w as
the s ea from a g o lden g o bl e t
the rs t m a n t o s t ep ou t o f th e ship i n full ar mou r o n th e
l an d o f Asi a 1 an d that h e e re c te d altars t o Z eu s the
p ro tec to r o f p eople l n ding t o Athe n a an d t o H er acles
an d at the
a t th e pl ace i n E uro p e w h en c e h e s t ar t e d
pl ace i n Asi a wh ere h e di se bark e d I t i s al s o said that
h e wen t u p t o I li um an d o ffer ed s a cri c e t o the Troj an
Ath en a ; th at h e set u p hi s o wn p an o ply i n the t em ple
as a v o tive offerin g an d i n ex chan ge for it t ook aw ay
hi ch had b een pre s erved
s om e o f the c o n s ec rat e d a m s w
from th e ti m e of th e Trqian wa
Th e s e arm s w ere said
t o h ave b een carri ed in f on t o f h im in t o the b attle s by
t he shi eld b eari n g g u ard s
A rep o rt al s o pr e vail s th at
h e o ffere d sac ri c e t o Pri m u p on th e altar o f Z eu s the
h o u s eh old go d d ep recatin g th e wra th of P ri am agains t
th e p r o gen y o f N e o pt ol em u s from wh om Al exan der
him s elf derived hi s o rigin
u

'

r.

C H AP TE R X II
ALE XAN D ER

Al

''

T om s

Acm

or

LL E s

m m on s

P E RSIAN G E N E RALS
WH E N he wen t up t o Iliu Men o e ti u s th e pil o t crowned
him with a golden c ow ; afte him Chare s th e Ath en ian 9
c omin g from Sigeu m as well as certain o ther s; b oth
G reek s an d nati ve s did th e sam e
Al exan der th en
encircl e d the t om b o f A c hill e s w it h a g arl an d ; an d it i s
said th at Hephaestion 3 dec orat ed th at o f Pa tr o cl u s i n the
A n vrc s R m

cran

T HE

BY

Cf D i odom
The el ebra
.

9
3

Son

of

xvii

t dg
e

17

J usti n , xi 5
.

en eral , m en

Am yn tas, a

Mcd

ti

dy in ch ap 1 0
o f Falls
He w
as the m ost

on e d alr ea

a e on ian

in im a

Alexan der

f Achilles

the Tom b

at

39

sam e way Th ere i s in dee d a rep o rt that Alexan der

pro n o u n c e d Achill e s fo rt u nate i n gettin g H om er as the
h erald of hi s fam e t o p o s terity 1 An d i n tr u th it was
m ee t th a t Al exan d er sh ou ld d ee m Achille s for tu n at e for
thi s rea s o n e s p e ci ally ; fo r t o Al exan der himsel f thi s
p ri vil ege w as wan tin g a thin g whi ch w as n o t in a cco r
d an c e with th e re s t of hi s g oo d fort u n e H is a chi eve
m e n t s h a ve
therefor e n ot b een r ela ted t o m anki n d i n
a m an n e r wo thy of th e h ero Neither in p ro se n or in
v e rse h as any on e su itably h o n ou re d hi m ; n or ha s he
e v er b e e n
s u g o f i n a lyri c p o em in whic h style o f
p o e try Hi e ro G el o Ther o an d m an y o the s n o t a t all
c om p ar abl e w ith Al exan d er have b een p ai s ed 2 Con se
q uently Al exan d er s d ee d s are far l es s k n ow n than the
m ean e s t a chie v em en t s o f an t qu ity For i n s tan c e th e
m arc h o f th e t en th o u s an d w ith Cy ru s u p t o P er sia
aga ins t Kin g Artaxerxe s th e tragi c fat e o f Clearchu s an d
3
th o se wh o w ere c apt ure d a l o n g w ith hi m an d th e m arch
o f th e sa m e m e n d own t o t h e s ea i n w hi c h th ey w e r e le d
by Xen o ph o n are e ve n t s m u ch b e tter k n own t o m en
thro u gh Xe o ph on s n arra ti ve th an a e Alexan der an d
hi s achi ev e m en t s
An d y et Al ex an d er n eith er a ccom
n o r did h e i n
ight
an i e d a n o th er m an s e xp e diti o n
p
fro m th e G reat Ki n g o v er c o m e th o s e wh o o b s tru c t e d hi s
m ar ch d own t o th e sea An d i n d ee d th ere i s n o o ther
si gle i n di vidu al a mo g G re ek s o r barbarian s w h o
ac hieve d expl o it s s o grea t or i m p or tan t e ith er in r egard
Thi s wa s the rea s o n
t o n u m ber o r m agn it u d e a s h e did
.

"

fri en d of Al exan der wit h whom

,

( Vari a H i stori a
1

th e

ce e

r m on

ce

ro

2
3

xii

Plu tarc h (L ife of Alena

o il an

Ci

ru n n n

u s om ar

hi s

th t Al x

wn

n aked

om

Ana basi s , Book i i

brou ght
an

up

Of Aeli an
.

wen t throu gh
an oin ti n g h im sel f wi t h
der

al so

day , o f
Cf Aeli an ( Vari a Hi stori a ,
.

ch
d Bacchyli des

(Pro Archi a

Pin dar an
See X en op hon

By

sa s

y till c t
yi
b
i g p t th t
,

h e h ad been

4)

40

The An a bas is

Aleman der

whi ch in duced m e to un dertak e thi s history n ot thin ki n g

n
m y sel f i n com p eten t t o m ak e Al exan de r s deeds k n o w
,

to

m en

For

wh o ev er

h
t
s I k n o w ab o ut
b
e
i
,
y
n e e d for m e t o a s sert m y n am e,
m e n ; n or i s i t n e edful for m e to

m a

lf that th ere is n o
for it i s n o t un kn own to
say wh a t m y n ativ e l an d an d fam ily are or i f I ha v e h el d
But thi s I do
an
y p u b li c o ce in m y o wn coun try
o rk i s an d ha s b een fro m m y
as sert t h at thi s hi s tori cal w
youth u p in p lace of n ati ve l an d fam ily an d p ub lic
i ces to m e ; an d for thi s r ea son I d o n ot deem m ysel f
o
un worthy t o ra n k am on g th e rst au th o rs in th e Greek
l an guage if Al exan der i n dee d i s a m on g the rst i n
m y se

'

arm s .

From Ilium

Al exan der c am e t o Ari sb e, wh ere his

en tire for ce h ad en cam p e d a fter c ro s si n g th e Hell es
p on t an d on th e fo llowin g day h e cam e t o Percote O n
t he n ext , p a ssin g b y L am ps a c u s, h e e n cam p e d n ear the
rive r Pra ctiu s, w
hic h ows from the Idaean m ou n tain s
.

i n to th e s ea b etween the H ellesp on t

an d t h e E u xin e Se a
Then c e p as si n g by th e ci ty o f
Colon ae h e arri v e d at Herm otu s
He n ow sen t sco u ts
b efore the arm y u n der th e c om m an d o f Am yn tas son
o f Ar rh ab aeu s w
ho h ad t h e s quadro n o f th e C o m p an i on
caval ry w hi c h cam e from
Ap oll on ia l u n der th e ca p tai n
S ocrates son of S ath on an d fo ur s q uadron s of wha t were
called Pro drom i (r un n ers fo rw
I n th e m arch he
ard)
desp at ch ed Pan eg o ru s so n o f Lycagoras on e of the
C om p an ion s to take p ossess ion of t he ci ty of Priap us
whi ch was surren der ed by th e in habitan ts
The Persi an gen eral s were Ars am es Rheom ithres
P etin es Niphates an d wi th th em Spith ridates Vi ceroy
o f Lydi a an d Ion i a an d Arsi tes g ov ern or o f the Ph r gi a
y
n ear th e H ell es p on t
Th es e had e n cam p ed n ear th e city
an

d di sch arg e s i tsel f

A tow
n in th e M acedon i a district of M
ygdon ia ,
It i s n owcalled Poli n a
.

so uth of

La

Bolbe

B a ttle

the Gran icus

41

w i th th e Persian caval ry an d th e Greci an m er

cen ari e s
When they were holdin g a co un cil ab o ut th e
s ta te o f affairs i t w
a s re p ort ed t o t h em
that Al e xan der
of

Z eleia
.

h ad

cr o s s ed

(the

H ell esp on t) Mem n on th e Rho dian l

a d vi se d th em n o t t o ri s k a con i ct w
i th th e Macedon ian s
s in ce th ey w
er e far s u p e ri o r t o th e m
in i n fan try an d
Al exan der was th ere in p ers on ; wh ereas D ariu s was n o t
wi th them H e advi se d th em to a dvan ce an d destroy the
fo dde r b y tram pli n g i t d o wn u n de r th ei r h ors es h o ofs t o
b u rn t h e crop s o f th e c o u n try an d n o t ev en to sp are th e

For then Al exa n der sai d h e

v ery c i ti es
will n o t b e
2
t
o
an
d
r
m
a
ab l e
s tay in th e l
f o
l ck o f p ro vis ion s
I t is
sai d th a t in th e P er si an con fe ren c e Arsi te s ass erted th at
h e wo u l d n ot all o w a si n gl e ho u se b e l on gi n g t o th e p eo p le
p lac ed un der h is ru le to b e b u rn ed an d that t he other
Persi an s ag reed wi th Arsi tes b ecau se th ey had a s u s
pici on th at M em n on wa s deli b era tely co n tri vi n g to pro
trac t th e war for the p ur p ose o f o b tai n i n g h on o u r fro m
th e ki n g
.

CHAP TE R XIII
B ATTLE

G RANIC US

o r TH E

MEANTIME Al exan der wa s a dvan ci n g to the ri ver Gran i cu s 3

wi th hi s arm y arran g ed fo r b attl e havin g drawn u p his
,

We n d from

D i odon

thi s gre at gen eral an d

from th e M acedon i an s

w(xvii

Gree

Before th e

ki

g h ad sub sidi z ed
m ercen ari es to protect h i s seaboard
arrival of Alexan der, h e h ad su cceeded
th at th e Persian

If M em n on h a d lived
g the advan ce of Parm en i o an d Calla s
an d hi s advi ce b een adop ted by D ari us th e fate o f Persia m igh t h ave
Cf Plu tarch ( L ife of Al an ,
b een very di fferen t
2
hile advi sin g th e Persi an
D i odorue ( xvii 1 8 ) s ays th at M em n on , w
aste th e cou n try, an d t o p reven t th e M acedon ian s from
gen eral s to lay w
to carry a
advan cin g th rough s carci ty of p rovis i on s , al so u rged th em
ar in t o
large force in to Greece an d Macedon ia , an d th u s tran sfer th e w
ch eckin

in

E urop e

Th e Gran i cus rises in Moun t Ida , an d falls in to th e Propon ti s

Cyz icus
Ovi d ( M eta m , xi 7 63 ) calls i t Gran i cus bicom i s
3

n ear

42

The An a basi s

'

f Alexan der

h eavy arm e d t ro op s in a do ub l e ph al an x l ea di n g the

c av al ry o n
th e wi n g s an d h avi n g o rde r e d t h a t th e
An d H eg cl o ch u s at
b agga ge sh ou l d foll o win th e rear
th e h ea d o f t he cav alry wh o wer e a rm e d wi th th e l on g
1
as se n t
h
ik
f
t
e ligh t arm e d t r o o p s w
e
an
a
b
o
u
t
5
00
o
d
p
by hi m t o r e con n oi tre th e p roceedi n g s o f t h e en em y
W h en Alexan der was n o t far fro m the rive r G ran i c us
a t full s p ee d an d
so m e o f hi s s co u ts ro de u p t o hi m
an n o u n c e d th at th e Per sian s h a d t ak en u p th ei r p o s i ti on
n
u
on
th e o th er s i de of th e G ran i c u s dra w
p r ea dy fo r
Thereu p o n Al exan der a rran ge d all hi s ar m y wi t h
b attl e
t he i n ten ti on of gh ti n g
Th en Parm en i o app r oa ched
h i m an d s pok e a s fo llows
I thi n k 0 ki n g th at it
i s adv i s ab l e fo r th e p resen t t o p i tch o u r c a m p o n th e
b an k o f th e ri v er a s we a re F or I thi n k tha t th e e n e m y
b ei n g a s th ey a re m u ch i n feri or to u s i n i n fan try will
n o t dare t o p ass th e n ight n e ar u s an d t h e re fo re th ey
will p erm i t the arm y to cross th e ford wi th e ase at day
b reak
F or we s h al l th en p ass o v er b efo re th ey can p u t
t h em s el ves i n o rde r o f b attl e , 2 w
h er eas I d o n o t thi n k
th a t we c an n o w a tte m p t th e o p erati on wi t h o u t evi den t
r isk b e ca u se i t i s n o t p os s i b l e t o l ead t h e a r m y th ro u gh
t h e riv er wi th it s fro n t e x te n de d
B e s i de s it i s cl ear
t hat m a n y p ar ts o f th e s tre am a re d ee
p an d yo u see tha t
t h e se b an k s a re s te e p an d i n so m e p la c es ab ru t
Th ere
p
fo re th e e n em y s c av al ry b ei n g for m e d i n to a den s e
s uare w
ill atta ck u s as we e m e rge fr o m th e water in
q
b rok en ran k s an d in c o l u m n i n t he p la ce where we ar e
weak est A t the pr esen t j u n ctu re th e rs t repu ls e wou l d
b e di f c ul t t o ret ri eve a s well a s p erilo u s for the i s s u e o f

t he w
h ole war
B u t to thi s Alexan der rep li ed :
I r eco gn i se the force
-

'

'

Thi s

was a brigade of abou t

See L i vy , xxxvii 42
5'
t r ozpdc oaev
Th i s future i s u sed b y th e l ater w
ri ters for th e Attic
b7ro 0c oua u I t i s foun d h ow
ever i n Xen oph on
m en

Ai u a n gem
of

th es e

the H os tile Ar m i es

en t o

43

Parm en i o ; b ut I sh ou l d feel i t a
d i sg ra ce i f after cr o ssi n g t he H ellesp on t s o ea sily thi s
b roo k (for with s u ch an app ellation h e m ade ligh t o f
th e Gran i cu s sh o u l d b ar o ur p ass ag e for a m om en t
I
)
c on s i der th a t thi s w
o ul d b e in accor dan ce n ei th er w
ith
t he fa m e o f th e Ma ce do n i an s n o r wi th m
y o wn ea ger n es s
fo r en co u n teri n g da n g er
Mor eover I thi n k th at th e
P ersian s will r egai n c ou ra ge a s b e i n g a m atch i n war
for M a ced on i an s s i n ce u t o th e
p
p r e s en t t im e th ey ha v e
s u ffe r e d n o d efe at fro m
m e to w
a rran t th e fear th ey

e n te r tai n
ar

g um

e n t s,

C H AP TE R XIV
AR RANGE M ENT

H O STILE ARMI E s

or TH E

HAVI NG sp o k e n th u s h e sen t Par m en i o to com m an d u pon

t he l e ft wi n g wh il e h e l e d in p e rs o n o n th e ri gh t
An d
at th e h e a d o f t h e righ t w
i n g h e pla c ed th e followin g
o f c ers Phil o tas
so n o f Par m e n i o
with th e cavalry
C om p an i on s th e ar ch er s an d the Agrian ian j avelin m e n 3
an d Am
yn ta s so n o f Arrh a ba eu s wi th th e ca val ry carry
i n g th e l o n g p ik e th e P aeo n i an s an d th e s qu a dro n o f
S ocrat es wa s p oste d n ear Philo tas Cl os e t o th e s e were
p o s te d th e C o m p an io n s who were shi el d b eari n g i n fa n try
u n der t h e co m m an d o f N i c an o r so n o f P ar m e n i o
Next
to t h e s e th e b rig a de of Pe rd iccas s o n o f O ro n tes t h e n
th a t o f Coe n u s s o n o f Pol e m o c rat es t h en th at o f Cra te r u s 1
son o f Al e xa n de r an d th at o f Am
yn tas s on o f An d ro
m en e s
n ally th e m en c o m m an de d b y Philip son o f
A m yn ta s
The rst o n th e l eft wi n g were t he Th es
,

'

ki

Crateru s

was

on e o f

b est gen eral s

0 n th e death of th e
t o f M acedon i a an d Greece i n co n j u n c

Al e xan der

g h e recei ve d th e govern m en
t ion w
i th An tip a ter, w
h os e d augh ter h e
n

E um

en e s

m arri ed.

H e fell in battle agai n st

The An a ba si s of Alexa n der

44

l y co m m an de d by Calas son o f Harp al us ;

n ext t o th e s e
th e c aval ry o f th e Grec i an a lli es c o m
2
n ex t t o th e s e th e
au
s
en
e
Phili
M
l
f
m an d e d b
son o
;
p
y
3
h
i
g
a
h
o
Cl os e to th ese were
T rac a n s c o m m a n ded b y A t
th e i n fan try th e b rigades o f Crat eru s M el eager an d
Philip reachin g a s fa r as the cen tre of th e en ti re li n e
in n u m b er an d
Th e Persi an c av a lry were ab ou t
th ei r i n fan try c o n si s ti n g o f G rec i an m e r ce n ari e s fell a
li ttl e s h ort o f th e sam e n u m b er } They h ad exten ded
t hei r h or se al on g th e b an k o f th e r i ver i n a lo n g p h ala n x
an d h a d
p os t e d th e i n fa n try b ehi n d t h e ca val ry for t h e
g rou n d a bov e the b an k was steep an d co m m an din g
They al s o m ars h alle d den se s qu adro n s o f c aval ry u p on
th a t p ar t o f th e b an k wh e r e t h e y o b se rv ed Al exan de r
h i m sel f a d van ci n g a gai n s t the i r l eft win g ; fo r h e was
con spi c u ou s b o th b
y t h e b righ tn ess o f hi s ar m s an d b y
t h e resp ec tfu l serv i ce o f hi s at ten d an ts
B oth arm i es
s too d a l on g ti m e at
th e m argi n o f the r iver k ee p
i n g q u i e t from drea d o f th e re su l t an d pro fo un d s ilen ce
wa s ob served on bo th si des For t he Per si an s were
wai tin g till th e Mace don i an s sh ou l d step in to the water
wi th t he i n te n tion of attacki n g the m as the y em er ged
Al exan der l eap ed u p on h is s t eed o r derin g th os e ab o u t
him to fo ll o w an d exh o rti n g t h em t o sh o w th e m s el ves
v ali an t m en
H e th e n c o m m an d e d Am y n ta s son o f
Arrhab aeu s to m a k e th e rs t r u sh i n to th e r i ver a t th e
lian

sa

c av a r

,
.

Galas

was app oi nt ed Vic eroy

Ph ry gia
He con se u en tly to o n o
fur th er part i n Al exan der s cam p ai gn s after th i s
3
Al exan der h ad th ree gen eral s n am ed Ph ili p , tw
o of w
h om are m en
tion ed h ere as so n s o f Am y n t as an d M en el aus
Th e th ird w
as son o f
M ach atas , an d was left in In di a as Vi ceroy
3
Son o f Ty rim m as , w
as co m m an der of the 0 dry si an c avalr
See iii
y
1 2 i n fra
4
D i odorus ( xvii 1 9) says th at the Persi an cav alry n u m b ered
an d th eir in fan try
Both th ese n um bers are in accurate
We
n o wfrom
Arri a n (ch ap s 1 2 an d 1 3 ) th at th e Persi an i n fan tr was ia
y
ferior i n n u m ber to that o f Al exan der
of

'

D escrip ti on

the B a ttle

the Gra n i cus

45

h ead o f the ski rm i shi n g caval ry the Paeon ian s an d o n e

regi m en t o f i n fan try
an d in fro n t o f t h ese he had p lace d
P to lem y so n of Phili p in c om m an d of the s q uadron of
So crat es whi c h b o dy o f m e n in deed o n th at d ay h a
p
p en e d to ha ve the lead of all th e cavalry force He him
s e l f le d t h e
righ t w in g w i t h s o u n di n g of tr u m p e ts an d
1
the m en ra i si n g th e w
ar Cr
o E n aliu s
t
He en tere d
y
y
t he fo r d k ee p in g his li n e a l wa y s exten de d o b liq u ely i n
th e dir e cti on i n whi ch th e st re am ow ed in o rd e r tha t
th e P e rsi a n s m igh t n ot fa ll u p o n him o n th e an k a s h e
was em ergi n g fro m the water b u t that h e m igh t as far
a s p r act i ca b l e en c oun t er th em w
i th his ph alan x
,

'

CHAPTE R XV

D E SC RI PTION

or TH E

B ATTLE

or THE

Gs xm

c us

TH E

Pe r si an s b egan th e c on test by hurlin g m i ss iles fro m

ab o v e i n th e di recti on w
h ere th e m en of Am yn tas an d
Socra tes were th e rs t t o r eac h the b an k 3 so m e o f th em
Cas ti n g j a veli n s i n to th e r ive r from th ei r co m m an di n g
p o sitio n on th e b an k an d o thers stepp in g down al on g
th e a tte r p arts of i t t o th e v e ry e dge o f th e wa te r
Th en en s u e d a vi ol en t s tr u ggl e o n th e p art of the c av alry
the river an d on the
on th e o n e s i de to e m er ge fro m
Fr o m the Pers i an s there
o th er to p r even t th e l an di n g
was a ter ribl e dis charge o f darts ; b ut the Macedon i an s
Th e M acedo n i an s b ei n g far i n feri o r
fo u ght wi th s p ears
,

In H om er Ares is
ar go d
H om eric n am e for Mars th e w
H en ce th ey are m en
th e Tro an an d E n yali us th e Greci an war god

P
P
a
l
a
n
e
s
am
S
ee
A
r
i
s
t
o
h
a
tion e d as di eren t in
,
y s n o te on
p
(
ar cry t o Mars
As t o th e p racti ce of sh ou tin g th e w
H om er (vii
Th e Sch oli a st
b efore b attl e, see Xen oph on (An a b , i 8 , 1 8 ; v 2 ,
o p aean s , on e
on Thucy di d es ( i 50) says that th e Gree s u sed to sin g tw
fter i t
to M ars b efore b attl e, an other to Ap oll o a
9 di s ay var v = u3s ovum -dv
Cf Arri a n , iv 1 2 , 6 ; Xen ophon (An a b , i, 8 ,
1

Thi s i s

an

1 1 ; Res L aced
.

The An a ba si s

46

f Alexan der

b er sn ered s everely at th e rst on set b ecau se th ey

were ob liged t o defen d t h em s el ve s in t he river wh ere
th ei r foo ti n g wa s u n s teady a n d wh er e th ey were b el o w
the l ev el o f th ei r as sailan ts ; wh e re as th e Per sian s were
ghtin g fro m th e t o p o f th e b an k whi ch ga ve th e m an
a dvan ta g e e sp eci ally a s th e b est o f th e P e r si an h o r se had
Mem n on hi m self as well a s his son s
b een po s t ed th ere
were ru n n in g eve ry ri sk wi th the se an d th e Ma cedon ian s
who rs t c am e i n to co n i ct wi th t h e Persian s thou gh
n
exc e p t th o se
the y sh o we d gr ea t v alo ur were c u t do w
who r etrea ted to Alexan der wh o wa s n ow app roa chin g
For the ki n g wa s al rea dy n ear leadi n g wi t h him the
in g He m ade his r st assau lt u p on th e Persian s
righ t w
h ere th e wh ol e m ass of th e ir h orse an d
a t th e p l a c e w
t h e lea ders th em s e lv es wer e p os te d ; an d ar o u n d h im a
1
a
d
a
o
n
i
c
t
r
g
e
durin g wh i ch on e ran k of the
d esp er te c
Macedon i an s after an o th er easily k ep t on cro ssin g the
r i v er
Thou gh th ey fo u gh t on h o rs eb a ck it seem ed
i n fan t ry than a caval ry b attle ; for th ey
m or e lik e an
h or ses b e in g j am m ed wi t h
stru ggl e d for th e m a st ery
h ors e s an d m en with m en the Mac edo n i an s stri vi n g to
dri ve th e P ersian s en t irely a wa y from th e b an k a n d
t o fo r ce th e m in to t h e p l a i n an d t h e P e rsian s stri vi n g to
o b str u c t th ei r l an din g a n d t o p u s h t h em b ack a gai n i n to
th e ri v er
At la s t A l e xan der s m en b egan to gain t h e
a dv an tag e
b o th thro u gh t h ei r s u p eri or s tren g th an d
m ili tary di sci plin e a n d b ec au s e th ey fou gh t w
i th sp ear
sh afts m a d e of co rn e l w
oo d w
h ereas the Persian s u sed
on ly dar ts
The n i n d ee d Al exan der s s p ear b e in g b rok en to shi vers
in th e c on i c t h e a sk ed Areti s o n e o f th e royal g u ards
wh ose d u ty i t was to ass i s t the k in g to m ou n t his h or se
But t hi s m an s s p ear h ad al so b ee n
for an oth er s p ear
in

n um

'

vvewr xet h i m

Thi s i s

a com

from H erodo tus (i 7 4, et p a ssi m

.

m on

expressi on

wi th

Art ian , coPied

D efea t

the Per si a n s

47

hi vered whils t h e was in th e thick est of th e s truggl e an d

h e was c o n sp i cu o u s gh ti n g wi th th e h al f of hi s brok en
s p e ar
S ho win g thi s to Alex an der h e b ade h i m ask
so m e o n e
el se for o n e
Th en D em arat u s a m an o f
C orin th on e of his p erson a l C o m p an i on s gave him his
ow
n s p ear ; w
hich he ha d n o soon er tak en than seein g
Mithri dates the s on in lawof D ari u s ri di n g far in fron t
o f th e o th e rs an d l e a di n g w
ith h i m a b ody of cavalry
ar ran g e d lik e a w
e d g e h e r o de o n in fr o n t o f th e o th er s
an d hi t ti n g at t h e fa ce o f Mi th r ida t e s w
i th his sp ear
s tr u c k hi m
t o t h e gr o u n d
B u t h ere u p o n Rh oesa ces
ro de u
p t o Al ex an der an d hi t hi m o n t he h ea d wi t h his
sci m itar b re aki n g o ff a p iece o f h i s h el m e t
B u t th e
h el m et b rok e the force of the b l o w Thi s m an al so
Al exan der s t ru c k t o th e gro u n d hi tti n g him i n th e
ch es t th ro ugh t h e b r eas tp l a te w
i th his lan ce An d n o w
Spithridat es fro m b e hin d had al read y rai s ed al o ft his
sci m i tar a g ain s t th e ki n g w
h en Clitu s son of D ropidas
an ti c i a te d h i s b l o w an d hi tti n g h i m o n th e arm
cu t i t
p
1
M ean ti m e th e h orse m en as m an y
off sc i m itar a n d all
as w
k ep t on s ecu rin g a lan di n g all down the
ere ab l e
ri ver an d w
ere j o i n i n g Alexan der s forc es
s

,
,

'

'

'

CH AP TE R XVI
D E FE AT

or THE

PE RSIANS LO SS
.

ON

B O TH S I DE S

P ersi an s t h em selves a s well a s th eir h o rses were

n o w b ei n g s tru c k o n
t h ei r fac es w i th th e la n c e s fro m
They
all s i de s an d w
er e b e i n g re p u l s ed b y th e c a val ry
al so re c ei v e d m u ch da m a g e from th e ligh t arm e d tro op s
who were m in gl ed with th e cavalry Th ey rs t b e gan
to gi ve way wh e re Al exan der hi m s el f wa s b rav i n g dan ger
Wh en th eir ce n tre ha d giv en way the
in th e fron t
TH E

Plu tarch ( Alex

1 6)

D i odorus

( xvii

The An a basi s

48

Alexa n der

wi n gs were a l so n a tu rally b ro ken throu gh

f
h
e Pe rsi an c ava l ry o n ly
t
O
an d too k t o s e e dy igh t
p
ab ou t
were kill e d ; fo r Al exan der did n o t p u rs ue
th e m fa r b u t tu rn e d asi de t o a t tack th e G r ee k m e rc en
h om wa s s till r em ai n in g where
a ri es th e m a i n b o d y o f w
Thi s t h ey di d ra th er fro m a m a z e
i t wa s p os ted a t rst
m en t a t t he u n exp ect ed r es u l t of th e s tru ggl e t han fro m
an
Leadin g t he ph alan x a gai n st
y s tea dy res o l u ti on
t hese an d o r de rin g th e caval ry to fall u p on th e m fro m
a ll s i des in th e m i ds t h e soo n c u t t h e m u
p so that n on e
o f th e m
e sca ed ex ce t s u c h a s m igh t h av e co n ce al ed
p
p
the m s el ve s a m on g th e de a d b o di e s
Ab ou t
were
t ak e n p ri son ers l
Th e follo wi n g l ea ders o f the P ers ian s
al s o fell i n th e b at tle : Ni phat es
P eti n es Spithridates
v i ceroy o f Ly di a
M i throb uz an es g overn or o f C app a
d o cia Mi th r ida tes th e son i n la w o f D a ri us Arb u pale s
so n of D a ri u s th e s on o f Artaxe rxe s Ph arn aces b ro th er
o f th e w
ife of D ariu s 2 an d On ares co m m an de r of the
a u xili aries
Arsit es ed fro m th e b attl e i n t o Phrygia
where he is repo rted to have co m m itted su i ci de b eca use
h e wa s deem ed b y the Pers ian s th e ca u se o f t heir d efeat
o n tha t o c cas i o n
Of t he M a ced on i an s ab out t we n ty ve o f th e Com
p an i on s were kill ed at th e rs t o n set b ra z en s tatu es o f
wh om were ere cte d at D iu m 3 execu te d b y Ly sip p us 4 at
h ors e

b o th

on

D i odorus

fan try
m a de
2

( xvii

wer e kill ed

pri son ers

21 )

an

says

th at

th an

m ore

cavalry

of

; an d th at

m o re

th e Persi an in

were

th an

Her n am e was Statira

An i m p o rtan t city in M acedon i a
.

tem pl e
4

of

Z eu s

Lysippu s

Non e

of

hi s

of

on

th e Therm

ai c

Sicyon

works rem

was on e of the m

ain

i n asm

u ch as

ost

th ey

fa m

o us o f

gulf ,

n am ed after

Gree

statu ari es

were all execu ted in

bron z

Al exan der p ub li sh ed an edi ct th at n o on e sh o uld p ain t h is p ortrai t b ut

Apell es , an d that n o on e sh oul d m a e a statue o f h im bu t Lysip us
p
Wh en M etell u s con quered M acedon i a, h e rem oved thi s group o f bron z e

statues

xxxi v

to Rom

e,

to decorate hi s

Vellei us Pa terculus (i

wn

p orti co

See Pli n y (Na t H i st

.

Los s

Alexan de r

s o rd e r

B oth Sides

on

Th e

49

y als o executed a
s ta t ue o f Al exan de r hi m s el f b e i n g ch o sen b
y him fo r
th e wo rk in p refe r en ce t o all oth er ar ti s ts
Of the othe r
c avalry o v e r si xty w
e re s la i n
an d o f th e i n fan try ab o u t
thi r ty 1
Th es e were b u ri ed b y Alexan de r t he n ext day
t o ge th er wi th th ei r arm s an d o th e r dec ora ti o n s
To
t heir p are n ts an d chil dren h e g ran t e d exem p ti on fr om
i m posts o n a gric u ltu ral p rodu ce an d he r el ieved th em
from all p e rso n al s er vi ces an d taxe s u p o n p ro p erty
He
al so exhi b i te d g reat soli c i tu de i n r egard to th e w
o un de d
fo r h e hi m s elf v i si te d each m an l oo ke d at th eii wo un ds
an d in q u i re d how an d i n t h e p e rfo rm a n ce o f w
ha t duty
th ey h a d rec ei ve d th e m al lo w
in g th em both to sp eak an d
b ra g o f th eir o wn de e ds
H e al so b u rie d t he P ers ian
c o m m an de rs an d t he G reek m e rc e n ar i es w
h o were kill e d
ghtin g o n t he s i de of the e n e m y B ut as m an y of th em
as he to o k p r i so n e rs h e b ou n d i n fe tters an d s en t th e m
aw
ay t o M ace d o n i a t o till th e s o il b e cau se tho u gh th e y
were Gre ek s the y were ghti n g again st Greece o n b ehalf
o f t h e fo reig n er s i n o
p posi ti on to th e d ecrees whi c h the
Greek s ha d m a de in t hei r fe dera l cou n cil 2 To Athen s
al so h e s e n t 3 0 0 su i ts o f P e rs ian
arm ou r to b e hun g u
p
i n the A cr o poli s 3 a s a vo ti ve o fferi n g to Athe n a an d
o r der e d t hi s i n s cri p ti o n
t o b e xe d o ver th em :
Al ex
an der
exc ep t th e
a n d a ll th e G re ek s
s on
o f Phili p
Laceda emon i an s p res en t thi s o fferin g fro m th e s p oil s

tak en fro m th e foreig n er s i n ha bi ti n g A s i a

.

s am e

s ta tu a r

'

Who

As
,

m o st o f

accordi n

to Arri a n h i m

th e i n fa n try

on

th e Persi an

g to P lu ta rch , fou gh t
self, all th e i n fa n try

si de

were Grecian

with de sp erate valou r

were kill ed excep t

m ercen ari es ,

an

d,

accordi n

th e

n um

ber

Alexan der s slain m u st h ave b een l arger th an Arri an h ere state s

2
At Cori n th ;
336
3 F
as o ften call ed si m p ly
or th e fact t h at th e Acrop o l i s of Ath en s w
An tip hon
An a b vii 1 ,
po ll s, see Thu cy di de s , i i 1 5 ; Xen oph on (
of

(1 46

2)

Ari stoph an es (E qui tes ,

1 093 ; L ysi s tra ta ,

-

The An a ba si s

Alexa n der

CH AP TE R XVII
ALEXAND E R I N S ARDIS AND E PH E S U S
H AVIN G app oi n ted C alas t o th e p ost o f v i ceroy of th e
t erri to ry whi ch ha d b e en u n de r th e ru l e o f Ars ites an d
h avin g c o m m a n ded th e in h a bita n ts t o p ay to h im th e
hi ch th ey h ad paid t o D ari u s h e o rdere d
s a m e trib u te w
a s m an y o f th e n atives as c a m e do w
n fro m th e m o un tai n s
a n d s u rre n dere d to h i m t o d e ar t to th ei r se ve ral ab o d es
p
He al so a c qu i tted th e p eo p l e o f Z el eia 1 o f b l am e b e cau se
he k n ew th ey h ad b een co m pell ed t o a ssi st th e P ers i an s
i n th e war
He the n des p at ch ed Par m en io to oc cu p y
D as cyliu m 2 whi ch h e ea s ily p erform e d fo r th e garri son
evacu a te d i t
He him self a dvan ced to ward s S ardis an d
when h e wa s ab ou t 7 0 stades 3 di s tan t fro m that city he
was m et b y M ithrin es th e co m m an dan t o f the garri son
i n th e Acrop o li s ac co m p an i ed b y th e m os t i n uen ti al (if
th e ci tiz e n s of S ardi s
The l a tter s u rren dered th e ci ty
i n to his h an ds an d M ithrin es th e fo rtr es s an d th e m on ey
l a i d u p in i t
Alexan der en cam p e d n ear th e r iver H er
4
m us
which is ab ou t t wen ty stades 6 di stan t from S ardi s
b u t h e s en t Am yn tas son o f An dro m en es t o oc c u p y th e
6
c ita de l o f S ardis
H e t oo k M ith rin e s with hi m treat
in g h i m wi th h o n o u r ; an d gran te d th e S ar dia n s an d
o th er Ly dian s th e
p ri v il e g e o f en j oyin g the an ci en t laws
an d
of Ly di a
H e th en
p e rm i t ted th em t o b e free
a s cen de d in to th e cita de l w
hi ch wa s garri son e d by the
Persi an s An d th e p o si tio n s eem ed to h im a stron g on e ;
fo r i t wa s very l o fty pre cip i to u s o n e very sid e a n d
fen ced ro un d b y a tri p le wall
H e th erefore r e so lv ed to
.

A ci ty at th e foot of Moun t Ida

3
3
A city of Bithyn ia , on the Prop on tis
Ab ou t eigh t m il es
4 Thi s ri ver
ows through Ph rygi a an d L ydi a, an d fall s in to th e gul f
It s presen t n am e i s Rodu s-Ch ai
of Sm yrn a
See Vergil ( Georg ,
Si li ue , i 1 5 9 ; Cla udian (R ap tus Proserp i n a e,
5 Nearl
o -an d a h al f m il es
y tw
.

For a descrip tion

of

th is fortress,

see

H erod otus . i 8 4
.

Alexan der i n Sar di s

build

te m

d Ep hes us

an

pl e t o the Olym p ian Z eu s

51

hill an d to
erect an a l tar in i t
b u t whil e he was c on si deri n g whic h
p ar t of the b ill was th e m ost s ui tab l e site su dden ly a
wi n t er st orm aro se th o u gh i t wa s t h e s u m m er season
l o u d cla p s o f thun der were heard an d rai n fell on the
s p ot w
h e re th e p al ace o f th e ki n g s of Ly dia h a d s too d
F ro m thi s Alexan der th ou ght th at the deity h ad reveal ed
to h im wh e r e th e t e m p l e t o Z eu s ou gh t to b e b uil t a n d
h e gav e or ders a cco r din gly
He le ft Pau s a n ias, o n e o f
th e C o m p an i o n s t o b e s u p eri n ten de n t o f the c i ta del o f
S ar di s Nici as t o s u p er vi se th e colle c ti on of the tri bu te
an d taxes a n d Asan de r s o n o f Philot as t o b e s u erin
p
t en den t o f Ly di a a n d th e r e st o f the do m i n i o n o f Spi th r i
da tes gi vi n g him a s l ar ge a n u m b er o f caval ry an d
light arm ed in fan try as seem ed su i cien t for p resent
e m erg en ci es
He al so sen t C al as an d Alexan der son of
A ero pu s i n to th e co un try o f M em n on 1 in co m m an d o f
t he P e l o p on n esi an s an d m o s t o f th e o th er G rec ian alli e s ,
exce p t th e Argi ves w
h o ha d b een l eft b ehi n d to g uard
th e c i ta d e l o f S a rdi s
Mean tim e wh en the n e ws of the caval ry bat tl e was
h o fo rm ed th e
s p read ab ro a d th e G re ci an m e r ce n ar i es w
ga rri son of Ep h es u s seiz ed two o f th e Ephes ian tri
igh t Th ey were accom pan i ed
an d s e t
r e m es
o ff i n
2
h
w
o h a d e d fro m
n ti ochu s
A
A
m
n
as
on
of
by
t
s
y
Al exan der o u t o f Ma cedo n i a n o t b ecau s e h e ha d re cei ve d
w
t o hi m a n d
i
ill
ill
h
an
n j u ry fro m
t
e k i n g b u t fro m
y
thin ki n g it n o t u n lik ely tha t h e sh o u ld su ffe r s o m e ill
On
t reatm en t from him (on a c co u n t o f his d is lo yal ty )
t he fo u rth day Al exa n de r a rri ve d a t E ph esus wh e re
h e recalle d fro m e xil e a ll t he m en who ha d b een b an i shed
a

th e

on

hi s broth er Men tor as govern or for th e

See D i odorus, xvii 7
Persi an in g of th e territory n ear th e H ell esp on t
9 Th i s m an t oo
ith D ari u s , an d di sti n gui sh e d h im self at th e
refuge w
H e m et wi th
See Pl utarch ( Alena , 2 0 ) C u rttu s , ii i 28
b attl e of I s sue
6 an d 1 3 ; B i od , xvii 48
hi s death soon after in E gyp t See Arrian ,
1

Mem

n on

h ad

su cceede d

The An a basis

52

f Alexa n der

ity on accoun t of th ei r adh ere n ce to hi m ;

h e es tabli sh e d a
an d h avi n g b rok en u p th e o ligarc hy
H e al so ordere d
dem ocrati ca l fo rm o f g o v ern m en t th ere
1
s
A
r
t
em
all th e tribu te
Ep
h
i
i
t
e
t
o
i
th e
es an s to c on tr b u
whi ch th ey were in th e hab i t o f p ayin g t o the Persian s
W hen the people o f Eph esu s were relieved of th ei r
d rea d o f th e oligarch s the y ru sh e d h ead lon g t o kill
t h e m en w
h o h ad b ro ught Me m n on in to th e ci ty as
al so th os e w
ho h ad p illa g ed th e t e m p le of Ar te m i s an d
n th e s ta t u e o f Phili p w
hi ch
those who h ad thro wn do w
was in th e t em pl e an d tho se who had dug u p an d carri ed
off from
th e to m b i n th e m a rk e t p lace th e b on es of
Hro pyth us th e l ibe ra to r o f t he i r ci ty
They also led
Syrph ax an d hi s s o n P ela go n an d th e son s of Syrph ax s
b ro thers o u t of th e t em pl e an d s ton e d th e m to death
But Alexan der p re ven ted th e m m aki n g an y fur th er qu es t
reaki n g
of th e r es t o f t h e oligar ch s for th e p u rp os e of w
th ei r ven g ea n ce u p o n th em ; fo r h e k n ew th at if th e
p eopl e were n ot ch eck ed th ey wo u ld kill the i n n ocen t
i th the gu il ty so m e fro m hatred an d o th ers for
al on g w
t he sak e o f seizi n g th e i r p ro p er t
hi
A
t
t
s ti m e Al ex
y
an der g ai n e d g r e at
p o p ul ari ty b o th b y h is ge n eral co urse
h at h e did at Eph es us
o f acti on an d e sp eci ally b y w
from

th e

CHAPTE R XVIII
ALE XANDE R MARC HE S I O MILE T U S AND Occn rm
.

'

or

M EN

no

wcam e

LAD

t o h im b o th fro m

s TH E

ISLAND

Magn esi a 3

an

d Trall e s ,

Th e tem ple of Ar tem i s at E p h esus h ad been burn t dow

n by Hero
hi ch Al exan der wa s born ( Oct 1 3 1 4,
stratu s i n th e n i gh t o n w
a s b ein g res tored b
an d at th is tim e w
y th e oi n t efforts o f th e Ion ian
H eropyth u s an d Syrph ax are n ot m en tion ed
See Stra bo, xiv 1
ci ties
1

by

an y o th er

writers

as th e Cari an M a gn esi a , s itu a ted on th e L eth aeu s, a tribu tar

Th i s w
y
Trall es w
as on th e E udo n
of th e Maean der
, an oth er tributary of the
70
Maean der See Ju ren a l ,
2

Alexa n der M a rches to M i letus

o ffer n

i g

to

der th os e

53

i ti es ; an d to th e m he s en t
Parm en i o gi vin g him
i n fan try fro m th e Greci an
au xili ari es an e q ual n u m b er o f M ace do n i an s an d a
b ou t
2 00 o f th e C avalry C o m p an i o n s
H e a l s o s en t Ly si
m a ch a s s o n o f A ga t h o cl es 1 w
ith an e q u al force t o t h e
Aeo li c c i ti es 2 a n d to as m an y o f t he I o n i c ci ti es 3 a s we re
st ill u n der th e P er s ian s
He was o rdere d t o b reak u p
th e o liga rchi e s e v e ry wh e re t o s e t u
p th e d e m o c ra ti c al
fo rm o f g o v er n m e n t t o r es to r e th ei r o wn l a ws to e ac h
o f th e c i ti e s
an d to re m i t t h e t r ibute w
hi ch t hey were
a c c u s to m e d to
B u t Al exan d er
p ay t o t h e fo reig n er s
hi m s el f re m ai n ed b ehin d at E ph es u s wh ere h e o ffe re d a
S a c ri ce t o Ar tem i s an d c o n d u c te d a p ro c e s si on in h er
h on ou r wi th t h e wh o l e o f h is ar m y f ully ar m ed an d
4
m ars h all e d fo r b at tle
O n th e fo ll o wi n g d ay h e t o o k t he r es t o f hi s i n fan try
th e arch e rs t h e A gri an ian s t h e T h ra ci an c ava l ry th e
roy al s q u a d ro n
of
t h e C o m pan i on s
an d t h ree o th e r
s q uad r o n s i n
a dd i ti o n
a n d se t o ut for Mile tu s
A t hi s
rs t ass a ult h e c ap t u red t hat whi ch wa s called the o u ter
c i ty ; for th e g arr iso n h a d ev a c u a te d i t
The re b e eu
ca m
p e d an d reso l ve d t o b l o ck a d e t h e i n n er c i ty ; for
H egesi s tratu s t o wh o m t h e k in g D ari us h ad en tru s ted
t h e c o m m an d o f th e ga rri s o n i n Mil e tu s k ep t o n sen d i n g
s u rren

Ly s i m

Sicily

wa s

ach u s

He

was

of m ean

on e o f

Al exan der s

th e b attle

L ysi m
2
,

achus

of

C orus ,

n um

Thi rt een i n

im p ortan ce
4
Fo r th e

Ael ian

in

achus ,

as d efeated an d sl ain by Seleu cus

year h e w
28 1
Sin ten i s was th e rst t o su b s titute
.

th e

rea di n

of

th e M SS

i n tervi ewof Al exan der

H is tor i c , ii

cel ebrate d

( Var i a

Cf

1 51
See H erod o tus , i 1 49
hi ch M i letu s an d E p h e su s
b er, of w

ber

n um

se e

a serf

H e u lti m ately
great p art o f Asi a M in or
do m i n ion s o f Alexan der i n addi ti on to Asi a

ei gh tieth

for An ti m

E leven i n

con

o b tai n ed a

t h e E u rop ean

M in or ; bu t i n h i s
at

h i s fath er h avin g b een

den ti al bo dy gu ards , an d on th e
great in g o b ta in ed Th race as h i s p orti on of th e dis
In con u n cti on w
ith Sele u cu s h e w
on th e ba ttl e of
p ir e

death of th e
m em b ered em
Ip su s, by w
hi ch h e
ac ui red a ll

origi n

vi .

28 i n fra

wi th

were th e chief in

Ap elles

at

E p h esus,

54

The An a ba sis

Alexan der

l e tters b efore thi s to Alexan de r offe ri n g to s urre n der

M ile tus to him
B u t th e n h a vi n g rega i n ed hi s co u ra g e
from the fa c t tha t th e Per sian eet was n o t far o ff h e
B
ut
m a de u
i
h
s m i n d to p re s erv e t h e c i ty for D ari u s
p
N i can o r th e co m m an der of th e Gre cian ee t an ti ci pat ed
t h e Per si an s b y saili n g i n to t he p o rt o f Mil e t u s t hr ee
day s b efore t h ey ap p roa ch e d ; an d with 1 6 0 s hi p s h e
a n ch o re d a t t he i slan d o f L a de w
hich l ies n e a r Mile tu s 1
The Persian sh i ps arri vi n g t o o l ate a n d t he adm i ral s
di sco veri n g th a t Nican o r had occ u p ie d th e an cho ra ge
at L ade b e fo re th em
th e y t oo k m oo ri n g s n ear Mou n t
M ycale 2 Alexan der had fo res talle d th em in s eiz i n g the
i s la n d n ot on ly by m oo rin g hi s s hip s n ear i t b u t a lso by
t ran sp or tin g i n to i t t he Thra cian s a n d a b o u t
o f th e
o th e r au xilia ry troo p s
Th e s hi p s o f th e fo r e ig n e rs were
,

'

b o u t 4 0 0 in

n um

b er

N o twi th s tan din g t he s u p er io ri ty o f th e P ersi an eet

Parm e n i o advi s e d Alexan der t o gh t a s ea battle, ex
pectin g th a t th e G ree k s wou l d b e v i c tori o u s wi th their
eet b o th fo r o ther reason s an d esp ecially b ecau se an
o m en from th e d ei ty m a de hi m
c o n de n t o f th e r es ult ;
fo r an eagl e h a d b een se en s i tti n g upo n th e sh ore,

3
o p osi te
t
h
em s o f
e
s
t
A
l
e
x
an
d
r
s
s
h
i
p
e
s
H e al so
p
u r e d th a t i f th e y w
o n th e b attl e , t h e y w
o u l d r eap a
g
g reat a dvan tage from it i n re gard t o th ei r m ai n obj ec t in

t he war a n d if th ey were b ea ten th eir defea t wo ul d n o t

,

o f an

be

great

was

Pers i an s
h eld th e s o vereign ty o f th e sea He added that he was
willi n g to go o n b oard the eet hi m sel f an d to s h are the
dan ger
Ho we ver Al exa n der repli ed th at Parm en io was
y

m o m en

fo r

ev en

as

it

th e

Cf H erodotus , vi 7

497
3

Here th e Persi an s des troye d th e Ion ic

F am

o us

for th e

v ictory

47 9
th e Persian s,
Cf Vergil ( Aen eid , vi
.

n ot e

over
3

eet

won

n ear

i t by L eoty chi des

an

d Xan thi pp us

Obvertun t p elago p roras

See C on in gton s

Si ege

an

d Cap tu re

istak en in his

f Mi letu s

55

ju dgm en t a n d did n o t explain the sign

ac co rdi n g to p ro b ab ili ty
Fo r i t wo u l d b e rash for hi m
wi th a fe w shi p s to gh t a b attle a gai n st a e et far m ore
n
n u m er o u s t h a n hi s o w
an d w
i th hi s u n practi sed n aval
forc e to con ten d a gai n s t th e di s ci pli n ed eet o f th e
Cypri an s an d Ph oen ician s B esi des he did n ot wi sh t o
d eli v er over t o th e foreig n ers on so u n s tab l e an el em en t
th e a dvan tage whi ch th e Macedo n i an s d eriv ed from th ei r
s kill an d co u ra g e ; an d i f t h ey w
er e b e at en in th e sea
b a ttl e th ei r d e feat wo u l d b e n o s m all hin dran ce to t hei r
n al su ccess in th e war b oth for o th er reason s an d
b ecau se th e Greek s b ei n g an i m at ed with
es p ecially
s of hi s n aval defe a t w
o u l d a tt em pt t o
c o u ra ge at th e n e w
Takin g all th es e thi n g s i n to co n
e ffec t a r e v o l u ti on
h e decl ared t hat he did n o t thi n k th a t i t was
s i dera ti o n
gh tin g a s ea ba ttle ; a n d fo r his
a s u i tab l e t i m e for
a diere n t w
a
ar t h e ex p o u n de d th e d i v i n e o m e n in
y
p
He a dm i tted that th e eagl e was i n his fav o u r ; b u t as i t
was s een s it ti n g o n th e l an d it seem e d t o hi m rather to
b e a sig n th at h e sh o u l d ge t the m a s te ry o ver th e P ersia n
eet by defea ti n g thei r arm y on l a n d
m

CH AP TER XIX
AND C APTU RE o r M I LE TU S
.

S I EGE
AT thi s ti m

Glau c ippu s,

on e o f

th e

bl e

m os t n ota

m en

in

Miletu s was sen t o u t to Alexan der by t h e p eople a n d

th e G r e ci an m e rce n ar ie s t o who m ra the r than t o t he
n
h ad b een en tru ste d to t ell h i m that
ci tiz e n s t h e to w
th e M iles ian s we r e willi n g to m ak e t he ir wall s a n d
h arb o u r s 1 fre e to hiui an d t he P ers ian s in co m m o n an d
u d rai se t h e s i eg e
o n t hes e t er m s t o de m a n d th at h e s ho l
i th o ut
B ut Al exa n d e r o rdered Glau c ippus to dep art w
d el ay i n to th e ci ty a n d t ell th e ci tiz en s t o p rep are fo r
,

S tra bo ( xi v 1 )
.

say s

th at M ile tus h ad four h arbours

56

The An a basi s

Alexa n der

b attl e at dayb reak He th en s tati on ed hi s m ili tary

en gi n es n ear the w
all an d h a vin g in a s h ort ti m e p artly
b r ok en a n d p ar tly sh ak en d own a l arg e p iec e o f i t h e
led hi s ar my n ear th at th e m en m igh t en ter wh ere ver
The Persi an s
th e w
all h a d b een th row
n or sh ak en
n do w
1
from M y cale were follow
i n g c l os e u p on t h e m a n d c o u l d
In
a l m ost see t h ei r fri en ds an d alli es b ei n g b e si eg e d
th e m ean ti m e Ni c an or ob serv in g fro m Lade Al exan der s
c o m m e n ce m e n t o f t he a ttac k
b eg an to s ail i n to th e
h arb our of Miletu s rowin g al on g th e sh ore ; an d m oori n g
h is tri rem es a s c lo se as p o s sibl e t og eth er wi th th ei r
prows facin g th e en em y acros s the n arrowest p ar t of the
m o u th o f the h arb o u r he s hu t o ff th e Pe rs ian e e t from
the p ort an d m ad e it i m p ossib l e fo r th e P ers i an s to give
s u c co ur to th e Mil e s i an s
Th en th e Ma c e don i an s fro m a l l
si de s pr ess ed cl o s e u p on
th e ci tiz e n s an d th e Gr eci an
m er cen ar i es w
ho took to igh t ; so m e of th e m c astin g
th em sel ves i n to th e s ea oat e d al on g u pon t h eir shi el ds
wi th th e h ollow u p war ds t o an u n n am ed i slet which
li es n ear th e ci ty ; oth ers getti n g i n t o th eir skiffs an d
h a sten i n g t o get th e s tart o f th e Ma ce don i an t ri re m es
were cap tured by them at the m o u th of the harbo u r
Bu t the m aj o rity of them were sl ai n in t h e c i ty i tsel f
As oon as Al e xan der h ad go t p o s s e ssi on of th e c ity h e
sail e d a gain st thos e w
h o h a d ed fo r refu ge i n to th e
i sl an d ; orderi n g the m en to carry l adde rs u p on the
p ro ws of th e trirem es wi th the in ten ti on o f e e ctin g a
l an din g al on g the cliffs o f th e i slan d a s on e woul d m ou n t
a w
all
B ut wh en h e saw that the m en o n th e i s lan d
were resolved to r u n ev ery r isk h e was m ov ed wi th pi ty
for th em b eca u se th ey a pp eared to hi m b o th b rave an d
l oyal ; wh erefor e h e m ade a tru ce with t h em on the
co n di ti o n th at they w
o ul d s erve a s h i s sol di e r
Th ese
a

on apr ovr w
m
vi ii

1 91 )

Th i s

word

is

rare

Ap ollon i us R hodi us, i 201

.

in prose

See H om

er

(Ili ad

Si ege
e c ian

an d

Cap ture

were

f Miletus

57

b ou t 3 0 0 i n n um b er He
aw
i se pardon ed all the ci ti z en s of Miletu s who had
a p e d d eath in th e cap tur e o f th e c i ty an
d he gran te d
:m
th ei r fr eedo m
l h e foreig n ers u sed to s tart fro m My cel e ev ery da
y
l sail u p to the Greci an eet hO p in g to i n d uce th em t o
ept th e ch allen g e an d com e fo rth to a battl e
; b ut
i n g th e n igh t t h ey u s ed t o m oor th ei r vessel s n ear
c al e w
hi ch was an i n con v en i e n t s tati on b ecau se th ey
re u n d e r th e n ec essi ty o f f e t chin g w
at e r fro m
th e
1
n th o f th e ri ver Ma ean de r a g reat W
l
a
f
f
o
A
exan der
y
ir de d th e h arb o ur o f Mil e tu s wi th h is s hi s i n order
p
oreven t th e foreig n ers fro m fo r c i n g a n en tran ce an d at
;
sam e t i m e h e sen t Phil o tas to M c al e i n c om m an d of
y
cavalry an d th ree regi m e n t s o f i n fa n try w
, i th i n s tru o
1 8 t o p r ev en t the m en i n th e shi s from l an di n g
Ac
p
di n gly th ey b ei n g throu gh th e s carci ty of fresh w ater
l o f th e o th er n ecess ari e s o f li fe as g oo d a s b esi eged
th e i r shi p s sail ed awa y t o S am os w
h ere furn i shi n g
mselv es wi th food th ey s ail e d b ac k a gai n to M il etu s
3y th en drew u p m os t of t h ei r sh i p s in fron t o f th e
bou r o n th e deep sea wi th t h e h o p e tha t they m ight
:c m e w
a
y o r o th er i n du ce th e M a c edo n ian s t o co m e
in to the o pen sea Fiv e of t h ei r ship s sailed i n to
r oa dstead w hi ch la
y b et wee n th e i slan d of L ade an d
cam p e xp ec ti n g to s u r ri se Al e xan de r s shi p s w
hil e
p
) ty o f th eir crew
s ; fo r t h ey h a d a sce rtain e d th at t h e
ors fo r th e m os t p art w
e re di sp erse d from
th e shi p s
e t o g ath er fu el
o the r s t o coll ect p rovi si on s
an d
2
am b ei n g arran g e d i n for agi n g
ar ti es
An d i n dee d
p
ere ab sen t ;
a p en ed t h at a n u m b er o f t h e s ail or s w
p
as s o o n a s Al exan der o b se r v ed th e ve P e rsi an ship s
in g t o wards him h e m a n n ed ten sh i ps wi th the sa ilors
m ercen ar es

'

dil etu s l ay n early ten m iles south o f th e m ou th of th e M aean der

L sim il ar stratagem w
as us ed by L ysan der at Aego spo tam i , B o 405
.

( en oph on

(H ell en i cs

ii

The An a ba si s

58

f Alexa n der

who happ en e d to b e a t h an d
i th o rde rs
s pe ed a ga i n st t h e m w

an

wi th

t the m

se n

all

k p ro w to p ro w
No soo n er di d t h e m en in the ve P e rs ian s hi ps see th e
Mace don ian s b eari n g u p a ga i n st th e m co n tra ry to th ei r
h
t
an th ey i m m e di a tely ta ck e d ab o u t th o u gh
e x ec ta ti o n
p
H o weve r th e
fa r o ff an d ed t o th e re s t o f the i r e e t
l
i
iler was capt ured
i
a
an
s
n o t b ein g a fa s t sa
s h p o f th e I ss
i n t he igh t m e n a n d all ; b u t th e o th er fo ur s u cc e eded i n
After thi s the P e rsian s
n t ri re m e s
e s capi n g to th ei r o w
itho u t e ffecti n g an y thin g
s ail e d a w
ay from Mil e tu s w
to

a ttac

CH APTE R XX

ABO RTI VE ATTACK ON

H AL ICARNASSU S
M Y ND U S
AEEXAN DE R n o w reso l v ed to disb an d his ee t partly from
l ac k o f m o n e y at the ti m e an d p ar tly b ecau se h e saw
th a t his o wn e et wa s n o t a m a tch i n b a ttl e fo r that o f
On th i s a ccou n t h e a s un willin g to r un
the P er si an s
B es i de s
th e r is k o f l o si n g e v e n a p ar t o f his ar m am e n t
h e c o n si de red th a t n o wh e was occ upyin g Asia wi th his
l an d fo rce h e wo ul d n o lo n ger be i n n ee d of a eet ;
o u l d b e a b l e t o b r e ak u p th a t o f th e
a n d th a t h e w
Persian s if h e cap tu red the m ariti m e ci tie s ; si n ce th ey
wou ld n ei th e r h ave an y p or ts fro m whic h th ey co u ld
r ec r u i t th ei r c re w
s n or an
y h ar bou r i n As i a to which
Thu s h e exp la i n ed the om en
th ey c o u l d b ri n g th eir shi p s
o f th e e agl e t o sig n ify th at h e s h o ul d ge t th e m as te ry
o ve r th e e n e m y s shi p s b
A fter doin g
y h is lan d fo rce
t hi s he s e t fo r th i n to C ari a 2 b e ca u s e i t wa s r e po rte d

S I E GE

or

Iassu s

was a city in

Caria

on

th e I assian Gul f, foun ded by th e Argi ves

by th e Milesian s
2
est an gl e o f Asia Min or
Cari a form ed th e sou th w
Th e Gree s
ere em igran ts from Crete
ass er te d th at th e C ari an s w
We learn from

an

d furth er

colo n i z ed

Thucydides an d H ero do tus th at th ey

rul ers
Th ey form ed th e b o dy guard o f
th e th ron e an d s too d in n eed of foreign m
-

en

tered th e

servi ce

of

qu een Athaliah wh o h ad
,

ercen aries.

Th e

foreign
u su rp ed

word tran slated

Aborti ve Atta ck
'

on

Myn dus

59

i derabl e force bo th o f foreign ers an d of Greci an

au xili ari es
ha d coll e cte d i n H alic a rn as su s 1
Havin g
tak en all th e c i ties b e tween Mile tu s an d H ali carn as s u s
a s s oon a s he app roa ch e d th e m
h e en cam ped n ear th e
la t ter ci ty at a di stan ce from i t o f ab out ve s tade 2 as
i f h e exp ected a l o n g si ege
For the n atu ral p osi ti on o f
th e p la ce m a de i t s tron g
here ver th ere seem ed to
an d w
b e a n y de ci en cy i n s ec ur ity i t h a d b een e n ti rely s u ppli e d
l on g b efo re by M e m n on wh o was t h ere i n p erson havi n g
n o w b ee n p roclai m e d b
e r Asi a
y D ar i u s g overn or o f lo w
an d co m m a n der of th e e n tir e ee t
Man y Grecian m er
cen e ry s o ldi ers had b een l eft in th e ci ty as w
ell as m an y
Pers ian troops ; the t ri re m es a lso were m oored in t he
h arb o ur s o th a t th e sail o rs m igh t r e n der him valuab l e
aid i n th e o p erati on s
O n th e rst day o f the s i ege
while Alexan der was l ea di n g his m en u p to the wall in
3
th e di recti on o f th e ga te l e a di n g t o w
ards Myl asa
th e
m e n in th e c i ty m ade a so rti e an d a ski rm i sh took p la ce
b u t Al exan der s m en m a ki n g a r u sh u p on th e m rep uls e d
t h em w
i th eas e an d sh u t th em u p in the ci ty A fe w
d ay s a fter thi s the ki n g too k the s hiel d b eari n g g uards
the Ca va l ry C o m pan i o n s the i n fan try re gi m en ts o f Am y n
t as Perdiccas an d Me l ea ge r an d i n addi tion to th ese t he
archers an d Agri an ian s an d wen t ro u n d to the p art o f
the ci ty whi ch i s in th e d i re c tio n of Myn dus b o th for the
p u rp ose of i n s p ectin g th e wall to s ee if i t happen ed to be
m ore eas y to be as sau l te d th e re th an e lsew
here ; an d a t
4
h
u
d
d
o
f
n
d
u
My
s
by
the sam e ti m e t o see i f e co l
ge t h o l
th a t a

con s

'

in gs xi 4 , 1 9 a s cap tai ns , ough t to be ren dere d

Bi bl e in 2

Ca ri a m
See Fuerst s H ebrewL exi con , su b voce
1
It w
as th e bi rth place o f th e hi storian s
Now call ed Budrum
H ero do tus an d Dion ysi u s
3
L ittl e m ore than half a m il e
3 N w lled M el sso a ci t o f Cari a abo ut ten m il es from th e Gulf o f
o
ca
,
a
,
y
in

our

Iassus
estern
A colon y o f Troez en , on th e w
on w
hi ch stood Hali carn assu s
.

extrem

ity

of

th e

sam e

pen in sula

The An a basi s

60

Alexa n der

udden an d s ecret atta ck

For h e th ou gh t th at if
Myn dus were his own i t wo ul d b e n o s m all h el p in th e
s ie ge o f H ali carn ass u s ; m or eo v er an o ff er t o s urren der
h ad b een m a de by th e M yn dia n s if h e wo ul d app roach
Ab ou t m id
the t ow
n secretly u n der t h e cove r o f n igh t
n igh t
th erefore h e a pproa ch e d t h e wall a cco rdi n g to
t he p l an a gr eed o n ; b u t as n o s ign o f s urre n der was
m a de by th e m en w i thin
i th hi m n o
a n d th o ugh h e ha d w
m ili tary en gin es or lad der s i n as m u c h a s h e h ad n ot set
o ut to b esi e ge the tow
n
b u t to r ec ei v e i t on s u rren der
h e n everth el e ss led the Ma cedon i an p h alan x n ear an d
ordere d th em t o u n derm i n e t h e w
a ll
The y th rew do w
n
o n e o f t he t o w
hi ch h owev er i n i ts fall did n ot
er s w
m ak e a b reach i n th e w
all
B u t th e m en in th e ci ty
sto u tly defen di n g th em se l ve s a n d a t th e s am e ti m e m an y
from H ali carn ass u s h av i n g a l ready c o m e to th ei r aid by
sea m a de it i m p o s si b l e for Al e xan der t o capt ure Myn dus
by su rpri se or su dden a ssau l t W h erefore he re turn ed
wi th ou t accom pli shi n g an y o f th e pl an s for which he had
set ou t an d devote d hi m s el f o n ce m ore to th e si eg e o f
Hali carn assu s
I n th e rs t pla ce b e ll e d u p wi th e ar th the di tch
which the en em y h ad d ug i n fron t o f th e ci ty ab ou t
t hirty cu bi ts wi de an d fte en d ee ; so t h at i t m ight
p
b e eas y to b ri n g fo r war d the to wers fro m w
h i ch h e
i n ten de d to dis ch ar ge m i s s il es a gai n st th e defen ders of
th e w
all
an d th at h e m i gh t b rin g u
p th e o th er en gi n es
with whi ch he wa s p l an n i n g t o b a tter the wall down
He easily lled u p th e d i tc h an d th e towers were th en
brough t forward B ut th e m en i n Halic arn ass u s m a de a
sally by n igh t w i th th e d esig n o f s e ttin g re b ot h to the
t ow
ers an d th e o th er en gi n e s w
hich had b een b rou gh t
up to th e wall or were n early b rough t u p t o it The y
were h owever easily r epell ed an d sh u t u p again withi n
th e w all s by the M ace don i an s w
ho were gu ardi n g th e
en g in es an d by oth ers w
h o were aro u s ed b y th e n oi se o f
a

'

Si ege

H a lica rn ass us

61

ggle an d who cam e to th eir ai d Neo pto lem u s

the b ro th er o f Arrhab aeu s s o n o f Am yn t as o n e o f t h o se
who ha d deserted t o D ari u s was kill ed wi th ab o ut 1 7 0
o th e rs o f th e e n e m y
O E Al exan der s sol diers s ix tee n
were killed an d 3 0 0 wo u n ded ; for the sally b ein g m ade
in th e n igh t th ey were l ess ab l e to gu ard them s el ves
fro m b ei n g w oun ded

the

s tru

CHAP TE R XXI
SI E GE or H ALI CARN ASSU S
A FE W da ys after this two M a ce do n ian hop li tes o f th e
b riga de o f Perdicoe s l ivin g i n th e sam e ten t an d b ei n g
m ess m a te s h a pp en ed in th e c o u r s e o f c on v ersat io n eac h
n exp loi ts
Hen ce a
t o b e ext ollin g him s el f an d his o w
q uar re l arose b etw een th em a s to which o f th em wa s the
b ra ver an d b ei n g so m e what in am e d w i th wi n e th ey
a g ree d to arm
t hem se l ves ; an d of thei r Own acc ord go
a nd assau l t th e w all fac i n g th e c i tadel w hi ch fo r th e m os t
p ar t was t u rn ed to wards Myla sa This they did rathe r
n v al o u r than t o e n g a g e i n
to m ak e a di s pl ay of th e i r o w
ith the en em y S o m e o f the m en
a dan gero u s con ic t w
i n th e c i ty h o wever p erce i vi n g t ha t th ere were o n ly two
e re a pp ro achi n g th e w
al l i n co n
an d th at th ey w
of t h em
ru sh ed o u t u po n t h e m ; b ut th ey s lew t h o se
side ra tely
who ca m e n ear an d hu rle d darts at those wh o s to od at a
d i s tan ce
At las t h o wever t h ey were overm atched bo th
b y the n um b e r o f th ei r a ssailan ts a n d the dis ad van ta g e
n p o s i tio n ; for t h e en em y m ade t h e a t tac k
o f th e i r o w
1
m
a
t
m
f
r
o
a
r
t
p
h
h
w
d
a
r
t
s
h
e
high
e
l
eve
l
u o n t em
a n d t re
Mean whil e s om e oth er m en fro m the brigade of Perdiccas
Halicarn a s s us r ush ed ou t again s t each
an d o th ers fr o m
.

D i od orus

whi ch

( xvii

25)

s ays

th at thi s in ciden t occurred i n th e ni gh t,

Com p are th e con duct of th e two cen turi on s

p rob abl e
Pul o an d Varen u s i n the coun try of th e Nervii

is

scarcely

Caesar ( Ga lli c

Wa r

The An a bas is

02

Alexa n der

h e r an d a sharp co n test en sue d n ear th e wall Tho se

wh o had m ade th e sally from th e c i ty were driven b ack
i
hi
a n d a ga i n s h u t u
n th e g ates b y th e Ma ce don ian s
w
t
p
T he ci ty a l so n arro wly esca pe d ca p ture fo r t he wall s a t
tha t ti m e wer e n o t u n der s tr i c t g u ar d an d t wo t o we r s
wi th the wh ole i n te rm edia te sp ace h avin g al ready fallen
t o th e gr o un d wou l d hav e o ffe r e d a n e a s y e n tran ce wi thi n
th e wall to th e ar m y if th e wh ol e o f i t h a d u n de rtak en
th e t a sk
Th e third to wer whi c h ha d b een tho rou ghly
sh ak en
wou l d lik ewi se ha ve b een ea sily thr o wn do wn if
i t ha d b een u n derm i n ed b u t th e en em y ea sily su cceeded
i n b u il di n g i n s i de a c re s ce n t sh ap ed b ri ck wall t o tak e
Thi s th ey were
th e pl ace o f th e o n e whi ch h a d fallen
a bl e t o d o s o q u i ckly b e c au s e o f th e m u l ti tu de o f h an ds
at
t h ei r di sp osal
0 n the foll o win g d ay Al exan der
brou gh t hi s e n gin es u p t o thi s wall al s o an d th e m en i n
A p art
th e c i ty m a de an o th er s ally to se t th e m o n re
o f t he w
i ck er wor k s h ed n ear th e wall an d a p iece o f o n e
o o d en
o f th e w
to we rs we r e b urn t b u t t h e r est were
p rotecte d b y Philo tas an d H ellan ic u s t o whom the
c h ar g e o f th em
h ad b een co m m i tte d
B u t a s s oon as
t h ose wh o were m aki n g th e s ally s aw Al e xan der the
h o h ad co m e o u t to ren d er ai d b y ho l di n g t o rch es
m en w
t h rew th e m a way an d th e m aj o ri ty o f th e m c a s t a wa y
t h ei r ar m s an d e d wi thin the wa ll s o f th e ci ty
Th en a t
rst th ey h a d th e a dvan ta g e fro m th e n a tu re o f th eir
whi ch was c o m m an din g o n acco un t of its
p o si ti o n
h eigh t for n o t o n ly did th ey ca st m i ssil es righ t in fron t
a ai n st th e m e n w
h o were g uardi n g th e e n gi n es b u t al so
g
fro m th e t o we rs wh i ch al o n e h a d b ee n l eft s tan di n g a t
e ach e n d of th e b atte re d do w
n
wall t h ey we re ab l e to
ca s t th em a gai n st th e s i de s a n d al m os t a g ai n s t th e b ack s
h o were a ss aul ti n g th e wall whi c h h a d j us t
o f th ose w
b een b u i lt in p l ace o f t he ru i n ed o n e 1
ot

'

,
.

Com pare th e sieges o f Avari cu m , Gergovi a , an d Alesi a by Caes ar Ga l li c

(
War, li b vii ) an d th at of Sagun tum by Han n ibal See L i vy , xxi 7
15
1

f H a li carn assus

Si ege

CH AP TE R XXII
S IEGE
A few day s

or

'

63

HALI CARNASSUS

wh en Al exan der agai n bro ugh t

his m i litary e n gi n es u p t o th e i n n er b ri ck wall an d was
hi m sel f su p eri n ten di n g th e wo r k a sorti e in m ass was
m ade fro m
th e ci ty s o m e a dvan ci n g by the b reach in
\
th e wall whe re Al exan de r hi m se l f w
as p osted o th ers by 1
the tri pl e gate whe re th e Mace do n i an s did n ot at al l
expect th em
Th e rst p arty cas t torches an d o ther
co m bu s tibl es at th e e n gi n es i n o r der to se t th em o n re
an d t o defy th e e n gi n ee r s exc es si ve ly
B ut wh en th e l
m en aro u n d Al ex an d er a ttack e d th e m vig o ro u sly hurlin g
g reat s ton es wi th th e e n gi n es from the t owers an d
l aun chin g darts a t th em t h ey were easily p ut to
an d ed i n to the ci ty ; an d as a g r ea t n u m b er of th em
had salli ed fo rth a n d g reat a u da c i ty had b een exhibi ted
in the gh t n o s m all s l au gh ter o f th e m took p lace
For
so m e o f th e m
were slai n gh tin g han d to ha n d wi th the
Macedon ian s others were kill e d n ear the ru in s of the
wall 1 b ecau se the b reach wa s too n arrow for su ch a
an d t h e frag m en ts o f th e
m ul ti tu de to p as s t h r o u gh
wall m ade it di fcult for th e m to scal e i t The secon d
p arty whi ch salli e d fo rth by th e tri pl e gate was m et by
Ptol em y 2 on e of the r oyal b o dy gu ar ds who had w ith
h im the regi m en t s o f Adda eu s a n d Tim an der an d som e
T hese so l di ers by them selv es
o f th e ligh t ar m ed tro op s
eas ily
p ut the m en o f th e ci ty t o ro u t b u t as th e l atter
in th ei r ret rea t were ee i n g ove r a n arro wb ri dge whi ch
had b een m ade over th e d i tch they h a d th e m i sfortun e
t o break it do wn b y th e wei gh t o f th ei r m ul ti tu de
Man y of th em fell i n to th e di tch s om e o f wh om w ere
a fter

this ,

'

Th e Attic w
riters use
i th th e D a tiv e i s p o etical
Th i s u se of amp: w
Cf i i 3 8 i ii 3 0 , 1
wept w
i th th e Accu sative

9 Th ere w
s
n
A
l
e
x
n
d
n
e
r
a
l
i
a
e
r
s arm y of th i s n am e
ur
e
ere at least fo
g
Th e on e h ere m en tion ed was prob ably n ot th e fam ous son of Lagus
.

f Alexan der

The An a basi s

6 4s
t ra m

to dea th b y th eir o wn c o m rades,

kill ed by th e Macedon ian weap on s fro m

pl e d

an

h ers

ot

a b o ve
A
we re
v e ry g re a t s l a u gh ter w
a s al s o m ad e a t th e v ery gates
b ec ause the y we re sh u t b efo re t he pro p e r t i m e i n a s tate
o f p an i c
For the e n e m y b ei n g afrai d t h a t the Mace
d on ian s who were c lo s e u po n th e fu gi ti ves w o ul d r us h
i n wi th th e m s h u t m a n y o f th eir fri en ds o ut w
h o were
s lain by th e Ma ce don i a n s n ear th e v ery w all s
The city
n arro w
ly escap ed captu re ; in deed it wou ld have been
tak en h a d n ot Al exa n der c alle d ba c k his ar m y t o see i f
s o m e fri e n dly s ig n o f s urren d er w
o u l d b e m ade by the
H alicarn assia n s for he was s t ill des iro u s o f sa vin g t h ei r
ci ty
O f the m en in th e ci ty ab o u t on e th o usan d were
s la i n ; an d of Al e xa n der s m e n a b o u t forty a m o n g w
h om
we re Ptol em y on e o f the kin g s b od y g uar ds Cl earch us
a c ap tai n o f th e a rch e rs Adda eu s w
h o h ad th e co m m an d
of a tho u san d in fan try a n d o th er Macedo n ia n s o f n o
1
m e an p o s i ti on
.

'

CHAP TE R XXIII

HALICARN ASSU S ADA Q UE E N or C ARLA

T H EN Oron t ob a te s an d Mem n on th e c om m an ders o f th e
Persia n s m et an d dec i de d fro m the s tate of affairs that
th ey c o u ld n o t h ol d o u t l o n g a ga i n s t the s i e ge s e ein g
tha t p a r t o f the w
all h a d al re a dy fallen do w
n a n d p art
h a d b een b at tered a n d weake n e d an d that m a n y of t he ir
D s sraucn

ou o r

D iodorm ( xvii 2 5 2 7) gi ves a very di ffere n t a cco u n t of th e l as t

s tr uggle o f th e besi eged in Hali carn as sus
Wh en th e l eaders sawth at
th ey m u st even tu ally su cc u m b , they m ade a l ast de s erate effort to
p

de s troy Al e xan der s m ili tary e n gin es

E ph i al tes , th e em in en t Ath en i an
e xil e, h ead ed th e sally, w
hi ch w
as e ected by troop s sim ul ta n eousl
y
i ssuin g from all th e gates at daybrea
Th e advan ce d gu ard of th e
M acedon ian s , con si s tin g of yo un g troop s , w
ere put t o rout ; b u t the
v etera n s of Ph ilip restored t h e battl e u n der a m an
n a m ed Ath arrias
E phi al tes w
as sl ai n , an d h i s m en dri ven b ack in to th e ci t
y
.

D es tru ction
so

l di ers

ha d

H a li t a r n assu s

ith er p eri sh ed i n
di sa bl e d
Takin g

wo un de d an d
s i der ati o n
a b ou t th e
re t o th e wo o den

th e

s or

t ies

b een

or

th i n g s i n t o

th ese

65

con

wat ch of th e n igh t th ey se t
to w
h i ch th ey h a d th em s el ves
er w
b u il t to r es is t th e en e m y s m ilitary e n gi n es an d to th e
m ag a zin es i n
which t hei r weap on s were store d Th e y
a l s o ca s t r e i n t o t he h o u ses n ea r th e w
all ; a n d o th er s
were b u rn e d by the am es wh ich were carried with great
fu ry fr o m th e m a g azi n es an d th e t ower by the win d
b earin g i n th at d i rec tion
S o m e o f th e en e m y then
wi th drew to the s tron g ho ld i n th e islan d (ca ll e d Arcon L
n e su s
) a n d o th er s t o an oth er fortres s called S al m aci s
When th i s wa s r e po rte d t o Alexan der by so m e des erters
,

secon

'

"

in cen di ar i es an d h e h im sel f c o ld see the

ra gi n g re
th o g h th e o cc u r en ce t ook pl a ce a bo u t
m i d n ig h t
y et h e l ed o u t th e Ma cedon ian s an d sle wth o se
who were s t ill e n gag ed in setti n g re to th e c ity
B t
h e i ss u e d o rder s t o p re serve all th e H ali carn ass ia s wh o
s h o u l d b e t ak en in t h e i r h o ses
As soo n a s the day
ligh t pp ear ed h e co u l d dis cern th e st on gh ol ds wh ich
t h e P ers i an s an d th e Gr eci a m ercen ar ie s h a d occu pi e d ;
b u t h e decid ed n o t t o b es i eg e th em c o sid erin g th at h e
wo u l d m eet wi th n o s m all delay b eleag uerin g t he fr o m
th e n a tu r e o f t h e i
p os ition an d m oreov er th in kin g th at
th e y wo u l d b e o f little i m p o r ta n ce to h im n ow th a t h e
h a d ca p t ur ed th e wh ol e c it y
Wh ere fore b u yin g th e dead i n th e n igh t h e ordered
th e m e
n w
h o h a d b e en p l a ced in ch arg e o f th e m ili tary
ch e d
H e h i m sel f m
en gi e s to c on v e y th e m t o T all e s
in t o Phrygi a after ra zi n g th e c ity to th e g roun d an d
l eavi n g
G rec ian in fan try an d 20 0 c a valry as a
gu ard b oth o f th i s p l ace an d of th e rest o f C aria u n der
H e a pp oi n t e d Ada to a ct
t he co m m a n d of P to l e m y
1
as
hi s q u een w
T
a
a
l
f
C
r
i
a s h i s v i cer o
h
o e o
h
f
t
e w
o
y
from

th e

ar

H ecatom

n us,

ki g
n

of

Ca ria ,

left th

ree son s ,

M ausolu s , H i drieu s,
F

an d
I

The An

66

a bas is

Alexa n de r

wi fe o f H idrie u s who
th o u gh h e was h e r b r o th er li ve d wi th h e r i n we dl ock
Wh en Hidr ieu s
a ccor di n g to t h e cu s to m o f th e C a r ia n s
was dyin g h e con de d th e adm i n i s tration o f affa i rs t o
h er for i t ha d b ee n a c u sto m i n As ia e v er s in ce th e
But
t i m e o f S e m i ram i s e v e n fo r wo m en to ru l e m en
Pixo daru s ex p ell ed h er fro m the ru l e an d seiz e d the
d au gh ter

H e catom

of

an

n us

a dm

i n i s t ra tio n

of

Pixod ar u s , hi s

s on

ffa i rs

him

was

in law Oro n t ob a tes

-

d eath

th e

On

self

by th e

s en

of

kin g o f th e Pe ian s t o r ul e o ve r the C ari n s Ada

r e tai n e d Ali da al o n e th e s t o n g es t
p l a ce i n C a i , an d
when Al exan der in va ded Ca ia she we t to m eet hi m
a d a d o p t in g him
o ffe ri n g to su rren de r Ali n da t o him
1
a s h er s on
Al exan der con de d Al in da t o h er a d did
n o t t hi n k th e t i tl e o f s o n
un w
or th y o f hi s a c c e p ta n ce ;
hen h e h a d c ap tu re d Hali ca n as s s an d b e
m or eo ve r w
h e g ran te d h er th e
co m e m as ter o f th e r e s t o f C a i a
priv ile g e o f rul in g ove r th e wh ole co u n t y
rs

r a

CH APTER XXI V
A LE XAND E R
S OM E
arm

n e

PAM PH YLIA

Macedon ian s who serve d in Alexan der s

arrie d j u s t b e fo re h e u n de rtook th e exp e d i

gl ect

pe n d

AND

He th o u gh t th at h e

to

LY CIA

1N

th e

y h ad

ion
with

of

th e

an

d t herefo re

win t er

pla ce d th em
S eleu cu s on e

ou

un

of

in

s en

n ot

t o tre a t th e se

t th e m

Macedo n ia with

der th e
th e

g ht

ro

co m m an

of

b ack fr om C a ia
He
th e i wi ves
Pt ol em y son cf

ya l b ody g u ards
-

m en
r

an

of

the two

o dau h ters , Ar te i si a an d Ada

Pi xo daru s ; an d tw
Artem i si a m arried
m
Mau solu s, an d Ada m arri ed Hi drieu s All th ese ch il dren su cceede d th eir

g y

fath er i n th e soverei n t
1
Am yn tas , in of

k g

Pi xo darus

e in

g th l
e

ast s urvivi n

son

M acedon i a gran dfath er of Alexan der th e Great

a do p ted th e celebrated Ath en i an
gen eral Iphicrates in gratitu de to
h im a s th e preserver of M acedon ia
See Aeschi n es ( D e F a ls L ega tz on e
pp 249
,

'

a.

Alexan der i n L yci a

gen e ral s

C o en

of

u s, so n

an

Po lem

d Pa m p hylia

o c ra te s, a n

67

Mel eager

son

b e cau s e t hey were a lso n ewly m a ried

He gav e th es e o f cers in s tru c ti o n s to l e vy s m a y h o rse
an d fo o t so l di e rs a s th ey c o u l d fro m
th e c ou n try wh e n
th e y r et u rn e d t o h i m a n d b ro u ght b a ck th e m e n wh o
h a d b e en s e n t a way wi th th e m
By thi s act m ore than
by an y o th er Al e xa de ac q u i e d p op u larity am on g th e
H e a l so s en t Ol ean de s o n o f P o l em o
Mac edon ian s
c rates t o l e v y so l di e rs i n P el o p on n es u s 1 an d Pa m e io to
S ar dis givi n g hi m t he co m m an d o f a r egi m e n t o f t he
C avalry C o m pan ion s th e Thes sali an c val y an d the rest
o f th e G r eci a n
a lli es
H e o rde re d him t o tak e t he
wagon s to S ardi s a n d to advan ce fro m th at p la ce in to
Phrygia
H e h i m sel f m arch e d t o ward s L y cia n d Pa m phyli a
in o r de r t o g a i n co m m an d o f t he c o as t lan d n d by tha t
m ean s r e n de r th e en e m y s e e t u s e l ess
The s t p lace
on
hi s r o u t e wa s H ypa rn a a s tro n g p os i ti o n h avi n g a
garrison of Gre cian m ercen a i es ; b u t h e t oo k it at the
rs t a ss a l t an d a llo we d t h e G eek s t o d ep ar t fro m
th e c i ta de l u n de r a tru c e
T hen h e i v a de d Lyc i a a d
b rou gh t o v er t h e Tel m i ssian s by cap itu l ti o an d c ros s
i n g th e i v er Xan th s t he c it ies o f P in a a X an th s
Patara a d ab o t thi rt y o th er s m alle r to wn s we re su
r e de re d t o hi m 2
H v in g ac co m plishe d thi s tho u gh i t
was n o w th e v e ry dep th of wi ter h e in vaded the lan d
3
c all ed M ily a s
wh ich i s a p art of Great Ph ygia b u t at
that t i m e p ai d tr ib u t e to Ly c ia a c cordin g to a n a r an ge
m en t m a de by t h e G e a t Ki g
Hi th e ca e e n vo ys
N eo p t ole m

of

u s,

r,

Th ey ally s
n

m ou n

H om
3

th e

See Arri an , ii 20 i n fra

Th e M a rm ari an s a on e defen ded th eir

er

tai n

( Ili ad

Ly i

c a

et

was

cit

i t h de s

vi

877
ori

gi lly
n a

ppli ed to th e hi gh table i

See H erodotus , i 1 7 3
.

H orace ( 0 m m , i v 6 ,
ca l e d M i
as ; bu t th e n am

1 7 2)

th e

l
p

erate v a our

re to it , an d e sca ed th rou h th e M ace do n i an

As to
an th us th e
See D i odo rus (xvii

cam

to

ri ver , see

ly

n o rth

of

Ly

ci a , ext en

di n

was

war ds

after

in to Pi si dia

The An a basi s

68

Alexander

1
n d shi p an d t o
r
i
s
f
e
h
f
r
r
a
t
o
i
r
t
e
li
t
t
o
s
o
h
P
h
a
s
e
e
m
t
e
f
ith a g ol den c ro wn a n d the m a j o rit y of the
n him w
c r ow
m ar it i m e Ly ci an s a l s o se n t h e ral d s t o h im a s am b a s adors
H e o rdere d th e Ph as elites
t o treat for th e s a m e o bj ec t
h o were
a n d Ly ci an s to s urr en d er t h ei r c i ti e s t o th ose w
d esp atch ed by h im t o rec ei ve th e m ; an d th ey were all
H e soo n afte rwa rd s a rr i ve d h i m self at
s u rre n dere d
Ph as elis , an d h el p ed t he m en o f th at c i ty t o c aptu r e a
h ich h a d b ee n con stru cted by th e Pisidian s
stron g fo rt w
t o ov erawe th e cou n try ; a n d sallyin g forth from whi ch
th ose b arb ari an s u s ed to i n i c t m u ch dam a g e u p o n th e
,

who tilled th e

Phaselites

l an d
.

CHAP TER XXV

TRE ASO N

W HI LE

or

AL E XAND E R, SON

Aii s orus

or

kin g w s still n ear P has eli s he r ecei ved in

h o was n ot
fo r m ati on th at Al exan der s o n o f Aero pu s w
on ly on e o f th e C o m p a i o n s b u t al so at th at t i m e com
a s con sp iri n g again st
m an de r of th e Th es s ali an h o s e w
Thi s Al exan de r wa s b o th er of Herom en es an d
him
s
h
a
u
s
w
h
a
d
k
r
o
f
P hilip
Arrh ab e
o
ta e p rt in th e m u rde
At th at t i m e Ki g Al exan de p ardon ed him th ough h e
th e

no

Ph

aseli s

was

a sea ort o f

wcall ed Te krova

ci a on

G ul f of Pam phyli a

th e

I t is

H e al so crown ed w
i th arlan ds th e statu e o f Th eodectes th e rh etori
h ich th e p eople of Ph aseli s , hi s n a tive city , h ad erec ted to hi s
ci an , w
m em ory
Thi s m an was a fri en d an d pu pil of Ari stotle, th e tutor of
Al exan der See lu tarch ( L ife of Alex ,
Ari stotle (Ni com . E thics,
3

Philip w

as m urdered

by P

wn by n am

au san i a s .

Th ree

on

ly

re uted

h is

of

y w e Al exan der Herom en es

s f Ae p s
an d Arrhab aeus s
Th e tw l tte w
ere p u t to death ; but
a
t
th e st n am ed w
ly spa ed b t ad an ced to hi gh m ili tary
com m an d for b i g th e t to salute Al ex n der a s k in g
Com pare
J ti
C urti
Al xa de w
as accused by som e of for
( vii
( xi
givin g his fath r s m u d e s P obably th e refe en ce was to his kin d
treatm en t of Olym pi as a d t h i s Al exa der
See Curti u vi 43
accom

pli ces

are

n o
on

ro

s n o

e n

us

'

d th e

er

on

r er r

rs

us

e , an

s,

Treason

was

f Alexa n der, Son of Ar op u s

plicity wi th

69

b ecaus e after
Ph ili p s d ea th h e wa s a m o n g th e rs t of his frien ds t o
c o m e t o hi m
an d h e l p i n g h i m
ith his b reas tplate
on w
a cco m p an i e d
h i m to th e p ala ce
Th e ki n g a fter war ds
sh o w
e d h i m h o n o u r at h i s c ou rt s e n t h i m as ge n e ra l i to
Thrace an d wh en C al a s th e co m m an der o f th e Thes s alian
h o rse was s en t awa y t o a v ic eroya lty 1 h e was app oin te d
to s u ccee d th a t g e n e ral
The d etails o f th e co n s p i a cy
we e rep orte d as foll o ws : Wh e n Am yn tas dese rte d to
D ari u s 2 h e c o n v eye d t o hi m c ertai
m es s ag e s an d a
l etter f o m th i s Alexan der D ariu s then s en t Sisin es
on e o f hi s o w
n
fa it hfu l P er si an co u ti e s do wn t o th e
sea co as t u n d e r p re ten ce o f g o i n g t o Ati z e s v i ce oy o f
y
Ph ygia b u t eally t o co m m u n icate with th is Al e xa der
an d t o gi v e hi m
p ledge s tha t if h e wo u l d kill ki n g
Al exa n de D ari u s wou l d app o in t hi m ki g o f Ma ced o n ia
an d w
o u l d gi ve hi m
ta l en t s o f g o l d 3 in a dd i ti o n t o
th e kin g do m
B ut Si sin es b e i g c ap t u re d by Parm en i o
t o l d h im th e r ea l o bj ec t o f hi s m i s s i o n
Parm en io sen t
hi m i m m e di at ely u n d e g u ard to th e ki n g wh o o b tai e d
th e sa m e in tell igen ce fr o m hi m
The kin g t hen h av i n g
c o ll ec ted h i s fri en ds p r o p ose d to th e m
a s a s u bj e c t fo r
d elib era tio n wh a t d ec is i o h e ou g ht t o m ak e in rega d
t o th is A l ex a d er
Th e C o m p an i on s t ho gh t th at fo r
m e rly h e h a d n o t r eso l ve d w
isely in con din g the b es t
p a t of h is ca val ry t o a faith le s s m an an d that n o w i t
wa s a dvisable to pu t h im o u t o f the way as s p ee dily a s
p o ss ibl e b e fo re h e b e c am e e ven m ore p op u lar a m o n g th e
The s s ali an s a n d s h o u l d try t o effe c t s o e r ev o l u tio n a ry
p lan wi th t heir aid
M o reo ver they were t errie d by a
c er ta i n d i vi n e p orten t
For wh il e Al exan der th e ki n g
was s t ill b es i e gin g Ha li carn a ss u s i t i s sa id that h e w s
a c c u se d

of

co m

th em

r,

'

Th at of th e H ll espo
S
pa
h ap x ii
Nea ly
ee c

su

tin

Ph y g i
r

a.

See ch a

xvii

su

ra .

70

The An a basi s
r es t

b out o ve hi s
o n th i s s i d e o f hi s
n o i s ily th an u su l
a

Alexan der

at

co u ch

an

On

n o

a cco u n

w on
t

wall o w e w
an d p e rch ed n ow
tha t ch irp in g m o re

i d day, wh en
h ea d l ou dly t wi tter i n g,

takin g

on ce

h is fatig u e h e

of

cou

ld

d fr om s l e e p , b u t b e in g d i s qu i et ed by th e
ith hi s han d B u t
s o un d h e b ru sh e d h er a w
ay g e n tly w
t ho u gh s tr u ck sh e wa s so far fro m t ryi n g t o escap e, that
n ot

be

r o u se

ki g an d did
Th in kin g th e affai r
o t d e si s t u n til h e w
as wi d e a w
ak e
o f th e s w ll o w of n o tri vi l i m p o t h e c o
m u n i cate d i t
h o t ol d
t o a s o o th s ay er Ari stan de r t he Tel m is sian l w
him tha t i t s ig i e d a p l o t fo rm ed by on e o f h is fri en ds
H e sai d i t al s o sign i ed t ha t t h e p l o t wo ul d b e di s
c ov e r
e d b e c u se th e s w ll o w w
as a bird fo d o f m a
s
s o c i et y a d w
e ll di sp os e d t o h i m
as w
e ll a s
o e l o qu
c io u s th an
a
Th e efo re c o p a in g thi s
y o th e bird
with the dep o s i tio s o f th e P ers i
th e kin g s en t
Am ph ot e s so n o f Al exan der n d b o th er o f C a teru s
t o Pa
e io
a d w
i th him h e se t s om e Pe gae n s t o
sh o w h i m
t h e way
A p h o te ru s p u t t i n g o n
n a ti v e
d es s so th t he s ho l d o t b e r e co g n ise d o n th e ro a d
r e a ch e d P a
en i o by s te al th
H e di d o t c
y a l ette
f o m Al exan der b ec au s e i t did
ot a
pp ear to th e kin g
a d vi s bl e to w i t e o p en ly ab o u t s u ch a m a tte r ; b u t h e
re p o rt ed th e m ess g e en t ru s t e d t o hi m by w
o d o f m o u th
C on sequ en tly thi s Al exan der wa s arrested an d k ept
u de
g u ard
sh e

p erch e d

p on

th e

v ery

of

h ea d

th e

rm

an

rm

arr

ru

CHAPTE R XXVI
ALE XAN DE R IN PAM PH Y LI A CAPTURE
.

SI D E

AN D

ALEX AND ER
hi s

arm

or

A SPE N D US

th en m ovin g from Pha seli s sen t p art of

y to Perga throu gh th e m ou n ta in s wh ere th e
,

See ch a

xi

su

ra .

Cap tu re

f Asp en dus

d Side

an

71

Thraci an s h ad

l evell ed a r oa d for him by a rou te whi ch

was o th er wise difcu lt an d l on g B ut he hi m self led his
ow
n b riga d e by th e b e ach a l o n g th e se a w h er e t h er i
e s
.

was a dvan cin g from

Perg a h e was m et o n
by en voys from the
Asp en dian s 5 wi th full p o wer s wh o offere d to s urre n der
their c ity b u t b e gg ed hi m n o t le a d a g arris on in to i t
Havin g ga in e d th e ir r e qu es t in r egard t o the g arrison
they w en t b a ck ; b u t h e o r d er e d th em t o giv e h i m fty
tal en t s3 a s p ay fo r h is a r m y a s well a s th e h o rs es w
hich
they were r eari n g a s trib u te to D a ri u s
Havin g ag reed
with hi m ab o ut th e m on ey an d h av i n g lik ewis e p rom i sed
t o h an d o v e r th e h o rs e s t h ey de p art e d
A l exan de r th en m arc h ed to S i de 4 the i n habi tan ts of
wh i ch were Cym aean s from Cy m e in Aeolis These
p eopl e give the foll o win g a cco u n t o f them sel ves sayin g
t h at th ei r an ce st or s start i n g fro m Cy m e arri v ed in tha t
c ou n try an d d i s em b ark e d t o fo u n d a s ettl em en t
Th ey
i m m edi ately for go t t he Grec ia n lan g uage an d forthwi th
b egan to u tter a foreign sp e ec h n ot in deed that of th e
d hi s

an

m en

t er pret e d

As h e
th e r o a d

Pl

Ju st as th e hi stori an s of A exan der

utarch (Alan ,
Co m are
h i a rovide n ti a
am
m ade w
ay for him ,
af rm e d th at :th e s ea n ear
h en th e sawthe arm y of C rus cross th e
so th e eo
e of Thap sa cu s , w
E u hrates on foot, sai d th at th e ri ver m ad e way for him to com e an d
So a so th e i n h a i tan ts rostrated
ta e th e s ce tre (Xen , An a b , i
h en th e sam e ri ver su sided an d a ow
u cu u s w
ed
th em se ves efore
h ere w
as th e
hi s arm
to cross ( u tarch , L u cu l l us , ch a
i eri us , w
h en Vi te i u s, w
i th a Rom an arm y ,
sam e om en i n th e re i n o f
arth i a
crossed th e E u h rate s t o re sto re Tir i dat es to th e thron e o f
1

p pl

( T acitus
3
3

P p yl p

lly

p
b

Pl
g

ll

p
ll
.

Tb

Of S tra bo , xiv 3
An n a ls , vi
ur ym e don
Asp en du s w
a s on th e
Ab out
ide w
as on th e coast o f am ph yli a , a littl e

ll

'

we st of th e r iver Males

The An a basi s

72

f A lexan der

ighb our in g b arba ian s b u t a s peech p eculiar to them

hi ch had n ever before exis ted From that tim e
sel ves w
the Sidetan s u s ed to s p e ak a fo r eig n l an g ua g e un lik e
t hat o f the n eigh b ou rin g n atio s Ha vin g left a g arrison
l
i
m
a s tron g p l ace
ll
S
in Sid e Alex an der a dva c ed t o y
con ta in in g a garri so n o f Grec ia n m e r ce n a ries a s w ell a s
B u t h e was un abl e to
of n at i ve b a rb a rian s th e m s e l v e s
tak e Syllium offh an d by a su dden a ss u l t for h e was
in form ed on his m arch that the Aspen dia n s refused to
p erform an y o f the ir a greem en t s an d wou l d n ei the r
deliver the horses t o those wh o wer e sen t to rece ive
th em n or pay the m o n e y ; b u t th at the y h ad collected
their property o ut o f the el ds in to the cit y shu t th e ir
gates ag ain st his m en a d we e ep airin g thei r walls
where they had b ecom e dilap idate d H ear in g thi s h e
m ar c h ed o ff t o A spe du s
ne

'

CH APTE R XXVII
ALE XAND ER

IN

PH RY GIA

AN D

PI SID I A

greater p art o f A spe d s h ad b een b u il t u p on a

hich
t th e v e ry foot o f w
s tr on g a nd pr eci p i to u s r ock
ows the ri ver E urym edon 3 ; b u t r o u n d th e rock on the
low g rou n d were m a y o f th e c itiz en s h o us es sur
roun ded by a s m all wall As s oon as th ey ascertain e d
tha t Al exan der wa s a pproach in g th e in h abitan t s
desert ed t he w ll an d th e h o u ses s it u ate d on the lo w
g roun d wh ich they th ou gh t th e y were un able to protect
an d th ey ed in a b o dy t o th e oc k
When h e arri ve d
w ith his forces he pas s ed wi th in th e des ert e d wall an d

TE E

Syllium

was about

S ide
3 Thi s river i s celeb

ve

l es f om

th e

coas t,

b etween

Asp en du

an

over

th e

vol . v.

ersi an s,

1 63

rated

in

bl e vi ct ry of Cim on
Se S i th s Greece p

for th e dou
466

th e Ath en i an

'

2 52 ; Grate,

Alexa n der i n Phrygi a

t oo k

p hi s

in

qu ar ter s

th e

an

d P isi dia

h o u s es

73

wh i ch

b een

ha d

b an don e d by th e Aspen dian s When these s aw tha t

Alexan der h i m s el f h a d co m e c o n trary to th ei r exp ecta
t ion an d that h is cam p was en c irclin g them on all s ide s
t he y s en t e n v oy s t o him
e n tre a tin g h i m
t o fo rm
an
ag ree m e n t w
i th th em o n t h e for m e term s Al ex n der
c on s i de r i n g t h e s tr e n g th o f th e p l a ce an d h o wu n r e
p
p are d h e was to u n der ta k e a l on g s ieg e e n te e d i to an
a g ree m en t w
ith th e m tho u gh n o t o n the sa e term s as
b efore Fo r h e o rdere d th em to gi ve hi m the ir m ost
i n u en tial m en as ho s tag e s to han d ov er th e h orse s
wh ich they h ad fo erly a g ree d t o gi ve him to pay
1 00 tal en ts i n s t ea d o f fty t o o b ey th e v i cero y a pp o i te d
by hi m an d to p ay an an n u al trib te t o th e Mace d on i n s
Moreo ve r h e di ecte d a n in qu iry to b e h eld ab ou t t he
la d wh ich th ey were acc u se d o f h ol din g by force
th o u gh it b e lo n g e d o f r igh t to th e i n ei ghb o u rs
When all these co n cess ion s h ad b ee n m ade to him he
m ar ch e d a w
ay t o P e rg a an d th e n ce se t o u t for P h rygi a
h i s ro u te l ea di n g h i m p a s t th e city o f Te m e s s u s
Th e
p eo p le o f th is c i ty are foreig n ers of th e P is i dian ace
in ha bitin g a ve y lo fty p l a ce p recip itou s o n e v ery si de ;
so th a t t h e r o a d t o th e c i ty i s a d if c l t o n e
For a
m o u n ta i n
st re t ch e s fro m
th e c i ty a s far as th e
o ad
wh e e i t su dde n ly s to p s sh ort an d o v e ag in st it ris es
The s e m o n tai n s
an other m o u n t i n
n o l e s s p reci p i to s
fo rm g a tes a s i t we re u p o n the r o ad
an d i t i s p ossibl e
fo r th o s e wh o o c c u p y th e se e m i n en ces ev en wi th a s all
g u ard t o ren d er th e p assa ge im p racti ca bl e O n this
o cca s i o n t h e Te m iss ian s h a d c o m e o u t i n a b o dy a d
were o ccu pyi n g b oth the m ou n tai n s ; se ei g whi ch
Al exan der o r de re d th e Ma cedon ian s to e n ca p the e
a r m e d as
t h e y wer e i m agi n i n g tha t the Te rm issi an s
woul d n ot r em a in i n a b o dy when th ey saw t h e m
bivo u a ckin g b u t th at m o st of th em wou l d wi th drawin to
their c i ty w
h i ch wa s n ear l eav in g u p on th e m o un ta i n s
a

rm

'

'

r ,

The An a ba s is

74
on

ly

j u st
on

i cien
su
he

as

ly

gu
r e gi m

to fo rm

m en

con ec tur e d

ar

rem a n e d

Alexa n der

; for

g u ard
m o st

An d it

r et re d ,

the m

of

H e forth with t ook the

e r s,
th r o w

an

a r ch er s,

lighter
ho p li t es an d le d them a g ain st t ho s e wh o we e gu ardin g
W h en th es e we e attack ed with m issiles they
th e p as s
di d n ot stan d t he ir g ro un d bu t ab a do n ed th e p osi ti on
Al e xan der th en p as sed t hrou gh th e d el e an d en c am p ed
n ear th e ci ty
th e

en

j av elin

ou t

t urn e d

of

ts

an

th e

CHAPTER XXVIII

O PE R A T I O N S

P ISID IA

IN

was the r e am b assa dors c am e to him from the

Selgi an s wh o are al so P i s i d i an b arb ar ian s i n h abi tin g a
l arge ci ty an d b ein g warlik e B e cau se th ey h appe n ed

W H I LE

he

in veterate e e i es t o th e Term essia s th ey had

d es p tch e d th i s e b assy t o Al exan der t o treat for his
H e m ade a tre a ty with t h e m an d f o m th i s
fri e dsh ip
t im e fo n d th em faithf l a lli es i n all hi s p o c e e di n g s
D esp airin g o f b ein g able t o cap tu re Term es su s wi th o t a
g eat l o s s o f t im e h e m arch e d on to Sagalas su s This
was al s o a l arge city in h abite d lik ewi se by Pisid ian s ;
an d th o gh all t h e Pi si dian s are w
a rlik e th e m en o f thi s
er e d ee m e d t h e m o s t s o
c it y w
O n thi s o c c as i o n t h ey
h a d occ u pi e d th e h ill i n f o t o f th e c i ty b ec au se i t wa s
a ll s fro m
n o l e ss s t ron g t h an t h e w
whi ch t o a ttack th e
e e aw
a i ti n g h i m
e e m y ; an d th e re th e y w
Bu t Al ex
an der drew u p th e p h al an x o f M a ced o i an s i n th e foll o w
i n g way o n th e ig ht win g wh ere h e h ad h i m s elf t ak en
h
e h e l d t h e s h i el d
h
i
s p osi ti o n
b ear i n g gu ard s an d
u
p
n ext t o t h es e h e ext e n de d th e fo o t C o m p an i o n s as far a s
t h e l eft wi n g i n th e o r d er tha t each o f t h e g en e ra ls h ad
prece den ce i n th e array that day O n th e l eft win g h e
a s c o m m an de r
s tati on e d Am yn t as s on of Arrh ab aeus

to b e

Op era ti on s i n Pi si di a

75

right wi n g were p ost ed the ar ch er s an d

Agri an i an s an d i n fron t o f th e l eft w i n g th e Thr aci an
j ave lin th rowers u n der the com m an d o f Sitalces B u t
t he ca v al ry wer e n o u se t o hi m i n a p l ace so r o u gh a n d
u n fa vo u rabl e
Th e Term essian s als o h ad com e t o t h e
ai d o f th e Pisidian s an d a rra ye d th em sel ves w ith th em
Al ex an de r h a d al rea dy m a de an a ttack u p on th e m o un tai n
wh ich th e Pisidian s were o c cu p yin g adv an cin g u p th e
m os t a b ru pt p art o f th e as c en t
wh en th e b ar b arian s
fro m an a m b u scad e a tt a ck ed hi m on b oth w i n g s in a
pl ac e wh ere i t wa s v ery e as y fo r th em sel ves t o a dvan ce
b u t wh ere th e ro u t e wa s v ery d if cul t for th ei r en em y
Th e arch e rs who were th e r st t o approa ch wer e p u t t o
rou t in asm u ch as they wer e in su f cien tly ar m ed ; b u t
th e Agrian ian s s to o d t h e ir g r o un d fo r th e Ma ce do n i an
ph alan x was alread y dr awi n g n ea r at th e head of wh i ch
W hen t he b attl e b e cam e a
Alexan de r hi m sel f was s een
h an d to h an d o n e th ou gh th e b arb ari an s were de s ti tu t e
o f a r m ou r th ey ru sh ed a g ai n s t th e Macedon i an h op lite s
Th en in dee d th ey g av e
an d fell w
o u n d e d o n all s i d e s
way after ab o ut 500 of th em ha d b een kill ed As t hey
were n im bl e an d well ac qu ain te d wi th the locality t he y
wh er ea s th e
e ffecte d th ei r retr eat wit h ou t d ifcu l ty ;
Macedo n i an s on accoun t o f th e h ea vin es s of the ir arm s
an d th ei r i g n or an ce o f the r o a d s d u r st n ot p u r su e t he m
v igoro u sly
Al exan d er t h ere fore h el d o ff fro m t h e
Of tho se wit h
fu gi ti v es an d t ook th e ir c i ty by s tor m
h im
Olean d e r th e gen e ral o f th e ar ch er s an d ab o u t
Al exan der then m a r ch ed
tw
en ty o th er s w er e sl a in
a gai n s t th e r es t o f th e Pi si dian s an d t ook som e o f t h e i r
o n o ver t o him by
s tro n gh o l d s by s to r m ; o t h er s h e w
ran tin g th em t e rm s of ca p i tu l at ion
g
In

fro n t

of

th e

,
.

76

The An a ba si s

A lexan der

CHAPTE R XXIX
ALE XAN D ER

PH RYGIA

IN

w en t in to

Phrygia, p a ssi n g by the lake call ed

The
Ascan ia, l in which sal t i s n a t urally co n cret e d
n a ti ve s u se t h is sal t, an d d o n o t n e e d th e s ea a t a ll for
thi s a r ti cle
On th e fth d ay o f his m arch , h e ar ri ve d a t
TH E NC E he

C ela en a e 2 in which ci ty the re was a fo rtied ro ck p re

c i ito u s o n all s i des
Thi s c i ta del was o cc up i e d by the
p
v i c e ro y of Ph rygia w i th a g ar i s on of
C a ian s an d
1 00 Grecian m er cen ari e s Th es e m en desp atch ed am b a s
s ado re to Al exan der p ro m i s i n g to s u rren d er th e p l ace to
him i f s u ccou r d i d n o t rea ch th em by a day wh i ch ha d
3
e
n
a
b e gree d u pon with th em n am in g t he day This
a
a g e m en t s e em ed t o A le xan der m o re a dv
t ageo u s
th an t o b es ieg e th e fort i e d r ock w
h i ch was i n a ccess ibl e
o n all s i d es to a t tack
At C el aen a e h e l eft a g ar i s o n o f
s o l di er s
Re m ain i n g h ere t en day s he a p po in te d
An tig o u s s o n of Phili p} v ic ero y of Ph rygia p lace d
B alac ru s son of Am yn ta s 5 a s g e n eral o ve r t h e Grec ia n
alli es i n p la ce o f An tig on u s an d t h en d i rec t e d hi s m a ch
t o Gor di u m H e sen t an o rde r t o Pa rm en io to m e e t
a

'

rr

an

'

This
o f An ava
2

H ere

to be

l ke is m en ti on ed by H do t (vii
I t is o wcall d Burd
C yrus th Youn g r r i w d h is G
h opli tes a d 2 000 p l t ts
H
a

ero

p rk
y s

as

b ein g n

ear

th e

ci t

ur .

us

forces an d foun d th em
e as
a ace
ere th at
rin ce h a d a
river M aean der , c ose t o th e sou rce of th e

ev e

reci an

p l

in w
h i ch rose th e
M ars a
See en o h on (An a b , i 2 ) com are Cu rti us ( iii
3
Cu rti u s (iii 1 ) sa s th e m ad e a tru ce w
i th A exan der for si xt d a s
4 A ti
n
on us , ca ed th e On e e ed , w
a s fa th er of
em etrius Po li orcetes
On th e di vi sio n of A exan der s em i re h e recei ved h r i a,
ci a , an d
am
h lia
H e even tua
acq uir ed th e w
h o e of Asi a
in or ; bu t w
as
d efeated an d s ain at the att e of I su s
th e a i ed forces of Cas san der,
sim achus ,
tolem , an d e eu cu s
Wh en h e was s ain h e
was in hi s eigh tydi rst ear
5
Bal acrus w
as eft
A exan der to co m m an d i n
t
See Arri o u
( iii
6 Th e ca i ta of th
h r ian i n s
It w
e old
as re uil t i n th e tim e of
Au ustus , an d ca ed uli opoli s
an

P py
Ly

ll

p
y

lly
b l
Sl

by

y
by l
.

p l

ll

P yg
.

k g

Ly

Egyp
b

P yg

ll

Alexan der i n Phrygi a

77

with th e forces u n der his c om m an d ; a n o rder

whi ch th at gen eral o b eye d
Th e n e wly m arri ed m en
al s o w
h o h ad b een d e s p at che d to Mac e don i a n ow a rri ved
at Gor diu m
an d w
i th th em an o th er arm y whi ch h ad
b e en l ev i e d an d pu t u n der th e co m m an d of P to l e m y so n
o f S el eu cu s 1 Co e n u s s on o f Po le m o cr ate s
an d M el e
a g er so n o f N eo p t ol em u s
Thi s arm y c on i s t e d o f
Macedon i an foot s ol die r s an d 3 0 0 h o r se sol dier s 200
Th ess ali an ca v al ry a n d 1 5 0 E l e an s u n der th e co m m an d
o f Alcias th e E l e an
Go r diu m
i s i n th e Ph rygi a whi c h li es n ear th e
H ell e s p on t an d i s si tu ated u p o n the ri ver San gariu s
whi c h tak es its r is e i n Phrygi a b u t o win g throu gh
t h e l an d o f th e Bi thyn i an Th raci an s fall s i n t o t he E u xi n e
Sea
H er e an e m b a ss y r e a ch e d Al ex an der from th e
At hen i an s b e seec hi n g hi m t o r el ea s e t o th em th e Athe n
i an p ri son er s wh o h a d b ee n cap tu red at th e ri ver
Gran i cu s gh ti n g for t h e P er s ian s a n d wer e then in
Ma cedo n ia servi n g in ch ain s wi th th e two t h o u san d
o th e r s c ap tu r e d i n
The en v o y s depa rt e d
th a t b at tl e
witho u t ob t ai n i n g th ei r r e qu es t o n b e h alf of t he pr is on ers
fo r t h e p resen t
Fo r Al e xan der di d n ot thi n k i t sa fe
whil st th e war a g ai n st th e P ersi an was still g oin g o n to
rel ax i n th e s lightest de g r e e th e te rr o r w
i t h which h e
in sp i red th e G re ek s wh o did n o t dee m i t u n b eco m i n g
fo r th em t o s er ve as s o l di ers o n b eh al f o f t h e for eig n ers
H o wever h e r epli e d tha t wh en ev er his
agai n st G reece
p rese n t e n terp ri s e h a d b een s u cces s fu lly achi e ve d th e y
m igh t t h en
co m e a s a m b as sa d o rs t o tr e at on b eh a l f o f
hi m th ere

,
.

'

th e

s am e

p ers o n s

2
.

ill e d at th e b attle of I ssus (Arri a n ,

Thi s Ptol em y w
as
2
We learn fr o m Curti u s (iv 3 4) th at Al exan der released th ese pri son ers
h o m et h im i n Syri a after
at th e re u est o f am b assadors fro m Ath en s , w
1

hi s

retu rn

from E gypt

B OO K II

C HAPT E R I
C APT URE or MITYLENE BY TH E P E RSIAN S D E ATH or
M E M NO N
S O ON after thi s Mem n o n wh o m Kin g D ari u s had ap
p o i n te d co m m an der of the wh ol e eet an d of the en ti re
i th th e de sign o f m ovin g th e seat o f war in to
sea c oa s t w
Ma ce do n ia an d Greece a c qu ired p o s ses si o n of Chios
Th en ce
whi ch was s urren dered to hi m b y tr ea ch ery
h e s ail e d to L e sb o s an d b ro u gh t o v er t o h i s si de all
t h e c iti es o f th e i sl an d l excep t Mi tyl en e t h e i n h ab itan ts
W h e n h e h a d ga i n e d
hich did n ot s u bm it t o hi m
of w
th e se c i ti e s ove r h e t u r n ed his a tte n ti o n to Mi tyl e n e ;
t h e r e st o f the i s lan d b y
an d w
allin g o ff t h e c i ty fr o m
co n s tru ctin g a d o ub l e s t o ck a de fro m sea t o sea h e easily
g o t t he m as tery o n th e l an d s i de b y b u il di n g ve cam p s
A p ar t of hi s eet g u ar ded th ei r h arb o u r an d i n tercep t
i n g th e shi p s p a s s in g b y h e kept the res t o f h is eet a s
2
th e h e a dl an d o f L es b os wh ere i s
a g u ar d o ff Sig riu m
th e b e s t l an di n g
p l a ce fo r tra din g ve sse l s fro m Chi os
Ge raes tu s 3 an d Mal ea By t hi s m ean s h e depriv e d th e
M itylen aean s o f all h ope of su ccou r by sea
B u t m ean
.

T he
Pyrrh a
9

oth er

ci ties o f

L esbos

were

M eth ym

n a,

An ti ssa , B ras us ,

an

No wcall ed C ap e Sigri , th e west p oin t o f th e i sl an d

Th e south ern p oi n t of E u b oea, n owcalled Cap e M an dili
.

( 0 dy ss

Th e

p oin t
dreaded b y

sou th - eastern

of

L aco n i a ,

n o

er

C ap e M ali a di St
H om er ( Odyssey , i x

'

78

wcall ed

an ci en t m arin ers : see

It w
as
An gel o
1 6,
Vergil (Aen ei d , v
Th ere
Ovid ( Am ores ,
in g
M a>\a s 5e xdm l/a s m hdov r d m alk a bs (Stra bo , vi ii p
.

Cf H om

was a

s ay

D ea th
ti m

he

hi m sel f

f Mem

fell

n on

79

ill a n d die d an d his death at th at

excee din gly i n j u ri o u s t o th e ki n g s in ter es ts
,

w
as
i
Never th el ess Au to ph radates an d Pharn abaz u s s on o f
Ar tab az u s p rosec u te d t h e sie g e with vigo ur
To th e
latter i n deed Mem n on wh en dyin g had en tru sted his
co m m an d a s he w
as hi s si s te r s s on
t ill D ari u s s h o u l d
c om e t o s om e de ci s i o n o n th e m a
tter
The Mi tylen a ea n s
t h ere fo r e b ei n g exclu de d fro m
th e l an d an d b e i n g
blocka ded on the sea by m an y shi p s lyi n g at an ch or
s en t t o Pharn ab az u s an d c am e t o th e follow
i n g a gree
m en t
Th at th e a uxi liary t roo p s whi ch h a d c o m e t o
t he i r ai d fr om Alexan de r s h ou l d d ep art t h at th e c i tiz en s
s h o u l d dem o li sh the p ill ar s o n w
hi c h th e t reaty m ade b y
t he m w
it h Alexan der wa s i n scrib ed 1 t h a t th ey sh ou ld
b eco m e alli es of D ari u s on the t erm s of the p eace which
was m a de w ith Ki n g D ariu s in the tim e o f An talcidas 2
an d th a t t h ei r exil es sh o u l d r et ur n
fro m b an i sh m en t o n
c on di ti on o f r e cei vin g b ac k h al f the pro p er ty w
hich th ey
p ossesse d w h en they were b an i sh ed Upon th ese term s
t h e c om p act w
a s m ade b et w
een th e M i tylen a ean s an d
t he Pe rsian s
B ut as soo n a s Ph arn ab az u s an d Au to
p hr a dates o n ce go t w i thi n t h e c i ty th ey in trodu ce d a
g ar ri so n with Lyc om edes a Rho dia n a s i ts c o m m an da n t
They al so app o i n ted D io gen es o n e of th e ex il es t o b e
d esp ot o f th e city an d exa cte d m on ey from th e M i tyle
n aean s takin g p ar t o f i t b
y vi ol en ce for them s el ves fro m
t he we althy ci tiz en s a n d layin g th e rest a s a tax u p o n
t h e co m m u n it y
c ri sis

In

ac co rd an ce

with

th e

con ven

ti on

of

C orin th

Com p ar e

n ext

Thucy di des
For th e p illars co m p are H erodotus (ii 1 02 ,
v 1 8 , 47 ,
Aristoph an e s (Acham i am , 7 2 7 ; L ysi stra ta ,
2
as con cl u ded b y th e Sp artan s w
i th th e kin g of Pers i a ,
Th i s treaty w
up th e Ath en i an sup rem acy
It
3 87
It w
as design ed to brea
ere to b e gi ven to th e
stip ul ated th at all th e G recia n col on i es i n Asia w
ere to retai n on ly Im bros, L esb os , an d
in g ; th e Ath en i an s w
Persian
ere t o be auton om ou s
See
Scyros ; an d all th e oth er Greci an ci ti es w
Xen oph on (H ellen i cs, i v 8 ; v
chap ter

80

The An a ba sis

Alew
cm der

CHAP TE R II
PE RSIAN S CAPTU RE

T HE

TENE D US
SE A

AT

TH E Y

ARE

D EFEATED

h
a
r n ab a z u s saile d t o Ly cia
li
shi n g t hi s
P
p
i th him th e Grecian m erc en ari es bu t Au top hra
t aki n g w
Mean ti m e D ari us sen t
da te s sai l ed t o th e o th er i slan ds

Thym on da s s on o f Men tor do wn t o th e m ari ti m e di s

tric ts t o ta ke o v e r the G reci an a u xili ari es fro m Phar n a
b az u s a n d t o l ea d th e m u p to hi m ; an d t o tell Ph arn a
b a z u s that h e wa s to b e th e r u l er o f all that Mem n on
h a d ru l ed
So Pharn a b az u s h an ded o ver t o h im th e
Greci an au xiliaries an d then sail ed t o j oin A u top hra
dates an d t he ee t
When t hey m e t th ey de spat ched
D atam es a Persian wi th t en shi p s t o th e i sla n ds called
Cycl ade s 2 whilst th ey wi th 1 00 s ail ed t o Ten edu s 3
H avi n g sail ed i n to the h arbo u r of Te n ed u s whi c h is
call e d B o reu s
th ey en t a m e ss a g e to t he i n h ab i tan ts
com m an d in g th e m
t o de m oli s h th e p ill ar s o n whi ch th e
t re a ty m ade by the m wi th Al exa n de r an d th e G reek s wa s
i n scri b ed an d t o ob s erve in r e gard to D ari u s the term s
o f th e p ea c e w
h i ch th ey h a d ra ti e d wi th the kin g o f
Pers i a i n the tim e o f An talcidas Th e Ten e dian s pre
ferre d t o b e o n t erm s of a m ity wi th A l exan der an d t h e
Greek s ; b u t in th e p resen t cri si s i t seem e d im po ssi ble
t o s ave th e m se lv es e xce p t b y i el din g to th e Pe rs i an s
y
sin ce H e elochu s w
h o h ad b een c o m m i s s i o n ed b y Al ex
g
an d er t o co ll ect an o th er n a v a l fo r ce h a d n o t
yet g athered
s o l ar g e a e e t a s t o w
a r ran t t h em
i n exp ecti n g an y
s e e dy s u cco u r
fro m
hi m
Accordi n gly Pharn a baz u s
p
m ade th e Te n e dian s co m p ly w
ith h is de m an ds rath er
from fear t h an g oo d will

AFTE R

acco m

'

Cf

l 3 i n fra

Cycl ades ideo sic

deorum i n sign em " Am

Cf Vergil (Aen eid, i i

.

qu o d

app el latae ,

i ii 2 8 ,
3

i an us, xxii 8 , 2
.

biu n t D elon partu

Cf H orace ( Ca rm , i 1 4, 1 9 ;

o m n es am
.

The Pers ian s D efea ted

Sea

at

81

M ean ti m e P ro teas s on o f An dro n i cus by com m an d o f

An ti p ater 1 s u cceede d in c o llec ti n g s hip s of war from
E ub oea a n d th e Pelo p on n ese so that there m ight b e
so m e
p ro t ec ti on b oth for the i s l an ds an d for G re ece
i tself if t he fo reign ers attack ed th em by sea a s it was
r ep orte d t h e
y i n ten ded t o do L earn in g that D atam es
wi th t en ships was m o o re d n ear Siph n u s 2 Pro teas se t
3
out b
n igh t w
f
t
t
ee n
f
rom
i
h

Ch
l
i
E
i
p
a
h
r
u
n
t
c
s
o
e
u
s
y

an d app r oachi n g t h e i sl an d o f C th n u s
n
he
at daw
y
sp en t th e day th er e i n or de r to
get m o r e c ertai n i n fo rm a
t i on of t h e m ove m en ts o f th e te n ship s reso l vi n g at the
s a m e t i m e t o fall u p o n
th e Ph o en i c i an s b y n igh t when
h e wou l d b e lik ely t o s trik e t h em wi th g rea ter t error
Havin g di scovere d wi th certain ty tha t D atam es wa s
m o ore d w
i th hi s shi p s a t Siphn us h e sail ed thi ther while
i t wa s s till dark an d ju s t a t th e very dawn fell u p on
them wh en th ey l e as t e xp ecte d i t an d cap tu re d e igh t o f
B u t D a tam e s wi th th e o th er
the ship s m en an d all
t wo tri rem es e s cap e d b y s tea lth a t the b egin n i n g o f th e
attack m a de b
y th e s hi ps wi t h Protea s an d reach ed the
res t of th e P e rs ia n eet i n s a fe ty
,

Alexan

s absen ce
d Greece duri n g
2
It w
as
On e of th e Cycl ades , a l ittle to th e n orth east of Mel os
See Ar i stoph an es (Frag
n o ted far th e l ow m or ali ty of i ts i n h abi tan ts
m en t , 5 58 ; on th e au th o ri ty o f Su idas )
3
h ere th e ebb an d owof
E urip u s p rop erly m e an s an y n arrowsea , w
een
as esp eci all y app li ed to th e strai t b etw
Th e n am e w
th e tide i s vi ol en t
ed
h ere th e an ci en t s asserted th e sea eb b ed an d ow
B oeoti a an d E u bo ea , w
M o dern ob servers h ave n oti ced
seven tim es i n th e day (Stra bo , i x
Th e presen t n am e o f th e i slan d , Negrop on t,
th ese extraordin ary ti des
i s th e Itali an n am e form ed from E gri p o , th e m odern corrup ti on o f
I

Th e

regen

of

M ace don i a

an

der

Cf Ci cero , p ro M u ra en a , xvii Q uo d fre tum , uem E uri pum

to t m otu s , t an tas , tam vari a s h ab ere pu tati s a gitation es u ctuum ,
aestu s h ab et ratio com iti orum
u an to s
i
on es et
u an ta s
r
b
a
t
er
t
u
p
ovMp ar a ,
rw
v y ap uuec 7 a B
n 3 v T oroo
Ari sto tl e , E thi ca N i com a chea , i x 6
E u ri pu s

'

'

l
4

}
at

aer a

On e

i (60 1 e

of

'

ros
E pw

th e Cycl ades ,

about

een Atti ca an d Si p h n u s
ay b etw
h alf w
i

f Alexand er

The An a ba sis

82

CH APTE R III
ALE XAND E R

AT

GORD IUM

Gor diu m , h e wa s sei z e d wi th

hi ch con
an ar den t desi re t o go u p i n to th e ci tadel , w
H e was
t ain ed th e p al a ce o f G ordi u s a n d his son Mi da s
o f G ordiu s a n d th e
al so desiro u s o f seei n g th e w ag on
There was a
co rd whi ch b o un d th e yok e to t h e wa g on

WHEN Al exan der arri ved at

'

"

ut this wa gon am on g th e n eigh

as a
It wa s s ai d th at G or diu s w
b ourin g p opu l ati on
p oor m an am on g the an ci en t Phrygian s who h ad a sm all
p iece of lan d to till an d two y ok e of oxen H e u sed
on e of t h es e i n p l o ughi n g a n d th e oth er t o dr a w th e
wagon On on e occasi on whi l e h e was p lou ghin g an
e agl e s ettle d u p on th e yo k e } an d r em ain ed s itt in g th ere
B ein g
un til th e ti m e c am e fo r u n y o ki ng the o x en
h e wen t t o th e Telm i s sian sooth
al arm e d at t h e sight
th e deity ;
ab ou t th e sig n fro m
say ers t o con s ul t th em
for th e Tel m i ssian s w ere skil fu l in in terp retin g th e m ean
i n g of D i vin e m an ifestati o n s an d th e p ower o f di vi n ation
ha s b een b est owed n ot o n l y u p on th e m en b u t a ls o u pon
t heir wi ves an d chil dren fro m gen eration t o gen erati on
When G ordius was dri vin g his wagon n ear a certain
fetchi n g
v illage of th e Telm i ssi an s h e m et a m ai den
water from the sprin g an d to her h e rel at ed how the
s ign o f th e e agl e had app e ar ed to hi m
As sh e h ersel f
was of th e proph etic race sh e i n structed h im t o return
t o th e v ery sp ot an d offer s a cri ce to Z e u s th e ki n g
G ordiu s re qu ested her to acco m p an y him an d direct hi m
h o wto p erform th e s acri c e
He offered th e sacrice in
ay th e gi rl su gg est e d an d aft erwards m arri e d her
the w
A son was b orn to th em n am e d Midas wh o wh en h e
arri ved a t th e a ge o f m at uri ty w
as b oth h an d s om e an d
At thi s tim e th e Phrygian s were h arass ed by
v ali an t
great

dea l

of

talk

ab o
.

'

vat, a poeti cal form for m

'

a aa c

Alexa n der

Gorddum

at

83

l tin g th e o racle th ey were tol d

a w
a g on
wou l d b ri n g them a ki n g who wou l d p u t
an e n d t o th e i r d i s cord 1
While they were still deli ber
a ti n g
ab o u t t hi s ver y m atter
Midas arr i ved with his
fa th er an d m o th er an d st o pp ed n ear th e a s sem bly with
th e v e ry wag o n i n qu es tio n
Th ey i n t erpreti n g th e
o ra c ul ar r e s p o n se t o r efer to h im
d ec i ded t hat thi s wa s
t h e p erso n wh om th e
go d t o l d t h em th e wag on wo ul d
b ri n g They th erefore appoin t ed Mi das kin g ; an d h e
p u ttin g a n en d to t h eir di s cor d dedi cated his father s
wa go n i n th e cit adel as a th a n k offerin g: to Z eu s th e
kin g for se n din g th e e agle In additi on t o thi s th e
fo llo wi n g rep ort was cu rren t c on c ern i n g th e wag on th at
wh osoever co u l d lo osen th e cord with whi ch th e yok e of
th e wa g on was t i ed wa s des ti n e d to b e th e ru l er o f A sia
Th e co rd wa s m a de o f com e] b ark an d n e i th er en d n or
b e gin n in g t o i t co u l d b e seen
I t is s ai d b y so m e that
when Alexan der co u l d n d ou t n o way t o l oosen th e cor d
an d
ye t was u n willi n g t o all owi t t o re m ain u n loo sen ed
l e st it sh o ul d ex erci se som e disturb in g in uen ce u p on
or d an d cu t
th e m u l ti tu de h e s tr u ck th e cor d wi th hi s s w
B ut
i t thro u gh sayi n g th at it had b e en un ti ed b y h im
Ari stob ul u s say s t hat h e p ull ed o u t th e pin o f th e wago n
p o le whi ch was a woo den p eg driven right t hro ugh it
h ol di n g th e c or d t o geth er Havi n g do n e thi s he drew
H ow Alexan der
o ut th e y o k e fr om
th e wag o n p ol e
p erform ed th e feat in con n ection with thi s cord I c an
At an y ra te b oth h e a n d
n ot a
i rm with co n d en ce
his troo p s de p arted from th e wag o n a s if t he o ra c u lar
p redi cti on c o n ce rn i n g th e un tyin g of the cord h ad been
Moreover t hat v e ry n igh t th e th u n der an d
fu llle d
lightn in g were sign s from h eav en of its fu llm en t ; an d
for thi s r eas o n Al exan d er o ffe re d s a crice o n the follo w
i n g d ay t o th e go ds who h ad revea led the sign s an d
di sco rd,

i il
t h at
c v

an

con su

'

or Justi n , xi 7
.

The An a basi s

84

as s red

h im t h at th e

f Alexan der

ha d b e e n

cord

un tie d i n

prop er

1
ay .

C HAPTE R IV

C ONQ UE ST

or

c A A

CArrAE o

LE XANB E E s

Ta E sus

TH E

n ext

day h e

s en

out

Ar

An c yr a in

to

ILLNESS

Gala tia where

Pap hlagon ian s
,

was m et by an e m b a ss y from th e
offerin g to su rren der t h e i r n a tion t o him an d to en ter
in to an alli an ce with him ; b u t they re qu ested him n ot
H e t h erefore com
to in vade th eir lan d wi th hi s fo rc e s
to su b m i t to th e au t h o ri t y o f C ala s th e
m an ded th em
Marchi n g t h en ce in to Cappadocia
vi ceroy of Ph ry gia
h e s u bjugated all that p ar t of it whi ch li es on thi s s i de o f
the river H alys 3 an d m u ch o f th at whic h li es b eyon d it
Havin g appoin te d Sab ictas v i cero y of Capp adocia he
4
an d w
i
a
he n h e arrived at
advan ced to th e Gate s o f C li ci
5
n
an d saw
ho (wen t ) wi th Xen oph o
the Cam p of Cy r us w
that the Gates we re occu p i e d by s tr on g gu ards h e l eft
P arm en io th ere wi th th e r egi m en t s of i n fan try w hich
were m o re h eav ily arm e d ; an d ab ou t the rst watch
taki n g the shiel d b eari n g g u ar ds th e archers an d th e
Agrian ian s h e adv an ced b y n igh t to th e Gate s in
h en t h e y l east exp ecte d
order to fa ll u p o n th e guar d s w
Ho wever hi s advan c e was n ot u n ob serv ed ; b u t his
it
he

Cf 0 m m

2
Z
um
t
,
(
p s edi tion )
called An gora
In th e ti m e

Plu t arch

(Alexan d er

Now
o f Al exan der th e coun try w
as
n am ed Great Phrygi a , th e term
Gal ati a bein g afterw
ards appli ed to it ,
from th e fac t th at it w
a s con qu ered by th e Gau ls in th e 3 rd cen tury
3 Nowcalled Ki z il Irm a
th e Red Ri v er
It is th e largest river in
,
Asi a Min or, an d sep arated th e em pires of Persia an d Lydia, un til th e
con quest of the latter by Cyru s
Th e chief p ass over th e Taur us b etween Cappadoci a an d Cili ci a
It
i s m ore th an
feet ab ove th e sea level
Its m o dern n am e is Gol e
Cf Curti us ,
11
Bogh az
9
It is call ed Tauri Pylae by Cicero
(Epi stolae ad Atti cum , v 20 ,
5
See Xen oph on (An abasi s , i 2 , 2 0 ,
3

Aleaan der

\
s l l lness

Tarsus

at

85

qually well for the gu ards p er

ce i vi n
g th at Al exan der was ad van c in g in person deserte d
t h e i r p o st an d se t o ff ih ight
At dawn n ext day h e
p assed throu gh the Gates wit h all his forc es an d de
s cen de d i n to Cili ci a 1
H ere h e was in form ed th at Arsa
b oldn ess

s erv e d

him

h a d previ ou sly i n t en de d to p reserve Tarsu s fo r t h e

Persi an s b u t wh en he h ear d th at Al exan der h a d al ready
'

m es

pa ss e d th rough

th e

Ga tes

he

res o ved

to

ab an

don

t he

ity ; an d that the Tarsian s wer e th erefore afrai d he

wou l d turn t o plun der their c ity an d afterwards e vacu ate
it
He arin g thi s Al exan de r l e d his ca valry an d th e
lightest of his light i n fa n try t o Tarsus w i th a force d
m arch ; con se qu en tly Ar s am as h earin g o f hi s sta rt
e d
with sp e ed from Tarsu s to Kin g D ariu s w ithout in ic tin g
an
y i n jur y u p on th e ci ty
Al ex an de r n o w fell ill from the toil s he ha d u n der
g on e accordi n g to th e a ccoun t of Ari stob ul u s ; b ut oth er
a uth ors sa
y t hat whil e h e was v ery h ot an d in p rofu s e
p erspirati on he l eap e d in to th e ri ver Cydn us 3 an d s wam
b ein g e ager to b athe i n i t s water
Thi s rive r o ws
thro ugh th e m i ds t of th e ci ty ; an d a s it s s o u rce i s i n
m ou n t Taur u s an d i t o w
s t hro u gh a clean di strict it i s
col d an d i t s water i s clear
Al exan der therefore was
\
i th con v uls i o n s ac co m pan ied wi th high fever
se iz ed w
No n e of the physician s
an d co n ti n u o u s sle ep l e ssn e s s
3
u
an
h
ugh
lik
ly
t
o
s
i
e
excep t Phili p
rv v
t o
e
as
t he w
c

n goo d fortun e,
Al exan der won dere d at his ow
wh en h e ob served h oweasil y Ar sam e s m i ght h ave bloc ed u p th e p ass
Cyru s th e Youn ger was e qually fortun ate i n n din g thi s im pregn able
See Xen oph on (An a basis ,
p ass ab an don ed by Syen n es i s, in g of Cili ci a
3 1

Curti us (iii

says, th at

'

i .2 , 2 1

J usti n , xi 8 ; an d
TersooswChar See 0 m m , iii
See
as b uri ed
At Tarsu s th e em peror Juli an w
(D e D em o,
1 0, 5
Am m i a n us , m
3 Probabl
oul d ven ture to prescribe, for fear
y n on e of th e ph ysici an s w
h ich seem ed li ely to en sue
of bein g h eld resp on si bl e for his death , w
h en Heph aestion died of fever at E cbatan a, Alexan der
Nin e years after, w

No
L uci an
3

'

v called

The An aba sis of Alexa n der

86

p hysi cian

in atten dan ce on the ki n g, an d

h o al so
v ery m u c h tru s ted by him i n m edi ca l m atters, w
great rep utati on in the arm y in gen eral
en j oy ed a
adairs
This m a n wi shed to a dm in i s ter a p urgati ve
drau gh t to Al exan der, an d th e kin g ordere d h i m t o

A carn an ian ,

in i ster i t While Phili p was pre parin g the cup a

l etter wa s given to th e ki n g from Parm en io warn in g
hi m to b ew
for he h ear d t hat th e p hysician
are of Phil i p
ha d b een brib ed by D ariu s t o p o i so n Al exan der w ith
m edici n e
But h e hav i n g read th e l etter an d s till
hol di n g i t in hi s ha n d t oo k the cup whi ch con t ain ed
While
the m edi c in e an d gav e Phili p th e l ett er t o read
Philip was readin g th e n ews from Pa rm en io Alexa n der
dran k th e p oti on
It was a t on ce e vi d en t to t he ki n g
th at the p hysi cian was actin g h on o urab ly i n gi vi n g the
m e dicin e for h e w
a s n o t al arm ed at th e le tter b u t o n ly
so m u ch t he m ore exh orted th e kin g t o o b ey all th e oth er
p rescripti on s which h e m ight give prom i sin g that his
life wou ld b e saved if he ob eyed h is i n stru ction s Al ex
an der w
as p urge d b
y the dra ught an d hi s illn ess t h en
t ook a favourabl e t u rn
He afterwards proved t o Phili p
that he was a fai thful fri en d to hi m ; an d t o th e rest of
t hose ab o ut h e p rove d that h e had p erfe ct con de n ce in
hi s fri en d s by refu sin g to en tertain an y s usp i cio n o f their
deli ty ; an d at th e sam e ti m e h e sh o wed that he co uld
m eet death w i th da un tles s co u rag e 1
a dm

th e physi ci an w
h o had atten ded him to be
vi i 1 4 ; Plu tarch (Alexan der,
caused
.

cru cied.

See Af ri ca ,

Cf Ca n i n e,
14 16
D iodo rus , xvii 3 1
us ti n , xi 8 ; Plu tarch
Th e barb arou s con duct o f Al exan der tow
ards Phil o tas four
( Alen ,
hen con trasted w
i th hi s n oble co n den ce in Phili p , sh ow
s
years after, w
th e bad effect of his un paralleled su ccess, upon hi s m oral ch aracter
.

Alexan der

the Tom b

at

f Sar dan ap a lu s

CHAPTE R V
ALE XAND ER

TO MB

T HE

AT

PRO

EE D

C I LI C I A

m o s IN

AFTER

SARD ANAPAL U S

or

87

i to th e o th er Ga tes which
sep ara te th e l an d o f th e Cili c ian s fr om th at
o f th e A s
sy rian s i n or der to cap tu re them b efo r
e the en em y co u ld
do s o an d t o g u ard th e p ass 1 He gav e him th e alli ed
i n fan try the Grecian m e cen arie s the Th racian s wh o
were u n der the com m an d o f Sital ces an d the Th essalian
c av al ry
H e afterwards m ar che d fro m Tars u s an d o n
the rs t day ar i ve d at the c ity o f An chial u s 2 Accor d
in g t o re p o rt th i s c i ty wa s fo u n de d by S ardan ap al u s th e
Assyrian ,3 an d b o th fro m th e c i rcu m feren ce an d from
t he fo u n da ti on s o f th e wall s it i s ev id en t th a t a lar g e
c ity ha d b e en fo u n de d an d that it ha d re ach e d a g r e at
p i tch o f p ower Al so n ear the wall of An chialu s was the
m o n u m e n t of S ar dan a p al u s u p on th e t o
p o f wh ich s too d
th e s ta tu e o f t ha t ki n g w ith t h e h an ds j o i e d to e a ch
o t h er j u s t a s th ey ar e j o i n e d fo r c l a pp i n g
An i n scrip
t i on h a d b een p lac ed u p on it in As syrian ch aract er s
whi ch th e Assyr ian s assert e d to b e in m etre Th e m ean
in g wh ic h th e wo r ds ex press e d wa s thi s
Sardan apa
l u s s on o f An acyn darax as b u il t An chialu s an d Tarsu s
i n o n e day ; b u t d o th ou O s tran g er eat dri n k an d
th

is

he

s en

t Parm

en o

Thi s pass was called th e Syri G t lyin g b tw th e sh ore of

th e Gul f f I sus a d Moun t Am a u s
Cyru s th Yo n g w s i x days
archin g from T a s s th rou gh thi s p ss
See Xen oph
(An a b i
Th e G
k ofte g e the a e of Assy ia to th e ou try usually call ed
Cf
by th e Syria Th H b ew
e fo
i t i s Ara
(hi gh la d)
1

an

a es ,

ree

av

r u

een

er

on

n am

Ci cero (a d D i versos , xv 4 , 4) D i od , xi v 2 1
9 A cit
est of th e m outh of th e C dn u s
of Cili ci a on th e coast , a li tt e w
3
aid to h ave
in s
een th e ast of th e Ass ri an
4
Cf S tra bo (xi v 5 ) for a descri ti on o f thi s statue
5
riti n
which h as een de
hi s w
as , dou t ess , th e arrowh eaded w
awi n son
Cf H erodotus, iv 8 7 ; Thucydi des ,
ci h ere d
Sir H en r
.

iv 50
.

by

bl

y R l

k g

88

The An a basis

an der
Alew

play sin ce all oth e r h u m an th in g s are n ot w or th th is

referrin g as in a r iddle t o the e m p ty sou n d wh i ch the
h an ds m ak e in cla pp in g
I t wa s a l so sai d th at the wor d
t ran sl ate d p lat/y h a d b ee n e xp r ess e d by a m or e l ewd on e
,

in th e As syri an

l an g u age
From A chial u s Al e xan der wen t t o Soli 1 in t o which
city h e i n tr o du ced a g a rison
t he
an d i m p ose d u p on
in h abi tan ts a n e of 2 00 talen t s of s ilver 2 b ecau se they
were m ore in clin e d to fa vou r the Persi an s th an h i m sel f
Th en havi n g t ak en th ree r e gi m en t s o f Ma cedo n ian i n
.

fan try,
a

way

m ou n

a ll

arch er s ,

th e

d the Agri an ian s, h e m ar ch ed

Cilician s, wh o were h ol din g the

an

gain st th e

th en c e

tai n s ;

an

ven day s in a ll h av in g exp elle d

b rou ght the r est o ver by
a n d h a vi n g
m ar ch e d b ack to S o li
H ere he asoer

d in

se

by force
com p osi ti o n
he
tai n ed th at P tol em y an d As an der 3 h a d g ai n e d the m a s ter y
o v er O ron tob a te s th e Per sian
wh o was g u ardin g the
c i ta del o f H a li ca rn a ssus an d w
a s a l so h o l din g My n du s
Cau n us Th era an d C allip olis 4 Cos an d Triop ium l5 lso
ha d b een b rou gh t in to s u bj ection
They wr ote to in form
hi m th at O ron t ob ates h a d b een wo rste d in a g reat b attl e 5
th at ab o u t 7 00 0 f hi s i n fan t ry an d 5 0 o f his c aval ry h a d
b een kille d an d n o t l ess than
t ak e n pris o n er s
In
S oli Al exan der offe red s acrice to Asclepiu s 6 c on du ctin g
N w ll d M
It w
Rh di
l y th
tl
t f Cili i
so m e

ca

b etw

ez e

as a

th e ri vers C dn

een

Pom pei op oli s

2
A out

Th e

u s an

an c o on

d L am

birth place of Phil e

was

It

u s.
m on

on

e co as

wards

t e - n am ed

after

Aratus ,

an

c a,

y ippus

d Chr

ph ew of Pa en i o H e afte wards bro gh t a e

in for e e t to Al exan de f
Greec ( Arri iv
Aft th kin g s
death h e ob tai n d th e ru le of Cari a b t j in i g th p arty of P tole y
a d C assan der h e w
a d fe ted by An ti g
us
3 13
Th ese we e Carian cities
Cos th e b irth pl e of Ap ell es a d Hi ppoc ates i s on e of the group
of i slan ds call ed S p orades o th e
ast f Cari a
Tri 0 piu m i s th e p o
on tory te m in atin g th
pen i n l of C idu s th e so th w t h adla d
of Asi a Min o
Cf Ti bu llus
3 57 ; P p ti us i 2 1
ii 1 5 ; H e
3

As an der
c m

was

a ne

rm

rom

on

ac

dotus , i 1 7 4
.

co

su a

ro

er

es

ro

lled by th e R om an s

Ca

r.

er

an

Aesculapius

He

was th e

god of th e

m edi ca

Alew
an der Advan ces to M ri an drus
y

89

process ion of th e en tire ar m y cel eb ratin g a torch race

an d s u p eri n t en d in g a gy m n a st ic an d m u s i cal co n t est
He
g ran te d th e Solian s the pri vileg e of a dem ocra tical con
s titu tion ; a n d t h en m a r ch e d aw ay t o Tar su s d e sp atch i n g
t h e cav al ry u n de r Philot as t o m ar ch thr o u gh th e Al eian
p lain to th e ri ve r Pyra m us 1 But he hi m sel f with the
in fan try an d the ro yal squa dron of cavalry cam e to
Magarsu s where he o ffered s acri ce to the M agarsi an
Th en c e h e m arch e d t o M all u s w here he
Ath en a
ren dere d t o Am p hilo chu s th e s acr ic ial hon ou rs d ue to
2
H e al so arr est e d th ose who were creat in g a
a h e ro
an d th us
u t a s top t o it
se diti on a m on g th e c it i z e n s
p
He r em i tt e d th e tribu t e wh i ch th ey w ere p ayi n g t o Ki n g
D ar iu s b ecau se th e M allio tes were a co lon y o f th e Ar
gives an d h e hi m sel f cl aim ed to ha v e sprun g from Arg os
b ein g a descen dan t of He racl es

'

CHAPTER VI

TO M YRIAn n n ua D Aam
MA RCH E S AGAINST H I M

ALE XAND E R An vANC E s

WHIL E h e was still at Mall us he was in form ed th at D ariu s

was en ca m p ed w ith all his fo rces at Sochi a plac e i n the
lan d o f As sy r ia di st an t a b o u t t wo days m arch fr o m th e
Then in deed he co ll ect e d th e Co m
As syr ian Ga te s 3
p an i on s an d t ol d th em w h at was rep ort e d ab o u t D ariu s
'

dou t Al exan der sa cri ce d to hi m , an d ce e rated th e am es,

in rati tu de for hi s recover from th e fever h e h ad h a d at ars u s
Th
e
erodo tus , vi 95
1
2
1
H
0
v
i
o
m
er
i
n
H
d
n
n
e
;
m
e
t
i
o
i
s
,
hi s ain
a us
h e sea n e ar
ram us , n o wcall ed Ji an , fa s i n to t
ar e river
o ch u s after th e
m
h
i
3
A
e
d
n
d
e
n
f
ou
a
v
e
e
h
id
t
o
al us w
as sa
au s , th e reat ro het
hi
ar
f
A
m
son
o
a
s
t
h
e
w
h
e
ro
hi
s
fa of ro
M agarsu s, of
a de im m ort a
a
ve
m
h
a
i
d
t
o
s
s
i
s
e
u
h
o
m
Z
o f Ar os , w
etw
een
ce of m ean i n g
en
di
ff
e
r
Th
e
s
a
u
o
r
t
o
f
as th e
a arsa , w
u tarch ( M ora lia ,
44
t
us
ero
d
o
;
f
r
o
m
H
een
,
i
s
s
oom an d b a t ew
art , an

l g

p
3

M ll

ll

8 57

by
p

p l
l

See cha

1 su ra.
v n ote
.

p p

Pl

M ll

D)
Usually called th e Sy rian G ates

Py

lb

pl

M l
ll T y

Mg

no

The An a ba sis

90
an

d h is

arm

They

were withou t

delay

ur

g ed hi m

Alexan der
to

l ead th em

as

on

th ey

h
a t t im e b e c om m en d ed th em ,
A
t
t
,
b
u t n ex t day h e le d th em
a n d b r ok e u
t
h
e con fere n c e
p
On th e s ec on d
fo rward a gain s t D ari u s an d th e P e r si an s
d ay h e p a ssed th ro u gh th e Ga t es an d en c a m p e d n ear th e
.

ity

an

Myr ian dr u s ; 1
vi o l e n t st o r m

of
a

detain e d

him

in hi s

b u t in th e n ight
o f win d an d ra in
.

c am

D ari u s,

on

h ea vy

t em pest
o c cu rr e d w
h i ch
o th e r

th e

han d,

b een sp en din g a l o n g ti m e with h i s arm y havi n g

hi ch stretch es
ch o sen a p l ain in th e l an d of Assy ria w
o u t i n e v ery dire ction
s u i ta bl e fo r th e i m m e n s e s iz e o f
his arm y an d c on ven ien t for th e e v o l t i on s o f cava l ry
Am yn tas s on of An ti o ch u s th e d es ert er fro m Al exan de r
ad v i s e d hi m
n o t t o a b an do n th i s p o si ti on
b ecau s e there
was p len ty of room fo r the g reat m u ltitu de of th e Pe sian s
an d fo r th e va st q u an ti t
y of t h eir b a gga ge So D ari us
r e m a in e d
Bu t a s Al exan de r m ade a l o n g s tay at Ta s u s
o n a ccou n t o f hi s ill n e s s a n d n o t a sh o rt on e a t S o li
wh ere h e o ffere d sacr i ce an d con du ct e d his arm y in
p rocess ion an d m oreo ver sp en t so m e t im e in m arch in g
a gai n s t th e
Cilician m oun tain eer s D ariu s wa s in duced
to s w
er ve fr om h i s r es ol ut i o n
H e wa s al s o n ot u n willi g
t o b e l e d to fo r m wh atev er dec is i on wa s m os t a g re ea bl e
to h is o wn wish es ; an d b e i n g in u en ce d by thos e who
gave hi m the adv ice which th ey th ou gh t wou ld b e p leasan t
t o hi m wi th o u t con s i de ra t io n o f its u til ity (for ki n g s will
al w
ays h av e a ssoc i ates t o gi v e th em b a d a dv ice 2 h e cam e
)
to th e co cl u s ion th at Al exan der wa s n o l o n g er d es i rou s
o f a dvan c in g fu rt h er b u t w
a s s hr i n ki n g fro m an en c ou n ter
on l earn in g th at D ariu s h im sel f w
a s m archi n g a ga i n st
him
On all s i des th ey wer e ur gin g hi m o n ass ertin g
that h e wou l d tram p l e do w
n th e arm y o f th e Mac e do n i an s
h ad

A ci ty

Gulf
3 8 ) call s
th e

on

H erodotus (iv
(An a b , i
3
Cf Arrian , vi i 29
.

of

Issus ,

th e

ulf

ein

the Myri an dri c

Curti us ,

a sett em en

17

of

th e Ph oen ici an s

Gulf

Cf

en o

ph on

D ar iu s

with
con

hi s

cavalr

d en tly

I ssus

at

91

Ne ve rth el ess, Am yn tas, at an

y
e d th at Al e xan de r w
o u l d c er tain ly

I
.

a i rm

rate

co m e

y p l a ce wh ere h e h ear d D ari us m igh t b e ; an d h e ex

h o rted h im by all m e an s t o stay wh er e h e was
Bu t the
worse adv i ce, b ecau se at th e i m m ediate tim e it was m ore
p leasan t to hear, p revailed m oreover he wa s led by so m e
d iv in e i n u en ce in to th a t lo cality wh ere h e d e ri v ed li ttl e
to

an

ad

va n t a g e

of

hi s

exh

m en

ibit

val ry an d from the sh eer n u m b er

j av elin s a n d b ows an d wh er e h e co u l d n ot ev en

fro m

hi s

ca

th e

m er e

m a

gn i cen ce

of

hi s

ar m

b ut

s u rre n

d ere d t o Alexan der an d his t ro o p s a n easy v i cto ry

Fo r
i t was al rea dy d ecr ee d by fat e t ha t th e P ers ia n s sh ou l d
.

b e dep ri ve d
th e

as
an

of

ru e o

b een

ha d

M ede s

till

th e

lier

ear

f As i a h y t h e Ma cedo n ian s , j u st
d ep r i v ed of i t by th e Per sian s,
'

y rian s by the Medes

th e As s

CHAPTER V II

D ARI U S

A'l

I ssus

LEXANDE R s

SPEE C H

TO

AR M Y

HIS

in ran g e by what are cal led the

i th o u t
a d van c in g t o w
ar d s I s s s cam e w
b ein g n o tice d t o the re ar o f Al exan der Havin g re ached
Issu s he cap tu red as m an y o f th e Macedon ian s a s ha d
D AR I U S cro sse d th e
Am an i e Gates, an d

m oun

ta

an

ti

Aeschi n es tell s
-

M acedon i an

us

i n hi s

sta tesm en

g th

s eech

at

a ain st

Ath en s

Ctesi h on (
at thi s tim e recei ved

th at th e

etters

from

was cau ght an d pin n ed up in Cili ci a

H e say s D em os th en e s wen t ab ou t sh ow
in g th ese letters an d b oasti n g of
n ot o n ly
th e n ew
s xi 7 3 ) say s th at
s
Jo seph us (An ti qui ti es of the J ew
S an b all at at Sam aria bu t all th ose th at were i n Asi a al so were persuaded
th at th e Macedon i an s w
i th the
o u l d n o t s o m u ch as com e to a b attle w
th eir fri en ds , statin

at

Alexan der

ersi an s, on

accoun

of

th ei r

m u

ltitude

e t
ed
Th ere a e two pas s by which th easte n cou t i es
s a
leads i to Syria Th e
from Ci li cia ;
th e south
ar th
e
try
e
th e
th a d leads t th
o th er p
e to th e
s li s
E u phrat s Th e l tte was call ed th e A an ie a d th fo m er the Syri an
gate Al ex n der h ad j t p assed th o gh th Syri an gate rde to
as descen di n g i n to
m arch again st D arius at th e very tim e th at D ari us w
2

on

as
e

on

n or

m or
a

se

n e
,

are

e cou n
e

er

ar

us

r u

in

The An a basis

92

Alew
am der

b een l eft b ehin d there on a cco un t o f illn ess These he

c ru elly m u tilat e d a n d s l e w
N ex t day h e p ro c ee de d to th e
r i ve r Pi aru s
As soo n as Al ex an der h e r d t ha t D ari u s
wa s in his rear b ecau s e the n e ws did n ot se e m t o him tru st
worthy h e e m bark ed som e of the C o m p an ion s i n a shi p
with th i ty oars an d s en t the m ba ck to I ss u s t o o b serve
whe th er the re po t was tru e Th e e n wh o s aile d in th e
th irty c are d sh ip dis co ve re d th e Pe r s i an s en c a m p e d th er e
m o e e asily b ecau s e th e s e
in thi s p art tak es the fo rm
o f a b ay
They th ere fo re b rou gh t b ack wo rd t o Al exan de r
th at D ari u s w
a s at h an d
Al exa n der the n c all ed t og ether
th e g en eral s th e co m m an der s o f ca val ry an d th e l ea der s
o f th e Gr ec ian alli es an d exh o te d th em to t ak e co u ra g e
from th e d a g ers wh i ch they had alrea dy su r m o un ted
a ssertin g that the stru gl e w
o u l d b e b e tw
een th e m sel ves
g
who had b een prev iou sly v ictoriou s an d a fo e who had
al r e ady b een b eaten
an d th at the de ity was a cti g th e
pa t of gen eral o n th eir b ehalf b etter th an h im self by
p t tin g it in to th e m i nd o f D ariu s to m o ve hi s fo ces
from th e sp aci o s p la i an d sh u t t hem u p in a n arro w
plac e wh ere there wa s su f cie n t roo m for th em to dee pen
t he ir ph alan x by m arch in g fr o m f on t to rear b u t where
th ei r va s t m u l ti tu de wou l d b e u s el e ss t o t he i r e n e y in
b attle He adde d that the ir foe s were sim ilar t o th em
n either in s tr en g th n o r in c o ura g e
fo r the Ma c edon ian s
who h ad lon g b e en practised in warlike t o ils accom pan ied
with dang er were co m in g in to clo se con ict with Persian s
h o ha d b ec om e e n ervat ed by a l on g
an d Me des m en w
c o urs e of l uxu i ous c a se i an d t o c r ow
n a ll the y b ei n g
freem en wer e a b o u t t o en gag e in b attle with m en wh o
were slav es He said m oreo v er t hat th e G reek s who
were in the two arm ies wou l d n ot b e g hti n g for the
.

py g

Ci icia by th e Am an i c ate, an d o ccu in I ssus w

ith hi s
A exan der, wh o h ad reach ed
rian dru s in
ri a, m ade

l
l

to

m eet

i n the

Darius Pluta ch

igh t p

My

(Alena

2 0)

whi ch is quite a m i stak e

sa s

Sy

that th ey

adv an ced

a cou n

i ssed

uard .

term

arch

each other

Alema n der

Sp eech to Hes Arm y

'

93

for th os e wi th D ariu s

were b rav in g dan ger

fo r pay an d th a t
wherea s t hose o n their
p ay n o t h igh
s i de w
e re v ol u n tarily de fe n d i n g th e i n t eres ts o f G re e ce
Ag a i n of fo reig n er s th e Thrac ian s Paeo n i an s I llyr ian s
an d A ri an ian s w
h o wer e th e m o s t ro b u s t an d warlik e
g
o f m e n i n E uro pe w
er e a b o u t t o b e array e d a gai n st t h e

s am e o

bj ec ts
,

l ggi sh an d ee m in ate races of Asia I n addition

t o all th i s Al ex an de r wa s co m m a n di n g in t he el d a gai n s t
D ari u s
These th in g s h e e n u m erate d a s e v iden c es of
th e i r s u p e rio i t y i n th e s t u ggle ; an d the n h e b e gan to
p o in t o u t th e gr eat re war ds th ey wo u ld win from th e
d an g er to b e in c u rre d
Fo r h e tol d th em tha t on th a t
occ a s io n th ey wo u l d o v er co m e n o t m er ely th e v ice oy s o f
D ari u s n o r th e c aval ry dra wn p a t th e Gran i c u s n or
th e
Grecian m ercen aries b ut wou ld o ver co m e all
th e av ail able fo rces o f th e Persian s an d Me de s, a s well
as all th e o the r
a c es s u bj ec t t o th e m
dwellin g i n As ia
an d th e Grea t Ki n g p rese n t i n p ers o n
After th i s co n
ict n o th in g wou l d b e l eft for th e m to do excep t to take
p os sess ion of all As ia an d t o pu t an en d to th eir m an y
lab ou rs I n a dditio n to th i s h e rem in ded them of their
b rillian t a chi eve en ts in t h ei r c ollec tive cap a city \in
day s g on e by an d if an y m an h ad i n div idu ally p erform e d
an
y d i sti n g u i sh ed feat o f va l o r fro m l o v e o f glo ry h e
by n am e in co m en dation o f the dee d 1
m en ti o n e d hi m
H e t h en recap it u l ate d a s m o des tly s p oss ibl e his o wn
H e i s a l so s a i d t o
darin g d e ed s in th e v a i o u s b a ttles
h av e e m i n de d th e m o f X en o ph o n a d th e ten th ou san d
h o a cco m p an i ed him a sser ti n g th a t the l at ter were
m en w
in n o way c o m p ara bl e wi th th em either in n u m b er o r i n
gen eral excellen ce B esides they had h ad with th em
M acedo n ian
n e i th e r Th e ss ali a n B oe o ti a n P el o p o n n es i an
h
ch
of th e o th er cava l ry w
i
n or an
o r Thr aci an h o r se m en
y
was in th e Mace don ian arm y ; n or ha d th ey an y arch e s
m os t s u

'

Cf

S allu st ( C

a ti li n a ,

Caesar ( Bel l Ga ll
.

The An a basi s

94

f Alexan der

pt a fe w C retan s an d Rh odian s an d ev en
th ese were got ready by Xen op hon on th e spu r of th e
l
An d yet e ven
m om en t in
t he ve ry cri s i s of dan ger
these pu t the kin g an d all hi s forc es to r ou t close to

byl
itself an d su cceede d in reachin g the E uxi n e
Ba
on
Sea after defeat in g all th e race s wh ic h lay i n thei r way
He al so adduce d
n th ith e r
as th ey w ere m arch i n g do w
what ev er oth e r argu m en ts were su i table for a grea t
com m an der to u se i n o rder t o e n co u ra ge b rav e m en i n
su ch a critical m om en t befo re th e p erils of b at tle They
a gain st t h e fo e w ith ou t d elay
u r g ed hi m to l ea d t he m
co m in g from
all si des t o g ra s p t h e k i n g s righ t han d,
an d en c ou ragin g him by th e i r p r o m i s es
or s

lin g ers

exce

CH AP TER VIII
ARRANGE M ENT or T H E H O ST I LE ARM I E S
A LEXAND E R then ordered his sol diers to t ak e th eir din n er
an d h av in g sen t a fe w o f h i s h or sem en
an d arch ers
fo r w
ard t o th e Ga tes t o r e con n o i tre t h e r oa d i n th e r ear
he t ook the wh ole o f hi s ar m y an d m arch e d i n th e n igh t
When ab ou t m i dn igh t he had
t o o c cu p y th e p as s a g ai n
agai n got p os sessi on o f i t h e ca u se d t h e arm y t o r est th e
r em ain der of th e n igh t th ere u pon the rock s h avin
p osted vigilan t s en t ies At th e appro ach of dawn h e
b e gan to descen d from th e pa ss al on g th e road ; an d as
lon g as the sp ace was n arrow e verywhere he led his
b u t wh en th e m oun ta i n s p art e d so as t o
a rm y i n colum n
l eave a plain b etween them h e k ept on o p en in g out the
m ar ch i n g o n e li n e o f h eav y
c ol um n i n t o th e ph a l an x
.

See en oph on (An a b ,

2 At Cun axa
Xen op hon (ii 2 , 6) does n ot m en ti on th e n am e of the
place wh ere th e b attle was fou h t, bu t says th at h e was in form ed it was
on ly 3 60 stadi a (abo ut 40 m i l es) from
abylon
We get the n am e Cun axa
lutarch ( ife of Artaxerxes, c
from
wh o says it was 500 stadia
(about 5 8 m iles) from abylon
.

Arr a n gem

en

t o
f the H os ti le Arm i es

95

in fan try after an oth er u p i n to lin e towar ds th e

m o u n tai n on th e right an d to w
ar d s th e s ea on th e l eft
Up to thi s ti m e h is cavalry had b een ran ge d b ehi n d the
i n fan try b u t wh en th ey advan ced in to th e o p en cou n try
h e b e ga n t o d raw u p hi s a rm y in o rd er o f b attl e
F ir st
u p on th e righ t win g n ear th e m o un tain h e pl ace d h is
i n fan try gu ard an d the shi el d b earer s u n der th e com
m an d o f Ni can or s on
o f P arm en i o
n ext to th es e th e
regi m en t o f Coe n u s an d cl os e t o th e m
th at o f Per dicca s
Th ese troop s wer e p os te d a s far as th e m i ddl e o f th e
h eavy arm ed i n fan try to on e b e gi n n in g fro m th e right
On th e l eft win g rst s too d th e r egi m en t o f Am yn t as
th e n th at of P to le m y an d close to thi s t h a t o f M ele ag er
The in fan try o n th e left h a d b e en p l a ce d u n der the co m
m an d o f Cr a te ru s
b u t Pa rm en i o h el d th e ch i ef direc tion
of t h e w
hol e l eft win g
Thi s gen eral h a d b een ordered
n o t to ab an do n th e sea so th at t hey m igh t n ot b e s u r
r ou n de d b
y th e for eign ers wh o were lik e ly t o ou t an k
th em o n al l s i de s b y th e i r s u p eri o r n u m b e r s 1
Bu t a s so o n a s D a ri u s wa s ce rti e d o f Al exan der s
a pp ro ac h for b att l e
h e c o n ve y e d a b o u t
o f hi s
caval ry an d wi th t h e m
o f h i s light arm e d i n fan try
acr o ss th e r iver Pin aru s i n or der th at h e m igh t b e a b l e
t o dra wu p th e r est o f h i s for ces w
i th eas e Of th e h eavy
arm e d i n fan t r y
Greek m er
h e p lace d rs t th e
ce n ari e s t o o pp ose th e
p h al an x o f th e M ace do n i an s an d
o f t h e m en c all e d
on b o th s i d es o f th e s e h e p l a ce d
Cardaces 2 wh o wer e al so h eavy ar m e d in fan try 3 Fo r
arm ed

'

'

h o accom pan i e d Alexan der i n to Asi a ,

Calli sth eh es th e h i stori an , w
een th e m ou n tain an d th e sea
states th a t th e b re adth o f th e pl ain b etw
was n ot m ore th an fourt een stadi a , or a li ttle m ore th an on e E n gli sh
1

il e
2

an

Th ese

h alf

17
See Polybiu s,
See Poly bi us, v 7 9 ,
to h ave been foreign m ercen ari es
ere n ot a n ati on , but
H esychiu s says th at th ey w
3
.

seem

8 2 ; S tra bo, xv
foreign ers servin g for p ay
3
Calli sth en es a s u oted in
.

m ercen aries of

D arius

at

Polybz us , xii 1 8

an

d th e

reckon ed

cavalry

at

th e Greci an

Arrien

The An a ba si s

96

f Alexan der

were p oste d was a ble to con tai n

1
n
e
a
an
x
H e also p os ted
ly
hi
u
b
i
gl
p
h
l
n
r
i
n
a
s
o
t s n m e
m en n e ar th e m o u n tain o n t h e i r l eft an d facin g
S o m e of t hese troop s were als o in
Al exan d er s righ t
t h e r ear of Al exan der s a rm y ; fo r th e m o un tain n ear
whi ch th ey were p oste d i n on e part sl op ed a gre at way
b ac k an d form ed a sort o f b ay like a b ay i n the sea an d
a fterwards b en di n g forw
ar ds cau s e d th e m en w
ho had
b een p osted at th e fo ot of i t t o b e b ehi n d Al exan der s
i n g The re m a in i n g m u ltitu de of D arius s light
righ t w
was m ars hall ed by
arm e d
an d h ea vy arm e d in fan try
n atio n s t o a n u n se rvi ceab le de p th an d pl ace d b ehi n d th e
Grecian m ercen ari es an d th e Persian arm y arran ged in
p hal an x Th e whol e o f th e arm y with D ari u s was sai d
t o n um b er ab ou t
ghtin g m en sz
As Al exan der a dv an c e d he fo un d that the gro u n d
s p read ou t a li ttle in b r ea dt h an d h e accordin gly b rough t
up his hors em en b o th th os e calle d Com p an ion s an d the
Thessalian s as well a s th e M a cedo n ia n s an d p osted th em
w ith hi m self on th e righ t win g The Pelopon n esian s
an d the res t of th e alli e d fo rce of G re ek s he sen t to
th e

p lace w here

they

h eavy arm ed , n ot i n cl u di n g th e cavalry Yet Polybius

as n ot ro om even for th e
tri es to prove that th ere w
troop s m en
tion ed by Calli sth en es ,
1
Th e dep th o f thi s sin gle phala n x is n o t gi ven , n or do w
e
no
hi ch i t occu pi ed
i dth of th e groun d w
the exact w
Ass um i n g a d epth of
si xteen , an d on e p ace in bread th to each so l di er,
m en w
ould stan d
in th e breadth of a stadium of 2 5 0 p aces ; an d th erefore
m en in
Assum in g a depth of tw
en ty stadi a
a breadth of tw
en ty si x,
m en w
ould stan d in th e breadth o f th e stadi um , an d th erefore
in
hi ch is th at given by Kallis th en es
a total b readth of 1 4 stadia , w
Mr
Ki n n eir states th at th e bread th b etw
e en M oun t Am an us an d th e sea
een on e an d a h alf m ile an d th ree m il es "
varies betw
G1 ote
3
an d Plu t arch ( Alex ,
D i odom a (xvii
give th e sam e n um ber ;
but J usti n ( xi 9) says th e Persi an s n um b ered
i n fan try an d
It too ve days for th em to cro ss th e E u h rates over
cavalry
p
,
Th e m on ey alon e of th e i n re uired
bridges of boats ( Cam us ,
g
600 m ules an d 3 00 cam el s t o con vey i t ( Cu rti us , iii
en um erates

k w

Alexa n der Chan ges the D isp osi ti on

His F orces

97

i on the l eft
W hen D arius had m arshalled
his p h alan x by a p re con certe d s ign al he r ecall ed th e
caval ry w hi ch h e ha d p os te d i n fro n t of th e river for th e
exp ress p u
rp o s e o f ren de ri n g t h e a r ra n gin g o f hi s ar m y
eas y
Mo s t of th e s e h e p la ced on the right w in g n ear
th e sea faci n g Parm en io b eca u se h ere th e g ro un d was
m ore s u it abl e fo r th e ev olu t io n s o f cav alry
A certain
part of them al so h e led u p to th e m o un tain towards the
left B ut when t h e y w ere s een to b e u seles s th ere on
n ess o f t h e g rou n d h e o rdere d m o st
accoun t o f th e n arro w
o f th es e al so to r i de ro u n d t o th e righ t w
i n g an d j oin
D ar iu s hi m s elf occup i ed th e cen tre
their com rade s the re
a s t he c u s to m fo r t h e
o f th e w h o l e ar m y i n asm u c h a s i t w
kin gs o f Persia t o t ak e u p th at p o si tion the reason of
which arran gem en t h as b een reco rde d by Xen ophon son
1
o f Gryllu s
Parm

en o

'

CH AP TE R
A L EXAN D E R Gam

e r s TH E

IX

D ISPO SI TI ON

or a re

F os cas

M EANTIM E wh en Al exan der p ercei ved th at n early all the

P ersi an cavalry h ad chan ged th e ir gro un d an d g on e to
his left towards th e s ea an d t ha t o n his s i de on ly th e
P elop on n esian s an d th e rest of th e Grec ian cavalry were
p osted there he sen t th e Th essa lian ca valry t hither with
speed orderin g t h e m n o t to r i d e al o n g b efore th e fron t
h ole arra y lest t h ey s h ou l d b e s een by the
of th e w
hiftin g t heir g ro u n d b u t to p roceed by
en e m y t o b e
2
In fron t o f th e
a
a
n
x
s teal th in
the rear o f th e p h l
caval ry o n t h e righ t h e p o ste d t h e l an c e rs un d er th e
com m an d o f Prot om a ch us an d th e Pa eon ia n s u n de r th at
the a rch e rs u n der the
o f Ar i sto ; an d o f th e in fan try
direction of An tioch u s an d th e Ag ria n ian s u n der that of
,

an d Xen o p h on (An a b , i 8 , 21 ,
11
Cf Arr i a n ,

n
ld
s
o
s N ewCra ty ln s , sect 1 7 8
o
n
a
See D
.

The An a ba sis

98

Alexan der

l y an d arch ers al so h e drew

1
ards th e
n
r
t ow
t
t
h
e
ce
t
e
u p s o as to form an an gle wi h
th e re a r ; s o o n th e righ t his
m oun tai n w hi ch w
as i n
p h alan x had b een d rawn u p separate d in to t o w i n g s
th e on e fron ti n g D ari u s an d th e m ai n b ody o f P ersian s
b eyon d the ri ver an d th e oth er fa ci n g those who had
On th e l eft
b een po sted at th e m ou n t ain in th e ir rear
wi n g th e in fan try con sistin g of th e Cretan archers an d
the Thraci an s u n de r co m m an d of Sital ce s were p os ted
ar ds th e left
i n fron t
an d b efore t h ese t h e cava lry to w
The Grecian m erce n ari es we re dra wn u p a s a re s erve for
all o f th em
When h e p erce i ved th at th e phalan x to
wards th e righ t was too thin an d i t se em ed lik ely that
th e P ersi an s w
h ere con si derab ly he
o ul d o u ta n k hi m
the
ordered tw
o s quadron s o f t he C om p an i on c aval ry vi z
An th em u sian 2 o f whi ch Pero edas son of M en esth e us was
hi ch was call e d L eu ga ean un der the
cap tai n an d that w
com m an d o f Pan tor dan u s s on
o f Ol e an de r t o p roceed
from th e c en tre to th e righ t wi th o u t b ei n g s e en
H avi n g
al so m arch ed th e ar ch e r s
par t o f th e Agri an i an s an d of
th e G reci an m ercen ar i es u p al o n g h is righ t i n th e fron t
h e ext en ded h is ph al an x b ey o n d th e win g o f th e Persian s
B u t whe n t h os e who h ad b e en p os ted u p on th e m o u n tai n
did n o t descen d a c h ar g e wa s m ad e by a few o f the
hi ch
Agrian ia n s an d arch ers a t Al ex an de
o rder b y w
th ey were easily p u t t o t he r ou t from th e foo t o f th e
m o u n t ai n
As th ey ed t o th e s um m it h e dec ide d that
h e cou l d m ak e u s e o f th e m en wh o h ad b een draw
n u
p to
ke ep these i n ch eck to ll u p the ran k s of his ph al an x
Attalu s

So m

e of

the

c ava r

'

Cf Xen oph on
.

(Cyrop a edi a

In describin g th e battle of Arb ela , Arrian

uadron s of M acedon i an h eavy cavalry , w
hi ch

di stin ct
s
was n own by th e n am e
Am on g th e s u adron s several , if n ot all , w
o f th e C om p an ion s
ere
n s or di s tricts o f M acedon i a, as h ere, An
n am ed after p articul ar tow
tham u s, an d Leuge We al so n d m en tion of th e s u adron s of Bottiaea,
Am ph ipoli s, an d Apoll on i a
See also Arri an h i 2 ; i 1 2
11

m en ti on s ei gh t

B a ttle

H e th o ught i t

w atch

th e

s u fc en

quite

m en

on

th e

m o

I ss us
t to

u n tain

99

p ost

3 00

h orsem

en

to

C H AP TE R X

B AT T L E o r I s s u s
H AVING t hu s m ar sh all ed his m en he cau sed th em to res t
fo r s o m e t i m e an d th en l ed th e m fo r w
a r d a s h e t h o u gh t
th e en em y s a p pr oa ch was v e ry sl o w
For D ari us wa s
n o l o n g e r l eadi n g th e fo r e ig n e rs agai n st hi m
as h e h ad
arran g e d th e m
a t rs t b u t h e r em a in e d i n hi s
p ositi o n
u on th e b an k o f t h e r i ve r w
hi ch wa s i n m an y par ts s teep
p
an d
pr eci p i t o u s ; a n d in cer tain p l aces whe re i t see m e d
m o re e as y t o a sc en d h e ex ten d e d a s to c ka de a l o n g i t
By
t hi s i t was at o n ce evi de n t t o Al exander s m en tha t
D ar iu s h a d b e co m e c owed in sp i ri t }
B u t when th e
ar m i es at l e n g th m e t i n c on ic t Al exan de r ro d e ab o u t i n
e v e ry di rec tio n t o e xh o r t hi s tr oo p s t o sh o w the i r val o u r
,
m en ti o n i ng w
ith b e ttin g ep ith e ts th e n am e s n ot on ly o f
th e g en eral s b u t a l s o t h o se o f t h e c a p tai n s o f c a va lry an d
in fan try an d o f th e Gre ci an m e rce n arie s as m an y as were
m o re d i s ti n g u i s h e d ei t h er b
Fro m all
y ran k o r m eri t
s i des arose a sh o u t n ot t o de lay b u t t o attack th e e n e m y
At rs t h e s till l e d th em o n in cl os e array wi th m ea s u red
s t e p a l th ou gh h e h a d th e fo rc e s o f D ari u s al r ea dy i n full
Vi e w l es t b
y a m o re h a sty m ar ch an y p art o f th e p h alan x
sh o u l d uc tu a te fr o m
th e li n e 2 a n d get sep arat ed fro m
th e r es t
B u t wh en th ey c a m e wi thi n ran ge o f dart s
Al exan der hi m s el f an d th o se aro u n d hi m b ein g p os te d on
th e righ t wi n g a dv an ce d rs t i n to th e r i v er with a r un
.

'

iv

are
9

17
34;
1

'

yv u m

p y os
y dedouh w

An

p are Awi an , i ii 1 1 ;
u s ed o f Poru s an d th e In di an s
s

co m

wif

( An a b
reads

t/ a v

'

s pdm

i 8,
.

xxvava v

os.

An

im i tated from Thu cy di des ,

h ere th e sam e w
ords
1 9 ; vi 1 6 , w

expres si on
.

expression

im itated from

It i s prai sed b y D em e tri u s (D e E lo cu ti on e,

Cf Pl u tarch (Pom p ey ,
.

Xen oph on
Krii ger

f Alexa n der

The An a ba sis

1 00

i di ty o f the i r ou
se t a n d b y co m i n g s oo n er to c l o s e con i c t t o r e c ei v e li ttl e
An d i t turn ed o u t j u s t a s Alex;
dam a ge from the arc h ers
fo r a s soon as th e b a ttl e b ecam e
an de r h ad co n j e c tu r e d
a h a n d to h an d o n e th e part of th e Pe si an arm y stati o n ed
r
i n g was pu t to rou t ; an d he r e Alexan der
o n th e l eft w
an d hi s m e n w
on
a b rilli an t v i c to ry
B ut th e Grecian
m e rcen ar i es s e rv i n g u n de r D ar i u s a tta ck e d th e M ace
don ian s a t th e p o in t wh ere th ey s aw t h ei r p h ala n x
es e ci ally di so rd re d
For th e M a cedon i an p h al an x h a d
p
e
b een b ro ken a n d disj oin e d to wards the righ t wing
b ecau se Al exan der had c h ar ge d i n to th e river wi th eager
n e s s an d en g agi n g i n a h an d to h an d c on i c t w
as al re a d
y
dri v i n g b ack th e Pers i a n s p os te d th ere ; b u t the Ma ce
don ia n s in th e cen tre did n o t exe cu te t h e i r t a s k with equal
s p e e d ; a n d n di n g m an y p ar t s o f t he b an k s t e e
p an d
p r ecip i to u s they were u n ab le to pre s erve the fr on t of the
ph al a n x in th e sam e lin e . H ere th e n th e stru ggle was
d es p e ra te th e ai m of the Gre ci an m er cen ari es o f D ari u s
b e in g to p u sh th e M ac e do n i an s b a ck i n to th e river a n d
r e gai n th e v i ct ory th ou gh t h e ir o w
n fo rces w
e r e a l r ea dy
yi n g
th e ai m o f th e Ma c e do n i an s be in g n o t to fall
s h o r t o f Al exan der s g o o d fo rtun e
whi c h was already
m an i fest
an d n o t to t arn i sh th e glo ry o f the p h ala n x
which u p to that ti m e h ad b een c o m m o n ly a sser ted to b e
i n vin ci bl e M oreo ver the feelin g o f r ivalry whi ch exi s te d
b etwe n th e Grecian an d Ma ce do n ian ra c es i n s p i re d each
e
s id e i n th e con ict
He re fell P tol em y son o f S ele u c u s
after p rov in g hi m self a v ali a n t m an
b es i des ab o u t o n e
hun dred an d twen ty o th er Ma c edon ian s of n o m ean
1
re p u t e
in

o r der

to

a arm

P ersi an s

th e

b y th e

r ap

iii
2
a
s
s
9
t
h
a
t
o
n
A
l
e
x
an
d
e
r
s si de 504 w
ere w
(
) y
oun ded,
an d 1 8 2 kill ed
D i odorus (xvii 3 6) says , th at 45 0 M acedon i an s w
ere
i lled
Justin (x 9) states th at 2 80 w
ere slain

Ga rl i c :

D efea t

nd

F li ght o
f D ari u s

CHAP TE R XI
D E FEAT

AND

FLI GHT

or

1 01

D ARIU S

H E RE U PON the r egi m en ts on th e righ t wi n g p ercei vin g

th a t th e P e rs ian s o pp o se d t o th e m h ad al rea dy b een
p ut
to r o u t w
h eel ed r o u n d towar ds th e Gre c ian m ercen ari es
o f D a r i u s a n d th e i r o w
n h ar d
H av
p resse d de tach m en t
i n g dri v en the G re ek s a way fro m th e r i ver th ey exten de d
t h ei r p h al an x b e yon d th e P e r sian ar m y o n th e si d e whic h
h a d b ee n b ro k e n
an d a t ta c ki n g th e G reek s o n th e an k
we re al rea dy b e gin n in g t o c u t t h e m u p H o wev er th e
Pers i an caval r y whi ch h ad b een po st e d op po si te th e
The ss ali an s did n o t rem ai n on th e o th er side o f th e ri ver
d u ri n g t h e s tr u ggl e b ut c a m e t h rou gh th e wa ter an d
1
m a d e a vig o r o u s a t tack u o n th e Th es s alian s q u adro n s
p
In t hi s pl ace a er ce c av al ry b at tl e e n su ed for thePer
s i an s did n o t gi ve wa
y u n t il th e y p e rcei ve d th at D ari u s
h a d ed an d th e Grec i an m erce n ar i es h ad b een cu t u p b y
th e p h alan x an d seve re d fro m t h em
Th en a t l a st t h e
igh t o f al l th e P ersi an s was pl ai n ly v i si b l e Th eir
h or ses su ffere d m u ch i n j u ry in th e r etreat b e cau se th e
9
r i ders
were heav ily arm ed a n d t h e h o rs em en th em selves
b ei n g so m a n y in n um ber an d r e treatin g in p an i c t error
wi th o ut an y r egar d to order alon g n arrow roads were
tram ple d o n an d i n j ure d n o l es s b y ea c h o th er th an b y th e
p u rs uin g en em y Th e Thessali an s al so follo wed them u p
wi th v ig o ur so that n o fe wer o f the caval ry th an of th e
i n fan try 3 were slau gh tered in the ight
Bu t a s soo n a s th e l eft wi n g of D ariu s was t erri e d an d
,

Polybiu s

wh o

li ve d

n early

thr ee

cen

turi es b efore Arri an

cen sures

ssed th e ri ver
g th at t h e Persian cavalry cro
No d ou bt Arri an received th i s
Pin aru s an d attac e d th e Th essali an s
or s of Ptol em y an d Aristo b ul u s ( Poly ,
i n form ation from th e l o st w
2
ord used by Xen o p h on ,
f
d
a
d
r m , th e w
o
rm
o
r
l
f
i
ca
e
t
d
i
s
t
h
e
o
dn r n s
B
p
Th e l atter i s fou n d o n ly on ce i n Arri an
riters
Pl ato , a
n d oth er Attic w

Calli sth en es for

as sertin

(III
3

xiii

i)

11

3 1

weftv is M

artin s em en

dati on for a

wefdu

The An a ba si s

1 02

Alexa n der

by Alexan der an d th e P ers ian kin g p erceive d th a t

thi s p a r t o f hi s ar m y wa s sev er e d fr o m th e re s t with o u t
hi s c hari o t al on g
a n y fu r th e r d elay h e b eg an t o ee i n
wi th the rs t j u s t as h e wa s 1 H e was con veyed sa fely
i n the chari o t as l o n g a s h e m e t wi th l evel g ro u n d i n hi s
ig ht b u t wh en he lighted up on ra vi n es a n d o th er r o u gh
g rou n d h e l eft th e ch ar i ot th ere dive stin g hi m sel f o f his
H e ev en l eft his b o w in the
shi el d an d M e dian m an tle
Th e
cha ri o t
a n d m ou n tin g a h or se co n t i n u ed his igh t
n igh t w
hi ch cam e o n soon after al on e rescu ed hi m fro m
b ei n g c ap ture d by Al exan de r
for a s l on g a s th ere was
But
d aylight th e la tter k ep t u p th e p u rs u i t at fu ll s pee d
when i t b egan t o gro w dark an d th e gro un d b efore th e
fe et b e cam e i n v i sib l e h e tu rn ed b a c k a gai n t o th e c am p
a fter c ap tu r in g th e chari o t o f D ari u s with t h e sh i el d th e
M e di an m an tl e an d the b ow in it s For his p u rsu it had
r o u te

(iii 2 7 ) an d D i odom s (xvii

di re ct ch arge m a de by Al exan d er

Cu r ti u s

of a

b etw
een

i ct

3 4 ) gi ve a graphic des cription

u p on D ari u s , an d a s an gu in ar
y

Al exan der s b ody gu ard an d th e Persi an n o bl es, in

whi ch th e Gr eat in g s h orses were woun ded an d becam e u n m an ageabl e,
wh ereup on D ariu s got ou t , m ou n ted a h orse , an d e d We learn from
Plu tarch ( Alex , 20 ) th at Ch are s a i rm ed Al e xan der cam e i n to h an d
t o h an d con i ct w
i th D ariu s , an d th at h e recei ved a woun d in th e thigh
from th at in g s sw
Plu t arch says th at Al e xan d er w
ord
ro te t o An ti
i th a dagger , b u t di d n o t
oun ded in th e th igh w
pa ter t h at h e h ad b een w
say by w
h om
H e also w
ro te t h at n o thi n g seri ous h ad resul te d from th e
wou n d Th e accou n t of Arri an i s far th e m ost tru stworth y
Calli s
th en es stat ed t h at Al exan der m ade a direct attac up on D ari u s (Poly
bi us , xii
We n owfrom Xen op h on th at th e Persi an in gs were i n
th e h ab it of occupyin g th e cen tre, an d th at Cyru s dir ected Cl earch us to
m a e th e attac
aga in st th e p erson o f hi s bro th er Ar taxerxes a t th e battle
o f Cu n a xa
Polybi us seem s to h ave b een i gn oran t of thi s cu sto m o f th e
h en h e Wrote hi s criti ci sm on th e statem en t of Calli sth en es
Persi an i n gs w
2
ord see D on aldson
d elhro
On this w
Cf
( New Cra ty las , sect
c on

Aeschylu s (Persa e,
2,

Thuc y di des

(iv

Xen oph on (H ell en i cs i

,

d M acedon i an s over th e Persian s were

m ateri ally aided by th e p usillan i m i ty o f Xerxes an d D ari us
Com pare
th e con du ct of Xerxes at Sal am i s (H erodo tus , vii i 9 7 ; Aesch ylu s , P ersa e ,

4 65 47 0 , w
ith Mr Paley s n ote) an d th at of D arius at Arb ela (Arri an ,
3

Th e victori e s

of

th e Gree

s an

i ii

D efea t

an d

Flight

D ari us

1 03

b een to o sl ow for him to over take D arius becau se th ou gh

h e wh eel ed rou n d at th e rs t b reaki n g as u n der o f th e
p hala n x yet he d i d n o t tu rn to p ursue h im u n til he
o b ser ve d t ha t the Gre cian
m ercen ari e s an d th e Pe rs ian
c a va l ry h a d b een driven a w
a y fro m th e river
O f th e Persi an s w ere kille d Arsam es Rh eo m ithr es an d
Atiz yes who had com m an de d th e caval ry at th e Gran ic us
Sab aces v icero y of E gyp t an d B a bacas on e of th e P ersian
d ig n i tari e s were al so killed bes i des ab o u t
o f th e
p ri va te so l diers am on g them b ein g m ore than
1
cava lry
So g reat wa s th e s la u ghte r tha t P to le m y s on
o f La g us w
ho th en accom pan i ed Al exan der s ay s th a t th e
h o were w ith th e m p u rs u in g D ariu s co m i n g in th e
m en w
p u rs u it t o a ravi n e l le d it u p wi th the corp ses an d so
p ass e d o v er it The ca m p o f D a rius was taken for thwith
a t th e rs t a s sa ul t co n t ai n in g h i s m oth er h i s w
i fe wh o
wa s al s o his si ster
an d
h i s in fan t s on 2
H is two
dau gh ters an d a fe w o th er wom en wi ves of Persi a n
3
r
ee
s
who were in atten dan ce u p on t hem were like wise
p
ca p tu re d
For the o th e r P ers ia n s h app en ed t o h ave
d esp a tc h ed th ei r wom e n a lo n g wi th the re s t o f t h ei r
p ro p erty to Dam ascus 4 b e cau se D ari u s had sen t t o that
c i ty th e grea ter p art of h is m o n ey an d all th e o ther t hin g s
whi ch th e Great Ki n g was in th e habi t o f taki n g wit h hi m
a s n e cess ary fo r h is l u xu r i ou s m o d e o f livin g e v e n th o u gh
,

,
'

D i odorus (xvii 3 6) an d C urti u s (iii 2 9) agree w

i th Arrian as to th e
n um b er o f sl a in in th e arm y of D ari us
Plu tarch (Alm a , 20) giv es th e
n u m ber as
3
i fe of D ariu s was also his
J us ti n ( xi 9) agrees w
ith Art i an , tha t the w
si ster
ife , an d si ster of D ari u s bein g cap
Grote spea s of th e m oth er, w
ture d , w
hi ch i s an error
D i od orus (xvii 3 8 ) an d Curti us (i ii 2 9) say
th at the son w
as abou t six years o f age
3 Cf Xen o h o n
5,
p
( Cyrop aedi a , 1 , 3 ;
hich i s D am m esek , a very an ci en t
D am ascu s, th e Hebrewn am e of w
city i n Syri a , at th e foot of th e An ti liban u s, at an elevati o n o f 22 0 feet
above th e sea , i n a sp acious an d fertil e p lai n about 3 0 m il es in diam eter,
wh ich i s watered by th ree rivers , two of wh ich are called i n th e Bible
Th e em p eror
It h as still a p o pula tion of
Aban a an d Ph arpar
1

Ju lia n , in

on e of

h is letters,

calls

it

th e E ye

of all the E ast

"
.

1 04

The An a basi s

f Alexan der

was g oin g on a m ilitary exp e di ti on Th e con s e qu en ce

tal en t s 1 were
was that in t he cam p n o m or e than
D a m asc u s wa s
cap t u re d ; an d s o on a fter t h e m on ey i n
P
al so s eiz e d b
w
h
o w
a s de s p atch e d thi th er for
arm en i o
y
S u ch was th e r es ult of thi s fa m ou s
th a t v er y p u rp o s e
b attl e ( whi c h wa s fo u gh t) i n t he m on th M ai m ac teri on
when Ni cos tratu s was a rch on of th e Ath en i an s 2
he

CH APTE R X II
KIN D TREATM ENT
THE

n ext

or

D aRI US

FAM ILY

wou n d
v i s i te d
b o di e s o f th e sla in

day, Alexan der, th o u gh su fferi n g from a

h a d re cei ve d i n th e thigh fro m a s wor d,

whi ch h e
t h e wo u n de d an d havin g coll ec t e d t h e
h e gave t h e m a s pl en di d b u r i al wi th all hi s fo rce s m o st
H e a l so sp o k e
b rilli an tly m arsh all e d in o rd er o f b a t tl e
with e u logy t o those wh o m h e hi m s elf h ad re c o gn i se d
p erform in g an y gallan t dee d in th e b a ttl e a n d a l s o t o
t h o se w
h ose explo i ts h e h ad l earn t by r ep o r t fu lly c or ro
b o ra t e d
H e lik e wi s e h o n o u red ea ch o f t h em i n di v i d u a lly
with a gift o f m o n e y in p rop orti o n to his desert 3 H e
th en app o i n te d Bala cr u s so n o f Ni c an o r on e o f th e r oya l
b o dy gu ards v i cero y o f Cili cia ; a n d i n hi s p l a ce am o n g
th e b o dy g u ard s h e ch o s e M en es s o n o f D i o n y s i u s
In
th e r oom o f P to l e m y s on o f S el e u c u s who h ad b een
kill ed in th e b attle h e a pp oin ted Po lyspe rchon so n o f
Sim mia s to th e c o m m an d of a b rig a de
H e r em i tted t o
th e So lian s th e fty tal en ts whi ch wer e s till d u e o f th e
m o n ey i m p ose d on th em as a n e an d h e g a ve th e m ba ck
th ei r hostages
,

'

Abou t

d of October or begin n in g o f Nov em ber

3 Alexan der erect ed three altars on th b an
of th e Pin aru s , to Z eu s ,
e
Cicero , w
h o was pro con sul of
Heracles, an d Ath en a ( Curti us ii i
Cilici a , spea s of th e altars o f Alexan der at th e foot o f Am an u s , an d
s ays th at h e en cam ped th ere four days ( Ep i s tola e a d D i versos , xv
4
About
3

333

en

Kin d Trea tm

en

D ari us

Fa m i ly

1 05

wi fe and children of
D ariu s wi th n egl ect ; for s o m e of th o se w
h o h ave wri tten
Alexan de r s hi s tory s ay th at on th e very n igh t i n which
Nor did h e treat the

oth er,

he

r et u r n e d

fro m

th e

p ur su i t

D ari u s,

of

en

teri n

th e

P ersi an kin g s ten t which h ad b een s electe d for hi s u se

h e h ear d th e la m en tati on o f wo m en an d o ther n o i s e o f a
s i m il ar ki n d n o t far fr om th e t en t
In qu i rin g t h erefore
who th e w om e n w ere an d why th ey were in a ten t so n ear
h wa s an s we re d by som e on e a s follo ws
0 kin g the
e r f an
m oth e
wi e
d chil dren o f D ari u s ar e la m en ti n g for hi m
as s lai n s in ce th ey h av e b een in form e d th at th o u hast hi s
b owa n d his r oyal m an tl e an d th at h i s s hi el d h as b ee n

b ro ught b ack
When Al exan der h eard thi s he s en t
Leon n atu s 1 o n e of hi s C om pan ion s to th em with i n j u n e
D ariu s i s s till ali v e ; i n h i s igh t
ti on s to tell t h em
h e l eft hi s a rm s an d m an tl e i n the chari o t ; an d th ese are

Leon n at u s
the on ly thi n gs o f h i s t ha t A l exan d e r has
t h e n ews ab o ut D ariu s
e n tere d the t en t a n d t ol d t h em
t ha t Al exan der w o ul d all o wt h em to
s ayi n g
m o re ov er
r e tain th e s t at e an d r eti n u e b e ttin g th ei r r oy al ra n k a s
well as the ti tle of q u een s ; for h e had n ot un dertak en
t h e wa r a gai n s t D ariu s fro m a fe e lin g of h atred b u t h e
h ad con du cte d i t i n a l egi ti m ate m an n e r fo r th e em p i re
S u ch are th e s tat e m en ts o f P to le m y an d Ar is
o f As ia
t ob u lu s 9
Bu t th ere i s an o th er r ep ort t o th e e e ct th at
i n g day Al exan der hi m sel f wen t i n to th e
on the foll ow
ten t ac com p an ied a lo n e b y Hepha estio n o n e of hi s Com
p an i on s The m oth er of D ariu s 3 b ei n g in do ub t which

der s life in I n di a , in th e
Th i s di stin gui sh ed gen eral saved

r
t
h
i
n
s
A
f
t
e
e
assaul t on th e city of th e M alli an
g s death , h e recei ved
He ' was defeated
th e rul e o f th e l esser or H ell esp on tin e Phrygia
h om h e was
an d slain by th e Ath en i an s un der An ti phil us , again st w
3 23
See D i odarus, xviii 14 , 1 5 ;
i th An tip ater,
gh tin g in all i an ce w

Al exan

'

Plutarch (P hoci on ,
3 C om
pare Di odom
3

Nam ed Si sygam bi s

xvii

3 7 , 3 8 ; Can i n e,

29 3 2

The An a ba si s

1 06

Alexan der

was th e kin g (for th ey ha d b oth arrayed th em

e n t u p t o Heph ae s
s elves i n th e s am e s tyl e o f d ress) w
o
ti on b eca u s e h e a pp e ar e d t o h e r th e tall er of th e tw
B u t wh en he drew
an d p ro s trate d h ers e l f b e fo r e h i m
b ack an d on e of h e r a tten dan t s p oin ted o ut Al exan der
a s asha m e d o f h er m i s tak e
as th e ki n g sh e w
s ayin g h e w
B u t th e kin g tol d h er sh e h ad
as g o i n g to r e tire
an d w
a s al s o a n Alexan der
m ade n o m i s ta k e for H e ph a esti on w
Thi s I recor d n either b ei n g sure o f it s tru th n o r t hin k in g
i t altoge th er un reliab le If i t really o c cu rred I co m m en d
Al exan der for his co m p as sio n a te trea tm en t of th e wo m en
his c o m p an ion an d the
an d th e co n den ce he fe lt in
h on ou r b estowed on him b u t if i t m erely seem s pro
b abl e to hi storian s th at A lexa n der wou ld h av e acted
an d sp ok en t h u s eve n for t hi s r e a so n I t hi n k him w orthy
l
of com m en dati on
of

th em

CH AP TE R XIII

F LIGHT

or

MACED ONIAN

C EE D IN GS
ss
occcrx

or

D E S ERTE RS

AGI S,

Pn o s m

cm

KING

or

Em

ma

so

ALEXAND E R
S PARTA
m ro

fewatten dan t s ; b u t
i n the day ti m e, p i c kin g u p as h e wen t alon g the Pers i an s
m e r c e n ar i e s w
ho ha d co m e safely ou t of
an d Grecian
th e b attl e, h e h a d in al l
m en
un der his com m an d
D ARIUS ed throu gh th e n i gh t

with

hi ch
by Al exan der to Parm en i o , an extract from w
i s preserved by Plu tarch (Alan ,
h e say s th a t h e n ever sawn or en ter
tain ed th e desire o f seein g th e w
ife o f D ari us , w
ho w
as said t o be th e
o m an i n As i a ; an d th at h e w
m ost beautiful w
o uld n ot all owh im self to
h o sp o e ab ou t h er b eau ty
li sten to th ose w
C f Am m i an us (xxi v 4,
E x vi rgin i bu s autem , u ae sp eci osae sun t cap tae,
sp eakin g of Juli an
Perside, ubi fem i n arum p ulch ri tu do excelli t, n ec con trectare
ut i n
aliqu am volait, n ec vi dere z Al exan drum i m i tatu s et Afri can am , qui h aec
decli n aban t, n a fran geretur cupi di tate, qui se in vi ctos a l aboribus ubi u e
"
n
r
e
s
t
i
t
eru
t
p a
In

l etter

written

Fli ght

H e th en
sac u s 1
ri ve r

m a de

an
as

d er

f M a cedon i a n

fo r ced

d th e
so on

r ver

m arc

t owards th e

E uphrates 53

in

b et ween

p ossi b le

as

D eser ters i n to E gyp t

c

i ty

o rde r

hi m

se

1 07

of

Thap

t o p u t th at

lf

an

d Al ex

Bu t Am yn ta s so n o f An ti o ch u s Th m on da s so n
,
y
o f M en to r
Aris t om ede s the Ph e raean , an d Bia n o r th e
,
Ac arn an i an , al l b e in g d es er ters ed with o u t delay fro m
,
t h e p os t s assig n e d th e m in th e b a ttl e w
i th ab o u t
an

l di e rs u n der th ei r co m m an d an d p assin g th r ou gh th e
o u n t ai n s th ey a rr i ve d a t Tri oli s i n Ph o en i c ia 3
Th ere
p

so

dersto od to be i den ti cal w

i th th e ci ty cal l e d Tip h sach
i n gs i v 2 4 ; wh ich i s th ere sai d to h ave b een th e eas tern

Th ap s acu s i s

un

(p assage ) i n

b oun dary

Sol om

of

on

s em

pire

D ei r occup i es th e s i te of th e an
th at th e on ly for d in thi s p art
D eir

was

Th i s

Seleu cu s Ni ca tor
S tep han n s

of

Byz

I t i s gen er ally supp osed th at th e m odern

ci en t Th a sacus ; b u t i t h as b een di scovered
p
.

of

p ro bably th e
th e city w
as

an

tiu m

th e ri ver i s
si te

of

at

Suriy eh , 1 6 5

Th ap s acu s

iles

From

abo ve

th e th

e of

Am phip oli s (P li n y , v
Se e
su b voce Am ph i o li s
Cf Xen oph on ( An a basis ,
p
call ed

i 4,
.

Th e E u ph rates i s th e largest river of we stern Asi a, an d ri se s i n th e

m o un ta in s o f Arm en i a
I t un i tes w
i th th e Ti gri s , an d after a co urse o f
m il es
ow
s in t o th e Persi an Gu lf
It i s n av i gab le by b oats
for
m il es
Th e an n ual in un d ati on , cau se d by th e m el ti n g
o f th e sn o w i n
th e m oun tain s o f Arm en i a , t a es pl ace i n th e m o n th
2

M ay

of

Th e E uphrates , Ti gri s , an d E ul a eus h a d form erly th ree

separate outlets
in to th e Persi an Gu lf ; bu t th e th ree n o w u n i te
in
a s in gl e
s tream ,
whi ch i s call e d Sh at el Arab
Th e H ebr ew
.

n am e

stream

( Gen

for th e river

It i s

xv

wh ich

s called

E u phr a tes ,

was P rath (rap id

th e Bibl e, th e Grea t Ri ver , an d t he R i ver

E xod xxiii 3 1 ; et p assi m )
I n Jerem i ah xii i 4
ord
7 , th e w

18

ca ll ed

th e Gre e

P ra th stan d s

in

for E ph rath

an oth er n am e

for B e th l eh em ; i n

o ur

Bibl e

Se e Fii rst s H ebrewL exi con

3
Th e te rm Gen c an w
as applie d t o th e l o w
l an d p lain from Aradus to
Ga z a
Th e n or th ern p ort ion , fr o m Ar a da s t o C arm el , i s n ow
n to u s
un der i ts Greci an n am e o f Ph o en ici a , w
hi ch i s prob ably deri ved from
th e Gree
hi ch grewa bun d an tly in th e coun try ,
p h oi u i x ( a p ain t tree) , w
an d w
a s th e em bl em o f s om e of i ts t ow
n s
O th ers deri ve it from an oth er
Gree Word p hoz m x (red dye) , w
h i ch form ed o n e o f its m o st i m p ortan t
m an u factu re s
Th e Ph oen ician s app li ed th e term Cen aan to th ei r l an d
i n con trast to th e h i gh l an ds to th e wes t, w
hi ch th ey cal l ed Ara m ( hi gh
as 1 2 0
T h e coun try o f Ph oen i ci a w
l an d) , th e H ebrew n am e for Syria
m iles lo n g an d w
i th an average brea dth of 1 2 m iles , n ever exceedi n g 20
ere Tyre , Si don , Aradus , Bybl us ,
m iles
Th e chief ci ti e s of Ph oen i ci a w
it i s

i s tran sl ated

f Alexa n der

The An a ba si s

1 08

iz ed th e shi p s wh ich h ad b een h au l ed u p on sh ore

i n whi ch th ey ha d p r evi o u sly b e en tran sp orted fro m
L esb os th ey laun ch ed as m an y o f th ese ve ssel as th ey
th o u gh t s u cien t to co n v e y th e m an d the rest th ey b u rn t
th ere in th e dock s in o rd er n o t t o s u pp ly th eir en em y
Th ey ed
wi th th e m ean s of q u i ckly p u r s u in g them
th ey

se

Its cen tral p osi ti on b etw

B erytus , Trip olis , an d Acch o or Ptolem ais
een
est ern coun tri es , early develop ed i ts com m erci al p ow
er,
th e eastern an d w
i th foreign n ati on s at an early p eriod produ ced an
an d its in tercour se w
.

advan ced state of civili z ati on

Sem i ti c

n ati on

afn i ty

wi th

li

th e

an

ren em en

Th e Ph oen ician s

were

th e Israeli tes ; an d t h eir lan guage bears a rem ar abl e

H eb rew, a s is s ee n by fragm en ts of th e C arth agin i an
e

lan guage preserve d in Plau tu s In an in scri p tion dis c overed at Marseill es

ords 7 4 w
ere fou n d i n th e H ebrewBi ble
Th e
in 1 845 , out of 9 4 w
Ph oen ician s were asserted by th e G re e s to h ave com m un i cated to th em
n ow
ledge o f l etter s an d th i s st atem en t i s corrob orated b y th e
th e
letters
Th ei r colo n i es
si m ilari ty of th e H ebrew an d an ci en t Gree
spread from Cyp ru s to Cret e an d th e Cyclad e s, th en ce to E u boea , Greece,
I h e coasts o f Asi a M i n or an d Bith yn i a w
ere dotted w
i th
an d Th race
th eir settlem en ts , an d th ey carried th eir com m erce in to th e Bl ac Sea
Th ey al so h ad col on i es in Sicil y , Sardin i a , Ivi ca , a n d Spain , w
h ere th ey
The n orth ern coast o f Afri ca wa s lin ed w
foun ded Cadiz
i th th eir
hi ch w
ou ri shi n g o f w
a s Car th age, w
hi ch rose to be
col on i es, th e m ost
ers o f th e w
orl d
Strab o says th at th ey h ad 3 00
on e of th e great p ow
Th ey vi si ted th e coas ts of E n g
estern coast of Africa
colon i es on th e w
l an d i or tin ; an d th u s; to uote th e words of H u m b oldt , th e Tyri an ag
waved at th e sam e tim e in Britain an d th e In dia Ocean H erodotus
( iv 42 , 4 3 ) says th at un der th e p atron age of Nech o , i n g of E gyp t, th ey
circum n avigated Afri ca ; but h e s tates th at h e do es n ot beli eve i t w
as a
h i ch h e assign s for hi s di sbeli ef i s, th at th e n aviga
fact
Th e rea son w
as o n th ei r righ t h an d , w
tors al l eged th at th e sun w
hi ch is th e stron gest
argum en t in favour o f th e truth of th ei r statem en t
In I saiah
11 ,
h ere th e E n glish Bible h as erron eou sly,
Ph oen i cia i s called Cn aan , w
I n th e Bibl e th e word C n aa n i m is fre u en tly used
t he m erchan t ci ty
for m erchan ts, b ecau se th e Ph oen i ci an s were th e p ri n cip al com m erci al
p eople o f an ti ui ty (Job xli 6 ; Pro v xxxi 2 4 ; Is ai ah xxiii 8 H os
Trip oli s con si s te d o f th ree distin ct ci ti es ,
7 Z eph y i 2 Z ach xi v
n w
all s , b ut all u n i ted i n a com m on
600 feet apart , each havi n g i ts ow
ith on e pl a ce of a ssem bly
T h ese ci ties w
con sti tuti on w
ere colo n i es re
Trip oli s w
specti vely of Sidon , Tyre, an d Ara du s
as a ouri shi n
g p ort
It i s n owcall ed Tripoli ,
on a h eadlan d w
hi ch i s a spur of L eban on

r
n
an d i s still a l arge tow
See D
Sm ith s D i cti on ary of C lassi ca l
.

'

Geograp hy

f Agis Kin g of Sp arta

Proceedi n gs

Cypru s l

rs t to

th en

ly

s h or t

fte r,

m e

ce

ddli n g i n

1 09

E gy pt ; wh ere Am yn tas
p oli tical disp u tes wa s killed by
to

i ves
Mean ti m e Pharn ab az u s an d Au tophradates we re s tayin g
n ear C h i os
th e n h a v in g e s tablish ed a garris on i n th i s
i slan d th ey des p at ch e d som e of their s hi p s t o Cos an d
H alicarn as s u s an d wi th 1 00 o f th ei r b es t sailin g ve ssel s
t hey p t t o s ea th e m s el ve s an d l an de d at Siphn u s An d
Agi s ki n g o f th e L ace da em o n ian s 2 ca m e t o th e m wi th
on e trir e m e b o th t o a s k for m o n ey to ca rry o n th e w
ar
an d a l s o t o
ge th em to s en d with him i n to t he Pelo
p o n n es e as l arg e a fo rce b o th n ava l an d m ili tary a s th ey
At t ha t v ery ti m e n e ws r ea ch e d th em o f th e
co ul d
b attle which ha d b een fo u ght a t Is s u s ; an d b ein g
al a rm e d at th e r e p o r t Ph arn ab az u s s tar te d off t o C hi os
G e ci a m erce n ari es for
with twe l ve t i em es an d
fear tha t th e C h ian s m igh t a ttem p t to effec t a revo l u t i on
wh en th ey received th e n e ws of th e P ersian defeat Agis
h avi n g ece ive d fro m Au tOph ra da tes t h ir ty tal en ts o f
3
s il v er
an d te n t r ir e m e s de s p at ch e d Hi pp i as t o l e a d t hese
th e

n at

ur

r r

Th e

ld

n s in C
tow

est

yp

ru s ,

Citi

um

Am

d Pa h u s , were

p
by th

ath us , a n

li p d
G
k
i l
S l is S li d N w P ph
I
H b w th
d is
colon i
G s i
p a
d th e i n h bi t
ts Oi t ti
s ays th t
c ll d 0 6 t h
ll d Citi
is d
Sid i
coin
C th in Cyp s wh i ch th G e ek s
Sido i colo y D i od rus (xvi 42 ) s y th e we e i
scri b ed as
ti
d
kin gs i Cyp
It i s p b bl th at th e ki g of th H i tti te
Als o th Hi tti t w
wh o
Cypru s
in 1 Ki g
2 9 w e fr
Th ki g
f
S o lo o
p ob bly Cyp i a s (1 Ki gs xi
rri d w
ls Cyp i tes (2 Ki gs
h m th e Sy i a s w a f id w
th Hi tti t
of w
d i J dg s i 2 6 p b ably
e ti
vii 6 )
d th l d f th H i t t i t
t
d th e
d
d J o
C yp
J s ph s E sebi us
f s
pa ge t f to Cyp us In I i h xxiii 1 th l d f Ci tti
h i h th p oph et
f w
th
revolt
t o Cyp s w
h i h b lo g ed to Ty
Thi s revolt i s co ed by Men a d r (J p h i x
a
o un ced

Ph

o en i ci an
es ,

co o n i es

a am

se

an

an

o n an

n an

after

wards

us

an

ru

were

Th e

us

re

e en

se

ec

ree

s an

um

ca

er

on

n e

es

ssa

ru s

ru

Agi s II I
Curti us ,

Ab out

was ul tim
vi

an

on e

an

sa a

re ,

a te

d2

ly

er m e

un

an

an

Grotes Greece,

s ain

vol .

ro

ers an

es

os e

by A tipat r
1 06
pp 1 02
n

s o

r o

on e

om en

rm

defeated

ere a

ra

ere

s m en

es m

1 4, 9)

See

o e

o re er

nn

an

m ean s

an

ere

om

er

m a

ro

rus .

re er

us,

330

The An a basi s

1 10

Alexan der

o r der i n g hi m
ip s to his brother Agesilau s a t T
a l s o t o i stru ct A e sil
s t o gi ve f ll p ay t o th e sa il o r s
g
2
i n o der
o
r
e
t
e
C
an d th en to sa il a s q u i ckly as p o ss ibl e t
Fo r a t i m e h e h i m sel f re
t o se t th in g s in or der th ere
m a in e d th er e a m o n g th e i sl an ds
b u t afte rwards j o in e d
Au tO ph ra dat es at Hali carn assus 3
Al exan der app o i n ted Men o n so n of Ce dim m as vi ceroy
4
of C oe l e S y ri a
givin g him th e ca valry of th e G ecian

sh

a en ar u m
u

au

p M

er

( H ym n

ata

an

Cf Prop erti us ,

were

v er

th ei r 1 00 citi es

er o f

2 , 1 1 ; Ti bu l lus ,

to Ap ol lo ,

Th e Cretan s

H om

Now Ca

H om

ly civi li

ear

efore

z ed an

th e

T j

ro an

p ow

for

we

war lived th e

fa m

erfu

13 ;

read

in

kin

ou s

Mi o s wh o i s said to h ave give laws to Crete a d to h a e bee th e

rst poten tate wh o possessed a n avy wi th whi ch h e pp essed pirac y
Th e Cretan s gradually de ge erate d s o th at we n d
in th e Ae gean Sea
in th e New T e stam en t St Paul q uoti g f om th ei o w
n
poet E pi
Al way s liars an d b ea ts are th e C etan s an d in w
m e i de s :
ardly slu ggi sh
T he lyi n g propen si ty o f th
C ret an s i s prove d from th e
( Ti t u s i
i th th e
a s u se d i n Greek w
ea in g
fact th at th e verb to Creti z e w
to

In H ebrew Crete i s call ed Cap h tor (cyp es s ) It i s m en

sp eak fal sely
Jer xlvii 4
It was th e n ative lan d of a tri b e o f Phili stin es
tion e d i
1 4 ; D eu t ii 2 3 ; 1 Chro
i
Th e fact
call ed Cap h to rim
(G e
th at th e Phi li sti n e s cam e p artly from Cret e i s also a frm d i n Am os ix
An oth e b an ch of th e Phi li s tin e s ca e f om C a sl oach in E gypt
7
hi ch
Th e Caph torim em i g ated ori gin all y from Egypt to C ete fr m w
i slan d t h ey we e p ob ably d i ven by the G eek s
T acitu s asserts th at
Crete (H i s tori e v
an d th e
th e i h abit an ts of Pal esti e ca e fro
early
am e o f G az a w
as Mi n oa after th e fam ou s ki n g o f Crete
An oth er
H ebrewn am e fo C e te i s C th w
h en ce th e in h ab i ta ts we e call ed
Th ey a e e tion e d in E z ek xxv 1 6 an d Z eph
C e thi m
5 ;
wh ere th e S ep tuagi n t an d th S yriac h a e C eta s We n d th e Phili s
ti n es w
h o were p artly em i g a ts fr om Crete called Cerethi m in 1 Sam
xxx 1 4
F m am on g th ese Cerethi m an d Philisti es D avid ch ose h is
b ody gu ard whi ch was com posed of en ski ll ed i sh ooti g an d slin gin g
1 8 xv 1 8 xx 7 2 3 ; 1 Ki g s i 3 8 44
1 Chron xvi ii
(2 Sam
3 F ro
D i od
s (xvii 48 ) i t app ea
th at Agi s w
en t p erson ally t o
Crete an d com pell ed m ost o f th e citi es to j oin th e P e si an side
We
al so learn th at t h e d epu ti es o f th e G reek s as sem bl ed at th e I sth m i an
gam es at Corin th sen t an em b assy to Alexan der to co gratu late h i m
on h i s vi ctory at I ssue an d to presen t him w
i th a go lden w
reath
(See
also Cu rti us i v
Cools Syria or H oll owSyria i s in its m ore lim ited se n se th e coun try
n

su

x.

r n

ro

oru

rs

D a ri us
a

llies

to

t o war d s

L etter,

g uard the
Phoen icia ;

an

cou n
an

d Alexa n ders Rep ly

111

try

th e

on

th en w en t in p erson
a rc h h e w
as m e t by

He

S tra to s on of Gerostratu s kin g of th e Aradian s an d o f

th e p e op l e li v in g n ea r Ara du s 1
B ut Ger ostra tus hi m
sel f w
a s s ervi n g i n the e e t w
ith Au tophradates as were
a l so th e oth er kin g s b o th o f th e Ph o en i cian s an d th
e
Cyprian s W hen St rato fell in with Alexan der he pla ced
go l den c rown u pon hi s head p ro m i sin g t o surren der to
hi m b o th t h e i sl an d o f Ar ad a s an d th e g r eat an d p ro s
p erou s c i ty o f Ma ra th a s s ituat ed on th e m a i n l an d rig h t
o pp os i te Ara d a s
al so S ig on
th e c i ty o f M aria m m e an d
all th e o th e r p l ac es u n d e r his o w
n do m i n i o n an d t h at o f
his fa th er
,

CHAPTER X IV
D aRIUS

W H I LE

L ETTER

Al exan der Was

A LE XAND n s

AN D

ill in

RE PLY

b assadors
cam e b r in gin g a l ett e r from
D ri u s en treat in g hi m t o
gi v e u p to th eir kin g h i s m oth er wife an d c hil dren
They w er e al so i n s tru c te d to s pp o r t th is p eti tio n by
wo rd of m ou th Th e le tter po in te d ou t t o him th at
st

M arath us,

am

b etw

een

an

th e

B lb k

aa

Lib an us an d An ti Lib an u s , in w
hi ch am as cus
i der m ean in , i t com ri ses the w
are si tu ated ; i n i ts w
ho e
o si ti on
to th e coun tri es of h oen i cia an d
ri a, in
o
ran

es of

Sy

pp

North ern
a esti n e
1
o or thr ee m il es from th e m ai n an d o f
i n tw
Ara dus i s an i s an d
Ph oen i ci a
refu ees
Accordi n t o tra o , a tate was fou n ded in it
fro m
n
id on
For a on g tim e th e is an d was i n de en den t, un der i ts ow
in s of
i n s an d even after i t fe un der th e sw
a
of th e
acedon ian
reat
ria, an d su se u en t
om an s, it retai n ed a
un der th at of th e
q
Arad a s a ears in H e rewu n der th e
d ea o f i ts co m m ercia ro s eri t
z e
8 , 1 1 , th at i ts in h a i tan ts
form Awad
It i s evi den t from
h e sen t ou t co on i es to Ar ad a s
were s i fu sai ors an d rave warri ors
south o f Carm e , th e i s an d o f Arada s n ear Crete, an d th e i s an ds i n th e
Th e Ara di an s
ersian
Th e res en t n am e of th i s i s an d i s Bu ad
u f
el
as th e i s an d
in h a i ted the m ain an d o osi te th e i slan d, as w
of

Pl

k g
Sy

kl l

i tse f

gl

ly g
g S b

ly
lp

ll

l
l

E k
.

pp

by

k g
g

pp

T y
l

f Alexa n der

The An a basis

1 12

fri en dshi p an d alliance h ad s u b si s ted

A r taxerxes , 1 an d that wh en Arses,

ascen

d ed

th ron e Ph ilip was

th e

t ow
ar ds hi m

j u stice

from th e

D ari us

Per sian s

b egan

th e

t h o u h h e h ad

Al exan d er

re ign

a so,

b etween

Ph ili p

an

son

of

Artaxerxes,

r st

to

p ractise

i n j ur y
t he t i m e wh e n

s u er ed
'

fro m

in

n o

P ers ia n s h ad n ot s en t
t o con r m th e fri e n dshi p an d allian ce
an y on e t o hi m
w hich had so lon g exi ste d b u t ha d cro ss e d o ver in to
A sia with his a rm y an d h a d in ict e d m u ch in j ury u p on
t he Persian s
For th i s r easo n h e h ad c om e d own i n
p erson to defen d his cou n try an d t o pres e rve th e em p ire
of hi s fath ers
As to th e b attl e i t h ad b een dec i de d a s
to

ver

th e

w he
ife m oth e r an d chil dren
a ki n g b e gg ed his cap tu r ed w
from a kin g ; an d h e wis h e d t o form a fri en d shi p w i th
him an d b ecom e his ally
Fo r t h i s p u r p o s e h e r e q ueste d
Alexan der to sen d m en t o hi m with Men i s cu s an d Arsi m as
th e m essen g er s w
h o cam e from th e P ers ia n s to rec ei ve
p l ed g es of d elity from h im an d t o give th em on b ehalf
of Al exan d er
To this Al exan d er wro te a rep ly an d sen t Th er sippu s
w ith the m en wh o h a d c om e fro m D ar iu s w it h in struc
t ion s t o give the l ette r t o D ari u s b ut n ot t o con verse
abou t an y th in g
Alexan de r s l etter ran th u s :
Y our
an cest o rs cam e i n t o M ace d on i a an d th e r es t o f Greece
an d treate d u s ill wi th o u t an
I
y p rev io u s i n j u ry fro m u s
h avin g b e en app o in t ed c o m m an der in ch ie f o f the Greek s
an d w
ishin g to tak e re ven ge on th e Persian s c ro ssed
o v er i n t o A s i a
host ilitie s b e in g b e gu n by you For

u s en t aid t o t he Perin thi an s,

o
who were dealin g un
y
j ustly wi th m y fath er ; an d Ochn a sen t forces in to Thrace
w hich was u n der o u r r u le
My fa the r was killed by
seem e d g ood

so m e o n e o f

to

go ds

th e

no

An d

Artaxerxes Och us reign ed

P i th
by Phili p
9

er n

us

see

was

D i odom

Sam ia

s , xvi .

3 59 3 3 8

l y

co on

74 76

on

th e

P p

ro on tis.

ge

For the si e

D artu s

Letter,

an

1 13

d Alexa n d er s Rep ly

pirators wh o m you i n s tigated, as you h a ve yo u rsel f

b oasted to all in y o u r l etters ,1 an d afte r slayin g Arses,

c on s

w ell

izin g the thron e con

trary to th e l awof th e Persi an s 2 an d ru lin g you r su bj ects
u n j u s tly
you s en t un fri en dly l etters ab o u t m e to th e
Greek s u rgin g th em to wage war with m e Y o u have
al so d es p at ch e d m on ey to th e L ace daem on ian s an d cer
ta i n o t h er Gr ee k s ; b u t n on e o f th e S tate s re ceiv ed i t
ep t th e L a ce da em on i an s 3
e xc
As you r a gen t s destro yed
m
y fri en d s an d were s triv i n g to d i s s ol v e th e l ea g u e wh ich
I h ad form e d am on g th e Greek s I to ok the eld ag ain st
yo u b ecau se y o u wer e th e p a r ty wh o c o m m en c ed th e
hostility
S in ce I h ave va n qu i sh ed you g en eral s an d
vi cero y s i n th e p re v i o u s b a ttl e
an d n o w y o ur s el f an d
your forces in like m an n er I am by the gift of the go ds i n
As m any o f th e m en wh o fo u ght
p oss e s s io n of yo u r l an d
i n yo ur arm y as were n o t kill ed i n t he ba ttl e b u t e d to
m e for re fu g e I am p ro tec ti n g
an d t h ey ar e w
i th m e n o t
a g a in s t t h e i r ow
n
w ill b u t they are s ervin g in m y ar m y
a s v o l u n tee s
C om e to m e th erefore sin ce I am lo rd of
as

Ba g oa s,

as

an

un

j u st ly

se

'

l hi stori an s den y th at Phi li p s m urd re s we e b ib ed ; th ey

co
i tt d th
p i te s t t
d
fro
O hu s w
h Bag as w
h
as p i s
t n o 3 3 8 by th e
ed ab
placed u po th e thr Ar es n f th ki g s so killi g ll th
t
Cf A li
Tw y
s
ft w d
B g ss p t
( V rt H i tori vi
A s s a d all hi s chi ld e to death ; th u l avin g
di e t h i
f th e
gal fam ily alive He th eir placed p th e th r e o f h i dhe
re ts
f th e b th e s f
ce d
t f
s a d
ed D ari s C d
Art xe xe M em
a d s t i ed t p i so
thi s D a i
Bag s soo afte w
but th l tt
t d i k th d adly
di
i g hi s t ach ery f ce d h i
d au gh t h i
F
A t
19 w
J ti n x
e
xvii 5
el f (D i d
le r th at Bi s ta es so f Och u s w aliv ft th b attl of
Arb ela
t th t D i
a s
Aes hi n s in hi s sp eech ag ain st Cte iph
(p
f
d th e
d th t
Ath i
s e t 3 00 t l n t to Ath e s th at th
D osth s t k th em eservin g 7 0 t l ts fo hi wn p i t e
h ag i t D
o th n
D i a ch s f p ats thi s stat m e t i h i s sp
If D m osth en es had really acted th s i t i s st a g Al xan der
( pp 9
kn ew othi g ab ut it
p

Im

m m

artia
e

e m ur er

ou

c,

a.

re en

r va

on

on e

an

r e

e o

n am

on

om an n u

er,

scover n

m s

a n

oa

us

n o

an

as

rr a n

r us

r n

s a

ro

e r o

ne o

rom

r c

or

e res

on e o

ar s ,

on

er

on

re

es

n s,

ear

eun uc

m en

r n

re

er

on

s er s

ar u s

'

a e

em

e n

en e

oo

r n

an

r va e us

s o

a n s

eec
u

a en

en an s re u se

em

es

The An a bas is

1 1 4

Alm

an

der

b u t if you are afra i d you m ay s u ffer an y h arsh

t reatm en t from m e in cas e yo u co m e to m e, sen d s o m e o f
you r fri en ds to receive ple dg e s of sa fety from m e C o m e
t o m e then , an d ask for y o u r m o th er, w i fe , an d ch il dre n ,
an d an y th in g el s e
o r wh a t ever yo u a sk fo r
i
sh
F
ou w
y
B ut
y o u will receive ; an d n o th i n g sh all b e den ie d yo u
fo r th e fu tu re, wh en e ver yo u s en d t o m e , s en d t o m e a s
th e k in g o f Asia, an d do n o t a ddr e ss t o m e yo ur wish es
all

As ia

b u t if you are i n n ee d o f an yth i n g , s p eak

If
to m e a s to the m an wh o i s l o rd o f all you r t erri to rie s
o u a c t o th er w
i
I
ll
lib
t
n cern i n g yo u as
r
a
e
c
o
s
h
a
d
e
e
s
e
y
,
an e v il does ; an d if
u di s p u t e m y rig h t t o th e ki n g
o
y
d o m , s ta y an d gh t an o th er battl e for i t bu t d o n ot run
to

as

an

q u al

way

wh e r e v e r

F or

gain st you

ou

Th is is th e

I in t e n d
w hich h e sen t

y b e,

m a

l etter

to

m arc

to D ar

ius

CHAPTE R XV
ALE XAND E a s TRE ATM E NT o r T H E CAPTURE D GREE K AM
BASSADO Rs
SUBMI SSI O N o r B r e ws AND SI D O N
W H EN Al exan der ascer tain ed tha t all th e m on e y which
D ariu s ha d s en t o ff to D am asc u s wi th Co ph en so n of
Artab az us was capt ured an d al s o tha t th e Pers ian s wh o
h ad b een left i n cha r ge o f i t a s well a s the r es t o f th e
roy al p operty w ere t aken p ison ers he ordered P r
m e io t o tak e th e treas u r e b a ck to D am ascu s an d th ere
1
a
i
u
d
t
g
When he also ascertain e d th at the Gre c ian
am ba ssa do r s w
ho had r eac he d D a riu s b e fore th e battle
h a d lik ewi se b een captured he o r de re d th em to b e sen t
to hi m
They were E u thy cle s a Spar tan
Thess lis cu s
.

"

2|

wh o says
Arrian is con rm e d by Cur ti us (iii
th at Parm en io captured th e treasu re , n o t in th e city , bu t from fu itives
wh o were con veyin it away
9 In
ivi n th e n am es of the captu red Grecian en v oy s, Cu r ti us (ii i 3 5)
seem s to h av e con foun ded thi s w
i th a fu ture occasion , m en tion ed i n
Arrian (iii
1

Thi

s s ta tem en

of

The Su bm i ss i on
s on

of

Is m

e n ia s ,

O ly m p ic g am

an

Byblu s

d S idon

an

d D ion ys o do ru s ,

The b an

1 15

v ictor

in

th e

d I phicrates, s on o f I ph i
c ra t es th e g en eral , a n Ath en ia n 1
When these m en cam e
t o Al exan de r, he i m m edia t ely r el ease d Th essa li s cu s an d
D io n ys o do ru s, t h o u gh th ey wer e The b an s, p artly ou t o f
e s,

an

p assion fo r Thebes an d p ar tly b ecau se th ey see m ed

to h a v e a c te d in a p ar do n abl e m a n n er
For their n a ti v e
c i ty h a d b e e n
r e du c e d t o s l av e r y by th e M ace don ia n s
an d th ey w ere tryi n g to n d w
ha te ve r s u c co u r th ey c o u l d
fo r th em s el ves an d p erh a p s a l so for th eir n a t i v e c i ty fro m
D ar iu s an d the Per si an s
Thin ki n g th u s co m p a s s i on a t ely
ab ou t b o th o f t h e m
h e rel ea s e d th e m s ayin g th at b e
di s m issed Th essali scu s i n div i dua lly o u t o f r e s p ect for his
p edigree fo r h e b e l on g e d to the ran k s o f th e di stin g u i she d
m en o f Th eb e s
D io n yso d oru s a l s o h e r el eas e d b ecau se
h e h ad b ee n con q u ero r at th e O ly m p ic gam es ; an d h e
k ept I ph ricrate s in atte n dan ce on h im sel f as l on g a s h e
lived treatin g h im with s p ec ial ho n ou r b oth fro m fri en d
re collec tion o f his
shi p to th e c i ty o f Ath e n s an d fr o m
fa th er s gl ory
W hen h e di e d so o n after fro m s ick n ess
Bu t
h e sen t his b on e s bac k to his re l a ti o n s a t Ath en s
E uthycles at rs t h e k e p t in c u s t o dy th o u g h wi th ou t
fe tter s b o th b ec au s e h e wa s a L a ce da em o n ian o f a c ity
an d
at th at t i m e o p e n ly an d em i n e n tly h os til e t o h i m
becau s e in th e m an a s an in divi du al h e cou l d n d n othin g
After wards wh en he m et wi th
to warran t his p a r do n
great su ccess h e r ele ased e ven this m an als o
H e s et o u t from M ara th u s an d t ook p os ses si on o f
a s h e di d al so o f
Byblu s 9 on t er m s o f c ap itu la t io n
com

"

Al exan dr s ran dfath er ,

Th e great Iphi crates h ad een ado ted
23
oo
I ch a
as i s s tated i n a n o te o n
2
S tra bo ( xvi 2 ) to h ave een si tuated o n a h ei h t
Byblu s i s said
or d
It was re orted to b e th e o dest ci t i n th e w
n ot far fro m the sea
It o ssesse d a con si dera e exten t o f territor , in c u di n Beryt u s, an d
ei n
de o sed
eri o d , th e ast i n
was an in de en den t tate for a on

ears th e n am e
x
n
er
s tim e a
d
A
e
a
e
On a Bybl us coin of
om

by

B k

by P

py

by

'

bl

l gp
l

"

k gb g p
pp

The An a ba si s

1 16

Alexa n der

Si don ,l th e in h abitan t s o f wh i ch
h i m fro m h atred o f th e P ers ian s
h e ad van ced towards Ty re ; 3

which

ki g

p on tan eou sly in vi t ed

d D ar iu s 2 Th en c e
b a ssadors from wh i ch city,

am

an

B ybl
by Arri n (ii
wh w
wa th hi f e t o f th e worsh i p of Ad is o Th
s
su pp s d t
h
b ee b th e
In th e Bi ble i t app
de i t s
H b w
G b l ( o
t in di t i t)
Th e i n h b i ta ts f G eb al
e
In J sh
E ek xxvii 9 t h a e b
kil l d in b i ldin g shi p s
sai d i
xiii 5 th
rth
b d ry f th H oly L d i s said t each as fa
l I 1 Kin g 1 8 th
th e la d of th Gi bli te o in h abit t f G b a
w dt
l ted in
Bibl to q
gh t t be e d d Gi bli t
Th Ar ab s still call th pla
Jeb il
Cf Mil to (P
di s L o t
Sido r i H eb wT i don (f t s ) i lled in G x 1 5 1 9 th
f C
tbo s
t
it w s t h st ity f
d d by th C a an
it
o Ph en i ia s
It l y b
t t w ty
il es
th of Tyr
a sm all
il e
t y tw
p
o
th f th ri
B t
s
W
ad i
H
r
th t i t w s f
s f
it
b id d b s an d etal t il
d
fr
th e a ci e t w i t s w d th t i t
an f ct
d gl
d li e
d ls p p
d dy
B fo e th e tim
of D avid it f ll
d
th e rul e
of Tyre ; b t w
h e Sh al a
kin g f A yri a i n
ded Ph en i i a i t
lt d f
Tyr d b i tt d t th i ad
I t w g ern ed by
i ts ow kin g
d
th e B byl n i
pir ; d u der
d Pe i n
th e l tt
p w it ch d its h igh t p p i ty urpa si g Tyre in
w lth an d im p rta c
In th
xp di ti on of X x s g in t G
th
Sid i s f i h d the b e t shi p in th wh ole t d their kin g
d
b tain d th hi gh st plac
X rxe in th co il But th y
v olt d ag ai
t O ch u
ki g of P i a d b i g b etr y d t hi m by th ir
w kin g Te e th y b t th ir city nd shi p
I t i sai d th at
d by th
pe s p i hed i th
word
3 51
(D i dorus xvi
43
N d b t th i s b b o
t at e t f O h u s i n d
d th e Sid
i a s t o tak th e id
f Al exan de
Th e ci ty w already b ui l t a d
g in i shin g wh n th at kin g appear d th sce e N a the it
f th e
ci
t ity i s th e p
t t w of S aid
wi th a p pul ti on of
Cf H o e (Il i a d vi 2 8 9
b t
7 41 ) L
21 7
At Sid
Al exa d dep o ed th e ei gn in g ki n g S t to a fri d of th e
Pe ia s ; d a po a a ed Abdal y
l ted to th e
di tan tly
egal fa ily w
a p t i to hi
pla e ( C ti i 3
D i od
(xvii
47 ) tell s the sam e story but appli e i t t Tyre prob bly by m i st ke
Th e H b ew a e fo Ty e i s T
( o k) In I sa xxiii 4 i t i s
call d th e fort ess
f th e sea ; a d in
T s th e wn i n g
8
b eca se Tyre ga e le s to th Ph oen i ci a citi es a d col i s V l able
i f m ati on ab ou t th p w trade
d
st
s
f Ty e i s d i ed fr
xxviii
a d w l a
r
E k xxvi
th fa t th at sh e em ploy ed
ce
i es
like h er colon y Carth age (E z ek xxvii 1 0
In th e las i al w
ri te s
E tm l,
s

e c

i s th e

o e

un

ern

am m u z

een

ear

s r c

oun

us

re .

orn

e a

e n o

tion ed
on

ave

n am e

m en

s a

e re

E n ylu s

un

as

ar

an

as

or

ran s a

ou r

rs

rn

es

on

rom on

or

or

s em

er

en

r n

ere

a ra

ca

en

oun

os rem u

ro

ere

ro

es .

na

e , on

e re

sou

ver

s v

ou

s sou

or re s

e.

am ou

om

an aan

n e- s ua rers ou

ce

re

an

e s

u a

om e

u en s

ure

s , an

ass an

'

an

re

are

es

revo

rom

er

un

an

urn

a a

an

on

rs

er

or m

e r

or

z e

re

u ce

on

e r

ur

m u s,

us ,

ver.

r c
,

an

cu

om

en

oru s

on e

on e ,

er v

m er

"

cro

or,

re a

v.

ra

uca n

sar

an

a,

r eece ,

er,

on

on

an

as

ru

s.

re

a e

r.

un c

e n

an

e s

resen

e o

es

ee

re an

ou

en

er

ov

em

ar ar us

as

er e

ers a ,

urn

ou

o ur

ros

er

er.

rs a

e un

an

er

va

n v

es

e e

ss

an

s,

e.

s,

un

er s

nn

rson

n s

su

rea

n eser ,

er

er

ea

on

e an

s c

a u

om

n ar

Worship of

The

desp a t ch ed by the

c om m o n

Hercu les tn Tyre

1 17

weal th

m et

hi m

r
whate ve r

th e

on

m a ch ,

i g t hat t h e Ty ian s h a d decided to do

h e m igh t co m m an d l
H e co m m en ded b o th th e c ity an d
i ts am b a ss ado rs an d o r de re d th em to re t u rn an d t ell the
Ty ri an s th at h e wi s he d t o e n ter th eir c ity a n d o ffer sac ri
ee t o H erac l es
The s o n o f t h e kin g of th e Tyri an s wa s
o n e o f th e a m b a ss a do r s a d th e o th e rs
w
e r e c on s p i cu o u s
n
m e n in Ty re ; b u t th e ki n g Az e m il c u s
h i m self wa s s ailin g
w ith Autophra date s
an n o u n c n

CHAPTER XVI
H E R C U LE S IN Tr an TH E
.

WOR SH IP

T HE

or

R E FU S E

AD M I T ALE XAN D E R

'

ro

was

y re th ere ex is ted
3
a t e m p l e o f H erac les
th e m o s t an c ie n t o f al l th o se whi c h
a e m e t i o n e d i n h i s t or y
It wa s n ot de dicate d to th e
Ar gi ve H e acl e s th e so o f Al c m en a ; for th is H e a cl e s
wa s h on o u re d in Tyre m an y ge e ation s b efore C adm u s
s e t o u t fro m Ph o e hi ci a a n d o c cu p i e d Th eb e s an d b e fo re
S e m el e th e dau gh ter o f C adm u s was b o n from wh o m
D io n ysu s th e so n o f Z e s wa s b o rn
Th i s D io n ys u s
TH E

r ea s o n o

f t h i s de m

TYR IAN S

an

th at in T

Ty was
un s c
y
by Sh al a se It w l o b
sfu lly b esi eg
si eged f
yea by Nebu ch adne a a d i th e d allia
thirte
wa f
f
d by wh i ch th e Ty i s etai e d th eir w ki g
s al
t h e kin g f B abyl
Th is arran gem e t was co tin ued de th e ki g
th e

n am e

is

corru

en

orm e

som etim es
m

z z

rs

r an

i n to Tyrus , an d
ears
e d for ve

ed

ces

or

of

pt

on

r,

n e

re

r.

as a s

i n to Sa rra
en

an

n ce

as a v a s

un

ersi a .

l brought t Al xa de
g lde w ath t geth with b da t s pplies f his a y
Thi s kin g st h av b o ght h om e hi s sh ip s fo th e defen ce of Tyr
fo h w
h
i t w s captur d
as in th
ity w
S e ch ap 2 4
h m th e Syri n
Th e Ph oen ici an go d M l k rth (l o d o f th e ci ty) w
i th th e G eci a H e acl s
called B
l ( l d) was s pp s d to be iden ti c l w
H e cu les wh was th e m y thi cal a esto of the M cedo ia ki g s
o
d h e h ad b een
d ed by
C ti us (iv 7 ) tell s s th t Al exan der af r
Tyre to H acl s Ge en i i fo m s us th at a
a
acle to sa ri ce i
Maltese in scri ption ide ti es th e Tyrian Melkarth wi th Heracles
1

Cur ti us (i v 7 ) te
.

re

lls

a un

en

e c

aa

or

ur

or

en vo s a so
n

rm

r a

e,

o e

or er

m e

er

or

nc

r u

th at th e

er

m u

us

us

The An a basi s

1 18

Alexan der

wou l d be th ird fro m C adm u s b ein g a con te m p o rary of

La bdacu s s on o f Po ly doru s th e son o f C a dm u s a n d the
Argi v e H eracl es liv e d ab o u t th e t im e o f O e dip u s son of
Laiu s 1 Th e Egyp tian s al s o wo rsh ipp ed an ot her He racl es
o rsh i p
n ot t h e o n e w
h ich e ith er the Tyri an s or Greek s w
Bu t H ero do tu s s ay s th at th e E gyp tian s co n s i dere d
Heracle s t o b e on e of the t wel ve go ds 2 j u st as th e
Ath en ia n s worshi pp e d a di fferen t D ion y su s wh o wa s th e
,

C ore ; an d th e m y s tic c han t called

Iacchu s was su n g to thi s D ion ysu s n ot to t h e Th eb an
3
u
s
So al so I th i n k that th e H era cle s h on ou re d in Tartess
by the Ib e ian s wh ere are certa in p illars n am ed after
Heracles i s th e Ty rian Hera cl es ; for Tartes s u s was a
col on y o f th e Ph oen i c i an s an d th e t em p l e t o H eracl es
ther e wa s b il t an d th e s ac ri ces o ffere d a fter th e u sag e
of th e Ph oe n i c ian s
Hecata eu s th e h i storian say s Gery
o n es ag ai n st w
h om th e Argive H era c l es was d es p atch ed
by E ury sth eu s t o dri ve his oxen away an d brin g th em
t o My cen a e h ad n o th i n g t o d o wi th th e la d o f th e
I b erian s 5 n o r was H eracles despatche d to an y isla n d
Z eu s

of

s on

an

2
3

Wh o was th e son

of

See H erod otus,

43 , 44

Th e di stri ct

H eracles ,

of

or

yw
sti ll e

com

L a dacus

ri si n

Straits

of

all

th e

s ou th -

west of S p ain

Gi braltar was

ca

ll

ou tside

Tartessi s ,

ed

pl

th e

pil lars

whi ch

of

th e

H ere th e h oen i ci an s an ted co on ies , on e of

r m ain s u n der th e n am e o f Cadi z
Th e om an s ca ed th e
wh ich
di strict
a eti ca , from
th e
ri n ci a
ua da q u ivir
river , th e Baeti s or
hich Tartessus i s th e
Th e H e rewn am e for th i s re i on i s Tarshi sh , o f w
form
ar shi sh w
as th e st ati on for th e
h oen i cian tra de w
i th th e
ree
Th e
West, whi ch exten ded as far as Corn wa
rian s fetch e d from th i s
chi ef ci t

as

Tartessu s

lo ali ty sil ve
c

E k

p l

r,

i ron ,

ll

ea d ,

ti n

an

Sp

M a rti a l,
3

Of

viii

Sa

gl

n scrit

n t o us
dow
The I eri an s

xxiii

un
.

Th e

g l y ll

Ovid

writi n gs well

v 3 6 an d
See H erod (ii 1 43
were ori in a l ca ed Tib aren es ,
.

stan

d for th e

word T arshi sh probably m

tari scha , th e sea

.

1 , 6 , 1 0 , xvi 1 9 ; Jer
eca , an d Avi en u s , th e

derstood T artessu s to

2 8 ; Si ltus ,
67 3
H ero dotus n ew hi s
il etu s

com e
5

th e

from

sea -coast,

sa

M arti al S en

Sp

Ty

z e
xxvii 1 2 , xxxvii i
9;
an i ard s ,
o of w
h om w
ere
rst tw
ai n an d
ortu a
sou th - est o f

g l d (I

ll
l

(M et

xi v

b u t th e

ean s

41 6)

h ave

n ot

or

Tib ari Th y dwlt

.

The Tyr ia n s Ref u se to Adm i t Alexan der

1 19

"

c alled E ry thia 1 ou tsi de the G reat Sea b u t th at Gery on es

was ki n g of the m a in lan d ( Ep irus) aroun d Am bracia 9 an d
t h e Am philochian s th at H era cl e s dr ov e th e oxen from
t his E p i r us an d t hat th i s wa s de em ed n o m ean task I
k n owthat to th e p re s en t t i m e th i s p art of the m ain lan d is
r ic h in p astu re l an d an d r ears a ve ry n e b ree d of oxen
an d I do n o t th in k i t b eyo n d th e b o u n ds o f prob ability th at
th e fam e o f th e o x en fro m E p i ru s an d th e n am e of th e
kin g of E p i ru s Geryon es h ad reach ed E urystheus B ut
I do n ot t h in k tha t E u ry sth eus wo u l d k n o wth e n am e of
the kin g o f the I b er ian s wh o wer e th e rem otest n at ion
in E u ro p e,o r wh ether a n e b ree d o f oxen g raz e d i n t h ei r
l an d un l ess som e on e by in tro du ci n g H era i n to th e ao
c ou n t
as h e r s el f gi v i n g t h e s e co m m an d s t o H eracl es
th r ou gh E u ry sth eu s wish e d by m ean s o f the fabl e, t o
di sg u i s e the i n c red ibility o f t h e t al e
To thi s Ty r i an He ra cl es Al exan de r sai d h e w i sh e d to
offer sac r i c e
Bu t when th i s m es sag e was b rough t t o
Ty r e by th e am b a ss a dors th e p e o p le p a s sed a decree t o
o b ey an
y o the r co m m an d o f Al exan de r b u t n ot t o adm i t
i n to the city an y Pers ia n o r Mac edo n ian thin kin g that
th i s w
as the m ost
u n der th e exis ti n g c ir c u m s tan c e s
sp eci ous an s wer a n d t ha t i t wo u l d b e t he safest cou rse
for th e m t o p u rs u e in refere n ce to th e i s s u e of th e war
3
a
n
ce
r
t
Wh en the an swer fro m Ty re
i
h
ill
n
i
h
a
t
u
w c ws s
,

Bl k

h en ce th e em i rated
ac
Sea, an d west of C o chi s , w
th e
his n ati on i s ca ed Tu ba l i n th e H e rew i e ; in Isa
to
ain
uro e are referred to
estern
xvi 1 9 the I erian s of w
C f H esi od ( Theogon i a ,
An i s an d n ear C a di z , n ow ca ed eon
on

th e

Sp

east of
.

T
b

ll

p
ll L

y
B bl

H erodotus , i v 8
3 Nowcalled Ar te
3 Art ian em its to m en tion th at th e T rian s p oi n ted o ut to h im th at
y
ith out en terin th eir
i sh t o sa cri ce to H ercul es m i h t b e rati ed w
hi s w
ci ty , s in c e at Palaetyru s , o n th e m ai n la n d , sep arated from Tyre on ly by
as a t em ple o f th a t dei ty m ore an ci en t t h an th at in
a n arrowstrait, w
Tyre See Cm -ti us , iv 7 ; J u stin , xi 1 0 We learn fr om Arri e n , i 1 8 ,
hen Alexan der offered sa cri ce to th e ph esi an D ian a he m arch ed
th at w
No doubt it w
as
h ole arm y i n b attle array
ith h is w
to th e tem ple w
28 7

The An a ba si s

1 20

'

f ;Azem

n der

was b rou ght to Ale xan der h e sen t the am b assadors b ack
i n a rag e
He th en su m m o n e d a c o u n cil of his Co m
p an ion s an d the l ea ders o f hi s arm y t og eth e r with th e
captain s of in fan try an d caval ry an d sp oke as follows
,

SPEE CH

CEM PTE R

XVII

A LE XAN D E R

ro m s

OFFICERS
FR I ENDS an d alli es I se e that an expedit ion to E gyp t
will n ot b e safe fo r us s o lon g as the Pe rsian s re tain the
sov erei gn ty of th e sea ; n o r i s i t a s afe cour se b ot h for
an d es p ec ia lly l oo ki n g a t th e s tat e o f
o th er rea son s
m att ers i n Greec e f or u s t o p u rs u e D ari u s
l eavin g in
our r ear th e c i ty o f Tyr e i t sel f i n d ou b t fu l alle gi an ce
an d E gypt an d Cy p ru s i n t h e occu p at i o n of the Pers i an s
1 am app reh en s iv e l es t wh ile we a d va n ce wi th o ur for ces
t owards B abyl on an d in p u rsu it o f D arius the Pers ian s
sh ou l d ag ai n fors ooth c o n q ue r th e m ari ti m e di st rict s an d
tran sfer th e war in to Gre ece with a lar g e r arm y, con
sideri n g th at the L ace da e m o n i a n s a re n o w wa gin g w
ar
ag ai n st u s w
ith ou t di sgu ise an d th e c it y of Ath en s is
restrai n e d for th e p resen t rather by fear than by an y
good will towards u s Bu t if Ty re were capture d the
whole o f Phoen icia woul d b e in o u r po s ses s ion , an d the
eet of th e Phoen ician s which i s the m os t n um e rou s an d
th e b es t in th e Pe r s ia n n a vy wo u l d in all prob abi li t y
com e ov er to u s
Fo r t he Pho e n ician sail ors an d m a rin es
will n ot p ut to sea in order t o in cur dan ger on b eh alf of
h en the i r own c it ie s are oc cu p ie d by u s
o th ers w
After
th is Cypru s will e ith er yi eld t o u s wi th ou t d elay or w ill
b e c ap tu re d w ith e a se a t th e m ere a rri val o f a n av al
for ce ; an d th en n av ig ati n g th e s ea wi th th e sh i p s fr om
Macedon ia in con j u n ction wi th those of th e Ph oen ician s
or

,
.

'

th is

ki

sam e

Ty
p

d oi thi n i i e
s
l
re after i ts ca ture
at
n

Ty

ri an

bj

ect ed

( See

to

pt

ch a

er

Al exan der

lly

actua

d d th e

Siege of Tyr e

121

C ypru s at the am e t im e c om i n g over to u s we sh all

a c qu i r e th e ab sol u t e s o v e eig n ty o
f the sea an d a t th e
sa m e t i m e an exp e d i ti on in t o E gy pt wi ll b ecom e an e a sy
m a t t e r fo r u s
Afte r we h av e b ro u gh t E gypt i n to s u b
j ection n o an xiet y ab ou t Greece an d our own lan d wi ll
an
y l on g er re m ai n an d we sh all b e abl e t o u n dert ak e t he
e xp e d i ti o n to Ba byl o n w
ith safety in regard to affairs at
ho m e an d at the sam e t im e with great er repu tati on in
co n s e q u en c e of h av in g cu t o ff fr o m
the Pers ian e m p i re
all t h e m ar i t i m e prov in c es an d a ll the l an d t hi s s ide of

the E up h ra tes
,

CH APTER XVIII
TYRE
C ON STRUC T I ON or a MOLE
.

S I E GE

or

MAI NLAND TO T H E ISLAND

BY th i s

raou

TH E

p eech h e easily p ersuaded his ofcers to m ake

a n atte m p t u p o n Ty re
M ore o ver he was en cou rag ed by
a d iv i n e a d m o n i ti on
for t ha t very n igh t i n his sl e ep 1 h e
s ee m e d t o b e ap r oa ch in g t h e Tyr ian w all s an d H era cl e s
p
seem e d t o t ak e hi m by the r igh t h an d an d l e ad hi m
up
in to th e c ity Th i s was in terpre te d by Ari stan der 9 t o
m e an tha t Ty re w ou l d b e t ak en w
ith lab ou r b eca u se th e
de ed s o f Herac l es were accom p li shed w ith lab ou r C er
t ai n ly th e s i eg e of Ty re a pp e are d t o b e a gr e at e n ter
p ris e for th e c ity wa s an i sla n d 3 an d for tie d all r o u n d
with l ofty wall s Mor eo ve r n aval op erat ion s see m ed at
that t im e m o r e fa vo u rabl e t o th e Ty rian s b oth b ec au s e
th e P e r s i an s s t ill p o s s e s se d t h e s o vere ig n ty o f th e sea
an d m an y s hi p s w ere s till r e m ai n i n g w i th th e c itiz en s
t h e m se l ve s
Ho we ve r as th ese ar gu m en t s of hi s b ad
s

For thi s

( Wa sp s
2

u se

veim

cf

ov,

H om

er

(I lia d

Ari sto phan e s

Cf Arr i a n , i 1 1
.

of

an d

25

lan d was ab out

Th e i s

le in le g th
n

su ra

ha f

a m

il e from

the

m ai n an

d,

an

a out a

The An a bas is

1 22

f Alexa n der

prevailed he reso l ved to con struct a m ol e from th e m ai n

l an d to the city 1 Th e p lace is a n arrow s trai t ful l o f
p ools ; an d the part o f it n ear th e m ai n lan d is s hallow
wat er an d m uddy b u t the par t n ear the city it self wh ere
was the deep es t p ar t o f th e ch an n el was the d ep th of
B ut there wa s an a b u n dan t su pply
ab ou t th ree fathom s
h ich they p u t o n th e top o f the
ood w
o f s ton e s an d w
}
n

m ly i n
t
h
r
ere eas ily xe d do w
e
s ton es
t
ak e s w
S
;
m u d w hich i tself s e rv ed a s a c e m en t to th e s to n es t o
hol d th em rm The z eal of th e Macedo n ian s i n the
wo rk was great an d i t wa s in c rease d by the p resen ce of
s
o
t
h
e
a
d
le
i n ev erythi n g
Al exan der hi m sel f wh o t o k
n owr o u s in g th e m e n t o e xe rt i on by s p ee ch a n d n ow by
presen t s of m on ey ligh ten in g the l abo u r of th os e who
were t oili n g m ore th an th eir fellow s from t he desir e of
g ain i n g p rai se for th eir exer tion s A s l on g as the m ole
was b ein g con stru cte d n ea r th e m ain lan d the wo rk m ade
as p oure d i n to a
easy an d rap i d p ro g re s s a s t he m a t e ri al w
a s n o on e to h i n d er them 3
s m all de p th of w at e r a n d t h ere w
b u t wh en th ey b egan to a ppro a ch t h e deep er water an d
at th e sam e t i m e cam e n ear th e c i ty i t s el f th ey su ffe re d
ith m issiles from the walls wh i ch
s ev erely b e in g ass a il e d w
were lofty in asm u ch a s th ey ha d b een ex pressly e q uippe d
for wor k rath er than for gh tin g
Moreo ve r as the
Ty ri an s s t ill retain e d c o m m an d o f t he s ea th ey kept on
sailin g w i th thei r tri re m es t o vario u s p art s o f th e m ol e
a n d m ade i t i m p o ss ibl e in m an y p la c
es fo r t he M ace don
ian s to p ou r in t he m aterial Bu t th e latter erected t wo
t owers u p on the m o l e wh ich th e y ha d n o w proj ec ted
o ver a l on g s tret ch o f sea an d u p o n t h e se t ow ers th ey
placed en gin es of wa r S kin s an d p rep are d hides served
,

We

a ou t

learn

200 feet

from D i odorus

the ston es from

readth o f

th is

l was

m o e

y that the ti be was procur d from L eban on

Old Tyre on th e ain l a d
sa s

Cf Polyaen us (iv
.

Cu rti ud ( iv 1 0)
3

th a t th e

an d

The Si ege

123

hem to p reven t th em b ein g

s tru c k by re b ear i g m i s s il e
s fr om
th e wall an d a t th e
sam e t i m e t o b e a scre en a gain st arro w
s to th ose w
ho
wer e wo rkin g
I t was lik ewi se in t e n d ed th at th e
Tyri an s wh o m igh t s a il n ea t o i n j u re the m en en g ag e d
in th e c o n st r ct i on o f th e m o l e sh o u l d n ot r eti re ea sily
b ein g a ss ail ed by m i ssiles from the to wers
as

co

v e r in g s

Tyre

in fro n t

of

CH AP TE R XI X
TH E

S IE G E

TYRE

or

is th e Tyri an s a dop te d th e foll o win g

co n t i van ce
Th ey ll ed
v e s sel which h ad b een u s ed
fo r tran sp or ti n g h o rs e s wi th dry t wig s a d o th e r co
B UT to

co u n

th

b u sti b le
it

t eract

wo o d

x e d t wo m
th e fo rm of a

a sts o n

d in

ro u n

i l

c rc e

p ro w

large

as

an

d fe n ce d

p o s s ibl e

as

so

igh t co tain as m ch ch aff an d a s

m an y t or ch es a s p o ss ibl e
Mo reov er th ey placed u p on
t hi s v e s s el q ua n titi e s o f p i tch br im s t on e an d wh at e v er
e lse w
a s ca l c u l a te d t o fo m e n t a g r e a t am e l
Th ey a l s o
s tre tc h e d o u t a d o u bl e y a d arm
u p on
e a ch m as t ; an d
from th es e th e y h u n g c al d o n s i to wh i ch th ey h ad
p ou red o cast m ateri al s lik e ly to kin dle am e which
wou l d exten d t o a g eat di stan ce Th ey the pu t b all as t
i n to th e stern i n or der to rai se th e p ro w aloft t he v essel
b ein g weigh ed do wn abaft 2 Then watchi n g for a win d
b e a in g t o wards th e m ole th ey fa s ten e d the vess el to
s om e tr i re m e s w
As
h i ch t o wed i t b efo re th e b ree e
so on a s they a pp ro a ch e d th e m o l e an d th e t ow
er s th ey
threw re am o n g th e woo d an d a t th e sam e ti m e ran
th e v es s el wi th t h e t ri re m e s a g ro u n d a s v io l en tly as
p oss ible d ash in g ag ain s t t he en d of the m o l e The m en
th at

the

th e

e n c o s ure m

"

'

Cf C aesar ( B ell G a ll
.

o test ,

a irr

v (i

fun deb an t
.

Spa v)

vii ;

2 4) reli q ua sq u e

Krii ger h as

un n ecessari

Curti u s (i v 1 2)
.

says

th at th e stern

qu i u s i n i s exci tari
tered r i T a m-y i n to rr

res ,

ly al

was loaded wi th

ston es an

san

The An a ba sis of Alexa n der

1 24

i n the ve s s el easily s wam awa y, a s soon

re
A g reat am e s o on ca u gh t th e
yard arm s b ein g t wisted ro un d p oured
.

i t was

as

t owers ;

s et on

d the
th e re

an

in to
th e m a terial s that h ad b e en p re p are d for ki n dli n g th e
am e Th e m en also in th e trire m es tarryi n g n ear the
s i n t o th e to w
er s
s o t h at
m ol e k e p t o n s ho o t in g arr o w
i t was n ot safe for m en to approach i n o rder to b rin g
m a ter i al s t o qu en ch th e r e
Up on thi s wh en the
to w
ers h a d al rea dy cau gh t re m a n y m en ha st en ed from
the c i ty an d e m b arkin g i n ligh t v essel s an d s t iki n g
n the
a g ai n st v ari ou s p ar ts o f th e m o l e e a s ily to r e d ow
h i ch ha d b een p l a ce d i n fr on t o f i t fo r p ro teo
s tock a de w
n d bu n t u
t ion
p all th e e gin e s o f wa r wh i ch t h e re
B ut Al exa n de b e g n to
from th e v esse l d i d n ot r each l
ider m ol e fro m th e m ain lan d cap able of
c on stru ct a w
ers ; an d h e o rd er ed th e e n gi n e
con t ain in g m o re t ow
as b ei n g
il
m ak e s t o p e ar e fres h e n gi e s
W
h
e th i s w
p
p erfo m ed he t ook the sh ie l d b earin g g u ards an d the
Agrian ia s an d s et ou t t o S idon t o collect t h ere all t he
t ri rem es h e c oul d ; si n ce i t wa s e v i den t that th e s u c cess
ful con clu s ion o f the sie ge wo u l d b e m u ch m o re d if cu l t
t o at ta in s o lon g as th e Tyrian s retain e d t h e su p er io ri t y
-

ou t

, a

'

at sea

CHAPTE R XX
TYRE BE l

ABO UT th i s t im

th e
1

eet

un

D i od orus

a sce

W E LL

LAND

as

der his

thei r ci ties were in the

des e rte d Au toph ra dates an d
an d
an d cam e t o Al exan d e r

rta in in g

Al exan der,

of

as

Gero stratu s, Ki n g of Aradu s, an d E n ylu s,

Kin g of Byblu s,

p oss e ss ion

SE A

GE D BY

com m

th a t

d Cn rti us
a i sade

(xvii 42)

(iv

an

1 2)

say

th at

re at

t em

pest

lp ed to de oli sh th e p l
We lear from Jo eph us (A ti q i ti es of the Jews i x
on th e
h
Sh lm an eser kin g of A sy i a four
auth ri ty o f Men an der th at w
cen turi s b ef
e Alexan der s tim e b si g ed Tyre th e o th e P h oen ici an s
i th ship s in like m an r
suppli ed hi m w

he

en

or

ne

Tyre Besi eged by Sea

wi th t h eir
t ri r em es

hi m

fro m

La n d

as

p an ie d by
tha t ab ou t eig ht y Ph oen i cian
th e sam e tim e tr ir em e s al so

na
so

Ab o u t
Rh o des ,

va l

well

as

force,

1 25

S i d o n i an
sh i p s j o i n e d

th e

a ccom

to h i m

cam e

ll ed Perip oln s 1 an d with it

n i n e o th ers
Fro m Soli an d Mallu s al so cam e three an d
fr o m Ly c ia t en ; fro m Mac e don i a also a s h ip wi th fty
o ar s i n w
h i ch s ail e d Pro te a s so n o f An dro n i c s Not
l on g a fte t oo t he kin g s of Cypru s p u t i n to S i do n with
a b o u t on e h u n dr e d an d t w
e n t y sh i p s
wh en th ey h eard
o f th e d e feat o f D ar ius a t I ssu e a n d w
er e t er i e d b e
c au s e t h e w
h o l e o f P ho eni cia wa s a l rea dy in th e p o sses sion
o f Al exan d er
To all o f th ese Al exan de r g ran te d in
dem n i ty for th e i r pr ev
io u s con du ct b ecau se th ey s ee m e d
t o ha v e j oin ed th e Per s ian eet rath er by ecess i ty than
by th ei r o wn ch oice While th e en gin es o f war were
b ein g con s tru cte d for him an d t he sh ip s were b ein g
tted u p for a n a va l a ttack on th e c ity a n d for th e t ria l
o f a s ea b att l e h e t oo k s o m e s q u a dr on s o f c v al ry
th e
Agrian ian s an d arch ers an d m a de an ex p e dition in to the
ran g e o f m ou n tai n s call e d An t i Li banu s 3
Havin g su b
d u e d s o m e o f t h e m o u n tai n eers by fo rc e an d drawn
o th er s o v e r to hi m by te rm s o f c a p i tu l a ti on
h e retu rn e d
to S id on in t e n da ys 4 H ere h e fo u n d Ole an der son o f
Po lem o crates j ust ar ived fro m P el o p o n n es u s h a vi n g
5

r
c
i
an
m
c
e
ar
i
s
i
t
h
h
i
m
G e
e
e
w
b oth

the

on e ca

r,

Thi s was

Sa lam i n i a

at

a s tate vesse

Ath en

or

u ardsh i

See Alc ip hron ,

Bk

l a t the P l a d
E pistle 1 1 wi th B rgler s

si m
.

a ra as

'

n ote.
2

2 su ra ;
See Arri e n ,
3
Curti us (i v 1 1 ) sa s th at a ou t thirt
ti m er in
ere
i ed
a
art
e an on w
t h em
L eba n o n i s
were a so ca tu red

b
y of th e M ed ia s oll ectin g
b
Lb
k ll by p y f wi ld Arab a d th at a f w
l
p
by
H b ww d
in g w
hi t
li ke Alp es It w s so called a c t of its whi t li j t a B itai n
hit
i s c ll ed by Ari totl Albi n th C lti c f r w
4 Pl t
th ri ty of Ch a es
h (L if f Al x d e 2 4) gives u s o th e
lour o th p art f Al xa de i thi exp ditio
so m e d etail s
f da i g
i n i exe ci si g
Ol ea d
was p t to death by Alexa d r f r opp
'

ac

u arc

hi s du ties

er

as

e,

e o

on

r n

e an

va

e re

c oun

M edi a

m ean

s,

us

e,

e.

See Arri an ,

au

or

e c

r,

overn or of

s,

on

r n

2 7 in fra

ress o

vi

The An a ba s is

1 26

Wh e n

b een arran g e d in due orde r he

em b ark e d u p on th e d eck s as m n y of his s hi e l d b e ar i n g
g uards a s seem ed su f cien t fo r his en terprise u n less a
s ea b attl e were t o b e fo u g h t r ath er by b r eak in g th e
1 th an by a cl os e co n i c t
H e then s tar te d
n
e
en em y s li
S ido n an d sailed to wards Tyre w ith his ship s
fro
h i ms el f b ein g on th e righ t
arran g e d in prop er orde r
win g wh ich stretch ed ou t se war d } an d w i th him we e
th e kin g s o f the Cy prian s an d all tho se of th e Phoe n i cian s
as c om m an din g
ho wi th Crateru s w
exce p t Pn ytagora s w
The Tyr ian s h a d
th e le ft win g o f th e wh o l e li n e
previo usly res ol ve d t o gh t a sea b at tl e if Alexan der
B ut then with s u rprise
sh ou l d sa il a g a in s t th em by sea
they b ehel d t he v as t m u l titu de of his shi ps ; for the y
h ad n o t ye t l earn t th at Al exa n d e r h ad all th e shi p s of
At the sam e t i m e th e y
th e Cyp ri an s an d Ph oen i c ian s
w ere s u rp ise d to see that he was sailin g ag ain s t them
with his eet arran ge d i n du e orde r ; for Alexan der s
eet a littl e b efore it cam e n ear the city tarr ie d for a
wh il e ou t i n the op en sea with th e vi ew of provokin g th e
Ty rian s t o co m e ou t t o a b attl e ; b u t a fterwar ds a s th e
t hou gh they
en em y did n ot pu t ou t to sea a g ain s t t h e m
were th u s arran ged in lin e th e y a dvan ced to th e attac k
with a great dash in g of c ars S eein g thi s the Tyrian s
decided n ot to ght a b attl e at s ea b ut cl o sely block e d
u
p th e p s sag e for ship s with a s m an y tr ir em es a s th e
m o u th s o f th e i r harb ou r w
o u l d co n tai n
an d g u ar de d it
so tha t th e en em y s eet m igh t n o t n d an an chorag e in
an
y o f th e h arb ou r s
As th e Tyrian s d i d n o t pu t ou t to sea again s t hi m
Al exan der sail ed n ear th e ci ty b u t re sol ve d n o t to try
to forc e a n en tran ce i n to th e h ar b o u r t o w
ar ds S ido n on
his

e et

Alexa n d er

h ad

acco u n

In

f the

re ard

with Ar n o d

to thi s

s n ote.

r wn e s s

n ar o

of

m an aa
uvre, see

its

m ou th

; an

d at t h e

s am e

H erodotus, vi 1 2 ; Thucy di des, i 49,

.

Si ege

127

Tyre

b ecau se he sawtha t the en tran ce had b een blocked

u
p wi th m an y tr i rem es h avin g th ei r prow s t u rn ed t o
B u t th e Pho e n i cian s fell u p on th e th re e tri
wards hi m
re m es m oor e d fur th est out a t th e m ou th of th e h arb ou r
a n d att ackin
g them prow to pro w su cc ee ded i n sin kin g
t he m
Ho wev er the m en in the ship s easily swam o ff
t o t h e lan d wh ic h wa s fr i e n dly to th em
Then i n de ed
Alexan der m oore d h i s shi p s al on g the sh o re n o t far from
t h e m ol e wh i ch had b e en m a d e w
h er e th er e app eare d t o
b e s h el te r fro m th e win ds ; an d on th e fo llo win g day h e
o rd e r e d th e Cy pr ian s w
ith th eir shi p s an d th eir ad m iral
An dro m ach us t o m oor n ea r th e city o ppo s i te th e harbo ur
whic h faces t owards S i don an d the Phoen ician s o pp osite
th e h ar b o u r wh i c h l oo k s towar ds E gyp t si t ua te d o n the
n t en t
as his ow
o t h e r si d e o f the m ol e w h e re al so w

im

'

CHAPTER XXI
Sm

all: or

TYRE

w colle ct ed m an y en gin eers b oth fro m Cyprus

hole o f Ph o en icia an d m an y en gin es of war
an d the w
h ad b een c on stru c ted 1 s om e u p on th e m ol e o th ers u pon
vessels u se d for tran sp ort in g h orse s which he b rou gh t
w ith him fr om Si do n an d oth er s u p on th e t rirem es
wh ich w ere n ot fast sail ers When all th e p repara tion s
h ad b ee n c o m p l ete d th e y brou gh t u p th e en gin es of war
al on g the m ol e th at h a d b e en m a de a n d al so b egan to
all
shi p s m o or e d n ear var iou s p art s o f th e w
s ho o t fr o m
kin g trial of i ts stren g th The Tyrian s erectedl
an d m a
w oo den towers on th eir b attlem en ts oppo site the m ol e l
from whi ch th e y m igh t an n oy th e en em y ; an d i f "
the e n gin e s of war we r e b rou gh t n ear an y o ther p ar t
they defen ded them selves with m issile s an d shot at
H E h ad

no

1 n
n r em

pass

of W

p y ai

vvy t

In th e

best a

(
Scott)
( Li ddell 2

u th ors

'

Cf

e.

is

used as

1 2 , 4 ; 2 4, 4, in fra

th e p ert

The An a ba si s

1 28

f Alexan der

y ships with re b earin g arro ws so th at th ey

deterred th e M ace do n ian s fro m app roa chi n g t he wa ll
Th eir wall s Op posi te the m o l e wer e ab ou t o n e h un dred
with a b readth in prop ortion an d
an d fty feet high
It
i th large ston e s i m b edded i n gyp su m
c on stru c ted w
wa s n o t ea sy for th e h o rse tran sp orts an d th e trirem e s
hi ch were con veyin g th e en gin es
o f the M ace don ian s w
ar u
of w
p to th e wall to app roach th e city b ecaus e a
g reat q uan tity of ston e s hu rle d forwar d i n to th e sea pre
These s to n es Al exan d er deter
v e n te d t he i r n e ar as sa ul t
m i n ed to
dra g o u t o f th e sea ; b ut thi s wa s a w ork
i th great di fcu lty sin ce it was p er form e d
acco m pli sh e d w
from shi p s an d n ot fro m th e rm earth ; e speci ally a s th e
Ty rian s c ov e ri n g t h ei r shi p s wi th m a il b ro ug ht th em
al on g s i de th e an ch o rs of th e t ri re m e s an d c u tt i n g th e
c ab les o f th e an ch or s u n dern eath
m a de an c h o rin g i m
B u t Al exan de r c o vere d
p ossib le fo r th e e n e m y s s hip s
m a n y thir ty o are d vessel s w
i th m ail in th e sam e way
a th w
ar t in fro n t of th e an ch o r s so th at
an d p l a ce d th em
th e a s sau l t o f th e s hi p s wa s re p ell e d b y t h em
But
n o tw
i th s tan din g this div ers u n de r the sea e cretly cu t
their cab l es
Th e Mac edo n i an s t h en u s e d ch a i n s t o th ei r
an ch ors i n st ea d o f cab l es an d le t th em
do wn s o that th e
di vers co u l d do n o m ore ha rm
Th en fa sten i n g s li p
kn o ts to th e st on e s th ey dragged th e m o u t of th e sea
fro m th e m ol e an d hav i n g rai se d th e m a lo ft wi th c ran es
th e y di sc h ar ge d the m in t o de ep water wh ere th e y we re
n o l o n g er lik ely to d o i n j u ry b
b
ei n g h url e d fo rw
ard
y
The s hi p s n o w ea sily a pp ro a ch e d th e p art o f th e wall
Wh ere i t h ad b e e n m a d e c l ear o f th e st on es whi c h h a d
b een h url ed f o rward
Th e Ty ri an s b ei n g n o w re d u ce d
to great stra i ts o n all si des r eso lv ed t o m ak e an a tta ck
on
th e Cy pri an shi p s w
hic h w ere m oored opp os it e th e
h arb ou r t urn ed towards S i do n Fo r a lon g ti m e t h e y
s pread sail s across th e m o u th o f t he h arb o u r i n ord er
t hat th e llin g o f the tri rem es m ight n o t b e di s cern i b le
;
th e

v er

'

Siege
d

Tyre

1 29

when

il ors we re
sc at te re d i n
qu es t of n e ces s aries an d wh en Al exan der
u s u al
ly retire d fr om the eet t o his ten t on th e o th er
s i de o f th e ci ty t h ey ll ed t h r
e e q u i n qu erem es an e qu al
n um b e r o f
q u a dri rem es a n d sev en t r irem e s wi th th e m o s t
e x e rt c o m
p
pl e m en t o f ro we r s p o ss i b l e an d wi th th e b est
ar m e d m e n a da p te d for gh ti n g fr
o m th e d e c k s t o g eth er
wi th th e m en m o st darin g i n n av al co n tests At rs t
th e y r o we d o u t s l o wly an d q u i e tly in sin gl e l e m o v i n g
fo rwar d th e h an dles o f t h ei r o ars wi th o u t an sign al fr om
y
t h e m e n wh o gi ve th e ti m e t o th e ro we r s 1
; b u t wh en
t he y we r e a lre a dy t a cki n g a gai n s t th e Cy ri an s a n d we re
p
n ea r e n o u gh t o b e seen
then i n de e d wi th a l o u d s h o u t
an d e n c o u ra g e m en t t o e a c h o th er an d at th e sa m e t i m e
wi th i m pe tuo u s ro win g they co m m en ced th e att ack
an

out

the

i ddle

of

th e day,

th e

sa

'

CHAP TE R XXII
S I E GE

or

'

his

NA

VAL

D E FE AT

TY RIANS

or T H E

th at day t h a t Al e xan d er wen t a wa y to

te n t, b u t a fte r a sh o r t ti m e re t u r n e d to h i s s hi p s, n o t

h ap p en ed

Ir

T YRE

t arryi n

on

i g

l c u s to m
T he Tyrian s
fell all o f a su dden u p on the s hi ps lyin g a t th ei r m o or
in g s n din g so m e e n ti rely e m pty an d o thers b ei n g lled
wi th dif c u l ty fro m the m e n wh o h app en e d t o b e pre sen t
a t th e ve ry t i m e of th e n o i s e an d at ta ck
At th e rst
o n set t h e y at o n ce s an k th e q u in q u er e m e of th e kin g
Pn yt a g o ras th a t o f An drocl es th e Am a th u s ian 2 an d th a t
3
of Pa s i crate s t h e C ari an
a n d th e y s h a t t er e d th e o th e r
sh i s b
B ut wh en Alexa n der
p
y p u shi n g t h em ash o re
a c co r d n

to hi s

u su a

Cf Plau tu s ( M erca tor , i v 2 ,

Am a th u s was a to wn on th e
.

Lim
3

Cf H erodotu s ,

asol .

(Aen ei d

hor ta tor

rem

sou th co a st o f

i gu m

C yp ru s

It is

62)

1 0 4 1 1 5 ; T acit us

Cu rium

was

al so a

n
tow

on

th e

sou th coast of

Cyprus

wcalled

n o

Vergil

f Alexan der

The An a basi s

13 0

p erceiv ed

the

ilin g

ou t

sa

of

th e Ty ri an

trire m es, h e
m a n d to b e

hi ps u n der his c o m
m an n e d an d to tak e p o s i ti on at th e m o u th o f th e h arb o ur
s hi p s m ight n o t sail o u t
s o th at th e res t of th e Tyri an
H e t hen too k the q u in qu ere m es whi ch h e h a d an d ab o u t
ve o f th e trirem es wh i ch were m an n e d by h im i n h a s t e
b efore th e rest w ere r eady an d sail ed ro un d th e c i ty
a g ain s t th e Tyrian s w
h o h a d saile d o u t of th e h arb o ur
Th e m en on th e wall p ercei vi n g th e en em y s a ttack a n d
as in th e eet b e ga n
o b s e rv i n g that Al ex an d er hi m s elf w
t o s ho ut to th o se in t h ei r o wn shi p s u rgi n g the m t o
re t urn
; b u t as th eir sh o u t s wer e n ot a udib l e on accou n t
o f th e n oi s e of tho se w
h o were en g age d in th e a c ti on
th ey exhor ted t h em to re treat by vario us kin d s o f s ign a ls
A t la s t after a lon g t i m e p erceivi n g th e i m pen din g
a t tack o f Al exan der s e et t h ey t a ck ed ab o u t an d b eg an
t o ee i n to th e h arb o u r ; an d a few of th e i r s hip s
s u ccee de d in es cap i n g b u t Al exan d er s vess el s a s s a u lt e d
t h e gr ea ter n um b e r an d ren der ed s om e of th em u n t fo r
were
sailin g ;
a n d a q u in qu ere m e an d a qu adri re m e
B u t th e
c a ptu r e d at th e v ery m o u th o f th e h arb o ur
s l au ght er of th e m arin es w
hen t h e y
a s n o t g reat ; for w
perceiv ed that th eir ship s w ere in p oss ession of th e
en em y t h e y s w
a m off w
i th ou t dif cul ty in to th e h arb o u r
As th e Tyri an s c oul d n o lon g er d eriv e an y aid fro m th eir
s hi s
th e Macedon i an s n o w b rou gh t u p th ei r m ilitary
p
e n gin es to th e w
all i tse l f
Tho s e whi ch were b ro u gh t
n ear
th e ci ty a l on g th e m ol e did n o dam age w
or th
m en t i on i n g on a cco u n t o f th e s tre n g th o f th e w
all th ere
O th ers bro ugh t u p som e o f th e s hi p s con veyin g m il ita ry
e n gi n es o pp osi te the p art o f th e ci ty t urn e d t ow
a rds
S i don But w h en ev en t here th ey m et with n o su cce s s
Alexan der p assed ro un d to t he wa ll p roj ecti n g to wards
th e s o uth w
in d an d t owards E gy p t an d t ested th e
s tren g th o f th e w ork s e ve ry w
h ere Here rs t a lar ge
p i ece of the wall was thorou ghly shaken , an d a part of
orde re d

m ost

of

th e

'

'

Siege
it

was

13 1

Tyre

b rok en an d th rown down Then in deed for

a sh ort tim e h e tri ed t o m ake a n a s sau lt to th e exten t of
t h ro win g a b ri dge u on t he p ar t o f th e wall w here a
p
b reach h ad b een m ade B ut t he Tyrian s with out m uch
difcul ty b eat th e Mace don i an s b a ck
even

CH AP TE R XX II
S I EGE or TY RE
TH E thir d day a fter thi s h av in g waited for a cal m sea
after en co u ra i n g th e l ead ers o f th e re gi m en ts for th e
g
h e l ed the shi p s con tain in g th e m ili tary en gin es
action
u p t o th e city In the rs t p lace h e sh ook do wn a large
p iece of the wall ; an d when the br each app eared to b e
i de h e order ed th e ve ssels con veyi n g th e
s u f c ien tly w
o o th e rs
m ili tary en gin es t o re tire a n d b r ou gh t u p tw
whi ch carri ed his b ri dg es whi ch h e i n ten ded to thro w
up o n th e b reach in th e w
all
Th e shi el d b earin g guard s
o ccup ied o n e o f th e s e v e sse l s whi ch h e had pu t un der
the com m an d o f Ad m e tu s ; an d th e o th er wa s occ u p i ed
by th e regim en t o f C oen u s c alle d th e foot C om p an i on s
Al exan der hi m self wi th th e s hi el d b eari n g gu ards in
t en ded to scal e th e wa ll wh ere it m igh t b e p racti cabl e
He ordere d som e o f hi s t ri re m es t o s a il again st b oth o f
th e ha rb o urs t o se e if b y an y m e an s th ey co uld force
an
en tran ce w h en th e Tyri an s h a d t ur n e d th em se l ve s
H e al so o r dere d th o s e of hi s trirem es
to opp o se him
whi ch con tai n ed the m i s il es to b e hu rled from en gin es
o r w h i ch w
ere carryin g ar ch ers u p on de ck t o s ail righ t
h ere i t was p racti cabl e
ro u n d th e w
all an d t o p u t i n w
i thin sh ootin g ran ge un til i t
an d t o tak e u p p os i ti o n w
b ecam e i m p os sibl e to pu t in so that th e Tyri an s b ein g
all qu ar te rs m igh t b ecom e dis trac ted an d
sh ot at fro m
When
i n t h ei r di stres s
n ot k n o w w hi th er t o t u rn
Alexan der s shi p s dre wclose to th e city an d the b ri dg es

The An a ba si s

13 2

f Alexan der

wall th e shi el d beari n g

p
gu ards m ou n ted valian tly al on g th ese u p on th e wall ; for
th ei r cap tai n
Ad m et u s p rove d hi m sel f b ra ve o n th at
b o th a s a
o ccas i on
a n d Al exa n der ac co m p an i e d th e m
an d a s a
s el f
i
t
co u ra g eou s
arti ci an t in
t
h
e a c ti on
p
p
wi tn es s o f b rillian t a n d dan gero u s feats o f valou r p er
fo rm ed b y o th ers
Th e r st p a rt o f the wa ll that wa s
h ere Al exan der h ad p osted hi m sel f ; the
cap t u r e d wa s w
Tyri an s b ein g ea sily b ea ten b a c k fr o m i t as soon a s t he
Macedon ian s fou n d r m footin g a n d at the sam e t i m e
a w
a
A d m et u s
y o f e n t ran ce n o t ab ru p t o n e v ery s i de
was t h e rst t o m ou n t the wall ; b u t while ch eer in g on
his m en t o m o un t h e wa s s tru c k with a sp ear an d d ied

w ere thro wn

fr om them

on

th e

th e

on

p ot

with th e C om p an ion s got p oss e s

1
sio n o f th e w
h en som e of th e to wers an d th e
all
an d w
p ar ts o f th e wall b et we en th e m wer e in hi s han d s
h e a d van ced t hro u gh th e b attl em en ts t o th e ro y al p a lace
b eca u se t h e de s cen t i n to the ci ty th at way seem e d th e
After hi m

Al ex an der

ea si es t .

C H A P T E R XXI V
CAPTURE

or

TY RE

P ho en i cian s p oste d o pp o si te
th e h arb o u r l o okin g t o ward s E gy p t fa cin g whi ch th e y
h appen ed to b e m oo re d fo rcin g th eir way an d b u rs tin g
th e b ars a su n der sh atter e d th e sh i p s i n th e h ar b ou r
atta ckin g som e o f th em in dee p w
ater an d d r iv in g o th er s
ash o r e
Th e Cy pr ian s al so s ail ed i n to th e o th er harb o u r
a r d s S i d on ; w
lookin g t ow
hi ch h ad n o b ar a cr o ss it an d
m a de a s e edy ca p t u re o f th e c i ty on
th at si de
The
p
m ai n b o dy o f th e Ty ri an s d e s er te d th e w
a ll w
hen t h e y
To

eet

t o t he

r e tu rn

t he

Di od orus

recall ed

hi s

(xvii

m en

45 )

fr om

says .

th e

th at

assau lt

a fter

th at

Adm
i gh t ,

was ki lled Al exan der

ed i t n ext d ay
b u t ren ew

etu s

Cap ture

f Tyre

13 3

wi t in the en em y s p ossession ; an d rallyin g o pp osi te

wha t wa s called the chapel of A en or l th ey t here t urn ed
g
ro u n d t o re s i st the Ma
cedon ian s
Again st th es e Al exan
d er ad van ced with hi s shi el d b earin g guards des troye d
t e m en wh o fou ght there an d p urs ued th ose w
h o e d
h
G reat wa s the slaughter al so m a de b oth by th ose who
were n owoc cu pyin g the city fr o m th e harbour an d b the
y
re gi m e n t o f Co en u s whi c h h a d a l so
en t ered i t
F o r th e
Macedon i an s were n o wfo r th e m o st p art advan cin g fu ll
o f ra g e b ein g an g ry b oth a t th e l en g th
o f th e si eg e an d
a l s o b ecau s e t h e Ty ri an s h avi n g cap t u
red so m e o f t h eir
m en s aili n g fr om
S i don h ad c on v eyed them t o th e t op
o f t h ei r w
all so th at th e d ee d m ight b e v i sib l e fro m th e
c am p an d aft er sl a ugh ter in g th e m
h ad cast th eir b o di es
i n t o t he sea Ab o ut
o f th e Tyrian s w ere kill ed
;
an d o f th e M a ce do n i an s
b e s i de s Adm e tu s w
h o h ad
p roved hi m self a valian t m an b ei n g th e rst to s cal e the
wall twen ty of th e shi el d b earin g guard s were kil le d in
t he a s s a u l t o n t hat oc c as i o n
I n th e Wh o l e sieg e ab o ut
40 0 Ma cedon ia n s w e re s l ai n
Al exan d er g ave an a m n esty
t o all t ho s e wh o ed for r ef u ge i n to the t em p l e o f H e ra
c les ; a m o n g th em b e i n g m ost o f th e Ty rian m agis tr ates
i n cl u din g th e kin g Az e m ilc u s a s well as certai n en vo y s
fro m the C art ha gi n i an s wh o ha d com e to t h ei r m o ther c i t y
t o a tte n d th e s acrice i n h o n o u r of H eracl es a cco rdi n g
t o an an ci ent c u s tom 2 Th e r est of the p ri son er s wer e
r e du ce d t o s l avery
all th e Tyri an s an d m er cen ar y tr oo p s
t o th e n u m b er o f ab ou t
who had b een captu red

sa

Ag en or , th e fath er of Ca dm us , was th e rep uted foun der of Tyre an d

Sidon
Se e C ur ti us, i v 1 9
a
Th e Tyri an s ha d been en couraged in th eir resistan ce by th e p rom i se
But th e Carthagin ian s excu sed
o f aid from
th eir colon y Carth age
i culti es in con ten di n g w
i th th e
n di
them sel ves on th e groun d of th eir o w
ever desp atc h ed th ei r w
o m en , childr en , an d
Gre e s
Th e Tyri an s h ow
See D i odorua, xvii 40 , 41 Cur ti us , i v
ol d m en to C arth age for safety
8 an d 1 5
We l earn from B i od , xx 1 4, th at th e Carth agin i an s were i n
th e h abit of sen din g to th e Tyrian H ercul es th e ten th of th eir reven ues
1

The An a basis

13 4

Alexa/ri der

i ce to H eracl es
an d con du cte d a p r oce ssi o n i n h o n o ur o f th a t de ity with
Th e ship s al so t ook p art
all h i s s o l di e rs fu lly arm ed
He
i n thi s religi o u s p roces si on i n h on o u r o f H era cl es
m or eo ve r h el d a gym n as ti c con t e st i n th e t em p le an d
Th e m ilitary en gi n e al so wit h
cel eb rat e d a to r ch ra ce
which th e wall h ad b een battered down was b rou ght
in to th e tem p le a n d dedi ca ted a s a th an k offerin g ; an d
th e Tyri an s hi p sacre d t o H er acl es whic h h ad b ee n c ap
t u re d in th e n ava l a ttack wa s li k ewi se de dica t e d to th e
i
t e i th er co m p o sed
as p l a ce d o n
w
A
n in scri pti on
od
g
b y Alexan der hi m sel f or b y so m e on e el se ; b u t a s i t is
I h ave n ot deem e d i t worth
n ot w
or thy o f rec o ll ecti on
while to des cri b e i t Thu s th en was Tyre cap tu re d in
th e m o n th H ecato m b aion wh en An i ce tu s was ar chon at
Ath en s 2
b ei n

g s old 1

offere d sacr

Al exan der th en

CH APTE R XXV
TH E OFFERS

or

D am

us

REJE CTE D

BA

TI S,

Gaza RE FU SE S To S U BM IT
Al exan der was still o ccu p ie d by

or

th e

of

W HI LE

GOVE RN OR

t o h im

fro m D ar iu s,

i ge

s e

i g
that h e wo u l d gi ve hi m t en t h o u san d tal e n ts 3 in exch ang e
for his m o th er wi fe a n d chil dre n
th at all th e t e rri to ry
west of the river E up hrates a s far as th e Grecian Sea
sh o u l d b e Al exan d er s ; an d p r o p osi n g th at h e s h o u l d
m arry th e dau ghter o f D ari u s an d b ecom e hi s fr ien d an d
Tyre,

am

b assadors

cam e

an n ou n c n

h ad

d Cu r ti us ( i v 1 9) state th at
ho
Ty ri an s w

assacre w
ere h an ged o n th e sea sh ore by Al exan der s

D i odorus ( xvii 4 6)
escap ed

th e

an

order

332
d i July an d begin n in g of Au gu st
D i od ora s (xvi i
p
46) tell s u s th at th e siege lasted sev en m on th s
See al so Cu r ti u s (i v 2 0 )
an d Plutarch (L ife of Alexan der,
We n d from Stra bo (xvi 2 ) th at
Tyre agai n b ecam e a ouri shi n g city
3 About
3

Th e

en

Ba ti s , Gover n or
a

W hen

lly 1
.

co n fe ren ce of

Ga z a , Ref us es to S u bm i t

13 5

p rop osals were an n oun ced in a

C om p a ion s , Parm en i o is sai d t o have

th ese
th e

t ol d Al exan der, th at i f he

wer e

Alexan der h e

h ou l d

be

d to th e war on th es e ter m s, an d
i n c ur n o fu rth er h az ard o f s u cce s s Alexan der i s said to
have r ep lie d, So wou l d he al so do , if h e were Par m e n i o,
b u t a s h e was Al exan der h e r epli ed to D arius as h e did
Fo r h e s ai d th at h e was n eith er in wan t of m o n ey from
D ari u s , n o r wo ul d h e r ecei ve a p ar t o f hi s t erri to ry
d eligh ted t o p u t

an

en

i n s tead o f the wh ol e for that a ll h is m on ey an d t errito ry

were hi s an d th at if he wi s h ed t o m arry the da u gh ter of
D a ri u s h e wo ul d m arry h er ev en th o ugh D ari u s refu s e d
h er t o hi m
H e co m m an d e d D ari us to com e t o hi m i f
h e wi s h e d to exp eri en ce a n y g en ero u s t reat m en t from
him
W h en D a ri u s hear d thi s a n swer he des paire d of
co m i n g to t er m s w i th Al exan der
an d b eg an
t o m ak e
fres h pr ep ara ti on s for war
Al exan der n o w resol ve d t o m ak e an exp e di ti on i n to
E gypt All the oth er parts of what was call ed Pal estin e
2
h a d a l ready yi el de d t o h im
y
a
b u t a certai n eu n u ch
r
i
S
ho wa s i n p o s s e s si o n of th e c i ty o f Ga z a
n am e d B a t i s w
p ai d n o heed t o him ; b ut p rocu rin g Arabian m ercen ari es
a n d h av i n g b ee n l on g e m p loy e d i n l ayi n g u p su f cien t
foo d fo r a l on g si eg e h e reso l ve d n ot to ad m i t Al exan der
i n to th e c ity feeli n g con den t t hat the p lace co u ld n e ver
b e tak en b y s torm
,

B i odom

(xvii

quest o f E gyp t

54)

pu ts th e arrival of

th i s em bassy after

Al exan

ders

Curti us (i v 2 1 ) says that th e n am e of th e dau gh ter

wh om D ari us offered to Al exan der was Statira
2 Th e te rm
Pal esti n e i s derived from Pelesheth, th e n am e given in
est o f Palestin e , th e in h abi
H ebrewto th e coast district in th e s ou th -w
As thi s tract of
hi ch w
ere called Pelis hti m , or Ph ilis tin es
ta n t s o f w
n to
een Ph o en i ci a an d E gyp t, i t becam e k n ow
coun try l ay directly betw
th e G ree s s oon er th an th e rest o f th e H oly L an d, an d t h ey ca ll ed i t
Th e n am e was gradu a ll y exten ded un til i t becam e the
Syria Pal aesti n
ri t ers
An
an d L atin w
usu al on e for all th e Holy L an d am on g Gree

er
in terestin g a ccoun t of Al exan d s vi sit to Jeru salem an d h i s deali n gs
wi th th e Jews is foun d i n Josephus (An ti qui ti es, xi
con

'

The An a ba si s

13 6

Alexa n d er

CHAP TE R XXVI
S IE GE

Gaza is ab ou t twen ty

or

s ta des

Gaza

from th e

s ea

th e

pproach

h eav y soil an d th e sea n ear the

h er e sh allo w Th e c i ty of Ga z a wa s large
c i ty e v e ry w
hi ch a
a n d h a d b e en b uil t u pon a l o ft y m o u n d aro u n d w
s tr on g w
all h a d b een
c a r rie d
I t i s th e l as t c ity the
t rav ell er m eets wi th g o in g fr o m
Ph o en ici a t o E gypt
b ei n g s i tuate d o n th e edge o f th e deser t
When Alexan
der a rri ve d n e ar th e ci t y o n th e r st d ay h e en cam p ed
a t th e s o t w
h ere th e wall seem ed to hi m m ost e a sy t o
p
as s a i l an d o rd er e d hi s m i li ta ry en
gi n e s to b e con stru c ted
B u t th e en gi n e ers expres s e d th e o p i n i on th at i t was n ot
p ossi b l e t o c a p tu re th e wa ll by fo r ce o n acco u n t o f t h e
h eight o f the m ou n d H o we ver th e m o re i m practi cable
i t se em e d t o b e th e m ore r es o l u t ely Al ex an der deter
m i n e d t h at i t m u s t b e ca tu r e d
For h e sai d t ha t t h e
p
a ct i on w
o u l d strik e t h e e n e m y w
i th g reat alar m from its
b ei n g co n trary t o t h ei r e xp ecta ti on ; wh e rea s his fail ure
t o ca p tu r e th e p l a ce wo u l d r e do u n d t o b is di s g race when
m e n ti on e d ei th er t o th e G reek s o r t o D a ri us
H e th e r e
fo re re so lv e d t o c on s tr u c t a m o u n d righ t r o u n d th e c i ty
s o a s to b e a b l e to b rin g his m ili tary e n gin e s u
p to t h e
wall s fro m th e ar ti ci al m o un d whi c h ha d b een rai se d to
th e s a m e l ev e l with th e m
The m o u n d wa s co n st ru c ted
es e c i a lly o v er a g ai n s t t he s o u t h ern
wall of t he city
p
wh er e i t app eare d e a siest to m ake an assaul t Wh en h e
to i t i s

san

dy

an

ov er

on

Nearly two

ly

seven

G az

p ositi on
from th e
an

ix 5
.

It is

st ades

It

il es

an

on

form
of

th e border

earliest

its

tim

was th e

from th e

i s the Gree

re tai n ed
.

wn

es

ki

s cen e

of

was

says

th at th e

city

was

wn am e

th e H ebre

Az z a h (fortress )

I ts

d Pal esti n e h a s gi ven i t im p ortan ce

on e of th e ve ci ti es o f th e Ph ili stin es
;
an

e l earn fro m Z ech ari ah

g till a l ate p eri od , as w
o f a b attle b et w
een Ri ch ard I an d th e Saracen s
.

wcalle d Guz z eh with

no

S t ra bo (xvi 2)

sea .

E gyp t

It

h alf

p op ul ati on

of

Ga z a

{3 7

un d h ad b atm a n ever.t he prop er

i th the w a ll s th e Mace do n ian s p la ce d t h e i r m ilitary
leve l w
en
gin e s u p on i t an d b ro u gh t th em clo se t o th e wall o f
Gaz a At thi s ti m e whil e Al exan der was oerin g sacri
ce a n d cro wn e d wi t h a garlan d w
a s a b o u t to co m
m en c e th e rst
acre d rite a cc o r di n g t o c u sto m
a cer tai n
carn ivo ro u s bi rd yi n g o v e r t h e a ltar l et a s to n e w
h i ch
i t wa s carryi n g wi t h i ts cl a ws fall u p on his h ea d
Al ex
a n der a sk e d Ari s ta n der th e s o o t h s ay e r 1 w
ha t thi s o m en
m e an t
H e replied
0 ki n g t h o u wil t i n dee d c aptu r e
th e c ity b u t t ho u m us t take care of thy s elf on thi s day
tho u ght that the

'

m o
,

CH APTE R XXVII
CAPTU RE or GAZA
W H EN Al exan der h eard thi s he k ep t hi m self for a ti m e
n ear th e m ili tar y e n gin e s o u t of th e reach of m i s sil es
Bu t wh en a v ig oro u s so rti e wa s m a de fro m th e ci ty an d
t he Arab s wer e carryi n g to rch es to set re to th e m ili ta ry
e n gi n es
an d fro m
t h e i r c o m m an di n g p o siti on a b o v e
h u rli n g m i s siles at th e Mace don ia n s who wer e defen din g
t h e m s el ves fro m l ower g ro u n d we re d rivi n g th e m do wn
fro m th e m o un d whic h t h ey h a d m a de then A l exan der
e i th er w il fu lly di so b ey e d th e s o oth s ay e r
or fo rg o t th e
Takin g
p ro p he cy fro m exci tem en t in th e h eat o f acti on
t h e s hi eld b eari n g g uard s
h e h asten e d to the res c u e
wh ere the Macedon ian s were e s pe cially hard pres sed an d
p reven ted th e m from b ein g driven do wn from the m o u n d
Bu t h e wa s hi m self wo u n ded
i n di s graceful igh t
by a b o lt from a catap u lt r igh t t hro ugh th e shi el d an d
b r eas tp late in to the sho u lder Wh en h e p erce iv e d th at
Ar i s ta n der h ad sp o ken t he tr u th ab o ut t he wou n d h e
.

Co m p are Arri d a , i 1 1 an d 2 5 ;
bi rd was en tan gled an d caugh t
.

th e

Ca rti m

i v 26
.

18
am on

Pl utarch (Al ex

g the

n ets an

25 )

cords .

say s

th at

See

also

The An a ba si s
b ec
c

ity by

th e

ru e

ai

of

t hou

th e

f f lAzwan der

gh t

he

h ould al so

was n ot eas ily cured of the

ith whic h h e h ad
m ilitary en gi n e s w

ca

pture the

An d ye t

in deed h e
In th e m ean ti m e the
cap tu r e d Tyr e arri ve d

h sayer
wou n d

so o t

d h e or dere d th e m ou n d
o
to b e c on str u c te d qui te r o u n d th e ci ty o n all si des, t w
1
When his
in b rea dth an d 25 0 fee t in h eight
d
s
s ta e
e n gin es ha d b een p re p ar e d, an d b ro u gh t up a lo n g t he
all ; an d
n a l ar g e ext en t o f w
m o un d, th e y sho ok do w
m i n e s b ei n g dug in vari o us p l ace s, an d th e e art h b ein g

h avi n g

bee n

sen

by

t fo r

sea

an

drawn

n in
fell do w
2
Th e
d
s
pace
pt i e

wall

y parts
Mace don i an s
s u b si di n g i n t o th e e m
th en c om m a n ded a l arg e e x ten t o f g ro u n d wi th th ei r
wh o wer e d efen di n g th e
m i ss il es dri v in g b ac k t h e m en
Neve rth eless th e m en of th e city
ers
ci ty fr om th e t o w
su stai n e d thr e e assa u l ts th ou gh m an y o f th e i r n um b er
were kille d or w ou n ded ; b u t at th e fo u rth attack
Alexan der l e d u p th e p hala n x of th e M ace don ian s from
n th e
all s i des t hr ew d ow
pa rt of th e wall whi ch was
n an o th er la rg e
u n derm i n e d a n d s h oo k do w
p or tio n o f i t
by batte rin g i t wit h his en gin es so th at h e re n dered the
e a sy m a tte r t h ro ugh th e b re ac h e s w
ith his
as saul t a n
Accor di n gly th e l adders were b ro ugh t
scali n g la dd e rs
up to th e wall ; an d th e n th e re arose a great em ul ati on
am on g th o s e o f th e Ma c e do n i a n s w
ho l a i d an y cl ai m to
ho sh o ul d b e th e rst to sc al e t h e wall
v al o ur t o s e e w
The r st t o do so was Neo p tol e m u s o n e o f th e Co m
p an i on s of th e fam ily o f th e Aeaci dae an d a ft er hi m
on e
ran k a ft er an o th er w
i th th ei r of cers
m oun t e d
When on ce som e of the Ma ce don ian s got wi thi n th e wall
th ey sp li t o p en i n s u cc essio n the gates w
hi c h each p arty
happ en e d t o ligh t u pon an d thus a dm i tted the wh ole
arm y in t o th e ci ty
Bu t th o u gh t heir c i ty was n ow in
o ut

b y s teal th, th e

m an

A st adi u m
9

Cf

e u alled

Thucydi des,

6062 feet

7 6 (descrip tion

of

the siege

of

Plataeae)

Cap tu re
th e

Ga z a

13 9

han ds of th e en em y th e Gaz aean s n everth el ess stoo d

t ge th er a n d fo u gh t
so th a t t h e y w
er e all s lai n ghti n g
t e r e as each m an h a d b ee n sta ti on e d
Al exan der s ol d
t h ei r wi ve s a n d c hil dre n i n t o sla ve ry an d h av i n g p eop l e d
th e ci ty a gai n fro m th e n eigh b o u ri n g s ettl ers h e m ad e
1
u s e o f i t as a for ti e d p ost fo r t h e w
ar
,

D i od orus

Po ly bi us

We

(xvi

(xvi i
.

l earn from

40 )

48 )

sp ea

Cu rt ius

with

h orribl e

s of

(i v

th at th e

th e
28 )

si ege of

res o l u ti on

an

an

Gaz

lasted tw
o

valo ur o f

d from D i on ysi us

of

th e Ga z

was tied to

(D e

th e

d th e ci ty,
Cf Arr i a n ,

roun

i n i m i ta ti on o f th e treatm en t of H ector by Achill e s at Troy

14
Di on ysiu s uo te s from H egesias o f M agn esi a, w
ho
vi i
.

th s

aean s

H alicarn ass u s

hi ch th e n a ed b ody
gs t o b e p u t t h rou gh th em , after w
h i ch wa s dri ven by Alexa n der h i m sel f
b ac of a ch ari o t w

ri n

m on

pp 1 2 3 1 25 ) th at Al exan der treated th e brave

cru el ty
H e ordere d h i s feet to be b ore d an d braz en

C om p osi ti on e Ver borum

Bati s

say s

'

wro te

Al exan der, n ot n ow extan t

Curtiu s says th at n early
ere sl ai n at G az a
Stra bo (xvi 2 ) say s th at
of th e Pers ian s an d Arab s w
in h is ti m e (i e in th e rei gn of Au gu stu s) th e ci ty still rem ain ed desol ate ,
as it w
as l eft b y Al exan der

h i s tory

of

B OO K III

C H A PT E R

iFO U ND ATION or ALE XAN D RIA

ALE XANDE R o wl e d n e xp editi o i to E gypt whithe h
h d set o t t st ( f om Ty e) ;
d
chi g f o
G
i E gyp t
i ve d t P l si
o
th e s e v e th d y h e
H is eet h d l so et s il f o
Phoe i ci t o E gypt ;
CONQ U E ST

or

Em

an

m ar

a rr

e u

um

a z a,

'

hip s al rea dy m o o re d at Pe lu s iu m 2
W he n M az aces th e P ersia n wh o m D ari u s h ad app o in ted
3
v i c eroy o f E gy t
as certain e d h o w th e b attl e a t I s su s
p
h a d re su l te d that D ari u s h a d ed i n di s g race fu l ight
a n d th at Ph o e n i c ia
S yria an d m ost o f Arab i a were
a s h e h ad n o P ers i a n
a l re a dy i n Ale xan der s p o s se s si o n
fo rce wi th whi ch h e c o u l d o ffer r e si s ta n ce h e a d m i tte d
Al exan der i n to the c i ti es a n d th e c ou n t ry i n a fri en dl y
an

d h e fou n d t he

i th th e H ebre
i s id en ti cal w
w Si n ( a m arsh ) th e m ost
hi ch i s call ed i n E z e i el xxx 1 5 , th e s tren gth of
easterly ci ty o f E gyp t , w
E gyp t, be cau se it w
a s th e k ey to th at coun t ry fr om
i ts fron ti er p o siti on
Cf H erodotu s , iii 5
S tra bo (xvii 1 ) says i t was situ at ed n e ar m arsh es
It stood e ast of th e Pelu si ac b ran ch of th e Nil e , ab ou t 2 ; m il es from th e
as ch o ed u p w
sea
Thi s m on th of th e ri ver w
i th san d as early as th e
rst cen tu ry of the Ch ri stian era ( Lm an ,
Sen n ach eri b a dvan ced
1

Pelu si um

far

as

as

th i s

Iphicrates
baz u s ,
9

d h ere C am byses d efeated th e E gyptian s ,

5 25
th e Ath en i an a dvan ced to Pel usiu m w
i th t h e satrap Ph arn a
Cf Vergil ( Georgi e, i
3 73
M arti a l , xii i 9 ; S i l i us , i ii 3 7 5

C urti us

ci ty , an

(iv

22)

says

th at thi s

Heph aestion
3 H is
predecessor, Sabaces,

eet was

un

der th e

'

com m an

of

was

sl ain

su p ra

1 40

at

I ssu s

See Arri e n ,

11

Con qu es t

way 1

E gyp t

1 41

Al exan der

in t ro duced a garri son i n to Pelu sium

an d orderin g th e m e n i n th e s hi p s to s ail u
p t h e ri v er as
far a s the c i t y of M e m p hi s 2 he wen t in p e rso n towa rds
3
e
o
o
s
H li p li
h avi n g th e r i ver Nil e 4 on his right H e
r each e d th a t c i ty
th r o u gh th e deser t
gettin g
a fte r
p ossession of all th e plac es o n th e m ar ch thro u gh the
vo l u n tary s u rre n de r o f
th e i n h ab itan t s
Th en ce h e
.

C ur ti us (i v 2 9)

says

to th e

am oun

of

th at

M az

8 00 t al en ts ,

dered to Al exan der trea s ure

ace s su rren

n early

i n th e H eb rewBibl e , N op h
In H o sea i x 6 it i s call ed M op h
Th e E gyp ti an n a m e w
as M n op h , o f
which b oth M oph an d Noph are con tracti on s The n am e sign ies p la ce
of F ta h , th e E
Mem ph i s stood o n th e west
gyp ti an n am e for Vul can

M em ph is , th e

cap i tal o f

E gypt , i s

called

b an

th e Ni l e ,

of

by Men e s

were

fam

Tibu ll u s

It h a d

ou s

It

wh o was

an

an

d is

sai d

b y H erodotus (i i 99) to h ave been fou n de d

.

ce o f

a circum

feren

are m en

t i on ed i n

n ever recovered

exasp erat ed

b y its

ft een

iles

th e p o em
deva stati on

th e

resi stan ce

I ts

t em pl es

O vid ,

an

i tted by C am byses ,
of Alexan dri a as th e

c om m

Th e ri se

M arti al

of

n u m ero u s

At
der th e Ptol em i es, h asten ed th e de clin e o f M em phi s
Giz eh , n ear M em ph i s , are th e th ree grea t p yram i ds , b ein g of th e h ei gh t
Not far off are six sm all er on es
re sp ectively of 460 , 44 6 , an d 2 03 feet
cap i tal

un

hi ch
d pyr am i d i s th e Sphi n x, cu t ou t of th e sol id roc , w
was probably an ob ect of worsh ip Cf Ap ol lodorus , 4
3
h i ch i s an E gypti an word
H eli op oli s i s n ow
n i n H ebr ew a s On , w
In E z e
m ean in g Su n
It i s m en tion ed i n G en xl i 45 , 5 0 ; xlv i 2 0
i th
xxx 1 7 , i t i s call ed Ar ea , w
h i ch i s th e s am e word i n H ebr e was On , w

Near th e

secon

j
k

a v ari ati on

of

th e

whi ch

vo

wel s
.

In Jer

xlii i

1 3 it i s

B ei th- Shem

call ed

es h ,

in H ebrewm ean s H ou se of t he Sun , a tran slati on of th e E gy pti an

Th e great
n am e
Th e Gree s call ed i t H eli op oli s , Ci ty of the Sun
tem ple of th e Sun an d i ts p ri esth o od are describ e d by H ero do tu s an d
Strabo
Th ere are still r em ain i n g a b eau ti ful ob el i s of re d gran i te
feet lon g by
wall of th e tem ple
n early 7 0 feet h i gh , an d th e b ri c
2 ,3 7 0 feet broad
Cf Ap o l lo do ru s , i i 4
4
Th e word Nil e n ever o ccurs i n th e H eb rewBibl e ; bu t th at ri v er i s
In Am o s vii i 8 i t i s call e d Yeor M i tsra i m , th e r v er
c all ed Yeor (river)
I n I sa xxii i 3
o f E gyp t ; bu t i t i s u su all y call ed si m p ly Year , th e ri ver
I n li e
th e corn o f E gyp t i s calle d t he ha rvest of Year , or th e Nil e
Th e Gree n am e N ei l os , or
m an n er Avo n , G an ges , Rhi n e , m ean ri ver
Nile m ean s a bed wi t h a s tream , an d was origi n all y a pp li ed to th e l an d
I t ri ses in th e l a e Vi ct ori a Nyan z a,
of E gyp t , as th e vall ey o f th e Nil e
In I s a xxiii 3 an d Jer ii 1 8 th e Nile
m il es
an d h a s a course o f

'

call e d

S hi chor

E gyp t

as

(tu rb id)

well

as

th e

In

H om

c ou n

try

er

( Odys

i v 47 7 ,
.

Cf Am m i an us ,
.

call e d

is

etc

xx n 1 5
.

th e
.

ri ver 1 8

f Alexan der

The An a ba s is

1 42
c ros sed

th e

s tr ea m

an

M em p hi s ; wh ere he
ot her go ds an d cel e

to

c am e

ice to Api s 1 an d th e
b rat ed a gym n as ti c an d m u s ica l con test th e m o st dis
tin gu i sh ed ar ti st s in th es e m at ters com i n g to h i m from
Greece Fro m Mem phi s h e s ailed down th e river to
wards th e s ea em b arkin g th e shi el d beari n g guards,
th e ar ch er s th e Agrian ian s an d of th e cav alry th e royal
2
h
m
n
o
an
o
b
n
s
qu
f
t
e
C
m
p
a
n
i
o
n
s
C
o
i
g
t
C
he
adron o
o
s
h ere
sail ed rou n d th e Marian la ke } an d d is em b ark e d w
n owis si t u a te d th e c i ty o f Al e xan dria, w hic h ta k es its
n am e fro m h i m
Th e p osi ti on s eem e d to hi m a v ery n e
hi c h to fo un d a c ity an d h e foresa w th at it
on e i n w
1
n
e
m
e
s
Ther efore h e was
woul d b co
a p ros p ero u
o e
seiz ed by an a r den t d esi re t o u n d e rtak e t h e e n terp ri se,
an d him s elf m ark ed o u t th e b o u n dari es o f th e c ity p oin t
i n g ou t th e pl ac e wh ere the a g o ra was to b e c o n s tr ucted
where the tem ple s were to b e b u ilt statin g h ow m an y
t h ere wer e t o b e an d t o wh a t G r eci an g o ds t h ey were to
b e dedi ca ted an d sp eci ally m a rkin g a sp o t for a t em pl e

t
i
a
h
E
gy
n
I
s
i
s
H e a l so p oin te d o u t where the
to t e
p
wal l was t o b e carri ed r ou n d it I n r e gar d to th ese
m atters h e offere d s acri ce
an d the v ic ti m s a pp eared
favourabl e
offere d s a c r

CH AP TE R II

FO U NDATION
T HE foll o win

or

ALE XAND RIA

s to r

VE NTS m

wh ic h

i s to l d ,

TH E

to

s eem s

AE GEAN

m e n ot un

The Bull o f M e m phi s , sacred to F ta h , th e god of re See H erodo tus ,

ii i 2 7 , 28 ; S tra bo, xvii 1 ; Am m i a n us ,
14 ; Ovi d ( M et , ix
1 Now Ab o ukir ab ou t 1 3 m iles n r
o th east of Al exan dri a , n ear th e
,
western m ost m outh of th e Nile Cf Aeschylus (Supp , 3 1 1 Prom ,
Stra bo, xvii 1 , l 7 ; Taci tus (An a ,
1 Usuall cal led L ake Mareoti s n ow
Mariut Cf Vergil ( Georgi e, ii
,
y
4 W learn from Curti ue
e
that Al exan der at rst resol ved to
,
(iv
build the city on th e islan d of Pharo s , but n din g it to o sm all , built
it on the m ai n l an d
5 A o dess re resen ti n
ife of Osiris th e sun -god
p
g d
g th e m oon , an d w
1

E ven ts i n the Aegea n

1 43

worthy of b eli ef 1 that Alexan der him self wi sh e d to

l eave b ehi n d for th e b u ilders the m ark s for t he b oun d
arie s o f th e fo r ticati on
b u t th at there was n othin g a t
h an d with which to m ak e a furro wi n the g roun d On e
o f th e buil d ers 9 hi t u p on th e pla n o f c oll ecti n g in v essel s
th e b arl ey whi ch th e soldi e rs were carryi n g an d thr o w
i n g it u p on t h e gro u n d wh ere the ki n
g led the way ;
an d t hu s the ci rcl e of th e fo rti ca ti on w
hi ch he wa s
m a ki n g 3 for the ci t
The
y wa s c o m p l etely m ark e d o u t
s oo th s ay ers
an d es p eci a lly Ari s tan de r th e Tel m i ss ian
wh o was sai d already to have gi ve n m an y other tru e
p re diction s p on deri n g this to ld Al exan der that th e c ity
wo u ld b eco m e pro sp erous in e v ery re sp ect b u t es pecial ly
i n re gard to t he frui t s o f th e ear th
At thi s t im e Hegelochu s 4 s ail e d to E gyp t an d in form ed
Al exan der t h at th e Ten edi an s h ad r evol ted fr o m th e
Persian s an d attach ed th em s el ves to hi m ; b ecau se they
h a d g on e o v er t o t he Pers ian s agai n st t heir o wn wi s h
H e al so sai d th at th e d e m o c rac y o f Chi o s w ere i n tro
duc in g Al exan de r s adh er en ts i n spi te o f t h ose wh o h eld
the ci ty b ei n g es ta b li s h e d i n it b y Au tophra dates an d
Pharn ab az us
Th e l atte r co m m an d er h ad b e en cau ght
t her e a n d k ep t as a p ris on er a s was al so t h e desp o t
5
n
wh o sailed in to the har
Ari sto n ic us a M e thy m n aea
b o u r o f Chi o s with ve p i rati ca l ves sel s tt ed wi th on e
in g th at the harb o ur
an d a h al f b an k s o f o ar s n o t k n o w
wa s i n th e h an ds o f Al exan der s a dh eren ts b u t b ei n g
m i sl e d by t h o se w
h o k e pt th e b ars o f th e harb our b eca u s e
A ll
fo rsoo th t he ee t o f Pharn ab az u s was m oore d in i t
,

'

Cf S tra bo (xvii
.

Plu tarch ( Al ex

D i odorus (xvi i 5 2)
.

Am m i a n us (xxii
3
th at hi s
We n d from Val eri us M axi m i se (i 4) an d Am m i an us ,
am e w
a s Din ocrs tes
3
rrata , com p ari n g 1v 1 , 3 , an d 4 , l i n fra,
eva for e
Krii ger substi tutes w
2 s up ra
See Arri a n ,
5
M ethym n a w
as, n ext to Mitylen e, th e m ost i m p ortan t ci ty i n

( iv

'

Curti u s

L esb os

The An a basi s

1 44
th e

p irates were there

f Alexan der

m a ssa cre

d by

th e

Chian s ;

an

H eg el o chu s b ro u gh t t o Alex a n d er a s p ri s on ers Ar i sto

n i o n s , A oll on ides th e Chian , Phi si n u s, M egar eu s, an d
p
,

h ers who ha d take n p art in th e revo l t o f Chios

t o th e Pe rsi an s an d w
ho a t t hat ti m e were h o l di n g th e
g o vern m en t of the i sl an d by force H e also an n ou n ce d
t h at h e h a d d ep ri ved C ha r e s 1 o f th e p o ss e s si o n o f
Mityl en e that h e h ad br o u gh t ov er th e ot h er ci ti es in
L esb o s by a vol un tary a greem en t an d th at h e ha d se n t
A m ph o teru s to Cos with s ixt y s hip s for th e C oan s t h em
s e l v e s i n v it e d hi m t o th ei r i s lan d
H e sai d th at h e hi m
se l f h a d sa il e d to Co s an d fo un d i t a l r ea dy in t h e h an d s
H egeloc h u s b ro u gh t all th e pri s o n ers
o f Am p h oteru s
with him except Pharn aba z u s wh o ha d el uded his g u ards
Al exa n der se n t t he
a t C os an d
go t away b y st ea l th
de s po t s who ha d b een b r o u gh t from t h e ci ti es b a c k t o
bu t
th eir fe ll ow ci tiz e n
t o b e t re a t e d a s th e y p l eas e d
Apollo n ide s an d his Chian p a rt i san s h e s en t u n der a
3
5
n
n
t
r
t
a
n
n
a
t
a
c
ti e
E gyp i
iy
s t i c g u ard to E lep h
a ll

th e

ot

CH APTER III
A L EXAND E R VISIT S

TH E

TE M PLE

AMM ON

or

was seiz ed b y an
Libya p artly in o rde r

AFTE R th e se t ran sactio n s , Al e xan der

ar

den t desire to

Ch ares

fat al b attle
e v acu ate

was

an

it Am

v s

Ch aeron ea

of

wh o

Ath en ian
.

m on

h ad b een

C ur t i us

M itylen e w
i th hi s force

in

(i v

24)

of

th e gen eral s a t th e
says th at h e co n sen ted t o
on e of

m en

on

con

di ti on

of a

fre e

dep artu re
3
O n an i sl an d in th e Nil e of th e s am e n am e, opp osi te Sy en e
It
served as th e south ern fron ti er garri son sta ti on
3 Th e tem
pl e o f Jupi ter Am m on wa s in th e oasi s of Si wah , to th e
Its rui n s w
ere di sco v ered by Bro w
n e in 1 7 92
Thi s
est o f E gypt
Th e p eopl e call ed Lib yan s
oasi s is ab ou t 6 m il es lon g an d 3 broa d
h ole of North Afri ca e xcl u din g E gyp t
In Hebrew t h ey
occu p i ed th e w
3 ; xvi 8 D an xi 43
are call ed L u bz m
(sun burn t) See 2 Ch ron
Cf H erodotus , i i 3 2 ; iv 1 68 1 99
Nah
9
.

Aleman der Vi si ts the Tem p le

to

con s u

id

f Am

m on

Am

th e go d, b ecau se th e oracl e of
b e exact i n its i n form ati on , an d

lt

1 45

m on

was

P erseu s an d
H eracl es were sai d to h ave con sul ted it the form er wh en
h e wa s de sp atche d by Poly de cte s 1 agai n st th e Gorg on s
an d th e l at ter w
hen h e v isited An taeu s 9 in Lib ya an d
B u s iri s 3 in E gyp t Al exan der was al so p artly u r ged b y
a d esir e of em ul atin g P er seu s a n d H eracl es fro m
b o th
of w
h o m he traced his descen t He al so dedu ced hi s
p e digree from Am m o u j u st as the l egen ds traced that of
H era cle s an d P erseu s t o Z eu s Accordin gly h e m ade
th e exp edit i on t o Am m o n wi t h the de sig n o f lear n in g his
ow
n o r ig in m o re certain ly o r a t l east that h e m ight b e
ab l e to s a
Accordin g t o Ar is
y tha t h e h a d l ear n ed it
t ob ul u s h e advan c ed al o n g th e s ea shore to Par ae ton i u m
t hro u gh a co un try w
hi ch wa s a desert bu t n ot destitu te

of w
a ter a di stan ce of ab ou t
Th en ce h e
sta des
as
t u rn e d i n t o th e i n teri or wh e re th e oracle o f Am m on w
l o ca ted Th e rou te is de ser t,an d m ost of it i s san d an d
d e sti tu te of water
Bu t th ere wa s a cop i ou s su pply of
rai n for Al exan d er a thi n g w
h i c h wa s a ttri b uted t o th e
in u en ce of th e dei ty ; as wa s a l so th e followin g occ ur
r en c e
W hen ever a sou th win d blows in that di stri ct i t
heap s u p the san d u p on th e r ou te fa r an d w i de ren derin g
th e tr a c k s of the roa d in v i s ib le s o th at it i s i m p o ssib l e t o
di sco ver wh ere on e o ugh t t o d irect on e s co urse in th e s an d
j u st as if on e w ere at s ea ; for th ere are n o lan dm ark s
h ere n or tre e
a l on g th e r o a d
n eith e r m o u n tai n an y w
by whi ch travellers
n o r p erm an en t hill stan di n g er ect
m ight b e abl e t o form a c on j ectu re of th e righ t co u r s e as
sa

to

Kin g of th e isl an d Seriph us

Th e gigan ti c so n
i n g of E gyp t,

vi si ted
4

Cf H erodo tus,
.

Posei don an d Ge
who was sai d to h ave
of

91

sacri ced all

foreign ers th at

th e la n d

Perseu s

was th e gran dfath er of

Ab out 1 8 3
Marm ari ca
1

iles

Alcm

Thi s ci ty l ay

at

en a,

the

th e

m other of

extrem e

west

Hercul es

E gypt , in

of

The

146

An a basi s of Alexan der

C o n s e qu en tly Al exan der s

ilors do by the
ere i n do u b t
t
h
e g u i de s w
a n d e ven
arm y l os t th e w
a
y
Ptol em y son of L a gu e say s
a b o u t the c o u rs e to tak e
ut terin g a
e n t i n fro n t o f th e a r m y
t h at t w
o serp e n t s w
v o ice an d Alexan de r o r der ed th e g u i de s t o follo w th em
H e s ay s t oo t h at th ey
trusti n g in th e div i n e p o r te n t
B ut
s ho w
a
ed t h e w
y to th e o ra cl e an d b a ck a ga i n
Ari stob u lus whos e acc o u n t i s gen e rally a dm itt e d as co r
rect say s th at t w
o ra ven s e wi n fro n t o f th e arm y an d
I am ab le t o
that these ac te d a s Al exa n d er s g u i des
ith con den ce th at so m e divin e assi stan ce was
a ssert w
i th t h e
affor ded him , for p r o b ab ilit y a ls o coi n ci des w
s upp o si tio n ; b u t th e di s cr e a n ci e s in
th e detail s of the
p

vari o us n arra tives hav e d epr iv e d the s to ry o f certai n ty

s tars 1

sa

For som e di stan ce on w

ard th e en gi n eers h ad erected a lin e o f
as ab so
telegraph poles to gui de u s , b ut aft er th ey ceased th e desert w
l at ely trac l ess
Our guides w
ere th e s tars
h a d th e n igh t been overcast
th e en terpri se w
oul d h ave be en i m p ossi bl e
an d w
e w
ere steered by a
n aval o oer , Li eu ten an t R aw
son , w
h o h a d doub tless studi ed on previ ous
n i ghts th e rel ation of th ese cel e sti al b eaco n s t o th e cours e of our m arch
Th e cen tre o f th e lin e wa s th e p oin t of direction ; th erefore h e rode
b etw
een th e cen tre b attali on s ( 7 5 th an d 7 9th ) o f th e Hi ghl an d Bri gade
re u en tly i n th e course o f th e n igh t , after d ul y as certain in g w
h at dar
gure I w
as addressin g, I r epre sen t e d to hi m th a t hi s p arti cul ar s tar
was clou ded over ; b ut h e al ways repli e d th at h e had an oth er i n vi ew, a
secon d s trin g to hi s bo w
hi ch h e sh owed m e , an d th at h e w
as con vi n ce d
, w
h e h ad n ot de viated in th e l east from th e p rop er di recti on
An d h e was
righ t, hi s gui dan ce w
as m arvell o usly correct ; for hi s rew
ard , p oor fell ow
,
he w
as sh ot do w
n in th e assaul t, m ort all y w
Here w
ere
ou n ded
e w
adrift, b u t for th e stars, i n a regi o
n w
h ere n o to en existed on th e s ur
face by w
hi ch to m ar th e course an y m ore th an on th e ocean w
i th o u t
"
a com p ass
an d th e di s tan ce t o b e t ravers ed w
as m an y m il es
Sir
E dw
ard H am l ey :
Th e Secon d D ivisi on at Tel el- ebir , N i n eteen th
Cen tury, D ecem b er, 1 88 2
3 S a bo xvii 1
tr
(
) uo tes from Calli sth en es. wh os e work on Alexan der
i th Ari stob u lu s ab ou t th e t wo raven s
i s lost
He agrees w
C alli sth en es
is also uoted by Plu tarch ( Alex , 2 7 ) in regard to th i s pro di gy
Cu rti us
(i v 3 0) says th at th ere were severa l raven s ; an d D iodorus ( xvii 49)
sp ea s of ravens
1

F q

The Oa sis

f Am m

C H AP TE R IV
T H E OASI S

TH E

p la ce wh ere

th e

1 47

AM M ON

or

ple

on

Am

lo cate d is
e n ti r e ly s urro u n de d b
y a d e s e rt 6f far s tretchi n g s an d
whi ch i s des titu te o f wa te r The fertil e sp ot i n t he m i ds t
o f t hi s de se rt i s n o t exte n si ve
for wh ere it s tr etch e s i n t o
i t s gre at er ex p an se i t i s o n ly ab o u t fo r ty s tades b ro a d 1
I t i s fu ll o f cul ti va te d trees o liv e s an d
p al m s ; an d i t i s
th e o n ly p l a ce in t h ose p a r ts whi ch is r e fre sh e d wi th de w
A spr in g al s o ri ses fro m it q u i t e u n lik e all t h e o th er
s pr i n g s w
hi ch i ss u e fro m th e ear th 2 For at m id day the
water i s co ld to th e ta ste an d still m ore so to th e t o u c h
as co l d a s c o l d can b e
B u t wh en th e su n h as s u n k i n to
th e wes t i t get s warm e r an d fr o m t h e e ve n i n g i t kee s
p
o n gro w
i n g war m er u n til m i dn ight wh en it r eaches the
war m es t p o i n t After m i dn ight i t g oes o n gettin g
gradu ally c o l de r : at day b reak it i s a l ready cold ; b u t at
m i d da y i t r ea ch e s th e co l de s t p o in t
E very day it u n der
g oes th e se a ltern ate ch an g es i n r e g ul ar su cc es sio n In thi s
p la c e a l so n a t u ra l sal t i s p r ocu red by diggi n g an d cer tai n
o f t h e p ri es ts o f Am m on
c o n vey q u an tit i es o f i t in to
E gypt Fo r wh en e v er t hey set o u t for E gyp t th ey p u t
i t i n to li tt l e b o xe s p la i t e d o u t o f p al m an d c arry i t as
a p r es e n t t o t h e kin g
o r s o m e o the r g re at m an
The
g ra i n s o f thi s s al t ar e l arge so m e of th em b ein g even
l on ge r th an th re e n gers b rea dth ; a n d it is clea r like
3
cry s t al
Th e E gypti a n s an d o the rs wh o are r esp ectfu l
to th e de i ty u se t hi s sa l t i n t h ei r sa cri c es a s i t i s
tem

of

is

m on
-

Cf L u can , i x 5 1 1
5 43
3 Thi
s Foun ta i n of t he Sun , as i t i s called , i s 3 0 p ace s l on g an d 2 0
broad ; 6 fathom s d eep , w
i th bu bbl es con stan tly ri si n g from th e su rface
Cf H erod o tu s , i v 1 8 1 L u creti us , vi 8 49
8 7 8 ; P tolem y , i v 5 , 3 7
1

Nearly ve

il es

Thi s i s

ch l orat e o f
of

l en gth ,

wh at we
am m on

about

ia

{a of

call s al

a m m on i ac ,

T h e d a cty los

an

in ch

was

no

wn

th e

to

ch em

sm all est

i sts

as

Gree

h ydro

m e asure

1 48

The An a basi s

Alexan der

whi ch i s p rocu r ed fro m the s ea Al ex

an der th en
wa s stru ck with won der at the p lace an d
Hav in g h eard wh at
c o n su l te d th e o ra cl e o f th e g o d
was a greeab l e t o hi s wishe s a s h e hi m sel f said h e set
o ut o n
th e j o u rn ey b ac k to E gyp t b y th e sam e ro u te
a c co r din g t o th e s tat e m en t o f Ari s to b u lu s ; b u t a cco r d
in g t o that of P to l em y so n o f L ag u s h e t ook an oth er
r oad l ea din g s tra igh t to M em p hi s 1
l

th an th at

c earer

CHAPTE R V
S E TTLE MENT

Mem phi s

AT
an

d he

of

hi s

sen

su

Gre cian
of

s on

it

m an

way

AFFAI RS

o r TH E

or

E GYPT

b as si es fro m Gre ece re ac h ed him

n o on e d i s app o in t ed b y th e r ej e cti on
An tip ater al so arri ve d an arm y o f 400

F rom

em

m er ce n ar es

H eges an der :

un

der th e

lik ewi se

co m m an

'

Thra ce

from

Men i de s
5 0 0 c ava lry
of

,
,

der the directi on o f Asclepio do r u s, s o n o f E u n icus

H ere h e offered sac ri ce to Z eu s th e Ki n g, l e d his s o ldi ers

un

d in

fu lly

arm e

n a st c an

of

p ro cessi o n

i l

test

m u s ca

co n

an

H e th en

ce eb rat e d a

s e t t ed

th e

gym
a ffair s

pp o i n tin g t wo E gypti an s, D ol o a sp i s an d
govern ors o f the c ou n try, divi di n g b etween th em

E gyp t

by

Pe ti sis ,

so e m n

whole lan d b u t as Petisis declin ed his p rovin ce

D oloaspi s rec e iv e d th e who l e
H e ap p o i n ted t wo o f th e
C om pan i on s t o b e com m an dan t s of garri son s : Pan taleon
th e Pydn ae a n in M em p hi s a n d P o l em o s on o f M e gacl es
a Pellae an
in Pelu si u m
He a lso gave th e com m an d of
th e Grecian a u x ili ari es to Lyci da s an Ae tolian an d ap
th e

We learn

from Stra bo (xvii

th e

Calli sth en es , th at
th e declarati on of th e oracle of Am m on w
a s co n rm ed by th o se o f Ap oll o
at Bran chi dae n ear Mil etu s , an d o f Ath en a at E rythrae in
Ion ia
Plu tarch ( Alena , 28 ) an d Arri an (vii 2 9) assert th at Al exan der set a o at
as th e son of Z eu s to overaw
th e decl aration th at h e w
e th e foreign ers
h om h e w
as exten di n g hi s rule
over w
.

on

auth ori ty of

lem

the Af airs

en

Egyp t

1 49

p oin ted E ugn ostus son of Xen ophan tes on e of th e Com

p an ion s t o b e secretary over th e s am e troop s As thei
overse ers h e p l ac e d Aeschyl u s an d E h i
p ppu s th e Chalci
,

dean

Th e

he

Libya
th e

p art

govern m

of

t he

ighb ourin g

ne

p oll on iu s

to A

g ran ted
of

en

Arab i a

so n

of

co

un t ry

Charin u s ;

H eroip oli s l h e p u t

n ear

of

an

un der

Nau crati s 2 Thi s las t wa s ordere d

t o allo wth e g ov e rn ors to ru l e t he i r r es p ec ti ve di stri c ts
a ccord in g to th e a n ci en t cu s to m
b u t t o co llect fro m
th em th e t ribut e d u e t o hi m
Th e n a ti ve go vern o rs were
als o o rd ered to
H e ap p oin te d
p ay i t to Cl eom en es
Cleom

en e s, a m an

of

Peu ces tas ,

M acartatu s ,

of

so n

an

Bala cru s ,

of

so n

gen eral s of the a r m y w hi c h h e l eft b ehin d in

E gyp t ; a n d h e pl ac ed Pol em o s on o f Theram en es over
the ee t as a dm iral
H e m ade L eon n atus son of An teas
o n e of h is b ody guar ds i n st ead o f Ar rh b a s w
ho ha d
y
di ed o f di s ease
An tio ch u s th e c o m m an d e r o f th e
arch ers al so di e d
an d i n hi s st ead O m b ri on th e C retan
was app o in te d
Wh en Bala crus was left b ehin d in
E gypt the alli ed Grecian in fan try whi c h had b een un de r
h i s c o m m a n d was p u t u n der th at of Calan u s Al exan der
was sai d t o have divi de d the g overn m en t o f E gyp t
becau se h e was s urpris ed at the
a m on g so m an y m en
n at ural s tren g th o f th e cou n t ry an d h e th o ugh t i t u n safe
Th e
to en tru s t th e r ul e o f th e wh o l e to a s i n gl e p ers on
Ro m an s al so see m t o m e t o h av e l earn ed a l es s on fro m
him an d t h erefore k e ep E gyp t u n der s tro n g gu ar d fo r
t h ey do n o t s en d a n y o f th e sen ators t hi th er as pr ocon su l
fo r th e s a m e r eas o n b u t o n ly m en wh o have t h e ran k
3
n
am on g th e m of E q u i tes ( K ights)

Am yn tas,

i th th e
that H eroop oli s was i den ti cal w
d oth ers th in
R aam ses , o r Bam eses , i s a Cop tic word m ean i n g
Raam ses o f th e Bib le

th e son of th e sun
3 A ci t
f th e Nil e It
y fo un ded by th e Mil esian s on th e Can opi c bran ch o
ere
h ere Gree s w
city , bei n g th e on ly pla ce w
rem ain ed a p urely Gree
Cf H erodo tus,
97 , 1 3 5 , 1 7 8 , 1 7 9
ed to settl e an d tra de in E gypt
allow
1

ald
Ew

an

Cf Taci tus (H i stori a e, i

.

The An a basi s

1 50

Alexan der

CHAP TE R VI
MARCH

S Y RI A

INTO

so o n

as s

LE XAN DE R s

p in g b egan

to

KINDN E SS r o HARPALU S
'

E ARLY AD HE RENTS

H I S OTH E R

AND

As

ap

p ear

he

wen t

M em

fro m

o f th e Nil e n e ar
hi
Ph
i
i
s
t
o
n
a
ri d gin g t h e st r e am
o
e
c
b
p
Mem phi s as well a s th e can al s i ssuin g from it Wh en
h e arr i ved a t Tyre h e fo un d his eet a lrea dy th er e 1
In
t hi s ci ty h e a gai n o er e d s a c ri c e to H era cl e s an d cel e
b rate d b o th a gy m n a sti c an d m u si ca l co n t es t
W hile
th e re th e s tate v es s e l call e d th e P ara lu s ca m e t o hi m
fro m Athen s b rin gin g D i oph a n t u s an d Ach ille u s a s
en v o y s t o him ; an d al l th e cre w o f th e Par a lu s were
j oin e d wi th th em in th e e m b assy 2 Th ese m en ob tai n ed
all t he re qu est s w
hi ch th ey were de sp at ch ed t o m ake
an d t h e ki n g ga ve u
p to th e Ath en i an s all t h e i r fe ll o w
ci tiz e n s w
h o ha d b ee n c ap tu red a t th e Gra n i cu s 3
B ein g
in form e d th at revolu ti on ary p lan s had b een carri e d o u t
in t he Pel o p on n ese h e s en t Am p h o teru s t hi th er t o a s s i s t
t h o s e o f t he Pe l o on n e si an s wh o wer e r m in t h ei r s u
p
p
p ort o f his war a gain st Persia an d were n o t un der th e
co n tro l o f t h e L a ce da e m on i an s
H e al s o c o m m an d e d t he
Ph oen i cian s an d Cyp ri an s to desp atch t o th e Pel o p on n ese
1 0 0 o th er shi p s in a dditi on to th o s e which h e wa s sen di n g
wi th Am p hoteru s He n ow started u p i n to th e in teri o r
,

'

We

l earn , from

ch asti se

death
9

Curti us (iv

the in h abitan ts ,

who

th at Al exan der

early

tim

es

to Sam

th e Ath en i an

ep t

tw
o

aria

to

ach us ,

to

'

h ad burn t hi s dep u ty , An dr om

From

wen t

sacred vessel s

fo r

s tate

I n th e
pu rposes , th e on e call ed th e Pa ra lus an d th e oth er Sa la m im a
earliest tim es th e fo rm er w
as used for coa stin g p urp o ses , an d th e l atter

for th e
Sm ith

(p

a sserts

D em
an

j ourn ey to Salam i s H en ce th eir respecti ve n am es See D r

s D i et of An ti qui ti es
Aeschin es i n hi s oration a gain st Ctesiph on

osth en es on

th at h e

thi s

was in form

occasion s en

ed

d favour
3 Cf
Aelian , Vari a H i stori c , i 2 5

by th e seam en of th e P a ru las th at
l etter to Al exan der soli citin g p ardon

tt as, iv 3 4
'

M arch i n to Syr ia

1 51

tow
ar ds Th a s acu s
p

C oe ra n u s,

an

B erc eau

d th e

1 o
ver

r ver

E u phrates

afte r

p l aci n

th e

l evy o f tri bu te i n Pho en i cia

an d Philo x en u s t o c o ll e c t i t i n A i
s a a s far a s th e Tau r u s
I n th e p la c e o f th ese m en h e en tru sted th e cu sto dy o f
t h e m o n e y whi ch h e h a d wit h h i m to Har al u s so n o f
p
M achata s who h a d j u st ret u rn e d fro m exile For thi s
m an
at r s t h a d b ee n
b an i s hed whil e Philip wa s s till
kin g b ec au se h e wa s a n a dh eren t of Al exan der ; as also
was Pto l em y son o f Lagu s for th e s am e reas on 5 lik ewi se
a

,
.

'

N earchu s , so n o f A n dro tim u s, E ri i u s, s o n o f L aric h u s,

gy
a n d hi s b ro th er L a o m e d on
Fo r Al exan der fell u n der

Phili p s su spi cion wh en th e l at ter m arri e d E ury di ce 9 an d

t rea t ed Al e xan der s m o th e r Oly m p i as wi th di sh o n ou r

B u t a fter Phili p s death t h ose who h ad b e en b an i sh ed

on
Al exan d er s a cc o u n t r et u rn e d fro m exil e an d we re
r ece i ve d i n to fa v o u r
H e m a de Pt ol em y on e o f hi s co n
de n ti al b o dy g u ards
h e p l a c ed Harp a l us o v er t h e
m on ey , b ec a u s e hi s b o d ily s tr e n gt h w
as u n e q u a l t o th e
fa tig u es o f war
E rigyi u s wa s m a d e c o m m an der o f th e
.

llied Grecian

l y ; an d his b rother L ao m e don b e

cau se h e co u l d s e a k b o th th e Gr eek an d P er s i an lan
p
guages an d co u ld rea d P ers ian writin gs was p ut in charge
o f t he fo re ig n p ri son er s
N earc h u s al so was a p poi n te d
v i ce ro y o f L ci a a n d o f th e l an d a dj a ce n t to i t as fa r a s
y
m o u n t Tau r u s
Bu t sh or tly b efo re t h e ba ttl e whi ch Wa s
fo u gh t a t I s s u s H a rp al u s fell u n d er th e i n u en ce o f
T aur isc u s an ev il m an an d e d i n hi s co m p an y
The
a

c av a r

Bero ea

H aliacm
2

a city of

a b ou t

20

Oth er hi stori an s

M acedon i an

of a
she

on

was

was

M ace don ia ,

il es from th e

call

n am ed

t hi s

th e Astraeu s ,

on
s ea

qu een

tri butary

of

th e

Cl eopatra

Sh e

was

th e daugh ter

Attalu s
Pl utarch ( Alex , 9 a n d 1 0) says th at
death by Olym pi as dur in g Al exan ders absen ce
.

p u t to
2 ) states th at Olym pi as rst slew h er d au gh ter on h er
us ti n ( i x 7 ; xi .

h il e Al exan der pu t
m o th er s bosom
an d th en h ad Cl eop atra h an ged ; w
Pausam las
t o d eath Garan n e, th e i n fan t s on o f Phil ip an d Cleop atra

cru elly

( viii 7 )
.

say s

roa sted o n

th at Olym pi as cau se d Cl eopatra an d h er in fan t

Cf Aeli an ( Va ri a H is tori a , xii i
braz en ves sel
.

son

to b e

The An

1 52

a bas i s

Alexan der

in I tal y
latter started off to Alexan der th e Ep i
where h e soon after di ed B u t Harpal u s foun d a refuge
i n M egaris wh en ce h o wev er Al exan der p ersuad ed him
t o return givi n g h im a p l e dge that h e sh oul d b e n o n e
When he cam e
th e wor se on accou n t o f h i s d e se r ti on
b ack he n ot on ly rece iv e d n o p un is hm en t b u t was
Men an der
th e of ce o f t r ea su r er
ev en r ei n state d in
was sen t awa y in to Lydia as
o n e of t he C o m p an io n s
c om m an d o f the
as p u t i n
an d Clear chu s w
v i c ero y ;
Greci an au xili aries who ha d b een u n der Men an der
Ascl epio doru s son o f E u n i cu s was al so a pp o in ted v iceroy
of S yri a in stead o f Arim ma s b ecau s e th e l atter s eem e d
t o h ave b een rem i ss in c o llect in g th e s u pp li es whi ch he
ha d b een ordere d to co ll ec t fo r t h e arm y whi ch th e kin g
was ab o u t to lead in to th e i n t eri o r
r o te

'

CH AP TE R

VII

PASSAGE or TH E E UPH RATE S AND Tram s

ALEXAND ER arri ve d at Thap sa cu s i n th e m on th Hecatom
b aion i n th e arch on s hi p o f A ri s to phan es at Athen s ; an d
h e fou n d th at t wo b ri dg e s o f b o a t s ha d b een c on stru c te d
B ut M az aeu s t o wh om D arius h a d
over th e str eam
ith ab ou t
co m m i tt ed th e d u ty o f g u ar di n g t h e riv er w
ere Gre c ian m ercen ari es
o f whi ch w
cavalry
was u p to that tim e ke ep in g guar d there at th e ri ver
For thi s reason the Ma ce d o n i an s h a d n o t con s tru cted th e
com p l ete b ri dg e as fa r as th e op pos i te b an k b ein g afra i d
t hat M az aeus m igh t m ak e an as sau lt u p on th e bri dge
where i t en ded Bu t when he heard t hat Al exan de r
was approachin g he wen t off i n igh t wi th all hi s arm y
.

ki

a s broth er of Al exan der s m

gw

Olym pia s, an d hu sban d

H e crossed over
of Cleopatra th e dau gh ter o f Phili p an d Olym pias
in to Italy to aid th e Taren tin es again st th e Lu can ian s an d Bru tti an s ,
b ut w
as even tually defeated an d sl ai n n ear Pan do sia , n o 3 2 6
331
Jun e July,
Thi s

oth e r

Passa ge

As

so on

far

an

d Tigri s

h e h a d ed, th e b ri d ges wer e

fu r ther b an k , an d Al exan der

as

th e

as

the E up hr a tes

com

I"

10 3

l
p e ted

crosse d u

as

n
po
the

wit h hi s arm y 1 Then ce h e m arch e d u p in t o

i n teri or th rou gh t he lan d called Me sop otam i a h av in g the
r i ver E u h rates an d th e m ou n tai n s o f Ar m e n i a o n hi s
p
l e ft Wh en h e starte d from the E u p hrates h e di d n ot
m ar ch t o B ab yl o n b
y th e di re c t r oad ; b ecau s e b y g oin g
th e o th e r ro u te h e fo un d all thi n g s ea si e r fo r the m arc h
o f hi s ar m y an d i t w
a s al so ea si er t o o b tain fo dd er for
th e h o r se s an d p rov i s i o n s fo r t he m en fro m th e co u n try
B esi des thi s the h eat was n ot so sc orchin g on th e i n di r ect
ro u t e
S o m e o f th e m en fro m D ari u s s arm y wh o we re
di s p ersed for th e p u rp ose o f sco u ti n g were t ak en
p ri so n ers an d t h ey r ep or ted th at D ari u s wa s en cam p ed
n e ar th e ri ve r Tig ri s h av i n g r es o l ve d t o p re ven t Al ex
an de r fr o m
c ro ss i n g t h at stream
Th ey al s o sai d th at
h e h ad a m u c h l ar ger arm y than th at wi th whi ch h e h a d
fo u ght in Cili c i a
Hearin g thi s Alexan der wen t wi th
all s ee d t o w
ards th e Tig ri s ;
b u t wh en h e re ache d i t
p
h e fo un d n e i th e
r D ar i u s h im se lf n or an
y g u ar d whi ch
h e h a d l eft
Ho wev er h e exp e ri en ce d great di fc ul ty i n
cro s s in g th e s tr eam
o n ac c o u n t o f th e s w
i ftn ess o f the
2
c u rren t
th o u gh n o o n e tr i e d to s to p h i m
There h e
m a d e h i s a r m y r es t
an d w
hile s o do i n g an e cli pse of
the m oon n ea rly t o tal o ccu rre d 3
Al exan de r th ereu pon
t h em

We l earn
m arch
2

from

eleven

days to

(i v

C ur ti us

th at th e

th at Al exan der too

from Cu rti us (i v
Ph oen i ci a to th e E up h rates
,

river

3 7)

was

say s

s o n am

t h at Ti gri s i s th e Persi an
ord for arrow an d
ed on accoun t o f th e sw
i ftn ess of i ts curr en t
.

h i ch m ean s arrow See G en ii 1 4 ;

i s Ch iddekel , w
an d D an
Th e n am e Ti gri s i s
x 4, w
h ere i t i s call ed t he grea t ri ver
hi ch c om es from th e San scri t Ti g , to
deri ved from th e Z en d Ti ghra , w
sh arp en
I t i s n owcall ed D i lah I t oin s th e E uph rates 90 m il es from th e
Th e Hebre w n
.

am e

d th e u n ited s tream i s call ed Sh at el Ar ab Its en tir e len gth i s

So th e Rh on
o rivers h ad di stin ct m ou th s
m il es
In an ci en t ti m es th e tw
S tra bo (iv 1 , 8 ) says
See L i vy , xxi 2 6
form erly h ad several m ou th s
o ; oth ers give se ven
th at Ti m aeus gave i t ve m o n th s ; Polybi u s gives it tw
sea , an

Th is

eclip s e oc curred

Septem b er 2 0th ,

331

'

f Alexa n der

The An a ba sis

1 54

ice to th e m oon the su n an d th e earth

whose dee d t hi s wa s accor di n g t o c o m m o n repor t
Ar is t an d er th o u gh t th at this ecli p s e o f th e m oo n was
a p o rt e n t fav o u ra b l e t o Al e xan der a n d the M a c e do n i a n s
th at th er e wo u l d b e a b attle th a t ver y m on th an d th at
a s sig n i ed b
v i c tory for Al e xan de r w
y th e s a cri ci al v i c
H av in g th ere fore decam p ed from th e Tigris he
t im s
wen t thr o u gh th e lan d o f A turia 1 h a vin g th e m o u n t ain s
5
h
d
a
e
an
s
o n th e l eft an d th e Tig ri s i t sel f on
o f t e Go r y
th e right ; an d o n th e fo u rth day a ft e r th e p a s sa g e o f th e
o r d t o him
th a t t h e e n em y s
r i ver hi s sco u t s b r o u gh t w
b u t h o w m an y
cav alr y we re v i s i b l e th er e a l o n g th e pl ai n
Acco rdin gly
e r e t h e y co u l d n o t g u e s s
of th e m t h e r e w
h e dr ew hi s ar m y u p in o rder a n d a dva n ced p r epar e d
fo r b a ttl e
O ther s co u ts a gai n r i di n g for ward a n d t akin g
m o r e a cc u ra t e o b serva ti o n s to l d hi m th a t th e c av al ry did
n o t s eem
t o the m t o b e m o r e th an
i n n u m b er
o er ed sa cr
'

'

CH AP TE R
D E SC RIPTION

or

D ARI iI s

ALE XAND E R th erefo re to o k t he

VIII

AR M Y

AT

ARBELA

ya l squ adro n of c aval ry

a n d on e s qu a dron o f t h e C o m
p an i on s t og e th e r wi th th e
P a eon ia n s cou ts a n d m arch e d wi th al l sp eed ; h a vin g
o r d er ed th e r es t o f h is ar m y t o fo ll ow a t l e i s u re
Th e
P ersi an caval ry seei n g Al exan der a dv an cin g qu ickly
b e ga n to ee wi th a ll thei r m ight
Th o u gh he p ress ed
c lo se u p on th em in
pu rsu i t m o st o f th em e s cap e d ; b u t
a few w
h o se h ors e s were fa tigu e d b y t h e igh t we r e
s l ai n
e r e t a k en p ri so n e rs h or ses a n d a l l
Fro m
oth ers w
t h e s e th ey a sc er tai n e d that D ar i u s wi th a l ar g e fo r ce wa s
ro

was

Th e p art of As syri a lyin g betw

een th e Upp er Tigri s
call ed Aturia

an

d th e Ly cu s

Th ese
Called Cardu chi by Xen oph on
an d M esopota m ia from M edi a an d Arm en ia
2

m oun

tai n s

sep arate

Assyri a

D escr ip tion
n ot

far

off.

D a rius

For th e

Arm y

at

Arbela

In di an s who were

1 55

con t erm

in ous

with th e B actrian s as a l so the B a ctri an s the m selv es an d

th e S o g dian i an s ha d c om e t o th e ai d of D ariu s all b ei n g
u n der th e com m a n d of Bessu s
th e vi ceroy o f th e l an d
of B a ctri a
Th ey wer e a c co m p an i e d by th e S aci an s a
S cy thian trib e b elon gin g t o th e S cythi an s who dwell
i n Asia 1 Th e se we re n o t s u bj e ct t o B es sa s b ut were
in alli an ce wi th D a ri u s
Th e y were co m m an ded by
Mavaces an d were h or s e b owm en
Barsaen tes th e
2
vi c eroy of Arac h otia l e
h
A
ra ch o tian s
an d th e m en
t
e
d
wh o were called m dun tain eer In di an s Satibarz an es the
v i cero y o f Ar ei a le d th e A reian s 3 as did Ph rata h ern es
p
the Par thi an s Hyrcan i an s an d Ta p u rian s 1 a ll o f w
ho m
were horsem en Atropates co m m a n de d the Medes wi t h
whom w ere arr ayed the Ca du sian s Alb an ian s an d Sace
5
6
si n i an s
r
a
e l t n ea
were
Th e m en wh o d w
th e Red Se
m arsh alle d by O co n d o b ate s
Ario b ar z an e s an d Otan es
The Uxian s an d S u si an i an s 7 ack n o wl e dg ed 0 xathres
s on of Ab oulites a s t h e ir l e a d er
an d th e B ab ylon i an s
were com m an ded by Bo u pare s Th e Carian s who had
,

Cf Asli an ( Va ri a H is tori a,
Arach osi a com pris e d what i s n o wth e south -east p art of Afghan i stan
chi st an
an d th e n orth east p art o f B el o o
1' Aria com
est p art of Afgh an i stan an d th e
est an d n orth w
pri sed th e w
eas t part o f
h orasan
Hyrcan ia w
a s th e coun tr y south
h orasan
Parthia i s th e m odern
Th e Tap uri an s dw
el t i n th e n orth
an d south -east o f th e C asp ian Sea
Cf
een th e Caspi an p asses
of Medi a , on th e b orders of Parthi a b etw
1

'

Am m i an us ,
6
Th e Oadu si an s li ved sou th west of th e Cas pian , th e Alban i an s on
th e w
est of th e sam e sea , i n th e sou th east p art of Georgi a, an d th e
Sacesin i an s i n th e n orth ea st of Arm en i a , on th e river Eur
5 Th e Red Sea w
h ole exp an se of
as th e n am e o ri gi n all y given to th e w
as sub sequen tl y
Th e n am e w
est of I n di a as far as Afri ca
sea to th e w
In H eb rewit i s call ed Yam -Sap h
f
exclu si vely
i
n
G
u
l
A
r
a
b
a
v
n
t
o
t
h
e
i
e
g
o ol )
Th e E gyptian s called
eed res em blin g w
Sea of Sedge, or a seaw
.

i t th e Sea of Weeds
est
7 Th e Un an s occup i ed th e n orth w
est o f Persia
coun try to th e n o rth an d w
.

'

of

Persi s,

an d

Susian a w
as th e

f Alexan der

The An a basi s

156

1
i
n
s
Sitacen a

dep orte d i n to cen tra l Asia, an d th e

h a d b een pl aced i n th e s a m e ra n k s a s th e B abyl o n i an s
The Arm en ian s were c o m m an ded b y Oro n te s a n d
The
Mithrau stes, an d the C ap p adoc ian s by Ariaces
S yrian s fr om the val e b etween L eban on an d An t i
Le b an on (i e Coel e S yria) an d the m en of S yria whic h
The
lies b e tween th e river s we re l ed by M az aeu s

b een

wh ol e

c av al ry
y o f D arius was s aid t o con tain
3
c
a
r
o
t
s
n
e
ar
i n fan try an d 2 00 s cythe b i g h i
Th ere were on ly a fewel eph an ts ab out fteen in n u m b er
1
/
b elon gin g to the I n dian s wh o li ve thi s s i de o f the In du s
W ith thes e forces D arius h ad en cam p ed at Gau gam e la
n ear th e ri ver Bum o d u s ab o u t 6 00 stades d i s tan t from
5
th e c i ty of Arb ela in a dis tri c t everywh er e l ev el ; for
whate ver gro un d thereab o u t s was un level an d u n t fo r
th e e vo l u ti on s of cavalry h a d l on g b efore b een l ev ell e d
by th e P ersi an s an d m ade t for th e easy r ollin g of
ch ari o ts an d for th e g all o p i n g o f h or es
Fo r t h er e were
s om e w
h o p ersu aded D ari u s t h a t h e h ad fo r soo th got t h e
ar m

Th e Sit ac en i an s li ved in th e
Ion i c form for r era y uvot
o ur

th e

of

Assyria

r er dxar o i s th e

sou th

een
Th e Gree s call ed this coun try M esop otam i a becau se it li es b etw
ri vers E u phrates an d Ti ri s
In th e Bi ble i t i s called Paddan Aram
g
-

I n Gen
hi ch is th e H ebrew n am e of Syria)
pl ain of Aram , w
xlviii 7 i t is c all ed m erel y F adda n , th e p l ai n
In H o s xii 1 2 , i t i s
called th e eld of Aram , or, as our Bi bl e h as it, th e coun try of Sy ri a
E lsew
h ere i n th e Bible it i s call ed Ara m n a harai m , Aram o f th e tw
o

(th e

rivers,

wh i ch

th e Gree

tran sla ted Mesopotam i a

I sla n d , by Ar abi an geograph ers

3 Curti us
(iv 3 5 an d 45 ) states th at D ari u s h ad
ca valry , an d 2 00 scyth ed ch ari o ts ; D i odom

It i s

c alled

the

in fan try ,

in fan try ,

(xi

1 2) gives
sp ea s of a m i llion
.

caval ry , an

foot
o f m en

L i vy , xxxvii 41
.

in

an

(xvii

53

say s,

d 2 0 0 scyth ed cha ri o ts ;
us ti n
h ors e ; an d Plut arch ( Alex , 3 1 )
.

F or th e ch ari ots cf

Xen oph on (An a b , i 8 ,

.

Th is i s th e rs t in s tan ce
battle

on record o f

th e

em

ploym

en

of eleph an

ts

wcalled Gh asir a tribu tary of th e

vill age G au gam ela w
as in the di stri ct o f Assyri a called
m iles from th e city of Arbela n o wcalled E rbil
5

Thi s r iver i s

no

Great Zab
Th e
Aturi a, about 6 9
.

Alexan der

wo rst of it in
n e s s of

b eli eve

th e

the

b attle

b a t t le
-

Ta cti cs

fou gh t at

el d ;

an

1 57

I ss u s

d thi s h e

from the

n arr o

was easily in duce d to

CH AP TE R
ALEXAND E R s TACTI C S

WH E N

Al exa n der h ad

IS

IX

SPEEC H

rece v e d all

Orsi eE Rs

TO TH E

t hi s

i n form ation fro m

the P ersian s co uts wh o h ad b een cap tured h e re m ai n ed
fo u r days in th e p la c e w here h e h ad recei v e d th e n ews ;
an d g ave h i s arm y r e st after th e m arch
H e m ean whil e
fortie d h is cam p wi th a di tch an d sto ck a de as h e i n
t en de d to lea ve b ehi n d the b agga ge an d all the sol di ers
who w ere u n t for gh tin g an d t o go i n to t he con test
a ccom p an i e d by hi s w
arr ior s carryi n g w
i th the m n othin g
excep t t h e i r w eap o n s
Ac co rdin gly h e to o k his fo rces
by n ight an d be gan th e m arch ab ou t th e s e con d watch
in or der to com e i n t o colli s i on w i th the foreign ers at
break of day
As so on as D ariu s was in form ed o f
Al exan der s a ppro ach h e at on ce dr e wou t his arm y for
battl e ; an d Alexan der led on his m en drawn u p in lik e
"
m an n er
Tho ugh th e arm i es w ere o n l y s i xty s ta des 1
fro m eac h o th er yet t h ey wer e n o t in s igh t o f e a ch o t h er
for b etw een th e h o s til e forces so m e hill s i n terv en ed Bu t
when Al exan der wa s on ly t hirty stade s distan t from the
as already m archi n g down from
en e m y an d h is ar m y w
th e hills j u st m en t i o n e d cat chin g sigh t of t h e foreig n ers
Calli n g a co un cil of
b e cau s ed his p halan x to h al t there
the C om p an i on s g en erals cavalry o f cers an d l e aders o f
i th
th e Grec i an allies an d m ercen ari es h e deli b erated w
i th
the m wh et h er h e sho u l d at o n ce l ead on th e p halan x w
ou t d e lay a s m os t o f t h em u r g e d h im t o do ; or w h et h er
as Parm en i o t h o ugh t p referab l e to p it ch t h ei r ten ts t h ere
for th e pres en t to re con n oi tre all the groun d i n order to
,

Abou t 7

il es

The An a basis

158

wa s

f Alexan der

ythi ng th er e to excite s u spi cion or to

i m pe de th eir pro gress o r if t h er e were d i tch es or s tak es
rm ly xe d in th e e ar th o u t of sigh t a s well as to m ake
a m o re ac c u ra te s u r vey o f th e e n e m y s ta cti c al arra n g e
Parm en io s opi n i on p revaile d so th ey en ca m p e d
m en ts
t h e re drawn u p in th e or de r in whi ch th ey i n te n de d t o
B u t Alexan der t oo k the light in fan try
e n ter th e b a ttl e
en t a ll r o u n d r econ
a n d th e c aval ry C o m pan i o n s an d w
n o itrin
g th e wh ol e co u n t ry whe re h e was a b o u t t o gh t
Havi n g r etu rn ed he again calle d to ge th er
th e b attl e
t he s am e l e a de rs a n d s a i d th a t t h ey di d n o t re q u i re to b e
t o en te r t he c on test ; fo r t h ey h a d
e n cou r a ge d b y hi m
b e en l on g b efo re en co u ra ge d b y th eir o wn v al o u r an d
b y th e gallan t d ee ds whi ch t h ey ha d al rea dy s o o ften
a chi ev e d
H e th o u ght i t ex pe di en t that e ach of th e m
i ndi vidu ally s h o ul d s tir u p hi s o wn m en separately ; the
i n fan try cap ta in th e m en of his com pan y th e cavalry
n
s q ua dr o n
cap tain h is o w
the b riga die r s th e ir v a ri ou s
b riga des an d ea ch o f th e le aders o f th e i n fan try th e
H e ass u re d them t hat i n thi s
phalan x e n tru sted t o him
b attl e t hey were g o i n g to ght n o t a s b e fo re e i th er fo r
C o ele S yria Ph oen i c ia o r E gyp t b u t fo r th e who le of
A si a
For h e s ai d thi s b a ttle wo u l d dec i de wh o were to
b e th e r u l ers o f t ha
t c o n tin en t
I t was n o t n e cess ary fo r
hi m t o s tir th em u p t o galla n t d eeds b y m an y words
s i n ce th e y h a d t h i s v a l o u r b
y n atu re ; b u t th e y sh o u l d
see th a t e a ch m an
t ook c ar e so far as i n h i m l a
y to
pre serve di s ci plin e in th e cr iti cal m om en t o f a ction
a n d to k ee p
perfect s il e n c e when i t was exp e di en t t o
a d van ce i n s il en ce
O n th e o th er han d th e y s ho u l d see
t hat e ach m an u t ter e d a so n o ro u s s h ou t wh ere it wou l d
b e a d van tageou s to sh o u t an d to ra i s e as terr ib le a
b a ttl e
c ry a s p os s i b l e
wh en a su itable o pp ortu n i ty c c
c u rred o f rai s i n g th e b attl e cr
H e to l d t h e m t o tak e
y
c ar e to o b ey his o r de rs as q u i c kly a s p o s sib le an d t o
tra n sm i t th e orders t h ey ha d re cei ve d to th e ran k s wi th
s ee

i f th ere

an

Rej ecti on
al

Pa rm

en

i o s Advice

159

p i di ty ; e a ch m a n re m em b eri n g th a t b oth a s a n
i n di vi d ual a n d i n th e a ggre gate he was in creasin g the
gen era l dan ger if he wa s r e m i ss i n th e dis charge o f h is
d u t y, an d th at h e was as si s ti n g to g ai n a vi ctory if h e
ra

z eal o usly

p u t fo rth his

u t m o s t exer t on s .

CHAPT E R X

R EJE CT ION

W ITH these wo rd s

PA RM E N Io

or

AD VI CE

o th e r s

lik e th e m he brie y ex
h o r te d hi s o f cers a n d i n retu rn wa s e xho rted b the m
y
to fee l co n d en ce in th ei r v alo ur
H e then o rdere d t h e
so l di e r s t o t a k e d i n n er a n d to r es t th em se l ves
It i s sai d
that P arm e n i o ca m e t o hi m i n h i s t en t a n d u rg e d hi m
to m ak e a n igh t at ta c k o n th e P er si an s ; s ayi n g th at
(
th u s h e wo u l d fa ll u p o n t h em u n p re ar e d an d i n a s tate
p
of c o n fu si o n
an d a t the s am e ti m e m o r e li ab le t o a
pan i c
in th e dark 1 B u t th e r ep ly whi ch h e m ade a s o th er s
wer e listen in g t o the ir con vers atio n wa s that it wou ld
b e m ea n t o s t ea l a v i c to ry an d that Al ex an der o u gh t t o
co n q u er i n o p en da yligh t an d w
i th o u t an y ar ti ce Thi s
v a u n ti n g did n o t a
ppear a n y arro ga n ce o n h i s part b u t
rather t o i n di cate s e lf con d en c e a m i d dan g er s
To m e
at a n
y ra te h e see m s t o hav e u se d co rrec t rea so n in g
i n s u c h a m att er
Fo r in th e n ight m an y acc i den ts
h ave occu rre d u n expe c tedly to those wh o we re su f ci en tly
prepared fo r b a ttle a s well as to th o se who were de
c ien tl
y p re p are d whi c h hav e ca u se d th e s u pe ri o r p arty
t o fa il i n t h ei r p l an s a n d hav e h an d e d t he v i ct ory o ver
to t h e i n fe ri o r p a r ty c o n tr ary t o th e e xp ectat i o n s o f b o th
si de s
Th o u gh Al ex an d er was gen erally fo n d o f en
co u n te ri n g d an g e r i n b attl e th e n igh t a pp e ar e d t o h im
p erilo u s ; a n d b esi de s if D ari u s were a gain defeated
an

,
.

'

Xen oph on

(An a b

iii 4 , 3 5)
.

expl ain s

why thi s was so

f Alexan

T he An a basi s

1 60

der

fu rtive a n d n octu rn al at ta ck on th e p art of th e Ma ce

don ian s wou l d r eli eve him o f th e n ecessity of con fessi n g
in ferior g en eral an d com m an ded in ferio r
that h e w
as an
M oreover, if an y un exp ected defeat b efe ll his
troo p s
a s fri en d ly to the e n em y,
arm y, th e c ir c um j acen t c ou n try w
a

qua in ted with th e locali ty wh ereas th e

Ma cedon ian s 1 were un acqu ain t ed with i t an d su rr ou n ded
by n othin g b u t fees of whom th ere w ere a great n u m b er
p ris on ers These woul d b e a great sou rce of an xi ety
ou ld b e lik ely to assi s t i n a ttackin g th em in th e
as the y w
n igh t n o t o n ly if th ey sh ou l d m eet w i th defeat b ut even
if th ey di d n ot app ear t o b e ga in in g a deci si ve vi c to ry
For thi s way of rea son in g I co m m en d Al exan d er an d I
thin k h i m n o l ess w orthy o f a dm irati on for his exc ess iv e
des i re t o ght in o pen da yli gh t
an

d th e y

were

ac

CHAP TE R XI
TACTI CS

o r TH E

OPPO SI NG GE NE RALs

D ARI us a n d h is arm y r em ain e d draw

n u p d uri n g th e n igh t
i n th e s am e order as th at in which they had rst arra ye d
th em se l ves ; b ecau s e the y ha d n ot s urro un de d th e m s e lv es
wi th a c om pl etely en tren ch ed cam p, an d, m oreove r, they
were afraid th at the en em y woul d attack them i n the
n igh t
Th e su cc ess of th e Pers ian s, on t hi s oc cas i on , was
im p eded esp ecially by this l on g stan di n g on wat ch wi th
.

by the fear which u su ally sprin gs u p

b efore gr eat dan gers ; whi ch h o wever was n o t th en
s u dden ly aro u se d by a m om en tary pan i c b u t h a d b e en
exp eri en ce d for a l on g t im e an d h ad th oro ughly co w
ed
n u
th eir s pi rits 2 The arm y of D arius was draw
p i n th e
follo win g m an n er : for acco rdi n g to the s tatem en t of
Ari stob ulus the written sch e m e of arran g em en t drawn
th eir

arm s,

an

ei s here s tan ds for m in i

1 0 supra
See n ote 1 to
c

Ta cti cs

the Opp osin g Gen era ls

1 61

p b y D ari u s wa s afterwar ds cap t ured

His l eft wi n g
was h el d b y th e Ba ctri an cavalry, in con j uncti o n wi th th e
D aan s 1 a n d Ara cho tian s ; n ear th e se ha d b een
p o s te d
t h e Persi an s , h o rs e an d fo o t m i xe d to ge the r
; n e xt t o
t h ese t he S u s i an s, an d th en th e Ca du sian s
Thi s wa s
th e a rran g em en t o f t h e l eft win g a s far a s th e m i ddl e
u

wh o l e phala n x On the right h a d b een p oste d

t h e m en fro m
C oel e S yri a an d Mes op o tam ia O n the
r igh t agai n
were th e M e des n ext to th e m the Pa r
th ia n s a n d S a ci a n s
t h en th e Tapu rian s an d Hyrc an i an s
an d la s t th e Al b an ia n s a n d Sa ce sin ia n s
ex ten di n g as
far as t h e m i ddl e o f the w
h o le p h al an x I n th e cen tr e
wh e re Ki n g D a ri u s was had b e en p oste d the ki n g s
2
n
sm
e
n
th e P ers i an g u ar ds car ryi n g s ears wi th g old en
ki
p
a p l e s a t t h e b u tt e n d 3 th e In dia n s
t he C ar ian s wh o
p
h a d b ee n forc ib ly re m ove d to C en tra l As ia a n d th e
}
ar
d
a
n
a
r
c
r
e
s
Th e Ux ian s t he B abyl o n i an s the
M i
h
m en
wh o dwell n ear the Red Sea an d th e Si tace n ian s
h a d a l so b een d ra wn u p in d e ep c ol u m n
O n the l eft
o
pp o sit e A l ex an de r s righ t h a d b ee n p os te d th e S cy thi an
cava lry
ab ou t
B actri an s a n d 1 00 s cy the b earin g
ch ari o ts
I n fr o n t o f D ari u s s ro yal s qu a dron o f c aval ry
s to o d th e el ep h a n t s an d 5 0 c har i o ts
I n fro n t o f t he
righ t w
i n g t h e Ar m en i an an d C app a do c ian cav al ry wi th
5 0 scyth e b eari n g ch a ri o ts ha d b e en po sted
Th e Gr eek
m e r c e n a ri es as a l o n e c a a b l e of c o i n g w
ith the Mace
p
p
do n ia n s wer e s ta ti o n e d right opp o si te th e ir phalan x i n
of

th e

Th ese p eopl e were a Scy thi an trib e l eadin g a n om adi c life east of
th e Caspi an
Th ey are call ed D a oi by H erod otus , i 1 2 5 ; D ah ae b y
An w
n i an vs , xxii
L i vy , xxxv 48 ; xxxvi i 3 8 ; Vergil ( Aen ei d , viii
1

1 9 ; S tra bo, xi 7
su b ects o f Persia
Th e di stri ct i s

7 28 )

P li n y ,

3
1

no

Th ey

are m en

ti on ed in E z ra i v 9

wcall ed D aikh

says

th at th ey

n um

Thi s p eopl e li ved to th e

s ou th of

the Ca spi an

as

See Fiir st s H ebrew

su b voce

A titl e o f h on our : Curti u s

Cf H erod otu s , vii 4 1
.

L exi con ,
2

vi

bered

The An a ba s is

1 62
t wo di vi si on s

Alexa n der

him self an d hi s Persi an

1
atten dan ts o n e divi si o n on ea c h s i de
Al exan der s arm y was m ars hall ed as foll ow s : The
righ t w
i n g was h el d by th e ca valry C om p an ion s in fron t
of w
h om had b een p o ste d the ro yal s quadron com
m an ded by
Cli tu s son o f D ropidas
Near thi s wa s
t he s qu a dron o f Gl auc ia s n ex t t o it th at o f Ari st o th en
th at o f SOpolis s on o f H erm o do ru s th en th at o f H era
cli des s on o f An tio ch u s
Near thi s we th at of D em e
tr ius s on of Al thae m en es th en t ha t o f Mel eager an d l a st
o n e o f th e ro yal s qu a dro n s c om m a n ded by H e eloch u s
g
s on of Hi
Al l th e cava lry C om pan io ns were
ppostratu s
u n der th e s u p rem e co m m an d o f Phil o ta s
son of Par
m en i o
Of the p h alan x o f Mac e do n i an in fan try n earest
t o th e caval ry h ad b e en p o ste d r s t th e e le ct corp s of
s hi eld b eari n g gu ar ds
an d th en
th e rest o f th e shi el d
b earin g guards un der th e c o m m an d of Ni can or so n o f
Parm en io Next to th es e wa s th e b rigade o f Oc ean s
s on of Pol em o crates ; a fte r th e s e th at o f Perdi cea s son
o f Oron tes th en th at o f M el e a g er so n o f N e o pt olem u s
th en that o f Polysp e r ch on 2 s on of S im m i e s an d l a s t
tha t o f Am yn tas s on o f An dro m en es un der th e c om
m an d o f Si m m ias b ecau se Am
yn ta s h ad b ee n d es p atch ed
t o Mace don i a to l evy an arm y
The b rigade of C rateras
s o n o f Al exan der h el d th e l e ft en d o f th e Ma cedo n ian
p h al an x an d thi s ge n eral c om m an de d the l eft win g o f
t h e i n fan try 8
Next to hi m wa s the allied Gr ec ian
l

c ose

b esi de D ariu s

Several

n am es of vari o us con

ti n gen ts stated to h ave b een presen t

i ci al return
o
thus the Sogdi an i ,

in th e eld are n ot placed in th e

th e Ari an s, an d th e In dian m ou n t ai n eers

K
K

tion ed by Arri o u a s
by D i odorus (xvii
th e
Gortyss , Ph rygi an s, an d

are m en

os saean s
Darius (iii 8 ) th e
o ssaean s,
Sogdian i , Massagetae, Beli tae ,
Grote
Ka tacn ian s, by Curti us (iv
9
Thi s di stin guish ed gen eral succeeded An ti pater a s regen t o f M ace
don ia , b ut w
as overcom e by C assan der, th e son of th e form er, an d be
cam e subordin ate to h i m
ere th us si x taxeis , or bri gades of foot Com pan i on s , as th ey
Th ere w

h avin g

join ed

Alexan ders Ta ctics

1 63

l y u n der th e co m m an d o f E rigyi us son of Larich u s

Next to t he se towards the left win g of th e arm y were
the Th e s salian c aval ry u n der t h e co m m an d of Phili p
s on of M en elaii s
B u t the wh o l e l eft wi n g w
as led by
Parm en io son of Philo tas r o u n d w h ose p erson were
ran ged th e Ph arsali an h or s e
m en
who w ere b oth th e b est
an d m o st n um ero u s s qu a dron o f the Th
essalian caval ry
c ava r

CHAP TE R XII

ALEXANDE B s TACTI CS

IN this
b ut h e

igh t

way ha d Al exan d er m arshall ed his arm y in fron t ;

al s o p os te d a s e con d arr ay so th at his p hal an x
,

be

do ub l e

l
on e .

D i recti o n s had

b een given to
the com m an de
rs o f th e s e m en
h eel
p osted in reserve t o w
r ou n d an d recei v e the atta c k o f th e fo r
eig n ers
if th ey
sh o ul d see th eir o w
n c o m ra de s s u rro u n ded by the Pe r
s i an
arm y
Next t o th e royal s q u adron on the right
W i n g h alf o f th e Agr ian i an s u n d er th e co m m an d of
Attalu s in con j un c tion wi th th e Mace don i an arch ers
un der Briso s com m an d were p osted an gu lar wi se
in su ch a way th at th e win gs were t hro wn for w
a rd at an
an gle w
ith the cen tre so as t o ta ke the en em y in an k)
i n cas e th ey sho ul d b e s eiz ed an yh o w by th e n ece s si ty
of fol di n g b a ck th e p h al an x o r of c lo s in g i t u p
(i s of
de epen in g it by co un te rm arc hin g fro m fron t t o rear)
Next to the arch ers were th e m en call ed the vete ran
m er cen ari es w
ho se com m an der was Olean der In fron t
o f th e Ag ria n i an s an d arc h e r s were p osted th e light
cavalry u sed for s ki r m i s hi n g an d t h e P a eo n i an s u n d er
m

'

were call ed

x
i
n
f
n
r
l
an
o
f
a
t
a
t
t
h
e
b
t
l
o
f
A
r
b
l
A
h
t
i
n
a
a
e
e
a
r
r
i
a
n
t
h
e
s
,
y
p
descripti on of th e battl e a t th e Gran i cus (i 1 4) seem s to be erron eous in
som e of th e w
ords o f th e text ; y et i t m ay be gath ered from i t that th ere
were al so six taxeis in Al exan ders phalan x on th at occasi on also
.

See Arri an a Ta cti cs , 2 9

The An a basi s

1 64
th e

co m m an

of

Aretes

an

f Alexan der

d Ari s to

I n fro n t

o f all

ha d

b een p osted th e Gre ci an m ercen a ry cavalry un der the

di rec ti on of M en ida s an d in fron t o f th e roya l s quadro n
of c a val ry an d th e o th er C o m pan i o n s h a d b e en p os te d
h al f o f th e Agrian ian s an d arch ers an d th e j aveli n m en of
Balacru s wh ohad b een ran ge d Opp osi te the scyth e b ear
In stru cti on s h ad b een gi ven t o M en idas
i n g chario ts
h eel r ou n d an d attack the
an d t he tr0 0 p s u n de r hi m t o w
an k if th ey sh o u l d ri de rou n d t h eir win g
e n e m y in
Thu s ha d Al e xan der a rra n ge d m atters on t he righ t wi n g
0 n th e l eft the Th raci an s un der th e com m an d of Sital ce s
h ad b een p o s ted an g u l ar wi s e an d n ear th em th e cava lry
o f Coeran u s
o f t he G reci an allies un d er t h e di re c ti on
Nex t stoo d t h e Odrysian cavalry u n der the com m an d of
Agat h o s on of Tyr i m m as
In thi s p art i n fro n t of
a ll
were p os ted th e auxiliary cavalry o f th e Gre ci an
m ercen ari es
un der th e direc tion of An drom ach us son
o f Hi er o
Near th e b agga ge th e i n fa n try fro m Th race
w
ere p os ted a s a
Th e wh o le o f Al exan der s ar m y
gu ard
n u m b ered
caval ry an d a b o ut
in fa n try
-

CHAPTE R XIII
TH E

W HEN the

ar m

i es

B ATTLE

drewn ear

ARBE LA

or

ot

eac

her

D arius

an

d the

were ob s erved ; viz the ap ple b earin g

P ers ia n s th e I n dian s the Alban i an s the C arian s wh o
ha d b een forcib ly t ran s po r te d in t o C en tr al Asia th e
Mardian arch ers ra n g e d opp osi te Al exan der hi m sel f an d
hi s r oyal s qu adron o f cav alry
Al exan der l e d his own
a r m y m ore to w
ards th e righ t an d th e Pe rs ia n s m ar ch ed
alo n g p aralle l w
ith h im far o u tan k in g him u p on th eir
1
e
f
t
Th en th e S cy thi an c a valry ro de al on g th e lin e
l
m en

aro

un d

him

Cf Di odo m
.

(xvii

The Ba ttle

Ar bela

1 65

i c t wi th th e fron t m en o f Al ex an der s
arr ay
b u t h e n ever th el ess s till c on tin u e d t o m arc h t o
war ds th e r igh t an d al m o st en tirely go t b ey on d th e
gro u n d which h a d b e e n c lear e d an d levelle d b y th e
Pers ian s 1 Th en Dariu s feari n g that his ch ari ot s wou l d
b e co m e u sel es s if the Ma c e d o n i an s advan ced i n to u n
e v e n g r o u n d o r de r e d th e fr on t ran ks o f h i s l eft w
i n g to
r i de r o u n d th e righ t w
i n g o f th e Macedo n ian s wh ere
Al exan der was c o m m an di n g to p r even t hi m fro m m ar ch
i n g h i s win g a n y fu r th er
Thi s b ei n g d o n e Al ex an der
o r de re d t h e cava l ry o f th e G r ec i an
m e r c en ar ies u n de r
t he co m m an d o f M en ida s t o a tta ck th e m
B ut th e
S cythi an ca val ry an d th e B ac tri an s who h ad b ee n d ra wn
u
p wi th th em sa lli e d fo r th ag ai n st th em a n d b ei n g m u c h
m o r e n u m e r o u s t he y
p u t t h e s m all b ody of G re e k s to
ro u t
Al exan d er t h en o rdered Ari s to at t h e h ea d o f
t he P a eo n i an s an d G rec ian a u xili ari es t o a t ta ck the
S cythi an s an d t he b ar b aria n s g ave way B ut t h e r est
i n g n ear t o th e Paeon i an s an d
o f th e B ac tri an s d ra w
Grecian auxili ari es cau se d th ei r o wn c o m r ades wh o wer e
al re a dy i n igh t t o t u rn an d r en e wth e b a ttl e 3 a n d th u s
t hey b r o u gh t ab o u t a ge n e ra l c av al ry e n g age m en t in
whi ch m an y of Al exan der s m en fell n o t o n ly b ein g
h el m e d b y th e m u l titu de o f th e b arb ar ian s b u t
o ve r w
a l so b e cau se t h e S cy t hi a n s t h em se l ves an d th ei r h o rs e s
were m u ch m ore co m p letely p ro te c te d with arm ou r for
g u ardin g th ei r b o dies 2
No twith s tan din g thi s the
Macedon ian s s u sta i n ed t hei r assa u l ts an d a ssailin g th em
th ey su cc e e ded i n
b y s q u adron
v i o le n tly
s qu a d ro n
p u shin g th e m o u t o f ran k Mean ti m e the foreig n e rs
lau n ch e d th eir scy th e b earin g chario ts a gain s t Alexan de r
hi m self fo r th e p u r po s e of thro wi n g his p h alan x i n to
an

cam e

i n to

co n

'

n
s N ewGra ty lus, sect 1 7 8
D
n
a
l
d
so
See o
E q ui ti bu s eq ui sque t egum
C f Cu r ti us , i v 3 5
.

l um in is seri e i n ter se con n exi s.

en ta eran

ex

ferreis

c on

fu sio n ; b u t i n

For

f Alexan der

The An a basi s

1 66

thi s th e y

a s som e o f

a s s oon

th e m

were grievou sly

a

pp ro a ch ed

th e

d e ceiv ed

Agri an ian s

wi th Balacrus wh o h ad b een p oste d

i n fr on t o f th e C o mp an i on cav alry h url ed t hei r j av eli n s
a t t h e m 3 o th e r s t h e y s eiz e d b y th e r e i n s an d p ull e d t h e
dri vers OE an d stan di n g r ou n d th e h o rs es killed t h em
Y et som e ro lle d righ t thro u gh th e ra n k s 3 for th e m en
a s th ey h a d been
s too d a art an d o p en e d th e i r ran k s
p
in stru cted in the p l ac es wh ere the ch ari ot s assau lted
th em
In thi s way it g en era lly h app en e d t hat the
b y wh om
an d th e m en
ch a rio ts p a s se d th ro u gh sa fe ly
B u t th ese a l so wer e
t he y wer e dri v e n wer e u n in j u red
afte r w
ar ds o v er o w
e r e d b y t he groo m s o f Al exan der s
p
l
u
s
a
r
n
ar
d
arm y an d by the roy al s hi e l d b e
i gg
an

d th e

j avelin

m en

CHAP TE R XIV
B ATTLE

or

A RBE LA F LIG H T

D ARI U S

or

wh ole ph alan x in
m o ti on
Al exan der o rdere d Ar e tes t o attac k tho s e wh o
were ri din g com pl e tely rou n d hi s righ t wi n g ; an d u p
t o th at ti m e he was hi m s el f l ea di n g h is m e n in co l u m n
B u t whian th e Pers ian s h a d m a de a b rea k i n th e fr on t
li n e of th ei r ar m y in con se qu en ce of th e caval ry sally
i n g fo r th t o ass ist tho s e wh o we re s u rro u n di n g th e
r igh t w
i n g A l exan de r wh ee l e d ro u n d t o wa r ds th e gap
an d for m in g a w
ed e a s i t w
e r e o f th e C o m
g
pan i on cava l ry
an d o f th e
p ar t o f th e ph al an x whi ch wa s p o s t ed h ere
h e l ed th em wi th a q u i c k ch arge an d l o u d b attle c ry
s traight to w
ards D ar i u s hi m sel f
Fo r a s h o rt t i m e t h ere
e n su e d a h an d to h an d gh t ; b u t w
h e n t he Mace don ian
cavalry
c o m m an d e d b
y Al exan der hi m se l f p re s s e d o n
As

soo n

as

D a ri u s b e gan

to

s et

hi s

C om pare the usel essn ess o f th e Persi an

o f C un axa
See Xen oph on (An a ba si s , i
.

M agn esia betw

een Scipi o

an

d An tiochu s

s cyth ed ch ari o ts a t

So

al s o a t

See L i vy ,

xx
xvi i

t he b attl e

t he battle
.

41

of

F light

'

D a/rt u s

1 67

i goro usly th rustin g th e m sel ves again st the Persian s

an d s trikin g th ei r faces w i th th eir s p ear s a n d w
h en the
Ma c edo n ia n p halan x i n de n se array an d bristlin g 1 with
lon g p ik es had al o m a de an attack up on th e m all
t hin g s a t on ce appeared fu ll o f t error to D ari u s w
ho
h a d al rea dy l on g b ee n in a s tate o f fear so th at h e wa s
t h e r s t to t urn an d ee Th e Pers i an s al so w
h o were
r i din g ro un d th e w
in g were seiz ed with alarm wh en
Are tes m a de a vig orou s attac k u p on them
In thi s
q u arter in deed the P ersia n s took to sp ee dy ight 3 an d the
Ma c e don i an s foll owed u p th e f u gitives an d slau gh tere d
them 3
Sim m ias an d h is b r iga de were n ot ye t ab le t o
s tart w
it h Al exan der in p u rs u i t b u t causi n g the p halan x
t o hal t t here h e t o ok p art i n t h e s truggl e b e ca u se t he
l eft win g of the Macedon ian s was rep orted to b e hard
p ressed In thi s p art of th e eld th ei r lin e b ein g
b rok en s om e of the In dian s an d o f the P e rsi an c a val ry
b u rst t hr o ugh th e gap t o wards th e b agg ag e o f th e
Macedon i an s ; an d th ere th e acti on b ecam e de spe rate
F or th e P ersi an s fell b ol dly o n th e m en who were m ost
o f th em
u n arm ed an d n ever exp ected th at a n y m e n
wou ld c ut thro u gh th e do u b le p halan x a n d b reak throu gh
u pon th em
Wh en th e Pers ian s m ade thi s attack th e
v

we pm vfa

Cf Vergil ( Aen ei d ,
i m i tated from H om er ( I l ia d , iv
x 1 7 8 , h orren ti bus hasti e)
Li vy , xli v 4 1 ( horren d is hasti s)
3
Cu r ti u s (iv 5 8 , 5 9) an d D i odorus (xvii 60) describe uite an H om eric
battle, D ariu s h urlin g a sp ear at Alexan der, an d Al exan der h u rli n g h is at
Dariu s an d ill in g hi s ch ari oteer Th ey say that th e Persi a n s m ist o o
t h e fall of the chari o teer for th at o f th e i n g, an d ed, carryi n g D ari u s
wi th th em
3
Curt ius (i v 5 9) a n d D i odorus (xvii 60) say th at so thi c a c lou d of
du st w
as rais ed by th e m igh ty m ass o f fu giti ves , that n o thi n g co ul d b e
clearly dis ti n gui sh ed, an d th a t th u s th e M acedo n i an s lost th e t ra c
of
hi p s se rve d a s
D ari u s
Th e n oi se of th e sh ou ti n g a n d th e crac in g of w
1

gui des to th e pu rsu ers

Si sygam bi s, th e m

ciall y an xi o u s

go

wi th

th em

oth er of

wh om

th ese Persian s w
ere esp e
custo dy of th e Macedon i an s , refused to

D ari u s ,

to liberate from th e
See D i odorus an d Curti us

The An abas is

1 68

foreig n

p ri son e

Mace don ian s

ders

m an

of

f Alexa/n der

d them b y falli n g u p on th e
B u t th e c o m
m i ds t o f th e ac tio n
wh o h a d b een p osted as a r eserve

r s a s o a ss ste

i n th e

th e

m en

l earn in g wh at was taki n g p l ac e

qu i ckly m o ve d from th e p o s iti on whi c h th ey h ad b een
an d c o m i n g u p o n
th e P er s i an s in th e
o r der ed t o t ak e
killed m an y o f th e m there coll e c ted rou n d th e
r ea r
Th e
b agg a g e
B ut th e r e s t o f t h em gav e way an d ed
P er si an s on th e right win g who h a d n o t yet b eco m e
aw
are o f th e igh t o f D ari u s
r od e r o un d Al exan de r s
l eft win g an d attacke d Par m en io in an k 1
to t h e

rst

p h a la n x,

CH AP TE R XV

D E FEAT

or T H E

PE RSIAN S

P U RSU IT

AND

or

D ARI US

AT thi s j un ct u re, whil e th e Mac e do n ian s were do u b tfu l

a s to th e r e su l t o f th e b a ttl e, Par me n i o se n t a m e s s en ge r
t o Al e xan d er i n h a s te, to tell hi m t ha t th ei r s ide was
in a cri ti ca l p osi tio n an d th at h e m u st sen d h i m aid 2
.

W h en thi s

ws wa s b ro ught t o Al exan der h e i m m e

di ately tu rn e d b ac k a gai n fro m th e p u rs u i t a n d wh e eli n g
ith t he C om pan ion cavalry le d th e m wit h great
r ou n d w
s e ed a gai n s t t h e right w
in g of th e foreign er s In th e
p
rs t plac e h e as sau lte d th e eein g cavalry of th e e n em y
th e Parthi an s s om e o f th e In di an s an d th e m os t n u
m erc u s an d th e b rav e s t di vi si on o f th e Persi an s
Then
en s u ed th e m os t o b sti n ate ly co n tes te d ca va lr y gh t i n
t h e wh o le en g ag e m e n t
For b ein g drawn u p b y s q u a d
ro n s a s i t w
er e th e fo reign ers w
heele d roun d an d f alli n g
on Al exan de r s m en fa ce t o fa ce
th ey n o l o n g er r eli e d
n e

Arri an do es

co m m an der of

( xvii
2
We

n o t say m u ch ab out

th e Persi an

righ t

th is

win g

vigorou s ch arge of

See Curti us (iv

M az aeu s, th e

D i od orus

learn from

D i odorus

an d

Maz aeu s bac before Al exan der s

Cur ti us th at Parm
arri val
.

en i o

h ad driven

D efea t
on

th e

the Persia n s

hu rli n g

of

j avelin s

an

or

d Pursu it

D ari us

1 69

ployi n g

th e dexte ro u s de

of

h ors es as i s the com m on p racti ce in cav alry b attles b u t

e very o n e o n his o w
n a cco u n t stro ve e a gerly t o b rea k
t h ro ugh wh a t sto o d in h is w
a
y a s if thi s were th eir o n ly
m ean s of safe ty
Th ey s tru ck an d wer e s tr uck w i tho u t
q uarter a s if t hey w ere n o lon ger str ugglin g to s ec u re
th e vi c tor y for an o th er b u t w
e re c on t e n di n g for th eir
ow
n p ers o n a l s a fe ty
H ere ab out sixt y of Al exan der s
C o m p an i on s fell 3 an d H epha esti on him self as we ll a s
Coen u s an d M en idas wa s wo un ded
B u t e ven t h ese
t roop s were over co m e b y Al exan der 3 a n d a s m an y o f
th e m as c o u l d force th e i r w
ay t h ro u g h h is ran k s e d
wi th all th ei r m igh t An d n ow Alexan der had n ea rly
co m e i n to co n i ct w
i th th e en em y s righ t win g b ut in
th e m ean ti m e th e Th es sa lia n caval ry in a sp l e n di d
h a d n o t fa lle n s ho rt of Ale xa n der s s u ccess
s tru ggl e
i n th e en ga g em en t
For th e foreign ers o n th e righ t
win g were a lready b egi n n i n g to y wh en he cam e on
t he s cen e o f con i ct ; so th a t h e w heel e d r oun d ag a in
an d sta rt e d o ff i n p ursui t o f D ari u s o n c e m o re k ee i n g
p
as dayligh t
Parm e n i o s
up th e cha s e a s l o n g a s t her e w
brigade al s o foll owe d in p u rs ui t o f thos e wh o w ere
o pp ose d t o t h em
B ut Al exan der c ro s sed th e ri ver
Lycus 1 an d p itch ed his cam p there to give hi s m en an d
h orses a little rest 3 while Parm en i o seiz e d th e Per sian
ith t h eir b aggag e e l ep han ts an d cam els After
cam p w
givi n g his h orsem en rest u n til m i dn ight Alexan der
ar ds Arb el a w
a g ain ad van c e d by a for ce d m arch tow
i th
the h ope o f s e izi n g D ari u s th e r e to g e the r wi t h his m on ey
an d t he re s t o f hi s roy al p r op erty
He rea ched Arb e la
t he n ext day hav in g p urs u e d a l to g eth er ab o u t 600 s tad e s
fro m th e b at tle eld 2 Bu t a s D ari u s wen t on eein g
,

'

Th e Lycus , n owcalled th e Great Z ab , i s a trib utary of th e Tigri s

Th e Gree L ycus i s a tran sl a
Xen oph on calls i t Z ab atu s ( An ab ,
olf)
ti on of th e Syri an Z a ba (w
9 Abou t i xt
Cf S tra bo (xvi 1 ,
s
y n in e m il es

The An a ba si s

1 70

f Alexan der

wi tho u t takin g an y rest 1 he did n ot n d him at Arb ela

H o wev er th e m o n ey an d all th e oth er p rop erty were
H i s s p ear
captu r ed a s w
as al s o th e ch ari ot of D ari u s
i se tak en a s h ad b een the case after
an d b o w w
ere li k ew
th e b a ttl e o f I s s u s 2 Of Al exan der s m e n ab o u t 1 0 0
were kille d an d m or e than
o f hi s h ors es were l o s t
ei t h er fro m w
o u n ds or fr om fatig u e i n th e
p u rs u it n early
h alf of th em b elon gin g to t he C om pan ion cavalry Of
t he for eign ers th e r e wer e s ai d to have b e en ab o u t
sl a i n
an d far m o re w
p ri so n ers than
er e t a k e n
were kille d 3 Th e elephan ts an d all th e ch ari ots whi ch
h a d n o t b een destroye d in th e b a tt le we re al s o c ap t u red
S u ch was the resu lt of thi s b attle whi ch wa s fo u ght i n
th e a r ch o n shi p o f Ari st o ph an es a t Ath en s i n th e m o n th
Pyan ep si o n 3 4 a n d t h u s Ari st an der s p re di cti on was
a cc om
p li s he d th at Al exan der wo u l d b o th ght a battl e
an d gai n
a v i c tor y i n
th e s am e m o n th in whi ch th e
5
m oo n w
a s s een t o b e ec li s e d
p
.

CHAP TE R xvi

E SCAPE

or

D ARI U S

ME DIA MARCH
BABYLO N AND S U SA

I NT O

To

IM ME D IATE LY

after

ALE XAND E R

OF

th e b a ttle, D ar i u s

h e d th ro u gh
th e m o un tain s of Ar m e n ia to w
ards M e di a a cco m
p an i ed
i n hi s ight b y t h e B a ct rian ca v al ry a s th ey had t hen
b een po s te d wi th hi m i n th e b attle ; al s o b y t h o se
P ers i an s who were called t he kin g s ki n sm en an d b y
m arc
,

hwt a a r

an

rarely in

T hi s i s
,

an

Attic p oets

Io n i c
an

word

u sed

d l ater p rose

by H erod otus

wri ters

( vii i 7 1
.

See Arri a n , ii 1 1 supra

3
Curtius (i v 63 ) s ays th at
o f th e Persian s w
er e sl ai n , a n d th at
l es s th an 3 00 Macedon i an s w
ere
i ll ed
D i od orus (xvii 61 ) st ates th at
m ore th an
Persian s an d 500 M acedon i an s w
ere sl ain
Septem b er 3 3 1
Of Pl u tarch (Alena ,
5
For thi s predi ction , see iii 7 su pra
.

E s cape
fe wo f th e

D ari us in to Medi a

1 71

'

ll ed appl e b earers 1 Ab ou t
of
h i s G r ecian m erc en ari es al so a c co m p an i ed him i n h is
i gh t u n der the com m an d of Paron th e Ph oci an an d
Gla u c u s th e Ae tolian He e d t owards M e di a for thi s
r eas o n
b e ca u s e h e t ho ught Al exan der wo ul d tak e the
r o a d to S u s a a n d B ab yl on i m m e di at ely a fte r th e b attl e
i n as m u c h a s th e w
h ol e of t h at co u n try was i n hab ite d
an d th e r oa d w
a s n o t dif c u l t fo r th e tran si t o f b aggag e
3
a n d b e s i d es B ab yl on a n d S u s a a p e ar e d t o b e th e p riz es
p
o f th e w
ar 3 w
h ereas th e r o ad t o ward s Media was by n o
m e an s e as y fo r th e m ar c h o f a lar g e arm y
I n t hi s c on
j e ct ure D ar iu s wa s m i s ta ke n ; fo r wh en Alexan der sta rte d
fro m A rb el a h e a dvan c ed strai ght to war ds B ab ylo n ;
an d w
h en h e was n ow n ot far f ro m t h at ci ty h e dre w
u
p h i s arm y i n o r der o f b a ttl e an d m ar ch ed for ward
Th e B ab yl o n i a n s c a m e o u t to m ee t hi m i n m a ss wi th
th eir p r i es ts a nd r u l e rs e ac h O f wh o m i n di vidu ally
b ro u gh t gi fts an d o ffe red t o s u rren de r th ei r c i ty c i t adel
an d m on ey 2
E n teri n g th e ci ty h e com m an ded the
B abyl on ian s t o re b u il d all th e te m ples whi c h Xerx e s
ha d des troye d an d es eci ally t hat o f B el u s wh o m th e
p
B abylon i an s v en erate m ore than an y oth er god 8 H e
t h e n a pp o i n te d M az a e u s v i c e ro y o f th e B a b l on i an s
y
Ap o llo do ru s th e Am p hi p oli t an g en e ral o f th e so l di e rs
wh o were le ft b ehin d with M az a eu s an d As cl epio doru s
son
o f Phil o
He al s o s en t
co ll e c t o r o f th e r e v e n u e
M ith rin es wh o h a d s u rr en d ere d to hi m th e ci tadel o f
S ar di s do wn in to Ar m en i a to b e vi c eroy th e re Here
a

m en

ca

As to th e kin sm en an d ap pl e b earers , see iii 1 1 supra

9
D i odoru s (xvii 6 3 ) an d Cu r ti us (v 6) state th at from th e treas ure
captured in B a byl o n , Al exa n der di str
i bu te d to each M acedon i an h orse m a n
ab ou t 24 , to ea ch o f th e Greci an h orsem en 2 0 , to ea ch o f th e M ace
-

o m o n th s p ay
d on ian i n fan try 8 , an d to th e alli ed i n fan t ry tw
3
Belu s , or Bel , th e sup rem e dei ty of th e Babyl on i an s , was ide n tical
wi th th e Syrian B aal Th e si gn i cati on o f th e n a m e i s m ighty Cf
.

H erod ot us (i
4

See i 1 7
.

D i odorus

sup ra

9)

S tra bo

(xvi

The An a basi s

1 72

f Alexan der

Chal da ean s 3 an d wh atever th ey

to th e re ligio u s ri tes o f B ab yl on h e
p erform e d an d i n p ar ti cu l ar h e offere d sa cri ce to B el u s
1
a ccordi n g to th ei r i n s tru c tion s
H e t hen m arch e d a way
t o S u sa 9 3 a n d on th e way h e wa s m e t b y t h e son o f th e
3
vi ce roy o f the S usia n s
a n d a m an b ea rin g a l e tter fro m
Philoxen us whom h e ha d de spat che d t o S usa di rec tly
a ft er the ba ttle
I n t h e l e tt er Philo xen u s h ad wri tten
an d
t hat th e S u si an s h ad su rr en dere d th ei r ci ty to him
t hat all th e m o n ey w
In twen ty
as safe fo r Al exa n d er
d ay s th e ki n g arri ve d at S u sa fro m B ab yl o n 3 an d en ter
i n g the ci ty h e too k p ossessi o n o f th e m on ey whi ch
a m o un ted to
t alen t s as we l l as th e r e st o f th e

roy al
p
y
Ma n y o th er thi n g s were al so cap tu re d
ro
r
e
t
p
l he m et wi th
di recte d in re gard

th e

a so

ho
i n H ebre wu n der th e n a m e of Casdi m , w
seem to h ave ori gin all
elt i n C ardu chi a , t h e n o rth ern p art of Assyri a
y dw
Th e As syri an s tran sport ed th ese r u de m oun tai n ee rs to th e p lain s of
Babyl on i a ( Isa xxiii
as ap pli ed
Th e n a m e of C asdi m , or Ch al dees , w
to th e in h abi tan ts of M esopo ta m i a ( Gen xi
th e in h abitan t s o f th e
Arabian desert in th e vi cin i ty o f E dom ( Job i 1 7 ) 3 th ose w
ho dw
el t n ear
t he river Ch ab oras (E z e
ho h ad
an d th e pri estly caste w
i 3 ; xi
s ettl ed at a ve r
y early p eri o d i n B abyl on , a s we are in form ed by D i odoru s
1

Th e Ch aldees

app ear

an d

E u sebi u s

H erodotu s

ere dedi cated to

th at t h ese p ri est s
Bel us
I t i s p ro ved by i n scrip ti on s th at th e an cien t lan gu age w
as t e
tain ed as a learn ed an d reli gi ou s li terature
Th i s i s p robab ly w
ha t i s
.

s ay s

t i n D an iel i 4 by
th e b oo an d to n gu e of t he Casdi m Cf
D i odorus ( ii 2 9
P tol em y ( v 20 , 3 ) 3 an d Ci cero ( D e Di vi n a ti on e, i
See Fii rs ts H ebrewL exi con , sub vo ce
2 In h
t e Bible thi s ci ty i s calle d Sh us han
Ne ar it was th e fo rtress of
m ean

Sh u sh an

c alled

in

o ur

Bib le the P a la ce

(Nob

i 2 ; B eth
Su sa
was situated on the Ch oaspes, a ri ver rem ar able for the excell en ce of its
water, a fact referred to by Ti bu llus (i v 1 , 1 40) an d by Mil ton ( Para dise
Rea , iii
Th e n am e Sh ush an i s derived from th e Persi an w
ord for
lil y, w
h ich grew abun dan tly in th e vi cin i ty
Th e ruin s of th e p alace
m en ti on ed i n E sther i h a ve recen tly been expl ored , an d w
ere fou n d to
co n sist of an im m en se h all , th e ro of of w
hi ch w
as supported by a cen tral
This w
group of thirty-six pi ll ars arr an ged i n th e form of a s uare
as
an ed by th ree porticoes , each con t ain in
o ro w
s of si x pil lars
Cf,
g tw
Stra bo (xv 7 ,
3
The n am e of th e vi ceroy w
as Abuli tes (Curti us, v
i
If these w
ere Attic talen ts, th e am o un t w
ould be e uivalen t to
,

M arch of Alexan der to Babylon

p eci ally

d Su s a

Xerxes b rough t wi th h im

whic h

th e re ,

an

1 73

Greece
a n d Ari s to

fro m

b ra z en statues o f Harm o dius

1
ei to n
The s e Al exa n der se n t b ac k t o th e A then i an s
g
an d th ey ar e n o ws tan di n g a t Ath en s in
th e C eram i c u s
wh ere we go u p i n to the Acro polis 9 right oppo si te th e
te m p l e of Rh e a the m o th er of the go ds n ot far from the
al tar o f th e E u dan em i
W h oev er has b een i n i tiated in the
3
m y s teri es o f t h e t w
kn ows th e
o g o dde sse s
at E l eu si s
al tar o f E u da n e m u s w
hi ch is u pon th e p lai n At S usa
Al e xan der o e re d sacri ce aft er the c u stom of hi s fath er s
a n d c el eb ra t e d a t o rc
h race a n d a gym n asti c con tes t ;
an d th en
l e avi n g Ab ulite s a Persian as v i ceroy of
S u s ian a Maz a ru s o n e o f his C om pan ion s as co m m an der
of th e g arri so n i n th e c i tadel o f S u s a an d Arch el aii s s on
ard s th e lan d
o f Th eo do r u s as g en eral h e a dv an ce d to w
H e al so s en t M en e s do wn to th e s ea
o f th e P ers ian s
gov e rn or of S yri a Ph oen i cia an d Cili ci a givin g
as

l
f
il
a
n
t
s
r
to co n ve y to th e s e a w i th
t e s o
him
ve
t o An ti p at e r a s h e
or d e r s to de s pa tc h a s m an y of t hem
ar aga i n s t th e Lace da e
m igh t n ee d t o carry on the w
5
There al so Am yn tas son o f An dro m en es
m o n ian s
i th the forces whi ch he wa s l ea din g fro m
reach e d him w
th e

es

'

'

'

ere
bu t if th ey were Babyl on ia n or Ae gin etan talen ts , th ey w
Cf Pl u tarch (Alena , 3 6 , 3 7 ) Jus ti n (xi 1 4) a n d
e u al to
tal en ts w
ere o f
D i odorus (xvi i 6 6) tell s us th at
Curti u s (v
talen ts of gold beari n g th e e gy of
un co in ed gol d an d sil ver, an d

D ari u s
1

vi i

C f Arri an
.

Va leri us M ami m u s (ii

T hucy di des , vi 5 6 58

P o lis

m ean

t in

passi m )
3
D em eter

early

citadel , u sually c all ed

et

Paus an i as (i 8 , 5 ) Plin y (N a t H i st , xxxiv 9)

For H arm odiu s an d Ar i s to gei ton s ee
10,
.

th e

p arti cul ar p art of Ath en s , viz th e

Cf Aristop h an es ( L ysi stra ta , 245
Acropolis

th

ee

an

d Perseph on e

Ab o u t

An tip ater h ad b een l eft b y Al exan der regen t of M acedon ia Agis III ,
l ed ge Al exan der s h egem on y , an d after
in g o f Sparta, refu sed to ac n ow
a s defea ted an d slain by An ti p ater at M egal op oli s ,
a h ard stru ggl e w
Cu r ti us , vi 1 an d 2
330
See D i odorus , xvii 63
5

The An a basi s

1 74
.

f Alexan

der

wh om Al exan der placed th e h orsem en

i n the ran k s of th e C o m p an i on c avalry an d th e foo t h e
arran gi n g
added to th e v ari ou s r e gi m en ts of i n fan try
H e al s o establi sh e d t wo
e ach accordi n g t o n ation ali ti es
w hereas b efore
com p an i es i n ea ch s qua dr o n o f c av al ry
thi s ti m e co m p an ie s did n ot exi s t in t he cavalry ; an d
he s et as c a p tai n s t hos e of th e C om p an ion s
o ve r th e m
who were pre em in en t for m eri t
Macedon ia

; of

CHAP TE R XVII
Hm

no

w s et

S UBJU G ATI ON or
Susa
o u t fr o m

Uxm

T HE
an

d,

n s.

th e

i g

cr oss n

r ver

i n vaded th e co u n try o f th e Uxian s

S om e
h o in hab i t the p l ain s were u n der th e
of th ese p eopl e w
o ccasi o n
rul e of th e vi ceroy o f th e Pe r si an s an d on th i
h o are call e d th e
su rren de red t o Alexa n der ; b ut t h os e w
m o u n tai n e ers wer e n o t i n s u bj e c tion t o th e P ersi an s an d
o u l d n ot
o r d t o Al exan der th a t th ey w
at thi s ti m e s en t w
p erm i t hi m to m arch wi th hi s fo rces i n to Persi s un less
th ey recei ve d fr o m him as m u c h as th e y wer e in t he h abi t
o f recei vi n g from th e kin g o f th e Pe r si an s fo r th e p as sag e
3
n
n
H e s en t th e m essen gers b a ck
h
ugh
h
i
u
i
r
e
r
m
o
t
a
s
t o
t
with in stru ctio n s to co m e to th e deles th e p ossession o f
w hich m ade them thin k th at th e p as sage i n to Pe rsi s wa s
in t hei r p o wer pr om i s in g t h em t h at t h ey s ho ul d th ere
receive fro m hi m th e p resc rib e d to ll
H e th en t ook the
roy al b ody gu ards th e s hi e l d b earin g in fan try an d 8 00 0
m en fro m t h e res t o f hi s arm y an d u n der th e gui dan ce
6f th e S u si an s m arched b y n ight al on g a di fferen t road
fro m th e fre quen te d o n e
Adv an c in g b y a ro ut e rou gh
Pa sitigris,s

'

Accordin g to Curti us (v 6) th ese forces am oun ted to n early

m en
Am yn tas also brou gh t w
i th hi m fty son s of th e chief m en in
Macedon i a, w
ho w
ish ed t o serve as royal pa ges
Cf D i odorus, xvi i 64
A river ow
in g through Su sian s , form e d by th e jun cti on of th e
E ulaeu s an d Coprates
3 Cf
Stra bo, xv 3
1

'

Su bj u ga ti on

the Uxi a n s

'

1 75

d di fc u l t, o n th e sam e da h e fell u o n t h e village s

y
p
o f the Uxia n s w
h ere he cap tured m u ch bo oty an d killed
,
m an y of th e
p eo p le whil e still i n t heir b eds ; b u t o th ers
an

esc a

p e d i n to the m

to th e d ele s ,

ou n

wh ere

ta in s

H e th en

Uxian s

m a

de

fo rced m

arc

l
t o m e et h i m i n
m as s in o r d e r t o rece i ve th e
Bu t h e
p re scrib ed t oll
h ad alrea d y p re vi o u sly de s atch ed Crat eru s to s e iz e th e
p
h eights t o wh i ch h e th o u ght th e Uxian s wou l d r etire if
t h e y wer e r e p ell e d b for ce ; an d h e hi m sel f wen t wi th
y
great cel eri ty a n d got p os se s si on o f th e p as s b efo re th ei r
arrival
H e th en dre w u p his m en i n b attl e array an d
l ed t h e m fro m t h e high er an d m ore co m m a n di n g p o s i ti on
a g ai n s t th e b a rb ari an s
Th ey b ei n g alar m e d a t Al ex an
d er s c el eri ty an d n d in g t h em s e l ves deprived b y s tra ta
1
em
of th e
g
p o si ti o n i n whi ch they h a d esp ecially
co n de d
t oo k to igh t wi th ou t ev e r com i n g t o cl o s e
c om b a t
S om e of th em were kill ed b y A l exan d er s m en
i n th eir ight a nd m an y l os t th ei r li v es b y fallin g o v er
th e p r e ci pi c e s a lo n g th e ro a d ; b u t m o st o f th e m e d u
p
in to the m ou n t ain s for refu g e an d fa lli ng i n with Crate
ru s w
ere de str oy e d b
Hav i n g re cei v e d th ese
y h i s m en
2
f
t
s
i
f
h
o
n
o
o
ur
from Alexan der th e y wi th dif cu lty
g
aft e r m u ch e n tr eaty
pr o c u red fro m h i m t he p ri vil e g e o f
re tai n i n g p o sse s si o n o f t h eir o w
n
lan d o n co n dition of
payin g hi m an an n u al trib u te P tol em y so n o f Lagu s
3
say s tha t th e m o th e r o f D ari u s
on th e ir b eh al f en tre a te d
Al exan der t o g ran t th e m th e p ri v il eg e o f in h ab it in g th e
lan d Th e trib u te a greed u pon was a h u n dred h orse s
ve h u n dred ox en an d
shee p a y ear ; fo r t h e
Uxi an s h ad n o m on ey n or was th e ir c ou n try t for til l
a e
b u t m ost o f them were sh ep h erds an d h erds m en
g
the

re so ve d

wh eovem
3
3

ypa

'

Nam

ed

uevot ,

An H om

with
ic

er

dati ve , defrau ded

expression

Si sygam bi s ( Curti us ,

of.

Of D em
.

osthen es,

1 03 5 , 26

The An a ba si s

1 76

an der
f Alew

CH AP TE R XVIII
D EFE AT

or

Aaro n a az m

n s AND

CAPTU RE

or

PE RSE PO LIS

i o wi th the
b agga ge th e Thessalian c avalry th e Grecian alli es th e
m e r c en ary au xili ari es a n d th e re s t o f th e m or e h eavily
a r m ed s ol di ers t o m arch i n to Persis al on g th e carri a ge
He hi m s el f too k t he
ro a d l e a din g in to that co un try
Macedon i an i n fan try th e Co m pan ion cavalry th e ligh t
th e Agrian ian s a n d the
c av al ry u s e d for skirm i s hi n g
a r chers a n d m a de a fo r ce d m ar ch thro u gh t he m o un ta i n s
B u t wh e n h e arri ve d a t th e P ersian Gates h e fo u n d
i th
th at Ari o barz an es th e v i c e ro y o f P ersi s w
in fan try an d 7 00 cav alry ha d b uil t a wall acr os s the
p a ss an d had pi tched his ca m p there n ear th e wall to
bl o ck Al exan der s p assa ge Th en in deed h e pit ch ed his
c a m p th e r e ; b u t n ext day h e m arsh all ed hi s a r m y an d led
all
Wh en it wa s evi den t that it wo ul d b e
i t u p t o the w
dif cu lt t o cap tu re i t o n a c c o u n t o f th e ru gg ed n a tu re o f
th e g ro u n d an d a s m an y o f hi s m en were b e in g wo u n ded
th e en e m y a ssailin g th e m wi th m i s sile s fro m en gin e s o f
war p l ac ed u pon higher grou n d whi ch gav e th em an
advan tag e over th eir as saila n ts h e retreate d to hi s ca m p
H e was i n form ed by th e p riso n ers th at th ey co u ld l ead
h im roun d b y an oth er r o u te so th a t h e m igh t ge t t o th e
o t he r en d o f th e p as s
b u t wh en h e a scertain e d th at thi s
a s ro ugh an d n arr o w h e l eft C ra te ra s th e r e at th e
r oa d w
c am p w
ith his o wn b riga de an d th at of Melea ge r as well
as a fe war ch ers an d 5 00 c aval ry w
ith or der s t h at wh en
h e p e rc ei v ed h e h a d got righ t ro u n d an d was approac hin g
t h e cam p of the Persian s (whi ch h e cou l d e a s il y per
cei ve b eca u se th e tru m p ets w
ou l d gi v e hi m
t he s ign al )
h e sh o u l d th en assau l t t he wall
Al exan der advan ced by
n igh t
a n d travelli n g
a b o u t 1 00 stades
h e t o o k the
s h iel d b e arin g gu ar ds
the b rigade of Pe r di c cas
th e
ligh tes t arm ed of the arch ers the Agrian ian s th e royal
AFT E R thi s , Al exan der d esp atch e d

Parm

en

D efea t

Ari oba rz a n es

an

d Cap ture

Pers ep o lis 1 7 7
.

qua dron o f cavalry Co m pan i on s an d on e re gi m e n t o f

c a v al ry b esi des th ese
c on t ai n i n g fo ur co m
p an i es ; an d
wh eeli n g r o u n d wi th th ese t roop s h e m arch ed to war d s
t h e p ass i n th e dire c tio n th e p ri son e rs le d h im
He
o r d e re d Am
yn ta s Phil otas an d Co en u s to l ea d th e re s t
o f th e a rm y t o w
ard s th e
p la i n an d t o m ak e a b ri dg e ov er
t h e r iv e r 1 w
hi ch on e m us t cross to g o i n to Pers i s He
hi m sel f wen t b y a ro ute dif c u lt a n d ro u gh alon g whi ch
he n ever th el ess m arch ed fo r th e m os t p art a t fu ll sp e e d
F allin g u p on the rs t gu ar d o f th e b arb ari an s b efore
da yligh t 2 h e des troy e d th e m an d s o h e did m o s t o f the
secon d ; b u t th e m aj o ri ty o f th e thi r d g u ar d es ca e d
p
n o t i n dee d b
y ee i n g i n to th e c am p o f Ario b arz an es b u t
i n t o th e m o u n tain s as th ey we re b ein g s eiz ed with a
C on se qu en tly h e fell u p on th e en em y s
su d de n pan i c
n w
itho u t b ei n g o b s erve d
c a m p a t th e app roa c h o f da w
A t t h e v ery ti m e h e b eg an t o a ss au l t the tren ch t h e
tru m p e ts ga v e th e s ig n a l t o C rateru s who a t o n c e
Th e e n em y t hen
a ttack e d th e a dv a n c e d for ti c a ti o n
b ei n g i n a stat e o f co n fu si on fro m b ei n g atta ck e d on a ll
ed wi th o u t c o m i n g t o cl o se c on i ct ; b u t th ey
si d es
we re hem m e d i n o n a ll h an ds Alexan der pres s i n g u pon
th e m i n o n e di r ec tio n an d t h e m en o f Cra teru s r un n i n g
w
e re co m p elle d
h
T
e r e for e m os t o f th e m
i
n an o th er
u
p
to wh e e l r o u n d an d e e i n to t he for ti ca ti ons whi c h
Fo r
were a l ready in th e h a n ds of th e Macedon ian s
Al e x an der exp ec tin g the v e ry thi n g whi ch really c c
h a d l e ft P to l e m y t h ere wi th t hre e t h o u sa n d
c u rre d
in fan try ; so th at m o s t o f th e b arbarian s were cu t t o
pi e ce s by th e Macedon ian s a t clo se q u arters O th ers
peri sh e d in th e t erribl e igh t whi ch en s u e d h u rlin g
th e m s el v es o ve r t he p reci pi c es b u t Ariob arz an es h im

'

T hi s

was th e Araxes

Noti ce
p rep osi ti on
9

See S tra bo, xv 3

ith th e gen i tive, in stead o f th e
th e use o f th e adverb 1rp w
Cf Pin dar (Py thi a , i v 7 6) 7rp ( pa s
p6
.

The An a basi s

1 78

lf w ith

se

few h o rs em

en

an der
Alew

p e d i n to

e sc a

th e

m o

un

w m ar ch e d b ack wi th all sp eed to the

ri ver an d n di n g th e b ri dge a l rea dy con s t ru c te d o ver i t
h e easily crossed with his arm y 2 Th en ce h e a gain con
ti n n ed his m ar ch to Persep oli s so t h at h e a rri ve d b efore
8
h
r
r
d
a
e
t
e
as
gu
i
y
l
p
ill
g
u
y
He
f
h
t
o
u
t
e
t e c
ards o
c
th e
hi ch was at Pasargadae in
al so c ap tur ed the m o n e y w
the trea su ry o f the r st Cyru s an d ap p o i n t e d Phra sao rt es
He burn t
s on of Rh eo m i thres v i cer o y over t h e Pers ia n s
dow
n th e Pers ian p al ace t h o u gh Parm en i o a dvi s ed h im
t o p reserve it for m a n y re ason s a n d e s p e cia lly b ecau se
i t was n ot w ell to destro y what wa s n o w his own pro
p erty an d b ecau se th e m en o f As ia wo u l d n ot by thi s
thi n k
cour se o f acti on b e i n du ce d to co m e ov er to him
in g th at h e hi m sel f h ad de ci de d n o t to retai n th e r ul e of
Bu t Al exan der
Asia b u t on ly to con qu er it an d de par t
sai d th at h e w
i sh e d to tak e v en ge an ce on the Persian s
i n retaliati o n fo r th eir dee ds in th e i n va si on of G ree ce
wh en they raz ed Ath en s to th e gr ou n d an d b u rn t down
H e al s o d es ired to p u n ish th e P ersian s for
th e t em p les
Alexan der

n o

"

ay
bl oody co n tes t got aw
through th e Macedon i an li n es , with ab ou t 40 h orsem en an d
foo t,
an d m a de for Persepoli s
Bein g sh u t ou t o f th at fo rtress, h e w
as over
ta en an d slain w
ith all hi s com p an i on s
Cf D i odorus ( xvii
3 D iodom
(xvii 09 ) an d us ti n (xi 14) state that on approachin g
Persepoli s , Alexan der m et 800 Greci a n cap tives, m u til ated b y loss o f arm s ,
legs, eyes , ears , or oth er m em b ers
Cu r ti us ( v 1 7 1 9 ) says there w
ere
Al exan der o ered to sen d th ese m en h om e, w
o f th em
i th m ean s
of fu ture su pp ort ; but t h ey p referred to rem ain in Persi s
Th e i n g
gave th em m on ey, clothi n g, ca ttl e, an d lan d
3 D i odorue xvii 7 1 an d C urti us v 20 b o th st at e th at the am oun t of
(
)
(
)
as
tal en ts , or
In his
treasure captured at Persep oli s w
as suf ci en t treasure an d valuabl e
ow
n letter Al exan der st ated th at th ere w
m u l e carts an d
cam el s (Pl uta ch , Alena ,
property to load
r
tal en ts w
ere captured at Pasargadae
Curtius tell s u s th at
as th e ol d cap ital of Persi a , foun ded by Cyru s
Pasargadae w
but its
as afterw
ards ta en by Persepoli s
place w

Cu rti us

(v

1 6)

say s

that Ariob arz

an es after a

D a ri us Pm
all

th e

ot

i n to Media

sued

d Par thi a

1 79

h ad do n e the Greek s

h er in j urie s the y

Al exan der does

an

Bu t

h ave acted on thi s

o ccasi on w i th p ru den c e
as
; n or do I thi n k that thi s w
1
an
retribu ti ve p en al ty a t all on th e an ci en t P ersi an s
y
n ot seem

to

m e

to

CH AP TE R XIX

Ds sm

P URSU ED

M ED IA

IN TO

AND

PARTHIA

AFTE R

brin gin g thes e m a tters t o a s uccessful i ssu e h e

a dvan ced tow
ards M e dia ; for h e a sce rt ai n e d that D ariu s
was there No w D arius h ad fo rm ed th e resolution i f
Al exan der rem ai n ed a t S u s a o r Babylon to stay there
a m on g th e M edea i n o rd er to see i f an
y chan ge o f p oli cy
w ere m ade by A lexan der B u t if the latter m arched
again st hi m
b e r e solv ed t o p rocee d i n to th e i n teri o r
t owards P ar thia an d Hyrcan i a a s far a s B actria layi n g
waste all th e lan d an d m aki n g it i m possible for Alexan der
to advan ce an y furth er
H e th erefore sen t the wo m en
a n d the res t of th e p r op erty w
hi ch he still retain e d to
geth er w ith th e covered c arriages to what were called
3
2
h
m
se
f
n
a
h
u
t
e
hi
l
s
t
a
y
e
d
a
t
E
c
b
a
t
a
t e Ca sp ian Gates 3 b
,

Bi odom e ( xvii 7 0, 7 1 ) an d Cu rti us (v 2 0, 22 ) say that Al exan der

deli v ered Persep olis to hi s s ol di ers to p illage, an d that h e ordered a
Th ese au th ors agree w
i th Plutarch
gen eral m ass acre of th e in h abi tan t s
(Alex , 3 8 ) in assertin g th at in a drun k en revel h e was in stigated by the
cour te san Th ai s to set r e t o th e p ala ce, an d acc om p an i ed h er to com

m
e
n
e
D
d
e
s
f
a
ous
o
d
e
B
u
t
A
r
r
i
an
s
n
r
n
t
i
S
m e ce th e act of destru c o
y
as th e result of a deliberat e
acco un t est abli sh es t he fact th at th e re w
As regards th e m assacre, Plu ta rch ( 3 7) expressly states th at
p l an
Alexan der w
rote h om e th at h e ordered i t fro m m otives of p olicy
3 Thi
as th e p rin cip al p a ss throu gh th e E lburz m ou n tain s from
s w
1

Me di a in to Hyrcan ia an d Parthia

Thi s w
as th e capital o f M edi a , call ed i n Ch al dee Achm etha (E z ra
i s situ ated
vi
Th e presen t ci ty of H am adan is o n th e sam e site
t hi an
as u sed by th e P ersi an an d Pax
at th e foot of Mou n t Oro n tes, an d w
I t was su rro un ded by seven w
all s ,
in gs a s th eir sum m er resi den ce
n ed
each overtopp in g the on e before i t , from th e outer to th e in n er, crow
wi th battlem en ts of di eren t colours I ts citadel was used as a royal
3

It

The An a basi s

1 80

f Alexan der

wh o
H e arin g thi s Ale xan der a d van ced towards

w i th the forces which h

d b een

co

ll ected

fro m

tho se

were at h an d
Media an d i n v adin g the lan d of th e Paraetacae l h e
s u b due d i t an d app o in te d O xat hr es so n of Ab ulites th e
Bein g in
form er vic ero y o f S u sa to r u l e as vi cero y
form ed o n th e m arch th at D ari u s ha d determin ed t o m eet
hi m for battl e an d to try th e fo rt un e of war a gai n (for
th e S cythi an s an d Ca d u si an s h a d c o m e to him a s a lli es )
h e ordered that th e b ea s ts o f b u rden with t h ei r guards
an d the re s t o f th e b a gga ge s h o u l d fo llo w; an d taki n g
th e rest o f hi s ar m y h e l e d i t i n o rde r of b attle an d o n
There h e a scertai n ed
the t w
el fth day a r ri ve d in M e dia
that th e force s of D ari u s we re n o t t for b attl e an d th at
h i s alli es the Ca d u sian s an d S cyt hi an s h ad n o t arrive d
H e th e re fore m arched
b u t that h e h a d r esol v e d to ee
ith still greater sp ee d ; an d when he was on ly three
on w
day s j ou rn e y fro m E cb atan a h e wa s m e t by Bis tan es
wh o r eign e d o v er th e P ersian s b efore
s on of O ch u s
D ariu s
Thi s m an an n o u n c e d th a t D a rius h a d ed v e
day s b efore taki n g wi th hi m
tal en t s o f m o n ey 2
fro m the M edes an d an arm y o f
c a valr
y an d
,

When

h ed E cb atan a he sen t the Th es

Sali an cav al ry a n d th e o th er Gre c ia n a llies b ack t o the
h i ch ha d b e en sti pul ate d
sea p ayi n g th em th e fu ll h ir e w
an d m aki n g t h em an add i ti o n a l do n a ti o n fro m
hi m self of
tal en ts
He is s ue d an o rd er th at if an y m an of
h is o wn ac cord wi s hed s till t o con tin u e t o serve fo r hi re
with hi m he sho u l d e n list ; an d tho se wh o en li sted i n
his servi c e were n ot a few H e th en or dered E pocill us
Al exan der

r ea c

Belowi t stoo d a Spl en did p al ace , with si lver tile s, an d adorn ed

wi th wai n scoti n gs, capital s, an d en tablatures of gold an d sil ver These
talen t s , w
treasures , to th e value o f
ere coin ed in to m on e
y by
See H erod otus , i 98 ; Polybi us , x 2 7
An tioch u s th e Great o f Syria
een M edi a an d Persi s
Th i s tribe lived in the m oun tain s betw
treasury

M arch Through the Casp i an Ga tes

s on

of

Poly eide s, t o

t a ki n g

ot

he r

c on

du ct th e

1 81

down to th e

res t

sea ,

l y a s a gu ard for th em s in ce th e
Th e ss ali an s s ol d t hei r h orses t h ere
H e a l s o s e n t wo rd
t o M e n es t o t ak e u on hi m se lf t he d u ty o f seei n g th a t
p
t h ey we re co n vey e d in tri re m e s t o E ub oea when they
a rri ve d at t he se a 1
H e i n st ru c t ed Par m en io t o d ep o si t
t h e m o n ey whi c h wa s b ein g co n vey e d from P e rsi s i n th e
c i ta de l a t E cb atan a a n d to h an d i t ove r to th e c harg e of
H arpa lu s ; 2 fo r h e ha d left thi s m an o ver the m o n ey
wi th a g uard of
Macedon i an s an d a fe w h o r se m en
an d ligh t a r m e d i n fan try to ta k e care o f i t
H e t ol d
Par m en i o hi m self t o tak e the G re cian m e rcen ar ies th e
Th ra cia n s an d all t h e o th er h o rs em en e x ce p t t he Co m
p an i o n cav a lry an d m ar ch b y th e l an d o f the Cad u sian s
i n to Hyr can i a H e als o sen t word to Cli tu s t h e com
m an d er of th e r oy a l s q u a dro n o f c av al ry w
h o ha d b een
l e ft b ehi n d a t S u sa ill that wh e n h e a rr i ve d at E cbata n a
fr om S u s a h e s ho u l d t ak e t h e Ma c e don ian s wh o ha d b ee n
l eft th ere in ch arg e o f the m on ey an d g o in t he directi o n
of Par thi a w
here also h e hi m sel f i n ten ded s oon t o arri ve
ca va r

CH APTE R XX

MARC H

TH RO

U GH

TH E

CASPIAN GATES

THE N takin g th e

Com pan ion cavalry the light caval ry

u s e d fo r s ki rm i shi n g t h e Gre ek m e r ce n ary c aval ry u n der
th e com m an d o f E rigyi u s th e Ma ce do n i an p h al an x
h o had b ee n p la c ed i n c harg e o f t h e
e xce p t t h e m en w
m o n ey
th e arc her s a n d the Agria n ian s h e m arche d
I n th e fo rced m arc h whi ch h e m a de
a g a in s t D a r i u s
er e l e ft b ehi n d
wo rn o u t wi th
m an y o f his so l di er s w
,

C u r ti us

Ath en i an
2

m et

D i odom

E cbata n a

(v
s

was

23 )

say s

Grecian

th at

Al exan der in M e dia , h avin g

(xvii

8 0)

s ay s

tal en ts

th at th e
or

m ercen ari es u n

m arch ed u p

am ou n

of

der Plato t h e

from C ili cia

treasure dep osited

at

f Alexa n der

The An a bas is

1 82

h orses died H e n e ver th el ess

1
a
e
h
a
R
d
a
t
pressed on an d on the el even th day arrive
g
Thi s p l ace i s di stan t from th e C asp ian Ga tes o n e day s
j ourn ey to on e m a rchin g a s Al exan der did B u t D ari u s
h a d al rea dy p assed th ro u gh thi s d el e b e fore Al ex an der
h
o w
e re h i s c o m p a n i o n s
c am e u
h
u gh m an y of t h o s e w
t
o
p
in igh t deserte d hi m on th e way an d retire d t o thei r
Man y al so s urren dered to Alexan der
ow
n
ab o de s
The l att er n owgave u p th e h o p e o f c a p tur in g D ari u s b y
c l o se
u r su i t an d r e m ain e d th e re ve day s t o gi v e hi s
p
H e appoin te d Ox o date s a P ersi an wh o
tr o o p s r ep os e
h a d the ill fortu n e t o b e arres ted b y D ari u s an d sh u t u p
for thi s r ea t
at S u s a to th e o f c e of vi cero y o f Me di a
t hi s
in du cem en t t o Alexan der to r ely on
m en t w
as an
deli ty H e th en m arch ed t owards Parthia a n d o n th e
rst d ay e n ca m p ed n ear the Caspian Gates whi ch h e
p assed th ro ugh on the sec on d day as far as th e c o un try
was i n hab ite d 2 H e arin g that th e c o u n try fur th er on
was desert h e resol ved t o p rocur e a sto ck of p rovi s ion s
fro m th e p lac e wh ere h e was en cam pe d an d a ccor di n gly
s e n t C oen u s o u t o n a fo ra gin g e x e di tion w
ith th e cavalry
p
an d a sm all b o dy o f in fan tr y
fatigu e,

an

m an

of

t he

'

CH APTE R XXI
D ARI U S

Is

ASSASSI NATE D

Ar thi s t i m e B a gistan es , on e
fro m th e cam p
c a m e t o h im
'

An ti b elu s,

on e of

th e

so n s

BY

su s

of

th e Bab yl on ian

of

D ari u s ,

of

M az aeu s

acc om

p an i e d b y

T hes e

n ob e s,

m en

i n fo rm ed him that Nab arz an es t he co m m an der of th e

hich a ccom pan i ed D ari u s in hi s ight D es su s
cav a lry w
,

A l arge city i n th e extrem e n orth of M edia , m en ti on e d i n th e B o o

It was fam ou s i n th e M iddle Ages u n der th e n am e o f Ra i
o f T ob it
The rui n s of Rai li e south -e ast o f Teh eran
2
In its pres en t u se of
1 1 su pra,
{ar e gen erally m ean s un ti l
1

n ew do s

D ari u s i s Ass a ssi n a ted by Bessu s

v ce ro

of

B actri a

an

d Bar s a en tes,

v cero

1 83

of

th e Ara

ch o tian s a n

d D ran gian s ,l ha d j oi n tly arres t e d th e ki n g

Al exan der h eard thi s , h e m arch e d with s till
s p ee d th an
i th hi m on ly th e
eve r, takin g w

Wh en

grea ter
C o m pan i on s
of

d th e s ki rm i shi n g cava lry, a s well as s o m e

foo t s o l di ers s el ec ted a
s th e s tro n g e s t an d ligh t e s t
H e did n o t e ve n wai t for Coen u s t o re tu rn fro m

th e

m en

an

t he fo ra gin

e xp e d

iti o n ; b u t p laced C rateras o ve r th e

m en
left b ehin d wi th i n s tr u cti o n s to follow in sh ort
m ar ch e s
Hi s o wn m en t oo k wi th th e m n othi n g b u t
t h ei r a r m s an d pr ov i sion s fo r two day s
Af ter m archin g
th e wh ol e n ight an d t ill n o o n o f t h e n ex t da
y h e gav e
h i s arm y a s ho rt re st th en wen t o n a gai n all n igh t an d
wh en day b e gan to br eak r ea ched th e c a m p fro m whi ch
,

Ba gis tan e s h a d
th e

cat c

e n em

a sc e r ta n e d

out

to

H owever

ye d i n

c o n ve

a c ove r e

hi m

m ee t
,

in

th a t h e had b ee n

t he

se t

c ar r ia

ge

re

gard

arre s t e d
z

b u t h e di d

n ot

t o D ari u s, h e
an

was

; th at B e s s u s

b ei n g

p ossesse d

in s tead o f D ari u s an d h a d b e en n om in ate d

l eade r b y th e B actri an c av al ry an d all the o th er b arb a
ri a
n s w
h o were co m p an io n s of D ari u s i n hi s igh t excep t
Arta b az u s a ri d hi s so n s t o geth er wi th th e Gre c ian
m er ce n ar i e s
wh o s till r em ain e d fai thfu l t o D ariu s ; b u t
t hey n o t b ei n g ab le t o p re ven t wh a t wa s b ei n g do n e ha d
t urn e d a si de th ei r m arc h fr om th e p u b li c th or o u gh fa re
an d w
e re m ar chin g t o w
ard s t h e m ou n tain s b y t h e m
selves
ith Bessu s an d his a d
r efu si n g t o t a k e p ar t w
h ere n ts i n t h eir en t erpri se
H e al s o l earn t t h at th ose
wh o h a d arrested D ari u s h ad com e to t he d e ci sion to
co m m an

1
3

Th e D ra n gi an
Ju s ti n

(xi

l 5)

li ved in
an

p art

d Cu rti us

of

(v

Ar ian a

3 4)

west o f Arach osia

s tate

th at D ariu s

was

b oun d i n

as Th ara
Th e form er says th at th e n am e o f th e pl ace w
go l d
Pro bably th e se ch ai n s were
h ere th e i n g w
as arrested
i n Parthi a , w
in g or hi s n obl es , a ccordin g to th e Persi an cu stom
orn b y th e
th ose w

ch a i n s o f

Thi s i s th e
a fter

th e

on l y sen

n ou n

ten

ce i n

Arri an

wh ere w
r p"
su ffers an astrop h e
a

com

in g

The An a basis

1 84
su rren

s e ves ,

d t o procu r e som e a dv an
i f th ey sh o u l d n d th at Al exan d er
b u t if th ey sh o u l d l earn t h at h e ha d

der hi m t o Al exan der,

tag e for th e m

f Alexan der

an

was p ur su in g th em
gon e b ack aga in th ey ha d re sol ve d t o coll ect a s large
an arm y a s t h ey c ou l d an d t o p r e s erv e t h e ru l e fo r th e
H e also a scertain ed th at fo r th e p r esen t
c o m m on w
eal th
Be s su s hel d th e su prem e co m m an d b o th o n a cco u n t
ar w
as
o f his r el ati o n shi p t o D ar i u s an d b ecau se th e w
H earin g thi s
b ein g c arri ed o n i n his v i cerega l p rovi n ce
Al exan der th ou gh t it wa s a d visab l e to p urs u e wi th all
h is m igh t , an d th ou gh his m en an d ho r ses wer e a l rea dy
qu ite fatigu ed by the i n cessan t severity of th ei r lab o u r s
h e n evertheless pr oceede d an d travellin g a l on g wa y all
t hrou gh t he n igh t an d t he n e xt day til l n oon arri ve d a t
h ere those wh o wer e le a di n g D ari u s
a c er tai n villa g e w
h a d en cam p e d th e day b efo re
Hearin g th ere th at th e
b arb ari an s ha d deci ded t o c o n tin u e th eir m arc h b y n igh t
h e in qu ire d o f th e n at i ve s if th ey kn e w an y sh o rt er ro a d
t o th e fu gi ti ves
Th ey sa i d th ey did kn ow o n e b u t th a t
i t ran t hrou gh a c ou n try wh i c h wa s d esert th ro u gh l a ck
of w
H e n everth el es s ord ered th em t o s ho w him
ater
thi s w
a
y an d p er ceivi n g that th e i n fan try co u l d n o t k eep
u
p with h im if h e m ar ch e d at fu ll s p ee d h e c au sed 5 00
o f th e caval ry to di s m o u n t fro m t h eirh ors es
an d s el ect
in g t he o f c ers of th e i n fan try an d th e b es t o f th e o th er
foo t s ol diers
h e o rder ed t h em
t o m o u n t th e h o rses
a rm e d j u s t a s th ey w
ere
He a l so dire cte d Nican o r the
co m m an der o f th e s hi el d b eari n g g u ar d s
an d Attal u s
c o m m an d er o f th e A ri an ian s
t o lea d th eir m e n wh o
g
were l eft b ehin d b y the sam e rou te whi ch Bess u s ha d
t ak e n h avi n g e qu i pp e d th e m a s ligh tly as p o s s i bl e
an d
h e o r dere d tha t th e re s t o f th e i n fan try sh o u l d fo ll o w in
r eg u lar m a rchin g o r de r
H e hi m self b egan t o m ar ch
i n th e a ftern o o n an d le d the way wi th g reat rap idi ty 1
,

Plutarch ( Alex

42)

say s

th at Al exan der

rode

stades , or ab ou t

R eecti on s
tra v ell ed 40 0

H av in g

on

the F a te

s ta des

i n th e

D arius

1 85

ight h e cam e u pon

th e b a r bar i an s j u s t b efo r e da yb r ea k go in g al o n g wi t h ou t
an
y o r d er an d u n a rm e d ; so th at few o f th em r u sh e d t o
d e fen d t h em sel ves b u t m ost o f th e m a s soon as th ey s a w
Alexan d er hi m s el f t oo k t o igh t wi th o u t ev e n co m in g
t o b l o ws
A fe w o f t ho s e wh o tu rn e d to res i s t b ein g
kill e d t he r est o f t hes e als o too k to ight Up to thi s
t i m e Be s s u s a n d his a dh er en t s were s till co n v e i n g
y
D a ri u s wi th th e m i n a co v ere d ca rri a g e ; b ut wh en
A l ex an d er wa s a l rea dy c l o se u on t h ei r h eel s N a barz an e s
p
an d Ba r s a n t es w
ou n d e d h i m
an d l e ft h im
t h er e a n d
wi th 6 00 h ors e m en too k t o i ght D ari u s di ed fr om his
wou n ds s oon after b efo re Alexan de r h a d s een h i m 1
n

CHA P TE R XXII
R EFLE C TI ON S

FATE

ON TH E

D ARI U S

or

in to Persis wi th
o rder s th at it s h ou ld b e b u ri e d i n th e r o y a l se u l chr e i n
p
the sam e way a s th e o th er P ers i an ki n gs b e for e hi m
h a d b een b u ri ed 2 H e t h en p r o c l a i m e d A m m in asp es a
Parthi an v ice ro y o v er th e Parthi an s a n d Hyrcan ian s
Thi s m an wa s o n e o f t h ose who wi th M a z aces h a d s u r
ren de re d E gy p t t o Alex an d er
H e a l s o appo in t ed Tle
p o lem u s s o n o f Pytho ph an es o n e o f th e C om p an i o n s
t o gu a rd hi s i n tere st s i n P a r thi a an d Hyrcan ia
S uc h
was th e en d of D ariu s in the arch o n s hip of Aris tophon
3
at At h e n s i n t h e m o n th H eca t om b ai o n
Thi s k in g wa s
ALE XAN DE R

s en

t th e

b ody

D ariu s

of

400

hi s

of

th e
a

iles , i n
m en

eleven

were

day s

ab l e

to

In th e

eep u p

n ext ch ap ter

wi th hi m

(v

Plu tarch ( Alex

43 )

says

s ays

th at

o n l y si xty

in th e p u rsui t
detail s of w
h at o ccurred durin g

24
3 8 ) gi ves very am pl e
l ast day s of D ari u s
Cf D i odor us (xvii 7 3 )
Th e Pers ian kin gs were b ur i ed at Persep oli s
C ur ti us

he

us ti n

th at Al exan der

sen

t th e

(xi

See D i odm m
corp se o f

xvii .

D a ri us t o

71
h is
.

m o th er

I n th e ye ar

J ul y

3 3 0 , th e rst

of

H e catom b aion fell

on

th e rst

of

The An a ba si s

1 86

f Alea an der

s el f
a cki n g i n
l
p
r e lian ce i n m il i ta r y e n t erp ri ses ; b u t as t o c i vil m atters
h e n eve r exhi bite d an y di sp o si ti on to in du lg e in arb itrary
er to exhi bi t i t
a s i t i n hi s p o w
co n d u ct ; n o r i n de e d w
Fo r i t h app en e d th at h e was i n vo lv e d in a war wi th th e
Macedon ian s a n d Greek s at th e v ery tim e h e s u cceeded

g
l
w
r
t o the r e a p o e ; a n d co n se q u e n tly i t was n o l on g er
p o ssib l e for h im to act th e tyran t to war ds his su bj ects
s o in clin e d s tan din g a s h e did i n
e ven i f h e ha d b een
greater dan g er th an t h ey As lon g a s h e li ve d o n e
m i sfor tu n e aft er an o th e r w
as a cc u m u l at e d u pon hi m ; n o r
did h e exp eri en ce a n y c es sati o n o f c a la m i ty fro m the
At th e b e gi n
t i m e wh e n h e rs t su cce e de d to t he ru l e
n i n g o f hi s re ign
th e cava l ry defe a t wa s s u s ta i n e d by
an d
fo r thwi t h I o n i a
hi s v i c ero ys a t th e Gra n i c u s
Aeoli s b o th th e Ph rygia s Ly dia an d a ll C a ri a 2 excep t
Hali carn ass u s were o ccu pie d b y his fo e ; soon after
H ali carn as su s al so was cap tu red as well a s all the li tto ral
Th en cam e hi s o wn disco m tu re a t
a s far a s Cilicia
Is su s where h e s awhi s m o ther wi fe an d children tak en
Up on th i s Ph oen i cia an d th e wh ole o f E gypt
p ri s o n ers
were l ost ; an d th en at Arb ela he hi m sel f e d di s g race
fully a m on g t he rs t a n d lo s t a very v as t arm y co m p os e d
After thi s wan derin g
o f a ll th e n ati o n s o f hi s e m p ir e
n
do m in i on s h e di e d a fter b ei n g
a s an exil e fr o m his o w
a

re- e m

m an

effe m

in en tly
-

i n a te

an

'

'

D ari u s
In

C ari m

2
,

to th e thr on

3 36

ord tran sl at ed cap ta i n s in our Bibl e i s

gs xi 4 . 1 9 t h e w
C ari an s
Th ese m en form ed th e b o dy gu ard of th e u surp er

Ki

th e

Ath ali ah ,

cam e
n

wh o

s to o d

in

n eed o f

forei gn

m ercen ari es

D avid h a d

b ody

Th e Cari an s served as m ercen ari es

gu ard of Phili stin es an d Cretan s
th rou gh ou t th e an ci en t w
orld , as w
e l earn from Th ucy d i des , i 8 ; H ero d o tus ,
.

152
i 1 71
un der th e n am
.

111

S tra bo , xi v 2
.

Th e Lydi an

s app ear in

th e Bi ble

H erodotus (i 94) gives an ao

co un t o f th e colon iz ation of Um b ri a b y th e Ly dian s , from w
hi ch sprun g
H en ce Vergil (Aenei d ,
th e state of th e E truscan s
7 8 2) sp ea s o f th e
L ydi us Ty bri s See also Aen ei d, vii i 4 7 9 ; H orace ( S a ti res , i 6 , 1 )
Tacitus (An n a ls , iv 55 ) D ion ysius ( Archa eoloyi a Rom an a , i
e of

( Isa l xvi

L ud

Exp edi tion i n to Hyrca ni a

.

1 87

b etrayed by hi s p erson al atten dan ts to the worst treat

m en t p os s ibl e b ei n g at th e s am e t i m e kin g an d a p ri s on er
ign om in io u sly l ed in cha in s ; an d at l as t h e p erish ed
t h rou gh a c on sp i racy fo rm e d of tho se m ost i n tim ately
ac qua i n te d wi t h him
S u ch were the m i sfortun es tha t
b efell D ariu s in his life tim e b u t after hi s death he
r e ce iv e d
a royal b uri a l ;
h i s children recei v e d from
A l exan der a p rin cely re arin g a n d educati on j u s t as if
t h ei r fa th er ha d still b een kin g ; an d Al exan der hi m sel f
b ecam e hi s son in lawl W h e n he died he was ab ou t
fty y ears of a ge
,

CH APTE R XX III
EXPE D ITIO N

H Y RCANI A

m ro

ALE XAN DE R n ow to o k th e sol di ers wh o ha d b een l e ft

b ehi n d i n his pur uit an d advan ce d in to Hyrcan ia ,2 which
i s th e c ou n try lyi n g o n th e left of th e r oad l ea di n g t o
B actra 8 On on e si de i t i s b o u n ded by l ofty m ou n tai n s
d en sely covere d wi th woo d, a
n d on th e o th er i t i s a
p lain

s t re tchin
h
re
a
t
Sea in thi s p art o f th e
g as far as t e G
world H e led his arm y b y thi s ro u te, b e cau se b e
as cer tain ed th at the G re c i an m e rc en ari es s ervin g u n de r
D ar iu s had s u c ceeded i n e s ca p i n g by it i n to th e m o u n
tai n s o f Tapuria at the sa m e ti m e he resol ve d t o s u b du e
th e Tapurian s th em s el ves
Havi n g divi ded h is ar m y
i n to three p arts, h e hi m s el f le d th e way by the sh o rtest
a n d m ost di f c u l t r o u te , a t th e h ea d of the m os t n u m e r
o u s an d a t t he sam e t i m e t h e ligh tes t divis io n o f hi s
.

Sh e

He

B arsin e, eldest daughter

call ed Arsi n oe an d Statei ra

of

m arr i ed

was also

D ari us ( Arrie n ,

4 in fra)

1 0 ) th e soldi ers w
ere very de si rou s o f
Accordi n g to Curti us (vi 6
return i n g h om e ; bu t Al exan der m ad e an h aran gue an d in d uced them to
advan ce in to H yrcan i a
3
T h e m o dern Ba h
3

lk

T h e Caspian

f Alexan der

The An a bas i s

1 88

desp atch ed Crat eru sa t the head of hi s own

b riga de an d that of Am yn ta s, som e o f th e ar ch ers, an d
a fe w o f th e caval ry a g ai n st th e Tap urian s ; an d h e
or de r ed E rigyius to ta k e t he Gre ci an m ercen ari es an d
h
t
e p u bli c
a
by
th e r est o f the cava lry, a n d l ead th e w
y
tho r o u ghfare, t ho u gh it was l on ger, co n du c ti n g the
fo rces

He

'

bagga ge an d th e crowd o f cam p fo llo wers

Af ter cro ssi n g th e rst m ou n t ai n s an d en cam p i n g t h e re
h e t oo k the shiel d b eari n g g u a rds to geth e r wi th t he
lightest m en in the Macedo n ian p halan x an d so m e of
the a rch er s an d wen t al o n g a roa d di cu lt a n d h ard t o
l eavin g g u ard s for the r oads wh erev er h e
t rave l u pon
t ho u gh t th ere was an y p e ril s o t hat t he b arb arian s wh o
h eld the m oun tain s m ight n ot at thos e p o in t s fa ll u p on
ho w
in g H avin g p assed t hro u gh
th e m e n w
ere foll o w
th e d e l es wi th hi s ar ch er s h e e n cam p e d i n th e p l a i n
1
n ear a s m all r i ver
hil e h e was h ere N ab arz an e s
an d w
the c om m an der of D ari u s s c av al ry Ph ra taph e rn es th e
an d th e o th er m o s t
vi cer oy o f Hyr can ia an d Par thi a
di sti n gu i sh ed o f th e Persi an s i n atten dan ce on D ari u s
arr iv e d an d s urren dered t he m sel ves
After wa i ti n g fo ur
days in th e cam p h e t o o k u p t ho s e w
h o had b een l e ft
b ehin d o n th e m arch all o f t he m adva n ci n g in safe ty
excep t th e Agri an ian s
wh o whil e g uardin g th e r ear
were attacked by the b arb ari an m oun tain eers B u t t h ese
drew o ff wh en th e y g ot the w orst of it i n th e
s o on
skirm i s h
S tartin g from thi s p lace he advan ce d i n to
Hyrcan i a a s far as Zadracar ta t he capi tal of th e E yr
can i an s
In thi s p lace 2 h e wa s rej oin e d by Cra t eru s wh o
h a d n o t s u c c eede d in fallin g in wi th th e G re ci an m ercen
ari es o f D ariu s ; b ut h e had th oro ughly traver s e d th e
whol e coun try gain i n g over p art of i t by force an d th e
o th er p ar t b y the vol u n ta ry c a pi tul ati on o f t h e i n h ab it

waggo n s

th e

D i od orus
Zio betis

(xvii

75 )

call s

th i s

river

Stiboeti s ; Cu rti us

Kruger has a n t es in stead of y

r ot rip
-

(vi

10 )

cal ls

it

E np edi tion Agai n st the Ma rdi a n s

an

ts

E rigyi u s

wa ggon s ; an d soon
wi th three of hi s
Ars am

e s,

here wi th

a s o arr ve d

a cco m

1 89

th e b a gga ge

an

Artab az u s 1 cam e to Ale xan der

so n s,
Co ph en , Ario b arz an e s , an d
of
an i e d
b
A
u to h r a da tes, v ic e ro y
p
y
p
a fter

ys fro m th e Greci an m erc en ari es in

t he s e rv i ce o f D ari u s
To A u to p hra date s h e res to re d
h i s v i c ere gal o i ce ; b u t Ar tab az u s an d h is s on s h e k e pt
n e ar hi m se lf i n
a
p o s i ti o n o f h o n o u r b o th o n a cco u n t o f
t h e ir de li t y t o D ari u s a n d b e caus e th e y we re am on g
th e rs t n o b l es o f P e r s i a
To th e e n voy s fro m th e
G reeks b egg in g hi m to m a k e a tr u ce wi th th em on
b eh al f o f th e wh o l e m erce n ary fo rce h e repli e d th a t h e
wo u l d n ot m ake an y a g ree m e n t wi th th e m b e cau s e th ey
we re a c ti n g wi th great g uil t in s er vin g as sol diers on
th e s i de o f t h e b a rb ari an s a ga i n st G r ee c e i n co n trave n
H e co m m an ded
t io n o f th e r eso l u tio n o f th e Greek s
t hem t o c o m e in a b o dy an d s urren de r l e av i n g it t o hi m
to trea t th e m as h e p l e a s e d o r to p r e se rv e th e m se l v e s
The en v oy s s ai d th a t th ey yi e l de d
a s b e s t t h e y co u l d
b o th th e m s el v es an d th ei r co m ra de s t o Al exan der an d
ith th em to act a s th eir
u rg e d hi m t o se n d s o m e o n e w
le a der s o th at th e y m igh t b e co n du cted to him wi th
in n u m b er
Acco rd
Th e y sai d t h ey were
s a fe ty
in gly h e s en t An dron ic u s so n o f Age rrh u s a n d Ar tabaz u s
t o th e m
Ta p u ria ,

an

e n vo

C HAP TE R XXI V

EXPE D ITI ON

g i
H E th en m arch e d fo r w
wi th him the shie ld b eari n g
d

Cu r ti us

vi

Ph arn ab az u s ,

1 4)

was

s ays

th e

i i 2 ; ii i 2 su p ra)
3
Cf Cu r ti us , vi 1 6
.

a dm

MARD IAN S

AGAI N ST T H E
ar

a n st

of

in

th e Persi an

M ar dian s 2 takin g

th e

gu ards

Ar tab a z u s h ad
iral

th e

a rc

s on s ,

on e

eet

h ers

of

See Arri an

th e

wh om

1 ;

The An a basi s

1 90

Alem an der i

Agrian ian s, th e b rigades o f Co en u s an d Am yn tas, h alf o f

th e Com p an i on c aval ry, an d th e h o rse lan ce rs for h e had
-

no

wa

p art

troo

of

h or se l an cer s
-

Tr av ers in g the

greater
an y of them

l an d o f th e M ardian s h e kille d m
in th eir igh t s om e in de ed h av in g t urn e d t o d efen d
No on e
t h em sel ve s ; an d m an y wer e tak en p ri s on ers
for a l on g t im e h a d i n v a ded t hei r lan d in a h ostile
m an n er n ot on ly on acco un t o f i ts ru gge dn ess b u t al so
b ecau se the p eo ple were poor a n d b esides b ein g p oor
were warlike Th erefore th ey n e v er fear ed that Alex
e sp e ci all y a s h e h ad already
an der w oul d attack th em
th e i r co un try
For t hi s rea son
a dvan ced furth er th an
Man y
th ey were cau gh t m o re e as ily o ff th e i r guard
h owev er e sc aped in to th e m ou n tain s w hich
of th em
in th eir l an d are v er y l o fty a n d cra ggy thi n kin g th at
Al exan der wo uld n ot p e n etrat e t o th es e at an y rate
But wh en h e was appro achi n g th em ev en here th ey sen t
e n voy s to su rr en der b o th th e p e op l e an d th ei r l an d t o
H e p ardon ed th e m an d app o in ted Au tophradates
hi m
wh om h e had al so r ecen tly place d o ver the Tap urian s
R etu rn i n g t o th e cam p from w
hi ch
vicero y over th em
h e ha d starte d t o i n vade th e c o un try o f th e M ardian s h e
foun d th at th e Greci an m erc en ari es o f D ari u s h a d a rri ve d
ac com pan i ed by t h e e n voy s from
th e L acedaem on i an s
who were on an em b as s y t o kin g D ari u s Th e n am es
of th ese m en w
ere
Callicrati da s Pausippu s M on im u s
These were
On om as an d D ropides a m an from Athen s
arres ted an d k ept u n der gu ar d ; b u t he rel eas ed the
en voy s from
th e Sin opean s 1 b eca us e th es e p eopl e ha d
n o share in th e co m m o n w
e al th o f th e Greek s ; an d as
th ey were in su bj ecti o n to t h e Persi an s th ey di d n o t
seem to b e doi n g an y thin g u n reaso n abl e in g oin g on an
n ki n g
H e al so rel eased th e rest of
em b as sy to th ei r o w
of

th e

as a prosp erou s col on y o f Mil etu s on th e E uxin e

Sin ope w
called Sin oub
It w
as th e birth pl ace o f Di ogen es

It i s still

M arch to Ba ctm

1 91

Greek s who were s er v in g for pay with th e P ers ian s

b efo re th e p eac e an d allian ce whi ch had b e en m a de by
th e G reek s wi th th e Mace do n i an s
He lik e wi se r eleas ed
H era clid es th e am b assad or fro m th e Chalce do n i an s 1 to
D a r iu s
Th e r es t h e o rdered t o serve in hi s ar m y for th e
s am e
p ay a s th ey h a d re ce i v e d fro m th e Pers ian kin g
p u ttin g th em u n der the co m m an d of An dron icu s wh o
h ad l ed th em
an d h a d e v i d e n tly b een
takin g p ru den t
m e a su re s to sav e th e li ves of th e m e n
th e

C HAPTE R XXV

M AR C H

'

ro

BACTRA BESSUS

AI D E D

SATIBARZAN E S

BY

l d th ese a airs h e m arch ed to Z adracar ta

th e l r g es t c i ty of Hyrcan ia wh ere al so was t h e se a t o f
th e Hyr can ian g ov ern m e n t
Tarry in g h e e ft e en d ys
h e o ffered s acri c e t o th e g o d s a ccordi n g t o h is cu sto m
an d cel e b rat e d
a
gym n as ti c con test after wh i ch h e
b eg an hi s m ch towards Parth ia ; then c e to the con
n es o f Are i 2 an d to Su sia a ci ty in th at p o v i ce
where Satib arz an es th e v i ceroy of t h e A eian s c m e to
m ee t h i m
To t h i s m an h e esto red h i s v i c erega l dig n i ty
an d w
ith hi m s en t An axipp u s o n e of th e C om p an ion s to
wh om h e ga ve for ty h o se lan cer s s o th at h e m ight b e
abl e to s t ati o n t h e m a s gu ards o f th e l oc li t i es i n o r d er
th a t th e Ar ei an s m ig h t n o t b e i n j u re d by th e arm y i n
its m arch t h ro u gh t heir l a d
At th i s ti m e c a m e t o
him so m e P er s i an s wh o i n fo rm ed hi m tha t B essu s ha d
3
assu m e d th e e r e c t t i ar
an d w
as w
e ari n g th e P er s i an
HAVi N G

'

sett e

ar
a

M egara situ ated n th P op on ti s at th e

ear ly O pp o site By z an ti um
en tran ce o f th e B o s p oru s
2
est
Arei a occu pi ed wh at i s n owth e east p art of Kh ora san an d th e w
Ch a

cedon

was

l y

a co on
,

an

n orth -

Com

basi s , ii

of

re

th e

words

of

Susia i s th e

m o dern

Ti ssap h ern es to C

Th o gh th e ki g i s
u

west of Afgh an i stan

pa

th e

on

Tu s

earch u s

( Xen oph on An a

ly m an wh o can wea

th e ti ara

The An a ba si s

1 92

lin g h im

Alew
o m der

lf Artaxerxes in stead o f Bess s an d

Th ey s a i d h e h a d
a s ki n g of As i a
asserti n g th a t h e w
i n a tten dan ce u p o n h im th e P ersia s wh o h a d escap ed
i to Bact a a d m an y o f th e B act i an s th em s el ve s ; an d
as e xp e c ti g th e S cy th i an s a l so t o co m e to hi
t h a t he w
Al ex n der h av in g n o w a ll hi s fo ces t o geth er
as alli es
we n t t o war ds B act a wh ere Ph ilip s on of M e n elaii s ca m e
to hi m o u t o f Me di a with th e Greek m e r ce a y cavalry
wh ich we e u n der hi s o wn c o m m an d those of the Thes
s li
s w
h o h a d v ol n teere d to r e m a i n an d th e m en o f
Nic n o th e son o f Parm e n io th e com
A n dro ac hu s
of t h e sh i el d b ea i g g a rd s h a d a lre a dy d i e d
m an d e
While Alexan der was on h is way t o B act ra
o f di s e a s e
h e wa s in fo rm ed tha t S ti b ar an es v ice ro y o f Ar e ia h ad
kille d An xipp u s an d t he h orse lan cers who we e with
hi m h ad r ed th e Arei an s an d co llec te d th em i n th e
c i t y o f Ar ta co an a w
hi ch wa s the c ap i ta l o f th at n a ti on
I t w s al so s ai d th at h e h a d res o lv e d a s s oo n a s b e
as cer ta i e d that Al ex an der h a d a d van c e d t o l ea ve th at
p la ce a d go with h is for c es to Bessu s with the in
t en ti on o f j o i i g th a t p r in ce in a n a tta ck u p o n th e
M ce do ian s wherev er a chan ce m igh t occ
Wh en
h e rec e iv ed thi s n e ws h e s to pp e d th e m arch t oward s
B c tra n d ta ki n g with him the C om pan i on cava lry the
h o se la cers th e a c h ers th e Agria n ian s an d the re gi
e ts o f A
yn ta s an d Co en u s an d l e v i g th e rest o f
dress ,1

c al

se

an

r,

r n

u r.

p
ll co d

erect u

h i s h ead , I sh a

on

wh en

en ce ,

ll b

ou

bl

e a

in

to

wear m in e erect u p on

servi ce

y h eart in
(iii 8 ) Ari s

Cf Cur ti us
y
Th e cap of th e ordi n ar
ersi an s w
as low
oo se ,
,
h ead in fo ds w
h ereas th at of th e i n was h i h

you are

li gi g b t th e
t ab e t h e h e
d e
d

tOph an es (Bi rds ,

an

fu

yP

k g

ph o ( Cy p di iii 3 1 3 ) we
t w of
l
ki g
pu ple c lo h alf ixed wi th
th t th P r i
i xt
whit a d th at o e else w ll w d t w th i
f w
hi t
fa
a l t col
e t
d a ob e ti ly purple Cf
H h ad l
wh e th ti a is said to b in th e h p e of a tow ;
b (x
al o S t
d S
c
Am i
xvii i 8 5
( D B n e ii vi
3)
S e Xe op h on ( A b i 2 27 Cyrap aedi
Cu ti
( iii
an

earn

ra o

an

en e a

From

as a

rou sers o

sc r e

er

s. v es

on

oos

e s an

e,

ad

ov

rec

na

s,
.

as

ro

ear

our, an

an us ,

a,

a, v

s m

u re o

re

ur ,

ae

ar

en o

er

us

Philota s

an

d Parm

en i o

p u t to D eath

1 93

t h ere u n der t he com m an d of Crat eru s h e

m ad e a fo r ce d
m arch
a g ai n s t
Satib a rz an es an d t he
Areian s an d h av in g trav ell ed 6 00 s t a de s i n t wo days
c a m e n ear Ar tac o an a
Sa ti b arz an es h o we ver n o soo n e r
p erce i ve d tha t Al exan de r wa s n ear than b ei n g stru ck
with t error at th e qu ick n ess of his arriv al h e t oo k to
ight wi th a few Areian h ors e m en For h e wa s deser te d
by the m aj ority of his s ol di ers in h is ight when th ey
al s o l e arn e d th at Al exan d er w
Th e l at ter
a s a t h an d
m a de r ap i d m ar ch es in p u r su it o f th e en em y kill e d som e
o f th e m en w
h o m h e di sco v ered to b e g u il ty o f th e rev ol t
h o at t hat t i m e h a d l eft th ei r vi lla g es eei n g som e
an d w

hi s fo r ces

on e

way

l ve ry

s a

s o m e a n o th e r

p ro clai m

H e th en

an

o th er s o f

ed

Ar sam

t hem

es , a

he

l d i n to
v icer o y

so

Pe rsian

B ein g n ow j o in ed by the m en who

h a d b een l eft b eh in d wi th Cra t eru s h e m arch ed in t o th e
lan d of th e Z ran ga ean s 1 an d reache d th e p lace wh ere
th e i r seat o f go ve rn m en t wa s
Bu t Ba s a en tes wh o a t
th at t i m e h a d p o ssessi o n o f th e lan d b e i n g o n e o f th o s e
who h ad fall en p on D ariu s i n his ight l earn in g that
Al exan de r was a pp ro a ch in g e d t o th e In di an s wh o li ve
th is s i de of th e r i ve r In du s B ut th ey arreste d him an d
se t h i m
b ack t o Alexa der by wh om he was pu t t o
d eath o n acco u n t o f h i s g u il ty con du c t t o wards D ari u s
o v er

th e Areia n

CHAPTE R XXVI

PAR M E NI O PUT TO D EAT H

H ERE a l so Al exan der di sc ov ered the con sp iracy of
Phil ota s son o f Parm en i o
P tol em y an d Ar isto bulu s
sa
y t ha t it h a d alr ea dy b e e n rep or te d t o him b efo re in
E gypt2 b u t that i t di d n o t app ear t o him c re dibl e b o th
PH I LOTAS

AND

Th e p eople a

i n D ran gi an a
2
Accordi n

th e

i stress

re a so ca

se

to
,

Pl

u t arch

f hi lotas, to

Th y li ved wst

lled Dran gia

n s.

(Alena

48 , 49) A exan der

l hi s s

revea

su

of

Arach o si a

b orn ed An ti go

ecret con versati on

e,

The An a basi s

1 94

f Alexan der

i i g fri en dship b etween th em

th e h on o u r whi ch h e p u blic ly con ferr e d up on his fath e r
Parm en i o a d th e co n den c e h e rep ose d in Phi l o tas
P tolem y son of Lag us say s that Phi lotas wa s
h i m s elf
b ro u ght b efore the Macedon i an s 1 that Alexan der ve
h e m en tly a cc u se d h im an d that h e d efen de d him self

s
H e says al so th at th e di vu lger o f
fr om th e ch ar ges
ar d an d con vi c te d h im an d hi s a eco m
t h e p l ot cam e for w
li
es b oth by o th e r c l ear p roofs an d e sp e c ia lly b ecau s e
c
p
Philo tas hi m self con fessed th at h e h ad hear d o f a certa in
h i ch was b ein g fo rm e d again s t Al exan de r
con sp iracy w
He was con vi ct ed o f h avi n g sai d n o thi n g t o th e kin g
a b ou t thi s p lo t tho u gh h e v is i t e d th e royal te t t wi c e a
He an d all th e o th e rs who h ad t ak en p art with
day 3
hi m in th e con sp ira cy were kill e d b y th e Ma c edon i an s
with th eir j a velin s 5 an d Po ly da m as o n e o f t he Co m
p an ion s wa s despatch e d to Par m e io carr yin g l ette rs
from Al ex an der to th e g en eral s i n Me d ia Ol ean der
Sitalces an d M en ida s who h ad b een p la c ed o v er th e
ar m y com m an d ed by Parm en i o
By th ese m e n P arm e n io
wa s pu t to death p e hap s b ecause Alexan de r deem ed i t
i n credibl e that Ph il o tas s h o u l d con sp ir e a gain s t hi m an d
Parm en i o n o t p arti ci p ate in hi s son s plan ; or p erhap s
h e th ou gh t th at ev en if h e h ad n o sh are i n i t h e wo u l d
n owb e a dan g e rou s m an
if h e su r vi v ed afte th e ki n g
h a d vi ol en t ly m a de away wi th his s on
More o ver h e wa s
h el d in v ery gr eat resp ect b o th by Al exan de r h i m sel f
an d by all th e arm y
h av in g gr eat in u en ce n o t o n ly
am o n g
th e M ace don ian t ro op s b u t al so am on g th e
c

on a c oun

of

lon g

the

ex s t n

Cf Curti us , vi 3 2
ord arcpnvvrs is foun d n ow
Th e w
h ere e s e i n an y ree au th or
3
Fu detai s of th e con s irac an d tria of hil ota s are iven
C urti us (vi 2 5
4
Arri an sa s n othin
a out
hi otas ein put to th e torture ; but
i th am
this fact is asserted w
u tarch (AIan ,
e detai s
D io don u
Curti us (vi 42 ,
an d J us tin (xii
(xvii
.

ll

g b

pl

b g
l by Pl

P l

by

Treatin en t

Gr eci an

f Am yn tas

liari es wh om h e o ften u sed to com m

acc ordin g to Al exan d er s o rd e r b o th in his o w
n t urn
o u t o f hi s t urn
with his so vereign s approb ation
s at is fac t ion 1
au xi

an

an

an

CHAPTE R XXVII
T REATM E NT

ARIASPI AN S

HE

b ou t th e sam e ti m e Am yn tas son

of An drom en es w
a s b ro u g h t t o tr ial to g et h e r w
i th hi s
b ro th ers Pol em o Attalu s an d Sim m ia s o n the charge
of b e in g acc e sso ry t o th e c o n s p i ra cy a gain s t Al exan de r
on acco u n t o f th e i r tru st i n P h il o tas an d t h ei r i n t im at e
frien d sh i p w i t h hi m
The b eli e f i n t h ei r p ar tici p at ion
i n the p l o t was stre n g th en e d am on g the m as s of m en by
th e fac t t ha t wh en Ph ilo ta s wa s arre s te d Pol e m o on e
o f th e b roth er s o f Am
B ut
yn t as e d t o th e en em y
Am yn tas w i th h i s o th e r t wo b roth er s s tay e d to a wait
the tri al an d defen d e d hi m s elf s o vig or o u sl y am o n g th e
Mac edon ia n s that h e was dec lare d in n o cen t of the charg e
As s o on a s h e was a c qu i tt ed in th e a ss em bly h e de
m e n de d th a t p er m i ssi on sh ou l d b e gi ven hi m to
g o to
To t hi s
his b r oth er an d b rin g him b ac k to Al exan der
the Mac e don i an s a cc e ded so h e wen t awa y an d o n th e
On t h i s acco u n t h e
sam e d ay b r ou g ht P ol em o b ac k
g u ilt m uch m ore than b efo re
n ow seem e d free fr om
But so on afte r a s h e was b es iegi n g a certain vil la ge he
was sh o t wi th an arr owan d d ie d of th e wou n d ; 0 tha t
h e deri ve d n o o th er a dvan ta g e fr om hi s ac q u i ttal except
2
n
r
u
a
o
u
u
e
d
e
h
an
n
s
lli
p t ti
that of dyin g w i t
o com m an d ers o ver t he C om
Al exan d er app o in te d tw
p an ion cavalry Hephae stion son of Am yn tor an d Clitu s
THE Y

AM YNTAs

or

a so

th a t

s ay

'

F ull particulars

(vi i
3

7
For th e tri a

th e

of

m urder of

l of Am yn tas
1

of

arm en io

Curti us, vi i 2 6
.

are

given

by

Curti us

f Alexa/ri der

The An a basi s

1 96

briga de of the C o m pan i on s

in t o two p art s b ecau se h e did n ot wish an y on e o f h is
fri en ds t o ha ve th e sol e c om m an d of so m an y h orsem en
e re th e b e s t o f all hi s cava l ry b o th
e s p eci ally a s th ey w
l
i
a
n
o
n
a
n
d
n
m
s
e
He
p
bli
i
t
i
rt
i
d
i
i
p
li
s
t
m
a
a
l
c
u
c
e
in
n ow rri ve d in th e l an d of t h e p eo pl e form er ly calle d
Ariaspian s b u t aft erwa ds n am e d E uergetae becau se
they assi sted Cyru s son of C am byses in his in vas ion of
Al exan der tr ea ted the se p eop l e wh o se an
Scyth i a 2
an d
ces tor s h ad b een serv i ceabl e t o Cy ru s w ith h on ou r
wh en he ascertain ed that th e m en n ot on ly en j oye d a fo rm
o f g o v ern m en t u n like t ha t o f th e o th er b arb ari an s i n th at
p art of th e world b ut lai d cl i m t o j u st ice e qually wi th
th e b e st of the Greek s h e se t th em fr ee an d ga ve th e m
b esides as m u ch of the adj acen t coun t ry a s th ey as ke d
Here
for th em sel v es ; b u t th e y di d n o t ask fo r m u ch
he o ffere d sacr i ce to Ap oll o an d arre st e d D em etriu s
body gu ards on su s p icion o f
on e o f hi s c on den t ial
h av i n g b een i m p li cat e d wi th Ph il o tas in th e co n s pirac y
Ptol em y s o n o f L agu e wa s a pp oi n te d to t h e p os t vacated
by D em etrius
s on

of

D rop ida s,

divi din g

the

CHAPTER
A LEXAN D E R

of

gain st B actra

an

Ga dro sian s " t o

bj ecti on

Alexan der al so form ed a

i th
n oun ce d sym p ath i sers w
1

se

i s bu sin ess he
e du ci n g th e D r

th

d Bes s u s ,

su

TH E H IND U KO O SH

CRo sSEs

AFTER th e tran sacti on

XXVIII

on

pa

an

h is

r ch

m a

rate coh o rt o f

th e

m en

dvan ce d

gian

He

s an

a so

re

wh o were

pro
reat

d thi s coh ort afterw

ards
xvii
8 0 ; Curti us , vii 1 0 ; J us ti n ,

arm en i o , an

ly

Bee D i odom ,
di sti n gui sh ed itse f
xii 5
9
Th e Ar iasp ian s in h a ited th e sou th
art of D ran gi an s on th e bo r
Th e river E tym an der, n ow n ow
ders of Gadrosia
n
as th e H ilm en d,
Cf Cu rti us,
ow
ed thr ou h th eir territori e s
1 1 ; D i odoru s , xvii 8 1
3 G a drosi a w
rovin ce of th e
as th e furth est
ersi an em
i re on th e
It com ri sed th e sou th -east art of Beloo chi s tan
s ou th ea st
.

p
.

Aleman der Cr osses the Hin du Koosh

'

1 97

du ced th e

Ara cho tian s to s u bj ecti on an d app o in te d

Men on v ic er o y o ver them
H e th en reach e d the I n di an s,
wh o in habit th e lan d b or derin g on th at of th e Arach o
t i an s
All th ese n at ion s h e reache d m arch in g th ro u g h
.

wan d his s oldiers exp er ien cin g scarc ity of pro

v i si on s an d se vere hardship
L earn in g that th e Areian s
h a d a g ain re v o lted i n co n se q u en ce o f Sati barz an es i n
vadin g th eir lan d with
c aval ry
which h e h ad
recei ve d fr om Bes su s h e desp atch e d again st th em Arta
b az u s th e Persian with E rigyiu s an d Caran u s t wo o f the
C o m p an i o n s als o orderin g Ph rataphern e s v i ceroy o f the
Parth ian s to a ssist th e m i n atta ckin g the Areian s An
o b sti n ate ly c on tes t e d b at tl e t h en t o o k p l ac e b e t w
e en th e
tro o p s of E rigyiu s an d Caran u s an d th ose o f Sa tib arz an es ;
n or di d t h e b ar b a ri an s gi v e w
a
y u n t il Sati barz an es en
co u n te r in g E ri
gyiu s wa s s tru ck i n th e fa c e with a s p ear
an d kill e d
Th en the b ar b aria n s g ave wa y an d ed w
ith
h ea dl on g s p e e d
Mean t im e Al exan der was l eadin g h is arm y to wards
1
o
n
u
t
au
c
as
u
s
M
C
wh ere h e fo un de d a ci ty an d n am ed it
Al exan dre ia 2 Ha vi n g o ffered sacri ce h ere t o t he go ds
t o Wh o m i t was h i s c u s to m to sacri c e h e cr osse d M o u n t
C au casu s after a pp o i n tin g Pro xes a Persian v i ce roy
o ver th e l an d an d l e av in g N eilox e n u s so n of Satyr u s
ith a n arm y as su perin ten den t
o n e o f th e C o m p an i on s w
Acco rdin g t o th e ac co u n t o f Ari sto b u l u s M oun t C au ca s u s
d ee p

sn o

lofty a s

i s as

in

rate
ran

y i n As ia, an d m ost o f it i s b are,

t h at p ar t wh er e A lexan der cr osse d i t
an

a t an

Th i s

ge of

m oun

ta

in s

s tre tch es

o ut

so

far th at th ey

say

Mo u n t Tau r us wh i ch fo rm s th e b o u n dary of
Cilicia an d Pam p hyli a s prin gs fro m i t a s do other great

that

e en

Thi s was

th e In di an

ll

ca

ed

n ot

th e

ran

C au casu s, th e

Hi n du Koo sh
-

lly so

u sua

p op e

r n am e

lled b t wh at wa k w as
b ei g Pa op an i su s It i s n w

ca

Th i

s ci t

egh ram

ch.

y wa probably o th e site of B
See Grote s Greece vol
n orth east of Cab u l
2

n o

tw
en t

y v

94

e m

les

f Alexa/ri der

The An abasi s

1 98

ran ges which h av e b een distin gu ish e d from the C au casu s

by va riou s n am es a ccor din g to the p osition of e ach
Ar is tob ul us says th at in thi s p art of the C au casu s n othi n g
1
r
an
h
d
s
u
n
ee
s
l
m
r
pt
t
r
bi
t
h
t
i
p
i
x
c
e
e
, n o twith
g ew e e
as in ha bite d by m an y p eo p l e an d
s tan d in g w hich it w
graz e there ; b e cau se sheep are
m an y sh ee p an d oxen
very fon d of silp hiu m
F or if a sh eep s m ells it even
fro m a dist an ce i t r u n s t o i t an d fee ds u p on t h e o we r
They al s o d ig u p the ro ot whi ch is d evo u r ed by the
sh eep
For thi s r eas on i n Cyren e 2 s o m e dri ve th e i r
ock s as far as p ossibl e away fro m the p la ces where
th e ir s il p h ium i s gro win g ; o th er s ev en en cl ose t h e pl a ce
with a fen ce so that even if th e sheep s hou l d a pproa ch
i t th ey wou l d n ot b e able t o get w ithi n th e en cl o su re
For th e s il p hiu m i s ve ry val u able to t h e Cyren aean s
B assu s accom p an ied by th e Persi an s who had ta k en
p art with him in the s eiz u re o f D ariu s an d by
of
h o d wel t o n
t h e B a c tr ian s t h em sel v es a n d th e D aan s w
as l ayi n g w ast e th e cou n tr y a t th e
th i s s i de the Tan ais 3 w
fo o t o f M o un t C au casu s i n o r der t o prev en t A l exan der
from m ar chin g an y fur th er b o th by th e d esol a tio n o f th e
lan d b e tween the en em y an d h i m s elf an d by th e lack o f
p ro vi s ion s Bu t n on e th e les s di d Al exan de r k ee p u p
t he m ar ch t h ou gh wi th d i fcu lty b ot h on a c c oun t o f
th e de e p sn o w an d from t h e wan t of n eces sar ies ; b u t
When Be ss u s was
yet h e p ers ev er ed in his j ou rn ey
in form ed that Al exan d er wa s n own ot far off h e cros se d
.

There are two kin ds of silphi

P sian The latter is u ally
um

th e

er

su

or

laserpiti um

ll ed

ca

(H istori c

th e C

asafoeti da.

ren ai c , an

See H erodotus
Asl ian ( Vari a

N a tu ra lis , xi x 1 5 ; xxiii
H i s tori a ,
Aristo han es (Plu m s ,
autu s (Rud ,
2,
C a tu l lus (vii laserp itiferi s Cyren i s)
3 C
ren e w
as a co on
foun ded
B attus from
h era, an is an d co o
n i z ed
th e
artan s
Th e terri tor of C ren aica i s n ow a art of
ri oli
Of in dar (Pyth , i v
H erod otus ( iv 1 5 9 205 )
3
hi s Tan ais w
in
as usua l
axartes , n owSir ,
ow
i n to th e
ca ed

(iv

Pl

T p
T

y
by

sea of

Aral

Sp

l y

by

ly

ll

Con qu est

Bactri a

1 99

havin g b urn t the b oat s u p on whi ch

he
h e wi th drew to Nau taca $2 in th e lan d o f
So g di an a
H e was fo llo wed by Spi tam en es an d O xyartes
with the ca valry fro m So g dian a a s well as by th e D aan s
fro m th e Tan ais
B u t th e Bactrian c a val ry p ercei v in g
t h at Be s su s h ad re s ol ve d t o tak e t o ight all di sp erse d
i n var i o us d irection s t o th ei r o wn ab o des
th e

ri v r O
h ad c ross e d

xu s,1 a n

CHAPTE R XX IX
C ON Q UE ST

BACTR IA

or

AN D

TH E

ALE XAND ER

n o

w arrived

at

P UR SUI T
Oxus

BE ssus

or

AC

RO SS

D rapsa ca,

d h av in g th ere

an

giv en his arm y a r est, h e m a ch ed t o Aorn s an d B actra

wh ich are the l arges t cities in the lan d of the B actrian s
Th es e h e too k at th e rs t a s sa u l t ; an d l eft a g rri s on
in th e c i ta de l o f Ao r n u s o ver wh i ch h e p l a ce d Ar ch elaii s
s on o f An droc l e s o n e o f th e C o m p an io n s
H e app o in ted
Ar tab a u s th e P ers i an
v i cero y o ver th e r es t o f the
B ac tri a s Wh o we e easily r edu ce d t o s u b m i s sio
Th en
h e m arch e d t owar d s th e r iv e r Ox u s wh i ch o ws fro
m o u n t C a u cas u s an d i s t h e l a g e s t o f all the r i v er s i
A sia wh ich Al exan der an d h is arm y reach e d ex cep t th e
In dian r i vers ; b u t th e In dian r ivers are the l gest i n
The Ox u s d i s ch ar g es it s wate i n t o th e g reat
t h e worl d
W hen h e atte m p ted to
s ea w
h ic h i s n ear Hyrcan ia
for
c ross th e r i ve r i t app e a re d al to g eth er i m p a ss abl e
i ts b read th wa s a b o u t six s ta des an d i ts d epth was m u ch
gr eater than th e p rop orti on of its b readth Th e b e d o f
th e r i v e r wa s sa n dy an d the s t e a m so r p i d th t s tak es
xed deep in to th e b ottom were easily oote d u p f o m
r

ar

b u t form
2

it

wcalle d Jih oun or Am

ed i n to th e C aspi an
erly ow

Th e Oxu s , n

S om

th in

k thi

was at Kesch

ou ,

o ws

i n to th e

s ea

of

wn stood wh ere Naksh eh

to

n o

wis

an

Ara

d oth ers thin

f Alexan der

The An a basi s

2 00

rth by the m ere force of th e c urren t in asm u ch as

th ey coul d n ot b e secu r el y x e d in th e san d B esi d es
t hi s there was a s carc ity of t im b er in th e locali ty an d
h e th ou gh t i t wou l d t ak e a l o n g t i m e an d cau se g reat
d elay if th ey b rou gh t fr om a di stan ce the m aterials
Th er efor e
n ee dful fo r m akin g a b ri dge o v e r th e r iv er
he coll ected th e skin s wh ich th e so l d ie rs u se d for t en t
to b e l le d w i th cha a s
c o v eri n g s an d o rd er e d th em
dry as possible an d t ied an d stitche d tigh tly togethe r
1
h
em
Wh en
s o that th e w ater m igh t n ot p en e trat e i n t o t
th ese were ll e d an d st itc he d to ge th e r th ey we re sui
c ien t to con vey the arm y a cro ss in ve days B ut
b efore he crossed the r iver h e se lec te d th e oldes t of the
Maced on ian s wh o were n ow u n t for m ilitary serv ice
an d su ch of th e Th e ssa lian s a s h a d v o l un t eer e d to re m a i n
He t h en dis
in th e arm y an d s en t th em b a c k h o m e
p atched Stasan or on e of th e C o m pan i o n s in to the lan d
o f th e Areian s wi th in s tru ct i o n s t o arr e s t Arsam es t h e
v iceroy of t hat p e o p le b e cau se h e thou ght h im dis
affe ct ed
a d t o a ss u m e th e o fce of v i cero y of Are ia
n
the

ea

'

h im

lf

se

p assin g o ver th e r iv er Oxu s h e m ade a fo rce d

h ere h e h ear d th at Bes su s wa s w i t h
m arch t o th e p l a ce w
his fo r ces ; b ut a t th i s t i m e m ess en g ers r each ed him from
Spi tam en es an d D ataph ern e s t o an n o un c e th at th ey
wo u l d arrest D essu s an d han d him o v er to Alexan de r
if h e wou l d sen d to th em a s m all arm y an d a co m m an de r
for i t ; s in ce e v en a t th a t ve r y t im e th ey we re h ol din g
him u n der guard th o u gh th ey h a d n ot b o un d him w ith
fetters
When Al exan der h ear d th i s, he gave his arm y
rest an d m a rch e d m ore s lo wly than b efore Bu t he
despatch ed Pt olem y son of L agu s at th e h ea d of thr ee
troop s of the C om p an i on cav alry an d all th e h or se lan cers
an d o f the in fan try th e b r ig a de o f Ph ilo ta s o n e regi m en t
Aft er

Cf

ph o

en o

An a b , i 5 , 1 0
.

Cap ture
of

hiel d b earin g gu ards

ar ch er s
with o r ders to
s

h al f th e

Bessa s

all

20 1

th e Agria n ian

s,

an

k e a forced m a ch to
Spi tam en es an d D ataph er es
Ptol em y wen t accor din g
t o h i s in st ru c ti o n s an d com p l e ti g ten day s m arch in
fo u r da y s arri ve d at th e cam p wh ere o n the p recedi n g
day th e b arba r ian s u n de r Spitam en es h ad biv ou ack e d
,

m a

C H APTE R XXX

C APTURE or BE SSUS E XPLO I TS 1 N S OGD IANA

H ERE Ptole m y l earn e d th at Sp itam en es a d D taphern es
were n o t m ly r e sol ve d ab o u t th e b etrayal of Be ssu s
H e th erefore left th e in fan try b e hi n d with o rders t o
foll o w h im i n re g l ar order an d a dv an c e d wi t h th e
cav al ry till h e arri v e d at a ce tain v ill ag e W h er e B ess u s
was with a few so l diers ; for Spitam en e s an d his pa ty
ha d a lr ea d y r et ire d fr o m th en ce b ei n g a sh a m ed to
b etray D essu s th em sel ves P to lem y p osted his caval ry
righ t r ou n d th e vill a g e
wh ich wa s en clos ed by a wall
su pp li e d w i th ga te s
H e th en i s su ed a p ro cla m at ion t o
t h e b arb ar i an s i n th e v ill a g e th at th e y wo u l d b e all o we d
t o dep a t u n i n j u re d if th e y s r en der e d D ess u s t o him
en
in t o
The y accor d in gly a d m itte d Pto l e m y an d hi s
H e th en s e iz ed D es s u s an d dep ar ted ; b u t
the v illag e
b efore t o ask Al exan der h ow h e
s en t a m esse n g er o n
wa s to con du c t B essu s in to his presen ce Al exan der
t o bin d t he p r i so n e r n a k e d i n a wo o den
or dere d hi m
on th e r igh t
coll a r a n d th u s t o l ea d hi m an d p l ace h i m
h an d s id e o f th e ro a d al on g wh i ch h e wa s ab o t to
m a r ch
with th e a m y Thu s did P to lem y Wh en
Al exan der saw B ossu s b e ca use d his ch rio t to s top
for wha t rea so n h e h ad i n th e rs t p lace
an d ask e d h i m
h o was al so h is kin s m an
n kin g w
arre s te d D ar i s h i s o w
an d b en efac tor an d th en led him a s a p ri so er i n c ha in s
B os su s sai d that h e was n ot the
an d a t l a s t kil l e d h im
.

The An a ba si s

202

Alexa n der

ly p erson wh o h ad deci de d t o do th i s b ut th at i t was

h o were a t t he t i m e in att en da n c e
the j o in t ac t o f th ose w
u p o n D ari u s w
ith th e view of p ocu ri n g safe ty fo r th em
Fo r th i s Al exan der o rdered t h at
sel ves fro m Al exan der
h e sh o u ld b e sco g ed an d that th e h era l d sh o u l d r e p eat
th e v ery s a e ep ro ach es wh ich h e ha d h im s el f m a de
t o Bes s u s i n his in qu i ry
After b ei n g t h u s dis g racef lly
t o rtu re d h e w
a s s en t a w
ay to B act ra t o b e p u t t o d eath
S u ch is th e a c co un t given by Pto l em y in relati on t o
D es su s b u t Ari s tob u l u s s ay s t ha t Spi tam en es an d D a ta
d h av i g b o u n d
p h ern es b rou ght D e ssu s t o P tol em y
h i m n ake d in a wo o den coll ar b etraye d hi m t o Al exan der 1
Alexan der s pp li ed his caval y with h or se s fro m t h at
distri ct fo m an y of his own h ors es h d p er i sh ed in t h e
p ass age of th e C aucas u s an d i n th e m ch t o n d fro m th e
O x s H e th en led his arm y t o Mara can da 2 wh ich i s
t he cap i ta l o f th e l n d o f th e S o g dian ian s
Th en ce b e
a dvan ce d t o t h e r i ver Tan a i s
Th i s r i v er wh i ch Ar i s
t ob u l u s s ays t he n e igh b o u rin g b arb ar ian s c all by a
d ifferen t n am e Jaxar te s h as i ts sou r ce li k e th e Ox s
i n m oun t C au casu s an d a l so d i sc harges i tself in to th e
3
Hyr ca ian Sea I t m u st b e a differe t T n ais from th a t
h ich Hero do t s th e h i stor ian s p eak s sayin g th a t i t
of w
i s th e e ighth o f th e S c yth i an r iv e rs th at i t o ws o u t
o f a gre at l ak e i n
wh ich it origin at es an d di sch r ge s
itself in to still l a g er lake calle d th e M aeotis f Th ere
a e som e w
ho m a k e t hi s Tan ai s the b o un dary o f E u op e
on

ur

an

ar

Curti us

D i odom
2

Th e

(xvii

Cau casu s,
ca

ll

ed

an

or

24) fo

S
St b
ra

d th e

Lk

a e

o are

Hin du Ko osh
.

accoun

It

Ari stobu l u s, an d
( Vari a H i stori a , xi i

of

Cf Ael i an

wron g

M ou s sou r

the

m ain

am arcan

in

statin

rin

g th

from

at

Jax

th e

th e C om

n ot

owi n to th e H
a

ou

ea

ov.

an

on

ero

Maeotis, i s th e Sea of Az

i n th e
,

n o

Sea,

C f S tra bo
.

Mon tes
or Cas pi an

ed a e

does

so

artes ri ses

y c ia
l It i s b t 900 m i les l g
fw
h ich H
45
do tu s sp k s (i

I t does

b ut in to th e Sea of Ara
4
Th e river T an ais , o
an

ll ows

8 3 ) in th e

m odern

Arrian

( vii

i s th e D on ;
(vii cc 3 an d
,

E xp loi ts i n Sogdi an a
d Asia,

203

g th at the Palus M aeotis, i ssu in g from the

furt hest r ecess of the E uxin e 1 Sea an d thi s r iv er Tan ai s
w hich d ischarges it self i n t o th e M aeotis separate As ia an d
E ur op e 9 j u st in th e s a m e way a s th e s ea n ear Gadeira
an d
th e Nom ad L ibya n s o pp os ite Gadeira s ep arat es
3
a
a
n
E
u
L iby
d
r op e
L ibya also is sai d by thes e m en
t o b e d i vi de d from th e re st of As ia by th e ri v er Nil e
I n thi s p la c e ( v iz a t th e ri ve r Tan ai s) som e of t he
Mace don ian s b ein g en gage d in fora gin g w ere cut to
p ieces by the b arbari an s Th e p erp etrators of t his dee d
escap e d to a m oun t a in
wh ich was ve ry ru gge d an d
prec ip it ou s on all si des I n n u m b e r they w ere ab ou t
Alexan der t oo k th e ligh test m en in hi s arm y
Then th e Mace don ian s
ag a i n s t t h e s e
an d m arc h e d
At
m a d e m an y i n effe c t u a l ass au lts u p on the m o un t ai n
r st th ey were b eat en b ack by t h e m i ss il es of the b ar
b arian s an d m an y of th em we e woun ded in cl u di n g
Al exan de r h i m sel f who was sh o t right th rou gh t he leg
w ith an arrow an d th e bu l a o f hi s l eg was b rok en
Not wi th st an di n g t his h e capt u red th e p lace an d som e
o f th e b arb aria n s w er e c u t t o p i eces th er e by the Mace
an

sayi n

E uxei no s

(kin d

to

p bl

stran

ers

; cal

b efore

ed

th e

Greek s sett led u pon

Cf Am m i an us (xxii
See Ovi d ( Tri s ti a , iv
i t Ar en as ( in h os ita e)
on tus E uxi n us adpellatur, et
8,
A con trario p er ca vill a tion em
et furia s
euphron en
eueth en
Graeci di cim us stul tum , et n octem

um en

idae
.

.,

So Curti us (vi 6) m a es th e D on th e b oun dary of urop e an d Asia

r
f
m
e
di
u
i
n
t
e
i
Am m i an us says :
u
t
m
A
s
i
am
s
Tan ais E urop a
et
Tan ai s in ter Caucas ias ori en s rup es , p er sin uosos labi tur circum exu s,
Th e
Asiam que di sterm i n an s ab urop a , in stagn i s Maeoti cis delitesci
Rh a, or Vol a, i s rst m en ti on ed by tolem y in the secon d cen tury of
3

th e Ch ristian

em

ree s ca ed th e con tin en t of

Th e
Gadeira i s n ow cal ed Cadi z
So Poly bi us (iii 3 7 ) sa s th at th e D on i s
th e n am e of i a
Africa
i a i s se arated from Asi a an d
uro e , an d th at
th e ou n dar of
traits of
i ra tar, or, as h e
th e Ni e an d th e
uro e res ective

Arrien h ere,
il
ar
s
u
e
s
c
h
a
t
th
e
o
f
H
er
the m ou t
ca s th e atter,
i e m an an cien t auth ors , con siders i a a art of Asia Of Juven a l , x i

by

b
y
E p
p
ll
l
lk
y

L by

p
ly by

ll

L by

p l
L by

Gb l
l
.

The An a bas is

204

Alem an der
'

wh il e m an y als o ca st them
rock s an d p erish ed so t hat o u t o f
w ere preser ved 1
don ian s,

se

dow
n from th e

lv e s

n ot m o e

han

by l

A exan der of
Curti us (vi i 23 ) ives an accoun t of th e m as sacre
h o h ad surren dered to erxes th e
th e descen dan ts of th e Br an chidae , w
h o, to esca e th e
e o f A o o n ear M il etu s , an d w
t reasures of th e tem
1

pl
p ll
p
pa i d Xe xes in to th e i n terior
had
ven g ean ce of th e G reeks
Th ey h ad b een settled in Sogdi an an d th ir desce dan ts h ad preserved
1 5 0 y ears ti ll th e arri val of
th em elves dis tin ct from th b barian s f
f co t ts o f th e 1 7 th b ook o f
Alexan der
We le
fro
th e tabl
an acco
t of thi s atro ci ty of
B i dom e th at that hi torian al so g
Alexan der in th e part of hi hi st ry
wlo t whi ch ca e after th e 83 rd
chapter
S t abo ( xi 1 1 ; xiv
Cf H erodotus (i 92 1 5 7 v
acco m

a,

arn

e o

en

un

ave

n o
.

or

ar

B OOK

IV

CH AP TE R I
R EBE LLI O N

T H E S O GD IANIANS

or

wda ys after th i s en vo ys reached Al exan der fro m

th e p e o p l e call e d Abian S cyth ian s whom Ho m er co m
m e n de d in his p oem
ca llin g t h e m
th e j us test of m e n l
Thi s n at i on d well s in As ia an d i s in dep en den t ch iey
by reaso n of its p overty an d l o v e of j u st i ce E n voys
al so cam e from
the S cyth ian s o f E u rop e who a re th e
l arg est n ation dwellin g in tha t co n tin en t 2 Alexan de r
s en t s om e of the C om p an i o n s w
ith them u n der the p re
text in dee d t h at th ey w ere t o con clu d e a fri en dly allia n ce
by the em b assy ; b u t th e r eal o bj ect of the m is s ion was
rather t o spy i n to th e n at u ra l fea tures of th e S cyth ian
lan d the n u m b er of th e in h a bitan ts an d th eir c u st om s
as
well as the arm a m en t s wh ich they po ssessed for
3
s
x
d
t
on
He form e d a p l an o f
m aki n g m ili t ary e p e i i
fou n din g a cit y n ear the r iv er Tan ai s wh i ch wa s to b e
n am e d a ft er hi m sel f ; for th e s i te s ee m ed to hi m
su it able
an d lik ely to c au se th e c ity t o g r ow to lar ge di m en si o n s
H e al so t h ou gh t i t w ou l d b e b u il t i n a p l a ce whi ch wo u l d
s erve a s a fav o u rabl e b a s is of o p erat io n s for an i n v a s io n
o f S c y thi a if s u ch an e ven t sh ou l d eve r o c cu r ; an d n o t
A

ra

Cf Curti us ,
2 6 ; Am m i an us , xxiii 6
6
See H om ers I li ad ,
97
or r im /ai des .
Cu rti us (vii 2 6) sa s, h e sen t on e of h is fri en ds n am ed erdes on thi s
.

i ssion

205

The Am bas is

20 6

'

Alexan der

ly so b ut i t woul d al so b e a b u lwark to secu re the

la n d agai n st th e in cu r io n s o f th e b ar b ari an s d wellin g
Mor eov er h e th ou gh t
o n th e fu rth er si de of th e r i ver
tha t th e ci ty w ou l d b eco m e gr eat b oth by rea son of the
ho wou l d j o in in c olon izin g it an d
m u l ti tu de of th o se w
on a c cou n t o f the c el e b ri ty o f th e n am e con ferre d u p on
Mean t im e th e b arbarian s dwellin g n ear the r iver
it 1
s eiz e d u p on th e M a cedo n i a n s ol dier s w
ho w er e garris on
a fte r w hi ch t h ey b egan
i n g th eir c i t ies an d kill ed t hem
M os t
t o s tren gth en th e c i ties for th e ir greater s ecu ri t y
in t hi s r ev ol t b e in g
o f th e Sog d ian ian s j o in e d th em
wh o h ad a rres te d Bessus
u rg e d on t o i t by th e m e n
Th es e m en were so en erget ic tha t th ey e v en in du c ed
i n the r eb ellion e ithe r
so m e o f th e Ba c tri an s t o j o in
b ecau se th ey were afrai d of Al exan der or b ecaus e their
se du cer s a ssign e d a s a re as o
fo r th eir rev ol t th at h e
h a d sen t in stru ct i on s to th e ru l ers of t h at lan d t o
a ssem bl e for a co n fere n ce at Z aria s a
th e chie f cit y ;
p
wh ich con feren ce th ey sai d woul d b e for n o g ood
on

ur

ose .

5a

C HAP TE R II

CAPTURE or F IVE Crrm s IN Two DAYS

WHEN Al exan de r was in form e d of t his he gave in tru c
t io n s to th e i n fan tr y co m p an y by co m pan y to prepare
h i ch were a ssig n ed t o eac h co m p an y
t h e lad der s w
He
.

t hen
ci t y

rt ed fro m

th e

p an d a dvan c e d to th e n e ares t
th e n am e of wh i ch was Gaz a ; for the b ar b arian s
o f the l an d w
ere aid t o h ave e d for refu g e i n to s ev en
He se n t Crateru s t o th e on e call e d Cyropolis
c ities
sta

c am

Thi s was
m o dern

ll

ca ed

Kh oj en d

Al exan dri a Ul ti m

Z ariaspa
0 i Curti us (vii
Pli n y (vi 1 8 ) an d Stra bo (xi
3

a, on

was

th e Jaxartes,

an o th er n am e

for

prob ably

th e

See

actra.

Cap tu re

Tw
o Da s
y

F ive Cities i n

20 7

lar gest of th em all i n to wh ich m ost of th e b arb ar ian s

h ad g ath ere d 1 Th e o rders o f Crat eru s were t o e n ca m p
\
n ear the c i ty t o di
g a tre n ch r o u n d it t o s urro u n d it
with a stock ade an d to x tog eth er t h e ilit ary en gin es
wh i ch were re qu ired for u se so th at th e m en in th is
c i ty
h a v in g h a d th e ir att en t i on dra wn t o hi s for ces
m igh t b e u n abl e to r en d er aid t o th e o th e r c i ti es
As
s oo n a s Al e xan de r ar ri v ed a t G a
wi th o u t an y delay
he g av e t h e sign a l to his m en t o p l a ce th e la dders
a gai n s t th e w
all all r o u n d an d to t ak e i t by a s s a u l t a t
o n ce a s i t w
a s m ade m er ely o f e a th an d w
a s n o t at all
S i m u ltan e ou sly with the assau l t o f th e i fan try
h igh
his slin gers ar ch er s an d j av elin th ro we s a s sail ed th e
defen de s o n t h e wall an d m i ss il es wer e h u rl ed fr om
th e m ili tary en gin e s s o th at th e wall wa s q i ckly c l ear e d
o f i ts d e fen de s by th e m u l ti tu de o f th e m i s s il e s
Th en
th e x i g o f t h e l a d ders a gain st th e wa ll a d th e m o un t
i n g o f th e M a ce do n i an s wer e m atter s s o on e ffe ct ed The y
kille d all th e m en a cco rdin g t o Al exan der s in j u n ction s
b u t th e wom en th e ch il dren a n d th e r es t o f th e b oo ty
Th en ce h e i m m edia t ely
th ey c arri e d o ff a s p l u n d er
m ar ch e d t o th e c i ty s i tu at e d n ex t t o th a t on e 3 a n d th i s
h e t oo k in the s am e way a n d on th e s m e day trea tin g
th e

z a,
.

'

th e

ca

p ti ves

m an n er

s am e

Then

he

he d

m ar c

th ird c ity an d too k i t on th e n ex t day at

Wh ile h e wa s thu s occu p ie d by th ese
th e rs t a s sau l t
i th th e in fa n try h e sen t o u t his c avalry t o th e
m atters w
two n eigh b o u r in g c i tie s with o r de rs t o gu ard the m en
with in them cl o sely so th at when t h ey h eard o f th e
capt ur e o f th e n e igh b o u rin g c i tie s an d a t th e s am e t i m e
n n e ar ap proach t h ey sho ul d n o t b e tak e th em
o f hi s o w
s el v es t o igh t a n d r e n de r i t i m p oss ibl e fo r h im to p ur s u e
I t t u r n e d ou t j u st a s h e h a d c o n j ectu red ; an d
t he m
a

g a in s t

th e

1n

th e

T hi s city w s also call ed Cy es hata b aus i t was th e furth est city

foun ded by Cyrus an d th e ext em e city of th e P ersian em pire
1

ec

2 08

'

The An a basi s

Alexa n der

hi s desp at ch of t he c a valry wa s m a de j us t at th e n i c k
For wh en th e b arb ari a n s wh o occu p i e d the
of t i m e
tw
o ci ti es still u n ca p tu r ed, s a w th e s m o k e r i s in g fr o m
.

th e

ity

i n fro n t

of

wh i ch wa s

th e m

the n

on

(an d

r e,

p in g e ven from th e m i ds t o f th e calam ity

itself b ecam e the rep orter s of th e cap tu re whi ch they
ha d th e m sel v es witn ess ed ) th ey b e gan t o ee i n c ro wd s
so m e m e n

e s ca

itie s as fa st as each man cou l d ; b u t fallin g

n u
i n with th e de n s e b o dy of cav alry draw
p in a rra y of
b attl e m ost of them were cu t t o p ieces
o ut o f

th e

CH APTE R III
STORM IN G

or

CYRO PO LIS

RE VO

or

ScY rH IAN S

T HE

HAVING th u s cap tu re d the v e citi es an d redu ce d th em to

1
h e wen t t o Cyr o p olis th e l g est
tw
o day s
slav ery i
I t wa s fo ti ed with a w ll high er
c ity in th e cou n try
th an tho se o f the o th er s as it h ad b een fo un de d by C yru s
The m aj o ity o f th e b arb arian s of t h i s d i stri c t an d at the
arlik e o f th em
h ad e d fo r refu g e
s am e t i m e th e m ost w
th ith e r an d con se qu en tly it wa s n o t p oss i bl e fo r th e
M cedon ian s to cap tu re it so eas ily at th e rs t as s a lt
Wh e efore Alexan der b rou ght his m ilitary e n gin es u p
to th e wall with th e d eter m in at i o n o f ba tter in g i t d ow
n
i n th i s way an d o f m akin g a ssau l ts wh erev er b reaches
d e in i t
m igh t b e
Wh en h e o b ser ved th at th e chan n el
which ows thr o u gh th e c ity wh en it i s
o f t he r i v er
o ll en by th e wi t er rai n s w
sw
as a t t h at ti m e n e a ly dr
y
an d did n o t r e ac h u p t o th e w
a ll an d w
o u l d th s a o rd
hi s so l di e rs a p a ss age by wh ich t o p en etra te i n t o th e ci ty
h e took th e b o dy gu ards th e sh i el d b earin g g u a ds th e
a
a ch er s an d Agrian ia s an d m a d e hi s w
y se c ret ly in t o
n

ar

m a

'

was n ot u sed in
after

th e tim e

of

Attic

Al exan der

Greek

or

bu t

ldom

se

It

b ecam e

com m on

Revo lt

the Scythi a n s

209

i ty al o n g th e chan n el, at rst with a few m en wh il e

t h e b arb a ian s h a d t urn e d th e ir atte n ti on to w
ar ds th e m ili
t ar y e n gi n e s an d t h o s e w
h o we re assailin g th e m i n th at
q u ar ter H avi n g from with i n b ro k en o p en th e g ate s
wh ich wer e o pp os ite th is p osition he gave an easy adm i t
t an ce t o th e r es t o f his sol di ers Th en the b arb arian s
th ou gh th ey p e ceiv ed that th e ir ci ty was a lready in the
h a n ds o f th e en em y n e v erth el e ss t u n ed a g a in s t Al exan
d er an d his m en an d m a de a de sp erat e as sa l t u p o n t hem
i n wh i ch Al ex an der h i m sel f re ce iv ed a v i ol en t bl o wo n
th e he a d a d e ck wi th a s t o n e an d C at e ru s wa s wo u n de d
with an arrow as were als o m an y o th er o f ce s No t
wi th stan di g this h o we ver th ey dro ve the b a b a ian s
Mean ti m e those wh o h ad m ade
o u t o f th e m ark et p l ac e
th e a s sa u l t u p o n th e wall too k i t a s i t was n o w v o i d o f
defen der s
I n th e rs t c ap tu re o f th e c i ty ab o t
Th e res t e d fo r re fug e i n t o
of th e en e m y we e kill e d
th e c i ta d l ; fo r
w riors in all h a d ga th ered to
g eth er in th e c ity Al exan der en ca m p ed aro un d thes e
for o n e day 1 an d th en th ey su ren
an d b e s i e g e d th em
d ered t h ro u gh l ac k o f wa t er
The s ev e th c i ty h e too k at
P tol em y say s th at th e m e n in it su ren
th e rs t a ss au l t
d ere d b u t A i stob u l u s a s s e rt s th at th i s c i ty was al so
h o were cap tu r ed
take n by s torm an d th a t h e s le w all w
P tol e m y al so say s th at he dis trib u t ed th e m e n
th e re in
m y a n d o dere d th a t th ey s ho u l d b e k e p t
am o n g th e
g u arde d in ch ain s u n til h e sh oul d dep art fro m the cou n try
h o h a d e ffecte d the e vo l t sh o u l d b e
so t hat n on e o f th o se w
l eft b eh in d Mean ti m e an arm y o f th e Asi atic S cyth ian s
arri v e d a t th e b an k of th e r i ve r Te n ai s b e cau se m o s t o f
th e m h a d h e a d t h at s o m e o f t h e b ar b ari an s o n th e o pp o
Th e y
its s i d e o f th e r i v er ha d r ev o l te d fro m Al exan der
in ten de d to a ttac k th e Mace don ian s if an y r evolu ti on ary
N ews
m o vem en t w
o r th y o f c on s i de rati o n we re e ffect e d
th e

ar

'

ar

In stea d

of

i mpq and, Sin ten i s

.

reads

im pa v polar

The An a ba si s

210

was al so b rou gh t that

f Alexan der

was b es iegin g
c itad e l at Ma racan da

Spitam

th e

en es

m en

Ag ai n st
wh o had b een left in the
him Alexa n de r t h en d es p atch e d An dro m a ch u s M en ede
c a v a lry
m u s an d Caran u s wi th s ixty o f th e C o m p an io n
8 00 o f th e m ercen ary c aval ry u n der th e co m m an d o f
Over them h e
m er c en ary i n fa n try
Caran u s an d
h
u g h by bi rth a
l
i
p
r w
h
o
t
o
a
c
e
d
P
h
arn
uc
h
h
n
t
e
r
r
e
t
e
t
e
es
p
Ly c ian was skille d in the lan gu age of the barb ar i an s o f
th i s cou n try an d in oth er r e sp e c ts app eare d cl e ve r in
deal in g wi th t h em
.

CHAP TE R I V
D arn ar

Scr rn u

or r an

n n r oru)

ss

ra n

Tam

ra

IN t wen ty day s h e fo r tied th e c i ty whi ch h e wa s p r oj e ct

i n g, a n d settled i n i t s o m e o f th e Gr ec i an m ercen a ri e s a n d

ighb our in g b arb arian s wh o v olu n teered t o

t ak e p art in th e se tt le m e t a s w
ell as th e Mace d on ian s
fro m his arm y w
h o wer e n o w u n t for m ili tary serv ic e 1
H e th en o ffere d sac ri c e t o th e go d s in hi s cu sto m ary
m an n er an d cel eb rate d a n e qu estr i an an d gy m n ast i c co n
t e st
When he sawth at th e S cyt h ian s wer e n ot reti in g
fro m th e r ive r s b an k b u t we e s e en t o b e sh oo t in g
arrow
s in to th e r i v er w
h i ch was n o t w
i de he re an d were
u tt er i g au dac i ou s w ord s in
th e ir b arb ari c t on g u e t o
in s u l t Al exan der to th e ee ct th at he du rst n ot t ou ch
S cyth i n s o r if he did h e wou l d l earn wh at was the dif
fe ren ce b etween th em a n d th e As iat ic b arb ar ian s he wa s
irritate d by these r em ark s an d havin g resolved to cross
o v e r ag ain st t he m
h e b e gan to p ep ar e th e s kin s fo r th e
p a ssa g e of th e river z Bu t wh en h e o ffered sacrice with
a v i ewto c ross in g th e v i cti
s p o ve d to b e u n fav ou ra bl e ;
an d t h ou gh h e w
a s v exed a t th i s
h e n e ve rth el es s c on
Th i ity w ll d by th G k Al xad ia
th T n i
S
C ti
ii 28
Cf L i y xxi 2 7
ll
l i t
Hi p i i
ti
ti
t hose

of

th e

n e

s c

ur

us , v

con ecti s

as ca e

ree

s,

on

a a s

ee

an

p si caetris superpositi s in

s n e

oub an

m o e

tes um

en

u res ves

tran avere

m en

D efea t

the Scythi a n s beyon d the Tan ai s

21 1

lled him sel f an d r em ain ed where he was B t a s

t h e S c y th i an s di d n ot des is t fr o m th eir in s l t s h e a gai n
o ffer e d s a c ric e w
ith a v i ew to c rossi g ; an d Aristan de r
t ol d h i m th a t th e o m en s s till p or ten de d dan g er t o h im s el f
B t Al exan der s a i d t ha t i t was b etter for h im t o c o m e
in to e xt e m e dan ger th an th a t a fter havin g s b du e d
a l m os t th e w
h o le o f A s ia h e s ho u l d b e a l gh in g st oc k
t o th e S c y thian s a s D a i s th e fa th e o f Xer xes h d b e e n
i n d y s of yo e 1 Ari s t der refus ed t o e xp lain th e will
o f th e g o ds con tr ary t o th e
de by th e de ity
e v el a t i o s m
s i m p ly b e ca s e Al exan d e
wish e d to h ear the c on tr ry
W he n th e s kin s h a d b een p rep ared fo r th e p assage an d
th e arm y fully e q u ipp e d h a d b e e n p o s te d n e ar t h e r i ver
t he m ili ta y e gin e s a t t he s ig al p re c o n c e te d b eg a t o
s h o o t a t th e
S cyth i s r idin g alon g the riv e r s b a k
S o m e o f the m wer e wo n d e d by th e m iss il es an d o n e wa s
icker sh iel d an d breas tpl ate
s t u c k r igh t thr o u gh th e w
Th e o th e s b ei n g al a r e d a t th e
an d fel l fro m h i s h o rs e
di s ch arg e o f m i s s il es f o m s o g ea t a di sta c e an d at th e
th e b an k
de th o f th ei ch a m p io n retreat e d li ttle fro
B u t Al exan der seei n g th em th ro wn in t o co fu s io n by
th e effect o f hi s m i s s il e s b e g n t o c ro s s th e i ver with
t ru m p et s s o n din g h i m s el f l ea d i g th e way an d th e e st
y fo llowe d hi
H vi n g rst go t th e arch ers
o f th e a r
to s li n g a n d sh o o t
an d slin g e s acr oss h e o dere d th em
app o ac h i n g th e
a t t h e S c y thi an s t o p e ve t t h e m
ph a
lan x o f i n f n t ry s tepp i n g o u t o f th e wa ter u n til all his
W h en th e y were u p on th e
ca val r y h a d p as se d o v e r
b an k in den se m ass he rst o f all l u n ch e d a ga in s t th e
Scy th i an s o e e gi e t of th e G e c ian au x ilia y caval y
Th e s e th e S cyth ian s re
an d fo u r s q a dro n s o f p ik e m en
c irc l e s
c ei ve d and in g r eat n u m b er s r i din g r o u n d th e m i
wo u n ded th em a s th ey we e fe w i n n b e r t he s el ve s
ith ea se Bu t Alexan der m ixed t h e ar chers
e s cap in g w
tro

au

r u

an

an

um

1 42
See H erodotu s, iv 1 22
.

The An a ba sis

212

Balacru s,

th e

en e m

d o th er li gh t t roo p s un der th e c om m an d
with th e c aval ry, an d th en le d th em again st
As s oo n a s th ey c a m e to cl o s e qu art er s, he

the Agrian ian s,

of

f Alexan der

an

val ry C om pan i on s an d
Th e r est o f th e
all th e h o rs e l an c er s to ch a r g e th e m
c a val ry h e h i m s el f le d a n d m a de a r ap i d a tta ck w ith his
A ccord in gly th e en em y were n o
s qu a dron s i n co l u m n
lo n ger abl e a s b efor e to wh eel th e ir ca val ry fo rce ro un d
i n ci rcl es for at on e an d th e s am e t im e th e ca val ry a n d
the ligh t arm ed in fan try m ixe d wi th th e h ors em en presse d
t o wh ee l a b ou t in
u p on the m
an d did n o t p erm it t h e m
sa fet y
Then th e igh t o f th e S cythian s was al rea d y
app aren t
of t h e m fe ll in c l u din g Satra ce s o n e o f
thei r chiefs ; an d 1 5 0 we re c ap ture d
B u t a s th e p u rs u i t
was k ee n an d fat ig u in g on a cco u n t o f th e excessive h eat
as sei z e d wi th th i rs t ; an d Al exan der
th e en t ir e arm y w
him self while ridin g dran k o f s u ch wa ter a s was pro cu r
abl e i n th at coun try
H e wa s s eiz e d wi th an in cess an t
diarrh oea ; for the wa ter wa s ba d
an d for th i s r eason
h e co u l d n ot p urs u e all th e S cyth ia n s
O therwise I thin k
wo ul d h av e p erish ed i n th e ight if
al l of
th em
H e wa s car ri e d b ack to th e
Al exan der h ad n o t fal len ill
ca m p h av i n g fall en in to e xtr em e dan g e r ; a n d th u s A ri s
a s f ulll e d
t a n der s p roph ecy w
o

r dered

thr ee

re

gim

en

ts

of

th e

ca

CH APTER V
SPITAME N BS D n s r aor s

MAC E D O NIAN D aracu m m r

S OON after this arri v ed en vo y s from t h e ki n g of the
Scythian s wh o were sen t t o a p o l o gi z e for wh at h ad b een
don e an d t o state th at it was n o t th e ac t of the S cythian
State b u t o f certain m en wh o s e t ou t for p l un de r afte r
th e m an n er of fr eeb o o ters
They al so as su re d him th a t
t h eir kin g was willin g to ob ey the c om m an ds l ai d u p on
him
Al exan der sen t t o hi m a co u rt eou s r ep ly b e cau se
i t did n ot seem ho n ou rable for him to ab stai n fr om m arch
A

'

Sp i tam
i ng

en es

ga i n st

t h e re

was

n ot

wh en

da,

d hi s

an

M acedon i a n D eta chm

h im if h e di s t rus te d h i m

M ac e do n i an s
c an

D es tr oys

an

an

ven i en t o pp ortu n ity

con

at

en

21 3

'

th a t t

to d o

so

m e

Th e

wh o wer e garri s on in g the citadel at M ara

an a s sa u l t w
a s m a de u p on i t by S itam en e s
p

dh eren ts,

sa

llie d

fo rth ,

an

killin g

so m e o f

th e

y an d rep ulsin g all th e es t etrea ted in to th e c ita

d el with o t a y l oss
B u t wh en Spitam en e s wa s i n for m e d
t h a t th e m en d e s p at ch e d by Ale xan der t o Ma c n da were
n o wd ra w
in g e ar h e r is e d th e s iege of th e c itadel an d
r etire d to th e cap ital o f S o g dian 1 Ph a n ch es a n d t h e
g en e al s wi th hi m b ei g ea g er t o d ive hi m o u t al to
geth er fo llo wed h im u p a s h e was r e t eati n g t o wards th e
fro n ti e s o f S o g d ian a an d W i th o u t du e co n s i de ra ti o m a de
th e No m a d S cy thi an s
a j o i n t a tta ck up o n
Then Spi ta
h av i g re c e i ve d a r ein fo rcem e t o f 6 0 0 S cy thian
m en e s
h o rse m en
wa s fu rthe e b o l den e d by the S cyth i an
h o were
allian ce t o w i t an d re ce i ve th e M a c e do n i n s w
Po stin g h is m en in
l ev el p l c e
a d va n c i n g u p o n h i m
d es ert h e was n o t willin g ei th er t o
n ear th e S c y th i
wai t for t h e e n em y o r to a ttack the m h i m self ; b u t ro de
s a t th e p h al
x o f i n fan try
ro u n d an d d i s ch a g e d arro w
W hen t he forc e s of Ph arn uch es m ade a ch ar ge u p on t he m
th ey ea s ily e s ca p e d s in c e t th a t t i m e th e ir h or s e s we e
ifter an d m o e v ig o ro us whil e th e h orse o f An d o m
sw
dam a g e d by t h e i ces san t m ar ch in g a s
a c h u s ha d b een
well a s by l ac k of fo dd e ; a n d th e S cy thia s p re s sed
wi th ll t he i r m ight wh eth er t hey h alted
th e m
u p on
Ma n y o f t h em t h en were wou de d by th e
o r e tr e a t e d
Th e y th e refo e arran ge d
er e kill e d
s an d so m e w
arro w
t h e sol d i e r s in t o t h e fo rm o f a s q u are a d p o ce e ded t o
2
i
b eca se t her e was a Wo o dy glen
t
u
s
t h e r v e r P ol y t i m e
b e e asy fo
n e r i t an d i t wo u l d c o n s e q en t ly n o l o n g e

e n em

ra

a.

an

an

Th i w s M
a

aracan

da ,

p p
ll
l

accordi n

gt

iii 3 0
.

su

Th

ra .

ere

is

an

error

i n th e text ; Abi ch t ro os e s to read 1rl T a 6pm , in stead o f s 7 a (Sa ulheta

2
Th e ree n am e si n i es
ohi
his river i s n owca ed Sogd, or

f
Cf S tra bo ,
518
a tran s ation of th e n ati ve n am e
i
ou
s
r
ec
v er
,

T
yp

The An a ba s i s

214

Alexan der

b arb arian s to sh oo t ar ows at th em an d th ei in fan try

B ut Ca an u s the co m
wou l d b e m ore u s e fu l t o th em
n i c t in g w
ith
m
th e ca valry with o u t co m
n de
of
An dro ach u s a ttem p te d to c ro s s th e r iv er i n o der to
t
h
e o th e r s i d e
l
a
ace o f safety o n
u t th e cava lry in
p
p
Th e i n fa try fol lo wed hi m wi th o t a y word o f co m a d
iver b e i g m a de in a p an i c a n d
th ei r de s cen t in t o t h e
with ou t an y di sciplin e do wn the p re cip ito u s b an k s When
th e b b ar ian s p e rce i v e d t he erro o f the M a ce do n i an s
they sp a n g in to the for d h e e a n d th ere h o rs e s an d all
S om e o f the m se ize d a d he ld tigh t th ose wh o h a d already
o th ers b e i g p o ste d r igh t i n
e re de p arti n g
c ros s e d an d w
o v e r i n to
f o n t o f tho se wh o we e c o s s in g roll ed th e
f o m th e n k s ;
t he rive r
o th e s sh o t a r ow
s a t th e
wh ile oth ers p res s ed u p on t h e m e wh o were u s t en t e
i n g th e wa te r
The M a ce d o n i a s b ein g t h u s en c om p s sed
with dif cu lty on a ll s id es ed for refu g e i to on e o f t he
ds i
h e e t h e y were e n tirely
s m all i sl
th e r iv er w
s u rro un d ed by t h e S c y th i n s a d th e ca v l y o f S i ta
p
n d
ll kill e d wi th a r ro ws e xc ep t a few o f th e
m en e s
who m th ey re du ce d t o sla very All of thes e we re afte
ward s kille d
the

m u

ar

an

a r

CHAPTE R V I
SPITAM E N E S D RI VE N

I N TO

THE

D E SERT

b u l s say s the greate p a t of th i s arm y was

de s tro y e d by an a m b sc a de th e S cyth ian s h a vin g h idden
th e m selv es i
a p ark an d fall en u p o n
th e Mac e don i an s
fr o m th e ir pl ace o f c o n c e al m e t wh e n Ph a rn ch es was
i n th e ve y a ct o f re ti rin g fro m th e co m m an d i fa v o u r o f
t h e Ma ce d on ian s who h a d b een se n t wi th hi m o n th e
g o un d of his n ot b ein g skill e d in m ilitary ffai s an d o f
hi s hav i n g b e en s en t by Al exan de r rath e r t o win th e
fav o u r of th e b arb arian s th an t o t ak e t he s u p e m e co m
m an d in b at tl e s
He al so a ll eg e d t hat th e Ma ce don i an
i

B UT Ar sto

Sp i ta m
o
i cer s

en es

wer e

D riven

i n to the D eser t

21 5

kin g s C om p an i on s Bu t An
drom a c hu s M en e dem u s an d C ran u s declin e d t o a ccep t
th e c h i ef com m an d p ar tly b e c au s e it did n o t see m r igh t
t o m ak e a y a lteratio n o n th eir o w
n
r esp on s ibili ty con
trary t o Al e xan d er s i n s tr u c t i o n s t o th em
an d p r tly
b ecau s e i n th e v ery c isis o f dan g e th ey were u n willin g
i f th ey m e t wi th an y defeat
o t o n ly i n d i v i du ally t o t ak e
a s h ar e o f th e bl am e b u t al s o c o ll e c ti v e ly to e xe c i s e the
co m m an d u n su cce s s f lly
I n thi s co fu s io n an d di sor der
t h e b a b ia s fe ll u p o n th e
an d c t th em
a ll o so
th t n o t m ore than for ty h o se m en
d 3 0 0 fo o t p e se ve d
t h e i r li ve s 1
Wh en th e r e p ort of th is each e d Al ex der
h e wa s ch a g i n e d at th e l o ss o f his so l di er s a n d r eso l v e d t o
m arc h wi th al l s p ee d a ga i n s t S it am e n e s an d his b a b a
p
r ia
a d heren ts
H e th erefo re t oo k h al f o f th e C o m p an ion
t he a ch er s th e
c a val ry all t h e sh i e l d b eari n g g ar d s
Agrian i an s a d th e ligh t es t m e o f th e p h al an x an d we t
to war d s M aracan da wh e e h e as c er ta in e d Sp itam e e s h ad
r e tu n e d an d w
a s a g i n b es i e gi g th e m e n in th e c ita del
t hre e day s
H avi g tr v e lle d
s t a de s in
at t h e
p

r e s en

th e

r,

'

ar

'

an

an

pp r o a ch

of

i ty

dawn

wh en

b ut

on

th e fo ur th da y h e

Spi tam

e n es

ed of

Al ex a n der

b an d on e d th e ci ty an d
e d Al exan de r p u rs u e d him c l o s e ly an d co m i n g t o th e
p lac e wh er e the b attle wa s fou gh t h e b urie d his s oldi e s
ed
as w
ell a s t h e c i c u m s tan ce s p e rm i tte d an d th en foll o w
Ret ur i g th en ce h e
the f giti v e s a s far a s t h e de s e rt
laid th e l n d was te a d sl ew th e b a b arian s wh o h ad ed
fo r re fu ge i n t o th e forti e d p l aces b ecau s e th ey wer e r e
p orted t o h av e t ak en p art i n th e attack u p on th e Mace
H e t a v erse d th e wh ol e c o u n t y wh i ch t h e
d on ian s 3
a

ppr oach

h e di d

wa s in form

th e

c a m e n ear

n o t re m a n

b ut

Cu r ti us

3 2)

sa s

th at

Spi tam
an d

en es

aid

an

i n fan try
M acedo ian s an d slew3 00 cavalry
Ab o t 1 7 0 m il es
s ays th at Alexan der fou ded si x
4
0
ii
v
C rti
(
)
ere tw
elve
J us ti n (xi i 5 ) say s th ere w
an d S og di an a
n

am

u sh

us

for th e

cities

in

actri a

The An a basis

21 6

r iver

f Alexan der

wat ers in its cou rse ; b u t th e coun tr y

b eyon d the p lace wh ere the water of this riv er di sapp ear s
i s des ert for t h ou gh it ha s a b u n dan ce of wat er i t di sap
p ears in to t h e s an d 1 O th er l ar g e an d p eren n i al ri v ers
in th at regio n di sapp ear in a s im il ar way th e E p ar du s
wh ich o ws thr ou gh the lan d of the M ardian s the
Areiu s aft e r wh i ch th e co un try o f th e Areian s is n am e d
hich ows throu gh the t erri tory of
an d t h e E ty m an der w
2
f
t
h
ese ar e ri ver s o f s u ch a s iz e
r
e
a
A
ll
o
h
E
u
e
t
e
t e
g
th a t n o n e o f th em is sm all er th an th e Th es sali an ri ve r
Pen eiu s wh i ch o ws th r ou gh Tem p e an d di s ch arg es i t s el f
Polytim

etu s

in to th e s ea
co m

The Poly tim etu s i s

?
P
n
e
i
u
s
p ared with th e riv er e
.

m uc

CH APTE R V II
TRE ATM ENT

W H EN

larg e

t oo

to b e

BE SBUS

or

c com pli sh ed th i s h e cam e to Zaria spa ;

wh ere h e rem ain e d u n til th e de p th of w in ter arrive d 4 At
th i s t i m e cam e t o h im Ph rataph ern e s th e vicer o y of
Par th i a an d Stasan or, wh o had b e en s en t in to th e l an d of

s
m
es
n
rr
t
h
A
r
i
a
s
a
s
A
r
a
Hi m th ey b ro ug h t wi th
t e
e
to
e
th e m in ch ain s as al so Barz an es, whom B es en s h ad a p
p o in te d v iceroy of th e lan d of the Pa rthian s an d som e
h e ha d

wh o

had j oin ed B assu s in

r ev olt At the sam e ti m e arri ve d from th e sea, E po cillu s,6
M elam n idas an d P tolem y, th e g en eral o f th e Thr acian s,
who h ad c on voy ed down to th e s ea the Grecian allies an d
of

o th e rs

th o s e

at

th at t

im e

Thi s is a m i stake ;

for i t

en

ds in

lak e D en g i

n ear

Karakoul

wcalled Heri rud Th e E tym an der is th e m o dern

n o f th e E p ardus
Hil m en d Nothi n g i s kn ow
3 Th e Pan cin e i s n owcall ed S al am bria
It forces its w
ay th rou gh th e
9

Th e Ar ei u s i s

no

va e o f

( M et i
,

T
.

pe b etween

em

5 68

ou th e

in n itive
5

See

Bk

l gy

an a o

lym pus an d Ossa

m oun

ts O

of 1rp1v

th e

Cf Arri en ,
iii ch 2 9 su
.

1, 3 ;

pra

v.

lat

er

1 6, l
6

ro se-

See

in to th e sea

writers

Bk

iii

u se

ch .

tan

pra

1 9 su

Cf Ovi d

wi th
.

th e

Trea tm
th e

Asan d er

s en

an

d N earch us

at

21 7

At this t im

th e h ea d

of a n

Ascl epi o doru s, v i ceroy o f

m ercen a r e s 2
.

dep u ty

Bessa s

t wi th M en es l

m on e

en

i ve d
Gre ci an

arm

S y ri a

arr

of

d M en

an

es

i ved f om th e sea at the h ead of

an o th er ar m y
Then Al e xan der g a th ered a co fe re n ce
o f th o se w
ho Were t h en at han d an d led Bess u s in b efo re
t he m
H avin g a cc u se d h i m o f the b e trayal of D a iu s h e
the

e a so

a so

ar r

o r de re d

h is

b e c u t O E, an d th at h e
sh o u l d b e t ak en t o E c b atan a t o b e
pu t t o death th er e in
th e co u n c il o f t h e M e des an d P ers ian s 3
I d o n o t co m
n o se

an

to

e ar s

ive p u n ish m en t ; o th e c o n trary I

co n s i der t hat th e m u til a t io n o f t h e p ro m in en t fe a t
es o f
g ee wi th th o se
the b o dy i s a b a b ar i c c u s to m a n d I
wh o s ay that Al ex an der was in d ced t o i n du lge his
des ire o f e m ul a ti n g t h e M e dia n a n d Pers ian weal th a n d
t o t ea t hi s su bj ec ts as i n fer i or b e i g s a cco rdin g t o th e
kin g s N o r do I by a y m ean s
c u sto m o f t h e fo re ig n
s tyle o f dre s s
co m m en d hi m fo r ch an gi n g th e Ma c e do n ia
wh ich his fathers h ad a do p t e d fo the Me dian o n e be in g
6
n
f
ra
c
e
s
as h e w
d
n
d
a
t
o
H
e
l
B esi des h e was n o t
as a
e s ce
m en

d th i s

exc ess

ur

1
2

See Bk

ch

C urti us

(vii

16

40)

su

ra .

y s th

sa

Cf P u tarch (Alex

th e

at

43 )

rein

f orcem

D i odorus

( xvii

en

was

m en

e . n on

H e l en i c

3 We earn from P u t ar ch ( Alen ,

7 7 ; J us ti n ,
Cf Arri a n ,
th at h e di d n o t a ssu m e th e ti ara of th e Persi an in s
a s a on
si
en
arm en t reachin
Th e M edi c ro e w
vii 9 ; vii 2 9 in fra
to th e feet , an d fa in rou n d th e o d in m an dee fo ds
5

Di odoru s

Cf

xvii

s ett ed

Macedon i an kin g s

iv 1 0
.

con

of

On e

du ct

of

e e o

sh o u

ld

st

retir e

Thu cydi des ,

em en u s

was

i as , th e

r e

un

Ph ili p
(T

p op l

u ar

Li v

it
.

99 , 1 00 ;

p l

Ar

of

descen d an t

of

is

said

th e d

of

H erac

to h ave

es

y of

n ast

Cf ii 5 ;
fe t at t h e
.

in

80

rom

at a

xxxii
.

di sgu st

Te

reece.

an

m en u s

tim

es

j g

Wh en
bon

d H ercu

m ay

i n q u i r by th e u d es
wh en th e M acedon ian
th e Ach ae an

was th ou gh t decen t th at

os ,

th e foun der

eco m e

r a s tri ct

(H erodotus ,
d

ki g

wh ich th e Greek s l
as t h at h e ado p ted th e
con qu eror at Pl atae a w

s ur

d to h ave

am es

cl ared a ain

em en u s ,

ch i ef ca u s es o f

pi ciou ;
Olym pi g
wr b c e a

su s

b y

Thi p di g e f
ed afte
yet it was llow

attire

ersi an

th e

au san

an

of

descen dan t

in M a ce do n i a ,

k g
l g lk g

ll g

Caran u s ,

th e de

uti es

Cf H erodo tu s ,
.

l g

th e

of

ki g
n

ea ue
of

be

de

Ar

os

13 7

The An a ba si s

218

Alexa n der

ge th e h e ad d ess wh ich h e th e con

fo r t ha t o f th e co q u er e d
l
or n
on g w
u ero r h ad s o
q
Pe sian s No e o f these thin gs d o I c om en d ; b ut I
co si d e r Al e xan d er s g re a t a ch i e v e m en t s p r o v e if an y
th t s u pp o s i g a m an t o h av e a v ig o ro u s b o dily
t h in g ca
to b e ill u s trio s i n desce n t a d to b e e v e n
con s ti t t io n
war than Alexan der h i m s el f ; ev en
m ore su cce ssf l in
e ll a s A s i a
su pp o s i g h e cou l d s ail r igh t r o un d L ibya a s w
b o th in s u bj ection s Alexan der in dee d
an d h o l d th e m
des ig n e d e ve n if h e co l d a dd th e p o s s es sio n o f E uro p e
oul d b e n o
to th t o f Asi a an d L ibya ; all th e s e th in g s w
fu th e an ce t o s u ch a m an s ha pp i e ss u n l ess a t t h e sam e
t im e h e p o sse ss th e p o wer o f s el f con trol th o u gh h e h a s
p erform ed th e g eat dee ds which have b een su pp ose d

a sh am e d

exch an

to

CHAPTE R
TH E

M UR D E R

VI II

CL rT US

or

H E RE al so I sh all give an a cco n t o f the tragi c fate o f

C li tu s son o f D ropida s an d o f Alexan der s m ishap in
r e ga d t o
it
Thou gh it occ u e d a lit tle wh il e after
th is i t will n o t b e o u t pl a c e h ere
Th e M ace do n ian s
k ep t a day sacred t o D i on ysu s an d on that day Al exan der
u s e d to o ffe r s a c i ce t o hi m
B u t th ey s y
e v e ry y e ar
that on thi s o c ca s io n h e was n e gl e c tfu l of D ion y s u s 1 an d
2
s a c ri ce d t o th e D io s c rr i
i stead ; for h e h ad resolv ed
to oif er sa c rice t o th o se de i ti e s fo so m e e a so n o r oth e r
Wh en th e drin kin g p arty on thi s o ccasion ha d already
g on e o n too l on g (for Al e xan de r h a d n o w m de in n ova
ti o n s ev en i r eg ard to drin ki n g by i m i tat i n g t h e c u s to m
o f foreig n e rs ) an d in th e m i ds t o f th e c aro u se a d isc u s
si on had ari s en ab o t th e D i os c u ri h o wth e ir p ro c re at io n
u

rr

Cf Cu rti us , vii i 6
Th e s on s of Jo ve, Castor
.

wed from

ro

H om

er an

an

d Herodo tu s

P ll
o

u x.

pa a ura i s

word

b or

The M u r der

f Cli tu s

2 19

way from Ty n dareu s an d a crib ed t o

Z eu s s o m e o f th ose p res en t i n o rde r to at t er Al exan der
m a in tai n e d th a t P o ly de u c es an d C as to r w
a
ere i n n o w
y
wor th y to com p are with him wh o had p erform e d so m an y
e x p l o it s
S u ch m en h ave al way s corrup ted th e ch ara cter
o f ki n g s an d w
ill n ever c ea se t o r u in th e in ter es ts o f
th ose wh o happ en t o b e r e ig n i n g 1
I n the ir car o u sa l
th e y di d n o t ev e n a b s ta i n fro m ( c o m par in g h i m with)
H eracl e s ; s ayin g th at en vy p rev e n t e d th e livi n g fro m
re c e i vi n g th e h o n o ur s d u e t o th e m
fro m th e i r as s oci at es
I t was we ll k n o wn th a t Cli tu s ha d l on g b een v exed at

b een t ak en

h ad

Al exan de r fo r t h e

i m i ta
ti o n o f fo r e ig kin g s an d a t th os e wh o a ttere d him wi th
th e ir sp e e ch
At t hat t i e al s o b e i g h eat e d wi th wi n e
h e wo u l d o t p e rm it th e m e i th e t o i n s l t th e de i ty or
by depreci ati n g th e deeds of th e n cie n t h eroes t o c on fe
h i ch des er v ed n o th n k s
u p on A l e xan der a g at i ca t i on w
e d Al e xan der s d ee ds w
e e
e i th er i n f ct s o
H e ai
great or m arv ell ou s a s th ey re pr es en te d in th ei r l a da
by h i self b u t fo r th e
t i on
n o r h a d h e a ch i e ve d t h e m
The
e re t h e d ee ds o f th e Mac e d on ia s
m ost p art th ey w
a d I do n ot
d eli v ery o f thi s s p eech a n o ye d Ale x n de
o ld
c o m m en d it for I t h i n k in s u ch a d u n k e n b o u t i t w
h a v e b een s u f c i en t if s o far a s h e was p ers on ally c on
n d n o t c om m i t te d th e e r o r
ce rn e d h e h a d k ep t s il en ce
B t
th e s am e a tt e ry a s the o th e rs
o f i n d lgi n g i n
wh en som e e ven m en ti o n ed Ph ilip s a ctio n s wi th o ut ex
u s t j u dg m en t d e cl ar i n g th at h e h a d p erfo rm e d
erc i si n
g
rvello u s th ey g rati e d Alexan der ;
n o th i n g g re at o r m
b u t Clit s b e in g th en n o l on g er abl e t o co n ta in h im s elf
b egan to p u t Ph ilip s achi e v e m en ts in th e rst an k an d
a
d
hi
s
er
f
or
a
c
es
}
Clit s
t o de pr e c i t e Al e xan de r
p
ch an

ge in

yl e

his

liv i g

of

st

in

rm

'

Cf Curti us , viii 1 7

l ati o

p p

h o sti s

er

etu u m

everti t .

C urti u s

an

m a um

Non d eerat ta i a

re

um

q u oru m

con cu

es

pi sce

saep i u s

ti

ern

ass en

i ci o sa

adu

tatio q u am

(viii

an

d 4)

ys th at it wa s Alexa

sa

der him

lf th at sp oke

se

f Alexan der

The An a ba si s

wqu ite i n toxicat ed m ade o th er in s olen t r e m ark s

grea tly revile d him b ecau s e forso o th h e ha d
an d e v en
s av e d hi s life w
h en th e c a v al ry b a ttl e ha d b e e n fo u gh t
with th e Pers ian s a t t he Gran icu s Then in dee d arr o

b ei n g

n o

i g

s tr et c h n

tly

his

o ut

igh t

h an d, h e

sa

id

Thi s

h an d , 0 Al exan der, pr eser ve d th ee on th at occa s io n

Al e xan der co u l d n o w n o l on ge r en du r e th e dru n k e n i n
an

Clit

ga in st h im i n grea t
age
H e was h o wev er es trai ed by hi s b o on co m p a
i o s A s Cli t s did n ot de s is t f om his in sul tin g r e
m a k s Al exan d er s h o u t e d o u t a s u m m on s for h i s s h i eld
b earin g g u a ds to atte d hi
b t wh en n o o e o b eye d
h im h e sai d th at h e w s edu ce d t o th e s am e p osi t i on a s
D ariu s wh en h e was le d a b ou t u n der arre s t b y B es s s
s olen ce o f

but

us

j u m p ed
r

u
n

d hi s

n am e

bl e
d

an

a dh e re n

kin g
re s t ai n

of

to

t s,

d th a t h e

Then his

an

him

fo r

sn a tch e d a

j av elin

ds

i g

u ar

an

a c cord n

c om

a ccor

fro m

n o

w p o ss e ss ed

p an i on s were

din

on e of

to

hi s

so m e
c on

l e ap e d u p
t ial b o dy

he

de

lon g p ike from

h e st c k Clit u s

m er e

lon g er

n o

o th ers , a

to

the

on e o f

hi s

g ards with wh ich

an d k ille d
h i m 1 Arist o b u l us d oe s n o t sa y wh en ce t he dru n k en
q uarre l o igin ate d b t ass er ts th at th e f u l t w s e ti ely
o
th e s i de o f Clit s wh o wh en Al ex
de r h a d g o t s o
en r ge d w
ith him as t o j m p u p a gain s t hi m with the
i ten tion o f m akin g a en d o f hi m was led aw y by
P to le m y son o f Lagus th e con den tial b o dy g u ar d
t h o u gh th e gate w
a y b eyo n d th e w
a ll an d d it c h o f th e
c it a de l w
h ere th e qu a el o c cu rred
H e a dd s th at Clitu s
c o ul d n o t co n tr o l h i
se l f b u t w en t b a c k a g i n
a n d fall
i g i n wi th Al ex d er wh o was c alli n g o u t fo r Clitu s h e
A l exan de r h ere i s Cli tu s "
e xcla i m ed
Th ere p o n
h e was s tru ck wi th a l o g p ik e a n d kille d
i

o r d n ar

ru

rr

an

de

reci atin

dered Parm
cl

an

gly

of

Philip

an

In stead of th e u su a

5:

a dpta a v i ra pcr
. 1

readi n

0 v vt

d th at C i tu s

en i o .

'

gf

even

dared to defen d th e

m ur

t r a in y to a t r a mv, Si n ten i s rea d s

wu r wbs Ka l T a i'rry n a lc a vr a r cv Khefr ov diroxr el va c
rom

'

Alexan der

Grief

CHAP TE R IX
ALEXAN D Ea

Ga

Cli tu s

for

CLrTus

FO R

22 1

I T HI NK Clit u s de se rv in g o f s ev ere cen su re for his in

so l en t b eh a vi ou r t o hi s kin g w
h il e at th e s am e t i m e I
p i ty Al exan der fo r his m i sh ap b ecau s e on th at o ccasion
h e sh o we d h i m se lf t he sl a v e of two v ic e s a n ger an d
drun k en n e s s by n ei th er o f wh i ch i s i t seem ly fo r a pru
den t m an t o b e en s la ved
B u t then on th e o th er h an d
I th in k hi s su b sequ e n t b eh av io ur wo rth y of p rai s e be
,

d irec tly

c au s e

was

tha t i t

aft er

h e ha d do n e t h e de e d h e

ho rribl e

gn i se d

on e

Som

e of

r e co

hi s biog r aph er s

ven

y th at h e p ropp e d th e p ik e a ga i n s t th e wall wi th th e
te n ti o n o f fallin g u p on i t h i m s e l f, th i n kin g th a t i t wa s

sa

in

p rop er

n ot

fo r hi m t o

li v e who h ad kill ed his frien d wh en

of w
in e Mo st h i storia s do n o t

i n en ce
m en t i o n
th i s bu t s ay th t he we n t o ff to b e d an d lay
th er e l a e n tin g calli g Clit s h i m s e l f by n am e
n d his
da u gh te o f D ro pid s wh o h a d b een hi s
si s t er L a n i ce
n
se
He e xcl ai m e d t hat hav i g reach e d m an s es t te
h e h a d fo sooth b e s to we d on h e a o ble e war d fo r h e
n so s di e
a s s h e li v e d t o s ee h er o w
ca e i n r ear i g hi m
gh ti n g o n his b eh alf a d t h e kin g sl a yin g h er b o th er
with his o wn h an d 1 H e did o t c ea se c lli g h im self
th e m ur der er o f hi s fri e n ds ; an d fo r thr e e days r igi dly
h at
a b stai n e d fro m foo d a n d dri n k a d pa i d n o a tt e n ti on w
n ce
S o m e o f th e s o oth say e s
e v er t o h i s p e so al a pp e a
rath of D i o y su s h d b een
r eve al e d th at th e a v e n gin g w
the ca s e o f h i s con du c t b ec u se h e h a d o m i tte d th e
2
At l ast with great dif cu lty h e
i
i
t
y
sacr
c e t o th a t d e
was in du ce d by h i s com p n io n s to to ch fo o d a d t o p y
der th e

un

ur

ra

si ster o f

C i tu s , H ellan i ce

Cf Cu r ti u s
.

5'

From

Pl

(vi ii

u ta rch

an

(Alex

g g

pl

hi s tu te

lary care

wh o calls
e l e arn
13) w

th e

l
by

th at A exan der im

gi

n ed

h e h ad

destro yin g Th eb es th e
wrath o f B acch u s
y on which accoun t i t was supposed to be un der

i n cu rred th e a ven in
ir th ace of th at dei t

The An a bas i s

222

p rop er a tten tio n

to his

Alexa n der

H e th en

p erson

p ai d

to D io n y

i ce du e to hi m s in c e h e was n o t at all u n will

in g t o attrib u te th e f tality ra th e t o th e a v en gi g wrath
n d e p rav i ty
I th in k Al exan
o f th e dei ty th n t o h i s o w
d er de s er ves grea t p ra i se for th i s th at h e did n o t o b s ti
o rs e b e c o m e a defen der
n ately p e seve e i n e v il o r s till w
h i ch h a d b een do n e b u t
n d a dvo cate o f th e w ro g w
n
c o fe s s e d th at h e ha d c m m i tte d a c ri m e b e i n g a m
t he

su s

s a cr

wh o say that An ax arch u s

t h e S o p h i st 2 w
a s s u m m o n e d i n to Al exan de r s p re s en c e to
giv e him con s ol ation
F in din g hi m lyin g d o wn an d
g roan in g he lau ghed at him an d said th at he did n o t k n ow
th a t the wi se m en o f o l d fo r th is r eas o n m a de J u st i c e a n
asse ssor of Z e u s b e c au se w
h at ever was d on e by him wa s
j u stly do n e 3 an d th ere fore al so th at whi ch was d on e by
th e G re at Ki n g o u gh t t o b e d eem e d j u s t in th e rs t p l ac e
d

an

go d

n ot a

Th ere

a r e so m e

by

kin g h im s elf an d th en by th e r es t o f m en The y

s
y th t Al exan der wa s th e g eatly co n so l e d by th ese

re
a ks
Bu t I ass ert that A axarch u s di d Al exan der
a g re a t i n j u y a d o e st ill g reat er th an th at by w
h ic h h e
was th e n opp ress ed if h e really tho gh t th is t o b e th e
o p i n i on o f a w
is e a that fors ooth it i s p o p er for a kin g
to c o e to h asty c on cl s i o n s an d ac t u j u s tly an d t ha t
wh atever i s do e by a kin g m u st b e deem e d j u st n o
th e

Cur ti u s

(vi ii

6)

sa s ,

th at i n

order

to

con so e

ki g

th e

th e M acedo

y p d a t th at Cli t had b
j tly sl in an d th
ot b b
i d
co p e sh ul d
B t th kin g
d
d it b i l
A phi l s ph
f Ab d
d p upil f D
oc i tu
Aft Al x
h s w th w by hip w k in t th h a d
d th A x
f Ni o
kin g f Cyp s t wh m h h ad given ff ce a d wh h ad hi p
n

i an
r

as se

arm

o o

ea

ru

to death i n

Cf

S ph les
o

oc

een

ro

us

or

era , an

as

a m ortar

us

ur e

er o

n a arc

5'

vo e

em

en

ere

s o

at

hi s

er

ur a

s.

rec

an

der s

c creo n

ou n

de d

( O edip us

Col

1 3 8 2 ; An ti gon e,
( O lym p i a , viii 2 8)
.

H esi od ( Op era
o sth en es
( Adv ers

D i es , 2 5 4 2 5 7 ) Pi n dar
em
7 7 2) H erod otus ,
Ari stogi ton ,
31
P u tarch (Alan , 5 2 ) tel s u s th at Calli sth en es th e hi oso h er w
as
i th An axarch u s to adm in i ster c on so a tion , b u t h e
a so su m m on ed w
ado ted s uch a di eren t ton e th at Al exan der w
as di s
eased
i th hi m
at

pl

p l
l

D isp u te betw
een
Ca lli s then es
h owi t is

an

d An axa rchu s

2 23

d on e There i s al so a cu rren t rep ort th at

Al exan der wish e d m en to prostrate t hem sel ves b efo re hi m
as to a
g o d e n ter tai n in g th e n ot io n t h at Am m on wa s hi s
fath e r r ath er th an Philip ; an d t hat h e n o w sh ow e d his
ad m irati o n o f th e cu s t om s of th e Pers ian s an d M e des by
ch an gin g th e styl e o f hi s d ress an d by th e al terati on he
m ad e i n t h e g e n eral et i q u e tt e o f h is co ur t
Th ere w ere
n ot wan ti n g th o s e w
ho i n re g ar d t o th es e m a t te rs gav e
way to hi s wis hes w i th th e design of atterin g him
am on g o th er s b ein g An axa rch u s on e o f t h e p hi l o so p h er s
a tt en d i n g h i s c o u rt an d A gi s
an Ar gi ve w
ho was an
1
ep ic p o e t
tt er

m a

CH APTE R X
D I SPUT E

CALLI STH E NE S

ETWE E N

AN AXARC HUS

AN D

i t is s i d that Callisthen es the Olyn thi an who had

an d w
a s s o m ew
hat
s tu d i e d p h il o sop hy un de r Ari s t o t l e
b r us qu e in his m an n er did n ot approv e of th is c on du ct ;
an d s o fa r a s t hi s i s con ce n e d I q u i te a g ee wi th hi m
B ut th e fo ll owin g rem ark o f h i s if in dee d i t has b e en
h en h e
c or rectly r e co r d e d I do n o t th i n k at all p rop er w
declared th at Al exan der an d h is exp l oi ts we e de p en den t
u p on hi m an d h i s hi s t o ry a d th a t h e h ad n o t c o m e to him
en ow
n ed
t o ac qu i re r e p u ta ti on from him b u t to m ake hi
9 c on se qu e n tly th at Al ex an d er s
n
in th e e ye s o f m e ;
par
ticipation in d ivi n ity did n ot d e p en d on the f lse a s sert ion
o f Oly m p i a s i n r e g ard t o th e a u th or of h is bi th b u t on
B UT

Curti us

poem s

viii .

1 7)

Agis was the

th at

sa s

com

o ser

y poor

of

ver

as a fe owstu den t Wi th A ex
Justi n ( xii 6) sa s th at Callisth en es w
He com osed three histori ca wor s : I H el
an der un der Ari sto t e
3 8 7 to 3 3 7 ; II Th e H i s to ry of the Sacred War, from
len i ca , from
B i od om e, xi v 1 1 7
t o 3 46 ; i n The H is tory of Alexa n der
i m aeu s of h avin
he w
as accused
to Po ly bi u s (xii
Accordin
attered A exan der in his Hi stor

y
l

ll

by T

The An a ba si s

2 24

Alexa n der

what h e might r e p o rt to m a n kin d in hi s hi s t ory o f th e

kin g The re ar e so m e writers al s o wh o hav e said th at o n
wh a t m an h e
o n e o cc as i o n P hilo t a s for s oo th as k e d hi m
tho u ght t o b e h eld i n e s p e ci al h on o u r by th e p eo pl e o f
Har m o di u s an d Ari s t o
Athe n s ; a n d th at he re pli ed
geito n ; b ec au se t h ey s l e w on e of th e t wo d e s p o t s an d
1
Phil otas a gain a sked
pu t an e n d t o th e d e s p o ti s m
If it h app en e d n o wth at a m an sh ou ld kill a d e s p o t t o
w
hi ch o f th e G re c i an S ta t es wo u ld yo u wi sh hi m t o ee
If
fo r p re s erva ti o n ?
Calli s th en e s a gain r eplie d
n o t a m o n g o th er s a t an y ra t e a m on g th e Ath en ian s an
for they w a g e d war o n b e
e xil e wo u ld n d p re s er v a ti o n
half o f th e s on s o f H era cle s a gain s t E ury s theu s wh o at
2
that ti m e wa s ru lin g as a d esp o t o ver Gree c e
H o wh e
r e s i s t e d Al e xa n d er i n r eg ar d t o th e c e r e m o n y o f p r o s t ra
ti on the followin g i s the mo st r e c ei ve d a cc ou n t 3 An
arran ge m en t
wa s m a de b etween Ale xan d er an d t h e
S o phi st s in con j un c tion w ith the mo s t illu stri o u s of th e
Pers ia n s an d Mede s who were in atten dan ce u p o n him
tha t thi s t opi c s h ou ld b e m en ti on e d at a w in e p ar ty
An axarch u s c om m en c e d th e di s cu s si o n by s ayin g th a t
h e c o n s id er e d Al exan d er m u c h m ore wor thy o f b e in g
dee m e d a g o d than e ith er D i on ysu s o r H era cl e s n o t on ly
on a cc o u n t o f t h e very n u m ero u s an d m ighty expl o it s
.

'

Hi

pp ch

510

ar

us

was

sl ain

5 1 4,

an

See T hucy di d es , vi 53 5 9
.

d Hi pp i e s

was

xp

th

ell e d r om

en s

E urystheu s was kin g o ver Ar gos an d Mycen ae alon e

3 Wh en
C on on th e fam o us At h en i an vi si t ed B abylon h e woul d n o t
whi c h
s ee Art ax erxe s fro m rep u gn an ce to th e c erem on y o f pro s t ra t i on
was requ ire d from all wh o approa ched th e Great Kin g We are al so i n
form ed by Plut arch (Ar ta xerxes
that Pelopidae decli n ed to perform
t his cerem on y so degradin g i n th e eyes of th e Greeks H is collea gue
Ism en i as h o wever drop p ed hi s ri n g i n fron t of th e ki n g an d t hen sto op ed
.

to

pi ck

it

up ,

th

us

g i g t h gh
X ph
o n

( Van ia H i s tori a . i
M}
1rov dear r n v 6 A
dv9pw
.

as a

Curti us

( viii

as
god w

1 8)

m ade

r ou

en o

ro s

th e

on

of

act

said

p t ti
ro s ra

t o hi s

s ol diers

(An a b

poa xvveir e.

on

iii

Cf As li an
.

oi 6va
'

y ap

y that th e speech prop osin g to hon ou r Al exan der

sa s

by Clean

Si cili an Greek

Ca llis then es Opp oses the Prostr a tion

22 5

whi ch h e h ad p erfor me d b ut al s o b ecau s e D i on ys u s was

only a Theb an i n n o w ay rela te d t o Mac ed on i an s ; an d
H eracle s w as an Argive n o t at all relat e d t o th em
e xc ept th a t Al ex an d e r d ed u c e d hi s d esc en t fr om hi m
H e a dde d th at th e Mac e do n i ans m ight w ith gre ater j u sti c e
gr atify th eir kin g with divin e h on ou r s for th ere was n o
d ou bt ab ou t thi s th at wh en he d ep arte d from m en th ey
wou ld h on ou r hi m a s a g o d H ow m u ch more j u s t the n
wo u ld it b e t o wors hip hi m whil e ali ve th an after hi s
dea th w h en it wo u ld b e n o a d van t age t o hi m t o b e
h o n ou re d
,

CH AP TE R

XI
CALLIST H ENE S O PPO SE S TH E P R OPO SAL TO H ONOU R
ALE XAN D E R BY P R O ST RAT I ON
WH E N An axarchu s h a d u tt ered th e se re m ark s an d o th ers
h o were p riv y t o th e pl an a p
o f a s i mila r ki n d th o s e w
plau de d hi s s p ee ch an d wi sh ed at o n c e t o b egin th e c er e
mo n y of pr o s trati o n M o s t of the Ma c ed on i an s h owe ver
were v exe d 1 a t th e s p ee ch an d k e pt sil enc e B u t C alli s
th en es i n t erp o s e d an d said z
0 An axar ch us I o p e n ly
de clar e th at th er e i s n o hon ou r which Alexan de r i s n u
worthy t o re c ei v e p r o vid ed tha t it is c on s i s ten t w ith hi s
b ein g h u m an ; b u t m en h av e m ade di s tin c tion s b e tween
th o s e h o n ou r s whi ch are du e t o m en an d th o se du e t o
go d s i n m an y di ffe ren t w ay s as for i ns tanc e by th e
b ui ldin g of t em ple s an d by the erec ti on of s tatu es
Mo reover fo r th e g o d s sacr ed en cl o su re s are s elected t o
them sa c ri c e i s o ffered an d to th e m lib ati on s are m ad e
Hymns al s o ar e c om p o s ed in hon our of th e go d s an d
eul o gie s for m en
Bu t th e gre a tes t di s tin c tio n i s m a de
by th e c u s t om of pro stra ti o n Fo r it i s the p ra c ti c e tha t
sh o u ld b e ki s s e d by th o s e wh o sal u te th em ; b u t
m en
.

Th e

dx00 p uovs

2 Cf

Xen op hon

u su al readin

4,

dr ow
yarea a c airr bu vmp Hepauci

gi

s ua xouv ovs.

M 7

61 11 :

r obs d vy'
y evei s

h
w

om/T a :

The An a ba si s

2
6
2

Alexan der

b ecau se th e d e ity i s l o cat e d s om ewhere ab o v e it i s n ot

lawfu l ev en t o to u ch h i m an d thi s i s th e r eas on n o do u bt
why h e i s h on o ure d by p ro s trati on B a n d s o f c h oral
dan c er s ar e al s o app o in t e d for th e go d s an d p aean s are
su n g i n their h on o ur An d thi s i s n ot at all won d erful
s eein g that c ertain h on ou r s ar e s p eci ally a ssign e d t o s om e
o f th e g o d s an d c e rt ai n o th er s t o o th er g o d s an d by Z eu s
u it e differen t o n e s a gai n ar e ass ign ed t o h e r o e s w hi ch
q
It i s n ot
a re v ery di s tin c t from th o s e p aid t o th e d e iti es 1
th erefore rea s on abl e t o c on fou n d all th e se di s tin ction s
w ith ou t di sc ri mi n ati on exalti n g m en t o a ran k ab ov e
th eir c o n dition by extravagan t accu m ul ation o f h on ou r s
a n d d eb a s i n g th e g o d s a s far as li e s in h u m an p owe r t o
an
u n s eem ly l e vel by p ayi n g th e m h o n o u r s o n ly e qu al

H e s aid th a t Al exa n d er wo u ld n o t
t o th o s e p aid t o m e n
e n d u r e th e a ffro n t i f s om e p r i va t e i n divid u a l w e re t o b e
thru s t in to hi s royal h on ou rs by a n u n j u s t v o te e ithe r by
sh ow o f han d or by b allo t Mu c h m ore j u s tly th en wo uld
th e go d s b e i n dign an t at th o s e m or tal s wh o u s u r p di vi n e
h on ou r s or su ffer th em s elve s t o b e thr u s t in t o th em
Al exan d er n ot on ly s ee m s t o b e b u t i s in
by o th er s
r e ality b ey o n d an y c om p etiti o n th e b ra v e s t o f b ra v e m en ,
an d o f ge n eral s
o f ki n gs th e mo s t ki n gly
th e m o s t
0 An axarchu s it wa s
worthy t o c o mman d an arm y
thy d u ty rather than an y o ther m an s t o b ec o m e th e
sp e ci al a dv ocat e of th es e argu m en ts n ow a dd u c e d by m e
a n d th e o pp on en t o f th o s e c o n trary t o th em s ee i n g th a t
t ho u a s s ocia test with hi m for th e p u rp o s e o f i mp arti n g
Th erefore it wa s un s ee m ly
phil o s o phy an d i n stru c tion
t o b egin thi s di sc u ssi on wh en th ou ou ghte s t to h av e re
m e mb e re d th a t th o u ar t n ot a ss o ci ati n g w ith an d gi vi n g
a d vi c e t o C am by s e s o r X erxe s b u t t o t he s o n o f Philip
wh o derive s hi s origi n from H erac le s an d Aeac u s 2 who s e
,

Cf H erodotus , i 1 1 8

1 7r 60 K6 LVT a L.
p

Al e

an

d er s m

E pirus wh o trac ed

th

ran

dson

of

Aea

us.

er

pi w
c tf

Ol ym

hi s des

en

as

as

r om

'

T o ot

gh t
pt l

d au

Neo

'

er of

mj

Neo

a iir n

pt

o em us , son

'

wpoa xer a a

olem u s ,
of

kin

chille

s,

of

th e

Ca lli s then es Opp oses the Pros tra ti on

227

ance sto r s cam e in to Mac ed o nia from Arg o s an d have

c o ntinu e d t o ru l e the Mace d on ian s n o t by for ce bu t by
law Not e ven t o H eracl e s hi m self whil e s till ali ve w ere
di vin e ho n ou r s p aid by th e Greek s ; an d e ven after hi s
d eath the y w ere withheld u n til a decree h ad b een pub
lish e d by th e o ra cl e o f th e g o d at D elphi th at m en s h o u ld
h o n o ur H erac le s a s a g o d Bu t if b e cau s e the di s c u ssi o n
i s held 1 in th e l an d of foreig n er s we ou ght t o a do pt th e
s e n ti men t s o f foreign ers I dem an d 0 Al exan der that
th o u s h o ld s t b e thin k thy s elf of Greec e for wh o s e sak e
th e w h o l e o f thi s ex p e diti o n wa s u n der t ak en by th ee
that th ou m ightes t j o i n Asia t o G eec e The efore m ak e
u
p thy m in d wh eth e th o w ilt retu rn thith er an d c o p el
mo s t d evo te d t o free dom to p ay
e
th e G re ek s wh o ar e
,

th ee th e h on ou r o f p ro s trati o n o r wheth er th ou wilt ke ep

th e M ac e
a l o o f fr om Gr e e c e an d i n i c t thi s h o n o u r o n
d on i an s al o n e o r thir dly wh e ther th o u wilt thy sel f m ak e
a di ffer e n c e i n e v ery r e s p e c t as t o th e h o n o u r s t o b e p ai d
th e e s o a s t o b e h on o ure d by th e Greek s an d M ac edon
i an s a s a hu m an b ein g an d after th e m an n er o f th e
Gre ek s an d by fo r eign er s al on e after th e fo re ign fa shi on
Bu t i f it i s s aid th a t Cy ru s son o f
o f p ro s trati o n
Cam by s e s was th e rs t m an t o wh om th e h o n ou r o f
p r o s tra ti on was p aid an d that afterwar d s thi s d egradin g
c eremon y c on tin u e d in v o gu e a mo n g th e Pers ian s an d
M odes We o u ght t o b ear in m i n d th at the Scythian s
2
a
ru
p oo r b u t in dep en den t cha s ti s ed th t Cy s 3 that
m en
o ther Scythi an s a gain cha s ti s e d D ariu s as the A th en ian s
an d L ac e d aemon ian s did X e rxe s as Cl ear c h u s an d X e n o
foll ow e rs did Art ax erxe s an d
ph on wi th th eir
n ally th a t Al ex an d e r th ou gh n o t h on o u re d w ith pr o s

tra ti on h a s c o n qu er e d thi s D ariu s

,

'

l
2

A67

at

Cf

y ly uorr a c.
'

Herodotus , i 21 4,
.

here i s an other readin g 6My

with Dean Blakesley s n ote
'

oc

ww

yi

'

r a c.

The An a basi s

228

Alexan der

CH AP TE R

XII

R EFU SE S TO PROST RAT E H IM SE LF

Br m akin g th es e an d o th er r em a rk s of a s i milar kin d
Calli sthe es greatly an n o ye d Alexan der b ut s p o k e th e
When th e kin g
exa c t s en ti m en t s of th e M a c e do n i ans
p erc ei ve d thi s h e s en t t o p re v e n t th e Mac ed on i an s f om
m akin g a y furth er m en ti o n o f the ceremo ny of p ro s
But after the di sc u ssi o n sil enc e ens u e d ; an d
t ra ti on
th en the mo s t ho n ourabl e o f th e P ers i ans ar o s e in du e
or der an d pro s trate d th eir b o di e s b efo re him Bu t wh en
on e o f th e P er s i ans s eem e d t o h av e p erfo rm e d t h e c e re
m o ny i n an a wk w ard w ay L eon n atu s o n e of the Com p au
i ons lau ghe d at hi s p o s tu re s m ean Alexan der at th e
t im e wa s an gry w ith hi m fo r thi s b ut w as afte rwar d s
r ec o cil ed t o him 1 The followin g acc o u n t h as al s o b een
gi ven Al exan d er dr ank f om a golden g o bl et th e h ealth
o f th e c irc l e of gu e s t s an d h an d e d it r s t t o th o s e w ith
wh om h e h a d c o ncerte d the c eremo ny of p ros tra ti o n
Th e r s t wh o dr an k from th e g obl et r o s e u p an d p er
form e d th e ac t of pr o s tra ti o n an d rec ei ve d a kis s from
him
Thi s c ere mo n y p r o c ee de d fr om o n e to an o the r i n
du e or der
But w h en th e pl edgin g of health c a m e to the
t u rn of Calli s th en es h e r o s e up an d dran k fro the
go bl et an d drew n ear w i s hin g t o ki ss th e ki n g w ith o ut
p erform in g th e act of p ro s trati on Alexan der h app en ed
then t o b e c on ver sin g with H ephaestion an d con se
qu en tly did n o t ob s er v e wh e the r Calli sthen es p erform ed
th e c er emo ny pr op erly or n o t
But w h en Callis then es
w as approachin g t o ki ss hi m D e m etriu s s on of Py th o n ax
on e o f t he Com p an i ons said th at h e w as d o in g s o with o u t
ha vin g pro s trated hi m s elf So th e ki n g wo u ld n ot p er m it
him t o ki ss hi m ; wh er eu p on th e philo s o ph er said
I
CALLISTH ENE S

(viii 20)

Curti us

th e

P ersian

an

d in

y th t

sa s,

was

it

Polysp erch on

curred th e ki g s w ath
n

who m ade sport

of

Con sp ira cy

the Pa ges

2 29

am go in g away o nly w ith th e l o ss of a ki ss

I by n o
m ean s a pp ro v e an y o f th e s e pro c eedin g s whi ch m an ife s te d
b o th th e i n s ol en c e of Al exan de r on the pre s en t o cc asi on
an d th e c hu rli sh n at ure of Callisthen es Bu t I thin k
th at s o far as re gards hi m s elf it wou ld have b een qu it e
s u f cien t if h e had giv en hi s o pin io n di screetly ma gn i
fyi n g a s m u c h a s p o ss ibl e the expl o it s of th e ki g with
wh om n o o n e thou ght it a di sh on o r t o a ss o ci at e Th ere
fo e I c on s id er th at n o t w ith ou t rea s o n Callisth en es b e
c am e o di ou s to Al exan de r o n a cc o u nt of th e s eas on abl e
f ee d om o f s p ee ch in w hi c h h e i d u lg e d 1 as w ell as from
I s urm i s e that thi s
th e e g e g io u s fa t u ity o f hi s c o n d u c t
wa s th e rea s o n why su c h e as y cre dit was gi ve t o th ose
w ho a cc s e d hi m o f p artic ip ati n g in th e con pira cy form e d
agai nst Al ex an d er by hi s p ag es an d t o th o s e al s o wh o
afrm ed th at they h ad b een in cite d t o en gage in th e co n
s i rac
Th e fac t s of thi s c o n spir ac y w ere
p
y by hi m a l on e
a s fo ll o w
s

un

C H AP TE R XIII
CON SPI RACY OF TH E PAGE S
1 1 w as a c u s t om i nt ro d u c ed by Philip th at t h e s o n s o f
th o s e M ace don i an s wh o ha d en j o ye d high Of ce s h ou ld
as s oo n as th e y reach e d th e a ge o f p u berty b e selec te d
t o atten d th e kin g s c ou rt Th es e y o u th s w ere en tru s te d
with th e gen eral a tt en dan c e o n the ki n g s p er s o n an d
When ev er
th e p ro t e c ti o n of his b o dy wli ile h e wa s asl ee p
th e kin g r o d e ou t s om e o f th e m rec ei ve d th e h or s e s
from th e groom s an d b ro u ght th em t o hi m an d o ther s
as sis t e d hi m t o mo u n t in th e Per si an fa shio n Th ey w ere
.

di

ct

Am
um

Al exan

p h
t t
|
.

a ud
en

em

(xvi ii

p
g

vt

ys

Ign or an s profecto e u s Ari stoteli s sa ien s

ad r e e m
su u m
s ectator em
et prop in q u u m
,
q u i C alli st h en em
drum m i en s , ci se e e m an dab at , u t qu am rari ssi m e et j u cun de
lo qu eretur , i a e o es a em et n e i a in a i e li n u ae p or
om in em
m

i a n us

tt

3)

sa

vt

pt tt

f Alexa n der

The An a basi s

23 0

als o c om p ani on s of the kin g i n the emul ati on of the

chase 1 Amon g the se y ou th s w as Herm olau s so n of
Sop olis w h o s ee m e d t o b e applyin g hi s m in d t o the s t u dy
o f phil o s o phy
an d t o b e c u lti vati n g th e s o c ie ty of
Th er e i s c u rre n t a t ale
Calli sthen e s for thi s p u rp o s e
ab ou t this y ou th t o the e ffe ct th at i n the c ha s e a b o ar
r u sh ed at Al exan der an d th at H erm olau s an ti cip at ed
hi m by cas ti g a j aveli n at th e b eas t by whi c h it was
s mitten an d kill e d B ut Alexan der ha vin g l o s t th e
o pp o rt un ity of di s tin gui shi n g hi m s elf by b ein g t oo l ate
i n the ass au lt w as i ndign a t with Herm olau s an d i n hi s
wr ath o rdere d hi m t o recei ve a sco urgin g in sight of th e
o th er p ages ; an d a l s o dep ri ve d him of hi s ho s e Thi s
H erm olaus b e in g ch agri n ed a t th e di s grace h e h a d i n
c u rred t old Sostratu s son o f Am yn tas wh o w as hi s
equ al i n age an d i n ti m at e c o n d en ti al frien d th at life
would b e i n s u pp o rtable t o hi m u nl ess he c ou ld t ak e
v eng eanc e u p o n Alexa nder for th e affron t H e eas ily
p er s u ade d Sostratu s t o j oin in the en t erpri s e s i nce h e
was fon dly attach e d t o hi m They gai ne d o v er to their
plans An tipater s o n of Asclepio doru s vi cero y o f Syri a
E pim en es son o f Ars eas A ti cles s o n of Theo c ritu s an d
Philo t as s on of Carsi s th e Thr ac i an They therefore
a gr ee d t o kill th e ki n g by a tta ckin g hi m i n hi s sl eep o n
t he n ight w h e n the n o c tu rn a l w a t c h c a m e ro u n d t o
Antip ater s t u rn
S om e say tha t Al exan der a cc id en tally
h app en e d t o b e d ri nkin g u n til day bre ak ; b u t Ari s to
b u lu s has given the followin g a cc oun t : A S yrian woman
wh o was u n d er the i nspi rati on of the de ity u s e d to fol
l owAl exan d er ab ou t At rs t sh e w as a s u bj e c t of m irth
t o Al exan der an d hi s c o u rti ers , b ut wh en all th at sh e
,

'

Aeli an ( Va ri a Historia , xiv

A ter th e
Cf Cur ti us
o n quere
th e Ma edon i an s, the
b a le of P n a ,
ere th e Ro m a n s
Perseus to th e san u ary at am o
p uen regi i oll o ed th e e ea e ki n
ra e, an d n e er qui e him
ill h e surren ere to th e Rom an s
See
L ivy , xlv 6
1

tt

yd wh
f w
df td
v
tt d
t

th c

ct

E xecu ti on

Ca llis then es

an d

Her m olaus

23 1

s aid in her inspiration was s een t o be tr ue he n o l on ger

tre ate d h er w ith ne glect b u t sh e w as allowed t o have fr ee
acc e ss t o hi m b o th by night an d day an d sh e o ften t ook
h er s t an d n ear hi m e v en wh e n h e wa s asl eep
An d in
d ee d on th at o ccas1 0 n when h e w as withdr awin g from
t h e dri nki n g p ar ty she m et hi m b ein g u n d e r th e in s pir a
ti on of the d eity at the tim e an d b e s ou ght hi m t o retu rn
an d drin k all n ight Al exan der thin kin g that th ere w as
s om ethi n g di vi ne i n th e warn in g ret urn ed an d went on
drin kin g 3 an d thu s the e n te pri s e of the pa ge s fell
,

Th e n ext day E pim e n es so n o f Arseas on e

th o gh
o f th o s e w h o t oo k p ar t i n th e c o n s pira c y
s p o k e o f th e
u n de rt aki n g t o Ch aricl es so n of M e n an d e r w h o h a d b e
c om e hi s c on d en tial frien d 3 an d Chari cle s t o ld it t o
E ury lo chu s br oth er o f E pi m en es E u ryl o chu s went t o
Alexan d er s ten t an d rel at e d th e wh ole affair t o P t o l em y
so n o f Lagu s on e of th e c on d enti al b o dy gu ar d s H e
t old Al exan der wh o or dere d th o s e wh o s e n am e s ha d b een
m en ti o n e d by E u rylo ch u s t o b e arre st e d Th es e b ein g
p u t on th e r ac k c o n fes s e d th eir o wn c o n s pi ra cy an d
m enti o ne d the n a me s of c ertain o th ers
r

C HAP TE R XIV

EXE CUT I ON O F CALLI STH E N ES AN D H E RM OLAUS

ARI STO BU LU S s ay s that the y o u th s ass erte d it was Calli s
thon e s wh o i n s tigat ed th em t o m ak e th e dari n g attem pt 3
?
an d P t o le m y s ay s th e s am e
M o st writer s howev er d o
.

(v

F or

t hi

s u se of

t ra m w a y ,

cf

P oly bi us

Aristoph an es/ (Kn i ghts,

?T s m ovh ris
2 6 , 1 6 ) 3 dra w
ea oo n s a 01 4
2
Al e an der ro e to Cra era s , A alu s ,
'

w t

tt

d Al cetas ,
n o on e b u t

er,

an

th t
th
a

pg

th e

a es ,

lv
w
t h gh p t t th t t
t d th t
th l tt w itt t A tip t th
p i vy t th c pi c y In
g t f M c d i h y th t th p g h ad b t d t d t h by
i h th
lf w l d p
S p hi t d
i
b t th t h hi
th M c d
t h wh
t him t d th wh h b d i t h i citi
u

ou

re en
e

o se

on s

a e

sen

ra

on a ,

a e o n an s ,

or ure,

asser e

an o

e sa s
a

ou

an

er

o se

ou

s on e

un s

ar oure

as

es

a er

en

een

a es

m se

em se

ea

e r

an

es

The An a ba sis

23 2

f A lexa n der

n o t a gr ee with thi s b u t repres en t tha t Al ex an der readily

b eli eve d the worst ab ou t Callisth en e s fr om the h at e d
whi ch h e already felt towar d s hi m an d b e c au s e H erm o
lau s was k n own to b e ex c e edin gly i n ti mat e w ith hi m
S ome au thor s h ave al s o r ec orde d the foll owin g p ar ticu
th a t H erm ol au s was br ou ght b efor e t h e M ace
1ars :
d on ia n s t o w h o m h e c on fesse d th at h e h a d c o n s pire d
a s n o l o n g e r p o ss ibl e
a gain s t th e kin g s life b e cau s e it w
fo r a free m n t o h ear hi s in s o l en t tyra nn y
H e t h en
re c oun t e d all hi s ac t s of de s p o ti s m th e illegal exe c u ti on
o f Philo t as
th e s till mor e ill eg al o n e o f hi s fath e r
Parmen i o an d of the o th ers wh o w ere pu t t o de ath at
th at ti m e th e m u rd er of Clitu s i n a t of drun k en n ess
hi s assu mption of th e M e dian garb th e i n tro d u c ti o n o f
th e c e re mo n y o f p ro s trati on w hi c h h a d b ee n pl an n e d a n d
n ot
yet relin qu i s h ed an d th e d rinkin g b ou t s an d leth ar gi c
s le ep ari sin g fr om th em t o whi ch h e wa s a ddi cti g him self 1
H e said th at b ein g n o l o n g er abl e t o b ear th e se thin g s
h e wish ed t o free b oth hi m sel f a n d the o th er M ac ed o
n ian s
The se sa m e a u th or s s ay th at H erm o la s hi s elf
an d th o s e w h o h a d b e en
arr e s t e d w ith hi m w e re s t o n e d
t o d eath by tho s e wh o w ere pre sen t Ari s t o b u l us say s
that Callisth en es was c arri e d ab ou t with the ar y b ou n d
with fetters an d afterwar d s di e d a n atu ral d ea th ; b u t
P t ol em y so n of Lagu s s ay s tha t h e was stret ch e d u p on
th e ra ck an d th en h an ge d 2 Th u s n o t e v en did th e se
au tho rs who s e arrati ve s a e very tru stwo rthy an d wh o
a t th e ti m e w er e in i n ti m at e a ss o c i a ti o n w ith Al exa n d er
,

pirat ors ag ain st hi m

on s

re ers
1

to h im

an

Cf Arri a n

(viii

Curti u s

ti
g ti

guil
i n di

n a

m u rderi n

am on

on

Q uaesti on es

ph rastu s, th e

vi

r en

tC

alli sth en e

t ch (Al x

ar

29)

g th
g th

e
e

Ci
d

of

y t h at Al exan der
p hilosopher Hi s

ft w
t gi c l

sa s

an

cie t phil

ero

( Tusc

ph

D i sp u t

Calli sth en es

o so

er

ra

ers
,

ards

an

der

p t d f hi
th x it d g t

re

dea

See

Al e

ou t.

fi

th

d th e A

(vii

tt

Aris o le h ad sen
en i an s
See Plu

en

e c

S en e ca

re a

( N a tu ra les

p eakin g

of

heo

Alli an ce

with

the Scythi an s

an d

Chorasm i an s

23 3

gi ve a cc ou nt s c o nsi stent with each oth er of even t s sO

w ell kn ow n an d the c i rc u m s tanc e s of whi ch c ou ld n ot
ha ve e scap ed their n otic e O th er writ er s h av e giv en
m a n y vari o u s d et ail s o f the s e s a m e pr o ce edin g s w hi c h
ar e i nc o ns i s t en t w
i th e ach o ther ; b u t I thi n k I ha ve
wr itten quite su fc ien t on thi s su bj ect Thou gh the se
e ve n t s t oo k pl ac e s h o r tly a ft er th e d eath Of C litu s l I
h a v e d e scrib ed them amon g th o s e whi ch happen e d t o
Alexan d er i n referenc e t o th at Gen eral b e cau s e for the
p u rp o s e s of narr ati ve I c on sider them v ery i n timately
c o n n ec t e d with e ac h o th er
,

CH APTE R XV

Ar m

or

WI TH

Scr rn m

T HE

u s AND

Cs o m

sm m s

ANOT H E R em b ass y from th e E u r o p ean

Al ex an d er w ith the env o y s w h o m he

Scythi an s c a m e t o
h a d d e sp a t c h e d t o
th o s e p eopl e 3 for th e ki n g wh o was reignin g o ver the m
a t th e ti m e w h en h e s en t the se env o y s h ap en e d t o di e
p
a n d hi s b r o th er w as r eign i g i n hi s s t ea d
Th e o bj ec t
o f th e e m b ass y w as t o s t a t e th at th e Sc ythi an s we e
willin g t o d o wh at s o ev er Alexan de r c omman de d They
were al s o brin gin g t o hi m fr om their king th e gi ft s
whi c h amon g the m a re de em ed mo s t valuable They
said th eir monarc h w as w illi n g t o give hi s dau ghter t o
Alexan d er i n m arri a ge i n o r de r t o c o n rm the frie n d s hip
a n d alli anc e w ith hi m 3 b u t if Al exan d er hi m s el f d eig n e d
n o t to m arry the p ri nc ess o f the Scythi ans th en h e wa s
wi llin g at any r ate t o gi ve the d au ghter s of the vic ero y s
of th e Scythi an te rr it o ry a n d o f th e o th er m ighty m e n
thr ou gh o u t th e c ou n try o f Scythia t o the mo s t fai thfu l of

H e al s o sen t wo rd tha t h e wou ld

l
an
d
r
i cer s
A ex
e s o
c om e in p ers on if bidden in or der t o h ear from Alexan
d er s o wn mo u th wh at hi s ord er s w ere At t hi s ti m e
,

We

n d

from c hapt er xxii that these even ts occ urred at Bactra

.

The An a ba si s

23 4

Alexan der

al s o c am e Pharasm an e s kin g of th e Chorasm ian s t o

hor s emen wh o a rm ed th at h e
Al exan d er w ith
dwelt on th e c o n e s of th e ati on s o f th e Col c hians
c alle d Amaz on s 2 an d p rom i s e d if Alex
a n d th e w o m e
an d er was willin g t o m arc h again s t the s e n ation s in or d er
to s bj gat e th e ra c e s i n thi s di s t i c t wh o s e t errit orie s
e xt e d e d t o th e E u xin e Se a t o a ct a s hi s g u id e th ro u gh
t h e m ou n t ai n s an d t o s upply hi s a m y with p r o v i s i o ns
Al exan d e then g av e a c o u rte ou s r eply t o th e m en w h o
h a d c om e f om the Scythi an s an d on e that w s a da pt ed
t o the exigen cie s of tha t p ar ti cu lar ti m e ; b u t s aid that
h e ha d n o n e ed o f a Scythi an w e ddin g
H e al s o com
m en d ed Ph ar a s m an es an d c o c l u d e d a
fri en d sh ip an d
a s n ot con
alli an c e w ith him s ayi n g th a t at p e s en t it w
After
v e i en t fo r hi
t o m ar c h t ow a d s t h e E xi n e Se a
in t o d u cin g Pharas m an es a s a fri en d t o Artab a u s th e
Persian to wh o m he h ad in tru s te d th e go vern m en t o f
th e B a c t i a s 3 an d t o all th e o th er vi c e o ys wh o w ere
He
h is n ei ghb o ur s h e s en t hi m b a ck t o hi s o wn a b o de
said that his mi d at that time wa s en g o ss e d by the
de sire o f c on q erin g th e I di an s ; for wh en h e h a d
s u bdu e d the h e shou ld p o sse ss th e whol e o f Asia H e
adde d that wh en Asi a wa s in hi s p owe h e wo ld retu rn
t o G ree c e a d th en ce m a k e an ex pe diti on w ith all hi s
n ava l a n d m ilit ary fo r c e s t o th e eas t e rn e xtre m ity O f th e
4
x
u
n
e
a
He
E i Se thro u gh th e Helle s p on t an d P ro p on ti s
de sire d Ph ara s m an e s t o r e s er ve th e full m en t o f hi s
,

p re sen t pr o m ises
1

Th e C

ho

ra sm

til then

un

i an s

we

re a

p pl
b tw
eo

wh o

in

h abi t ed th e c oun try n ear

th e

we part of th e ri ver O xus e een th e Cas pian a d Ar al Seas

3 T is m
h ythi cal race of warlik e fem ales i s said to h ave c m e from th e
Cau c asu s an d to h ave settl ed n ear th e m odern T ebi on d t h eir ori gin al
ab ode b ei n g i n Col chi s
Cf Arri n (vi i
Stra bo ( xi 5 )
B i od ( xv ii
Cur t (vi
Jus ti n (xi i
Hom er ( I l i a d iii 1 8 9) 3 Aeschylu s

lo

'

( E um

'

em

d es , 65 5 )

Pro pon ti s m

i 1 0, 3 1 )
.

H erod (i v 1 1 0
1 1 6 ; ix

ea n s

ue que

th e

sea

en en

before t he

tP

on

P on tus

Com

See iii 2 9 su ra
are O i d Tri s ti a
,
(
.

ti By z an ti a li ttoraf au ces
.

Su bj ugati on of Sogdi an a

23 5

Al exan der

th en ret ur n e d t o the ri ver Oxu s w ith the

i n tenti on of a d vanc in g i n t o S o gdi ana b ecau s e n e w s was
bro u ght th at m any of the S o gdiani ans h ad ed for refu ge
i n t o their s tron ghold s a n d r efu s e d t o su b mit t o th e
v ice ro y w hom he ha d pl ace d o ver them Whil e h e was
e nca m pin g n ear th e ri ver O xu s a s pri n g of wa t er an d
ne ar it an oth er of Oil ro s e from th e grou n d n ot far from
Al exan d er s own t en t Wh en thi s pro digy was an n ou n c e d
t o P tol e m y s on of Lagu s th e c o nd en ti al b ody gu a rd
h e t o ld Al exan d er wh o o ffere d th e sacri c e s whi c h th e
p r ophe ts di rec te d on acc ou n t Of th e phen om en on Ari s
t an d er a frm e d th a t th e sp rin g of o il wa s th e si gn of
la b o urs 3 b u t it als o sign ie d th at after t he lab ou r s there
wo u ld b e vic to ry
,

C HAPTE R XVI

SU
TION or SO GD IANA RE VOLT or SPITAM ENE S
HE th ere fo r e c r o ss e d th e r i ver w ith a p art of h i s ar my
an d e n te re d S o g di a na
leavin g Polysperch on Atta lu s
Gor gi as an d M eleager the re amon g the B actri an s with
i ns tru c ti o n s t o gu ard th e l an d t o preven t th e b arb a ri an s
of tha t re gi o n fr om m akin g an y r e v o lu ti o n ary ch an ge
an d t o r e du c e th o s e w h o
h a d already r eb ell ed H e
divi de d th e ar m y w hi ch h e h a d with hi m i nt o ve p ar ts ;
th e r s t o f w hi c h h e p u t u n d e r th e c omm an d of H ep h a es
tion the s ec o n d u n der tha t of Ptolemy s o n o f L agu e
the c o n d enti al b o dy gu ar d 3 o v er th e third h e p u t
Perdi cc as ; Coen us an d Arta b az u s comm an de d th e fou rth
brigade for hi m whi le he hi m self t ook the fth divisio n
an d pen etra te d int o the lan d t ow ard s Mar acan da 1 Th e
o th er s al s o a d vanc ed as each fo u n d it pr ac ti cabl e re d u ci n g
b y fo rc e s om e o f th o s e who ha d ed for refug e in t o th e
BJ UGA

'

We learn

was m urdered

r om

Cur ti us

(viii

t h t it w
a

as at

thi

plac e th at

Cli

us

The An a ba s is

23 6

f Alexan der

gh old s an d capturin g o th ers wh o s u rre n dere d t o

th em on term s of capitu lati on
When all hi s forc e s
r ea ch e d Mara can d a after t ra ver s in g th e g r ea t er p art o f
the l an d O f the S o gdi an i an s h e s en t H ep h a estio n a way
H e al s o s en t
t o pl ant c o l o n i e s in th e c iti e s o f S o gdi an a
Coe n u s a n d Artab a z u s in t o Scythia b e cau s e h e Wa s i n
fo r m e d tha t Spitam en es h a d e d fo r refu g e thith er 3 b u t
h e him s e lf w ith th e re st o f hi s ar m y tr av ers e d S o gdian a
an d e as ily r e d u c e d all th e pl a c e s s till h eld by t h e r e b el s
Whil e Al exan der wa s thu s en gag ed Spitam en es ao
c om p an i ed by s om e of th e S ogdian ian exile s ed int o
t he l an d o f the Scythi an s c all e d M assage ti an s 1 an d
havi n g c olle cted 600 h or s e m en from thi s n ati on h e c am e
t o on e o f th e f orts in Bactrian a Fallin g u p on th e c om
m an der o f thi s fort wh o wa s n ot e xp e c ti n g an y h o s tile
de mon s trati on an d u p on tho s e wh o w ere k e epin g g u ard
with him he de s troye d t he s oldie rs an d c aptu rin g the
c omm and er kept him i n c u s t o dy B ein g emb old en ed by
th e ca ptu re o f thi s fo r t a few d ay s aft e r h e app ro ach e d
Zariaspa 3 b u t re so lv in g n o t t o att ac k th e c ity h e
m arch ed away aft er c oll ec tin g a great qu an tity o f b oo ty
Bu t a t Z ariaspa a few o f t h e C om p an i o n c a v al ry h a d
b een l eft b ehi n d on th e sc ore o f il ln e ss an d w ith th em
Peithon s on Of Sosicles 2 w ho h ad b een pl a c e d o ver th e
ro yal h o u s eh o ld of at t en da n t s a t Z ari as a an d Aris ton i cu s
p
th e h arp er
The s e m e n hearin g o f th e i n c u rs i o n o f th e
Scythian s an d havin g n owre c o vere d from their illn ess
t ook the ir ar m s an d mo u n te d their h or s e s Th en c ol
l ecti n g eighty m er c e n ary G rec i an h o r s e m en w h o h a d
b een l eft b ehin d t o g u ar d Z ar iaspa an d So m e o f th e r o yal
p age s they s alli e d fo rth again s t th e M assagetian s Fall

st

ro n

hese were a p ople dwelli g to th e n o th east f th e C aspi an wh o

c hi ey rem a kable for havin g defeat ed a d ki ll ed C y us th e Great

were

tw th
th th

here we

en or, an

re

d th e

er

See H erodo tus , i 2 0 1 2 1 6

2

er

gen erals

e son of

n am ed

Crateas

Peith on

on e

th e

See Arri an , vi 1 5 , 2 8 , etc

.

of

son
.

D efea t

an

d D eath

Sp i tam

23 7

en es .

p o n the Scythi ans wh o h a d n o su s pi ci o n o f s u ch

an e v en t th ey depri v e d th e m of all th e b oo ty a t th e r s t
on s et an d kille d m any of tho s e w h o w ere dri vin g it off
B u t as n o on e wa s i n c omm an d th ey re tu rne d w ith o u t
an y r eg ar d t o o rder : an d b ei n g d r a w n in t o an am b u s h
by Spitam en es an d o ther Scythian s th ey l o s t s ev en of
th e C om p an i ons an d s ix ty of th e m er c e nary ca valry
Ari ston i cu s th e h a rp er was al s o slai n there h avi n g p r o v ed
hi m s elf a brave m an b eyo n d what m ight h ave b ee n ex
Peithon b ein g wou n de d w as t ak e n
p ect ed o f a h arp e r
1
h
pri s on er by t e Scyt hi ans

in g

C H APTE R
D E FE AT

AN D

D EAT H

XVII

SPITAM ENE S

or

WH EN thi s n ew s w as b rou ght t o Crateru s he m ade a

for c ed m arc h a gai n st th e Massagetian s wh o wh en th ey
h ear d tha t h e wa s m ar c hin g again s t them ed a s fas t
as th ey c o ld t oward s th e d esert Foll owin g them u p
clo sely h e o vert ook th o s e very m en an d m ore th an
o ther Massagetian hor s emen n o t far from th e des e rt A
er ce b attl e ensu e d i n w hi ch th e Mac ed oni ans w ere
O f th e Scythi an s 1 5 0 h o r s em en w er e sl ai n 3
vi c t o ri ou s
b u t th e re s t of th e m ea s ily e scap e d i nt o t he d es e rt for
it w as im p o ssib l e fo r the Mac e d on ians t o pu r sue t h em
At thi s tim e Alexan d er r eli ev e d Artab az u s
an y fu rth er
at hi s ow n re qu es t
of th e v i c e ro y alty o f the B ac tri an s
s on
o n th e gro u n d of hi s ad van c e d a ge ; an d Am yn tas
2
n
i
ea
e
Coen u s
w
as
pp
o
i
n
t
d
v
i
c
r
o
y
hi
s
s
t
d
e
a
o f Nic olaii s

Curti us

(viii

Attin as
2 Artab az u s

1)

y th t
a

sa s

th e

n am e

of

the

de feated gen eral was

en h e Jowe Al e an er Wi
th e
in h i s 95th ear
3 30
See Curti us , vi 1 4 Hi s i e
ariu s i n
roo s of
re i an
was des in e for Cli us ; but on th e ea of a gen eral it was
ro al
See Curti us , iii 3
on erre on Am yn tas
.

was

G c t p
D
y ty
t d
c f d

wh

x d

d th

th t

th

vc

The An a ba sis

23 8

was le ft with
g

er,

th e

of

40 0

h is

Co m

b esi des t h e
were u n der th e

ar c er s ,

wh o
all

un

der

win ter

st r c t

in

th ere

wn

of

Alexan der

b riga de

an

th at

i on cav al ry an d all
B actrian s S og dian i an s
pan

c o m m an

of

of

M el ea
th e h orse
an d oth er s
They were

Am yn tas
ob e y Co en u s
.

i n j u n ct i o n s t o
S og di an a in order

to

an

d to

p r o te c t

th e

yh ow th ey m ight
b e abl e t o d ra w hi m i n to an am b u sh a s h e wa s wan
Bu t wh en Spi tam en es
derin g ab o u t duri n g th e win t er
as occu pie d b y th e M a ce do n i an s
s a w t h at ev ery p la ce w
for a garr i so n an d th a t t h ere wou l d s o on b e n o way o f
igh t left o p en t o h i m h e t u rn ed r o u n d a gai n s t Co en u s
i th h im th in kin g th at h e wo u l d b e
an d th e ar m y w
Com in g to Bagae
b ett er ab l e to gh t i n t hi s way
fo rti e d pl a ce in S o g di an a s itu a te d on th e c o n n es o f
t h e c o u n t ri es o f th e S o gdi a n i an s an d th e M a ssa get ian
S cyth i an s h e ea s ily p ers u aded
S cythian h or sem en
I t i s an e a sy
t o j oi n him i n a n i n v a s i on o f S o g di an a
m a tte r to i n d u c e th e s e S cy thi an s to en ga ge i n
o n e war
after an oth e r b ecau s e t h ey ar e p in ch e d b y p over ty an d
a t th e s am e t i m e h av e n o c i ti es o r s e ttl e d ab o d e s t o gi ve
th e m c au s e fo r a n xi ety ab o u t what is m os t dear t o th e m
Wh en Coen u s a scertai n ed that Spitam en es was a dvan ci n g
wi th hi s cavalry he wen t to m eet him wi th his arm y A
i n whi ch th e M a ce do n i an s were
sh arp con te s t e n s u e d
vi c tori o u s s o th a t o f th e b arb ari an cavalr y over 8 00 fell
in th e b attl e whil e Coen u s l o st 2 5 h o rse m en an d t w
elv e
Th e co n se qu en c e wa s th at th e S o gdi an ian s
foo t sol di ers
wh o were sti ll le ft wi th Spitam en es as well a s m ost of
th e B actrian s des erte d h i m i n t h e igh t an d c am e t o
Co en u s to surren der The M assagetian S cythian s ha vin g
ith ill success in th e b attle pl un dere d th e b agga ge
m et w
ho were servi n g i n
o f th e B actri an s a n d S o g dian ian s w
t he sa m e arm y a s th em sel ves a n d t h en e d i n to th e
B u t when th ey were
desert in com p an y wi th Spi tam en es
i n form ed that Alexan der wa s already on the start to
c ou n

t ry

an

d to

arre st

Spitam

e n es,

if

an

'

di verti n g

hi m

n u

v u

p u rsu in g th em

fro m

ya

1
.

C H APTE R XVIII
Ox

n aras

Basm

en n

I N THE

S OGDIAN

Ro cx

M EANTIM E Coen us r etu rn ed to Al exan der at Nan taca as

al s o
did Crateru s Phra taph ern es th e v i c ero y o f the
Par thi an s an d Stasan or the v iceroy of th e Ar eian s after
exec u ti n g all the
hi ch Al exan der h ad gi ven
or de rs w
The kin g t h en c au sed his arm y t o r es t aro un d
th em
N au taca b ecau s e it was n o w m id win ter b u t h e des
p atch e d Phrataphern es in to the lan d of th e M ardian s
an d T ap u rian s t o fet ch A u to ph radate s th e v i ce roy b e
ca u s e t ho ugh h e h ad o fte n b e en sen t for h e di d n o t o b ey
th e s u m m on s
He al so sen t Stasan or i n t o th e lan d o f
th e D ra n gian s an d Atro pate s i n t o M edi a wi th the ap
p oin tm en t o f vi cero y o v er th e M edes b ecau se Oxo dates
s e em e d di s a ect ed t o hi m
Stam en es al so h e de sp at ched
to B ab ylo n b eca u s e n ews cam e t o him tha t M a z aeu s th e
B ab ylo n ia n govern or was d ead Sopoli s E po cill u s an d
Men i das h e s en t away to M acedon i a to b ri n g him the
arm y u
At th e r st app earan ce of
p from that cou n try
3
sp rin g
he a dvan ce d t o war ds th e r ock in S o g di an a t o
whi ch he was i n form ed m an y of the S o g dian ian s had
ed for refuge ; am on g who m were said t o b e th e
wife an d dau ghters of Oxyartes the Bactri an who had
dep o s ite d t h e m for safe ty in t h at p l ace a s if fors ooth i t
,

'

i fe of Sp itam en es m urdered
d 1 2) says th a t th e w
him an d carri ed hi s h ead to Al exan der
3 Th e H ebre
w n am e for M edi a i s Madai , which m ean s m i ddle-lan d
Th e Gree s called th e coun try Media, accordi n g to Poly bi us (v
becau se i t li es n ear th e m iddl e of Asi a
0 f th e year 3 2 7
1

C u r ti u s

(vii i

11

an

f Alexa n der

The An a bas is

240

lted from Al ex
an der
If thi s rock wa s c ap tured it seem ed th at n othi n g
woul d b e left to th os e o f the S o gdi an ian s wh o wi sh ed to
t hrow off th ei r all egi an c e
When Al exan der approached
it he fo un d it p reci pi to u s on all s i de s a gai n st a ssaul t
an d that the b arb ari an s h a d c oll ec te d p ro vi si o n s for a
lon g siege Th e great q u an ti ty of sn ow whi ch had
fallen h elp ed to m ak e th e approa ch m ore di i cult to the
Mac edon ian s wh ile at th e sam e ti m e i t k e p t the b arb ar
ian s supplie d with pl en ty of water B ut n otwith stan din g
all thi s h e res olved t o a ssau lt th e p lace ; for a cer tain
overw een i n g an d in s ol en t b oa st u tter e d by the b arb ari an s
ha d throw
n hi m in to a w
rathfu l stat e of am b iti on s p er
tin acity
For w hen they were in v i te d to co m e to t erm s
a s an in
of cap i tulati on
an d i t w
as h el d ou t to th em
d ucem en t th at if they s urren dere d th e p l ace th ey w ou l d
b e allowed to wi th draw i n safe ty to th eir o wn ab o des
th ey burst ou t la ughi n g a n d i n th eir b arb ari c t on gu e
b ade Alexan der s eek wi n ge d sol diers t o cap t ure the
m ou n tai n for h im
s in ce th e y h ad n o app reh e n si on
of
dan g er from oth er m en l H e then i s s u e d a p roclam a ti on
th at th e rst m an wh o m o un t e d s ho ul d h ave a r e w
ar d of
2
tw
elve ta len t s
the m an wh o c am e n ext t o hi m th e s econ d
priz e an d th e thi rd so on in p roportion so t hat the last
3
r ew
ar d sh ou l d b e thr ee h un d re d dari cs
to th e l ast p riz e
h o rea ch ed th e t o p
t ak e r w
Thi s p rocl am ati on e xc i ted
the val o ur of th e Ma ce do n i an s s till m o re t ho ugh t hey
were e ven b efore v ery eage r to co m m en ce th e assau lt

were im pregn able

For h e

a so

ha d

revo

6 pc , a in to Latin
Herodotu s

w
ru

p oetical

an

d Ion i c w
ord, often foun d i n

About
About 3 27

Cur ti us

(vii

th at the rst pri z e

as 1 0
s am e proporti on for th e ei h t
g

41 )

says

d 9 tal en ts , an d th e
h o m oun ted received on e talen t
others, so th at th e ten th m an w
Th e
stater o f D ariu s , usually c alled a dari cu s, w
as a gold coi n of Persia

See Sm ith s D icti on ary of An ti q ui ti es

talen ts, the

secon

CHAP TE R XIX

A LE XAN D ER

C APTURE S

TH E

ROCK

AND

MARRIE S

R OXANA

A LL t h e m en wh o h ad g ai n e d p ra cti ce i n sc alin g r ock s

i n s i eg es , b an de d th e m sel ves to g e t her t o t h e n u m b er o f
t h ree h u n dre d, an d p ro vi de d th e m s el v es with th e s m all

wi th whi c h th ei r t en ts h ad b ee n faste n e d to
t h e g ro u n d wi th t h e i n te n ti o n o f x in g th e m i n to th e
sn o w w
h e re i t m igh t b e s een t o b e froz en h ard o r i n to
th e gr o u n d if i t s ho ul d an y wh e re ex hi bi t i ts el f fre e fr o m
sn o w
Tyi n g s tro n g r o p e s m a de o f ax t o t h es e p e g s
t h ey a dvan ce d in t h e n igh t t o w
ar d s th e m os t
precip i tou s
p art o f t h e r ock whi c h wa s a l so m o s t u n g ua r ded ; an d
xin g s om e o f th e s e p eg s i n t o th e ear th W h ere i t m ade
i tsel f vi sib l e an d oth e rs i n to th e s n o w wh er e it s eem e d
l east lik ely t o b re ak u p they h oi ste d the m selves u p th e
Thi r ty o f
r o ck
s o m e in o n e
pla c e an d s o m e i n an o th e r
t h e m p eri sh e d i n t h e as c e n t ; an d as t h e y fell in to v ari ou s
p ar ts o f the s n o ws n o t e v en co u l d t h eir b o dies b e fo u n d
for b u ri al
Th e r e s t h o wev e r reac h e d th e t o p o f th e
n , an d t aki n g
os s es
m o u n tai n at th e a pro a ch o f d a w
p
p
ard s th e
c am
sio n
o f it
t he y wa v e d l i n en a g s t o w
p
1
M
i
a s Al e x a n d er h a d d i re c te d th e m
aced on an s
of t h e
t o do
H e n o ws en t a heral d vVith i n s tr u cti o n s t o s ho u t
t o th e sen tri es o f th e b a rb ari an s to m ak e n o fu r th er
d el ay b u t s u rren d er a t o n c e ; s in c e t h e win g ed m en
h a d b een fo u n d an d th e s u m m i ts o f th e m o un t ai n wer e
A t th e sa m e t i m e t h e h eral d p o i n t ed
i n thei r p o s ses si on
Th e
th e cre s t o f th e m o u n tain
at th e s oldi e r s u p on
b arb arian s b ei n g al arm e d b y th e u n expec tedn es s o f the
h o were occu pyin g
sigh t an d s u sp ec tin g t h a t th e m e n w
th e p eak s we re m o re n u m ero u s th an t h ey rea lly were
so
an d th a t th e y w ere c o m p l etely a rm e d s u rr en der e d
frigh ten ed di d th e y b ec o m e a t t he s i gh t o f th o s e few

i ro n

p egs

'

C f Cu rti us
.

vii .

vela, sign um

cap ti verti ci s

The An a ba si s

242

Alexa n der

Macedon ian s The wi ves an d c hil dren of m an y im p ortan t

m en w
ere th er e captu re d i n cl u d in g th o s e o f O xyarte s
Thi s chi ef h ad a da u gh ter a m a i den o f m arriag eabl e
1
ho
o w
as as ser te d by th e m en w
h
w
a e n am ed R oxan a
g
Al exan de r s arm y t o h ave b een th e m o st
s erve d i n
b ea uti ful of all Asiati c wo m en wit h th e si n gl e exc ep ti on
i fe of D ari us 2 They al so say th at n o soon er did
o f th e w
Alexan der s ee h er than h e fe ll i n love with h er ; b ut
th ough h e was in l ove wi th h er h e r efuse d t o offer
it
n o t thi n k
a n d di d
v i ol en ce t o h er a s a ca pti ve
Thi s con duct of
derog atory t o his dign it y t o m arry h er
Al exan der I thin k wo rthy rat h er of p rai se than blam e
Moreover in regard to th e wi fe of D ar i u s wh o was said
to b e th e m o st b eau ti fu l wo m an i n Asi a h e ei th er did
for h er o r e l s e h e exerci sed
n o t e n tertai n a p assi o n
3
as y o u n g an d in the
l
hi
l
f
e
m
s
e
th o u gh h e w
c on tro ov r
o f s u c ce s s
wh en m en u s u ally act wi th
v ery m eri dian
in solen ce an d viol en ce
O n th e con trary h e act e d wi th
s ar e d
h er h on ou r ex er ci sin g a great
m odesty an d
p
am ou n t of ch ast it y a n d a t th e sam e ti m e exhibit i n g a
1
very p rop er d esi re to o b tai n a g oo d rep utati on
.

'

CHAP TE R XX

M AGNANIMO U S TREATM E NT or TH E FAM ILY or D ARIU S

IN relation t o thi s su bj e ct th ere i s a s tory c urren t t hat
s oon after th e b attl e w
hic h was fo u gh t at I s sus b etween
.

Ro xan a an d h er son Al exan der Aegus w

ere put to death b Cassan der ,
y
3 11
9
She died sh ortly b efore th e b attl e of Arbela
Statira
'
3
Cf Theocri tus , xv 94, v xaprepos
xapr epes a irro
4
After th e cap ture of D am a scu s , Al exan der m arri ed Barsi n e, the
widowof his ri val Mem n on , an d daugh ter of Artabaz us Sh e was
disti n guish ed for h er b eauty an d accom p li sh m en ts , h avi n g received a
By h er h e h ad a son n am ed H eracl es See Plu tarch
Greci an educati on
ere put to death by Polysp erch on ,
Sh e an d h er son w
(Alec ,
1

3 09

M a gn an i m
-

ou s

Trea tm

en

the F a m i ly

d Alexan der, th e eu n u ch wh o
wife escap e d an d ca m e t o h im

D ari us 24 3

wa s g u ardi an o f
D ari u s s
W hen D ari u s
s aw t hi s m an
h is rst i n q ui r y wa s wh e th er h is chil
d re n wife an d m o th er were al iv e ?
As cer tai n i n g th at
t h e y we re n ot o n ly alive b u t were c all e d q u e en s an d
e n j oy e d th e s am e p er so n al servi c e an d a tt en tio n
which
th e y h a d b een a cc u s to m e d t o h a v e wi th D ari u s h e th ere
u on
m ade a s e c o n d i n q u i ry w
h eth er h is wi fe was still
p
ch ast e
W hen h e ascer tai n e d th at sh e r e m ai n ed so h e
a sk e d a g ai n
whe th er Al e xan de r h ad n ot offere d an y
v i o l en ce t o h er t o g ra ti fy h i s l us t ?
The e u n u ch t oo k a n
0 kin g thy wi fe i s ,j u s t a s th o u di ds t
o at h a n d s a i d :
l eav e h er an d Alexan der is th e b es t an d m ost ch as te o f

Up on thi s D ariu s s tre tch e d h is h an ds toward s

m en
Kin g Z eu s 1 t o
h ea v en a n d p ra y e d a s foll o ws
wh om p ower h as b een ass ign e d to reg u late th e affairs of
kin gs am on g m en do th o u n ow p ro tect fo r m e esp eci ally
t h e e m pi re o f th e P e r sian s an d M e de s a s i n dee d th o u
B u t i f I a m n o l o n ger kin g o f Asi a
d ids t giv e it to m e
a ccor d in g t o th y b eh es t a t an y r a te do th ou h a n d ov er

n
r
m
an
u
t
A
n
r
Th u s n o t
lexa de
o o th e
b
m y p ow
er t o
een
ar e c has t e a c ti on s a m a tte r o f
e ven t o e n e m i e s I w
u n con cern
Oxyar te s h ea ri n g t h at his c h il dre n were i n
th e p o wer of Al e xa n der a n d th at h e wa s tr ea ti n g h i s
da ugh ter R oxan a wi th res p ect to o k c o u rage an d ca m e t o
H e wa s h el d i n h o n o u r a t th e kin g s co u rt as wa s
him
2
n a t ur al after s u c h a p i ec e o f g o o d fo r tu n e

D ar i u s

an

Cf H erodotus, i 1 3 1 ; C u rti us , i v 42
Orm u z d
2
Cu rti us ( viii 1 6) says th at Al exan der
1

by Oxyartes in hi s h on our

Th e Persi an s

called

thi s go d

wRoxan a at a ban qu et given

sa

The An

244

aba s i s

f Alexa n der

CH APTE R XXI
C APTU RE

or

RO C K

TH E

or

C HO RIE NE S

W HE N Al exan d er h ad n i sh ed his o p erati o n s am o n g th e

S o gdian ian s an d was n ow i n p osses s io n o f t he rock
h e a dvan c ed in to th e l an d o f th e Para et aci an s b ecau se
er e s ai d t o b e h o l d i n g a n o th er
m an y of t h e b arb ari a n s w
Thi s
a s tron gly fo r ti e d
r o ck
pl ace in th at cou n t ry
wa s call ed th e roc k of Cho rien es ; an d to i t Cho rie n e s
hi m self an d m an y oth er chi efs h ad e d fo r r efu g e Th e
h e igh t o f thi s r o ck was ab ou t twen ty s t a des a n d th e
I t wa s p re ci pi t o u s o n all s ides an d
ci rc u i t ab ou t s i xty
th ere wa s on ly on e a s c e n t t o it whi ch wa s n a rro w an d
s i te
n o t eas y to m o u n t si n ce i t h a d b een co n s tru c t e d i n
p
I t we s t h er efo re di f cu l t
o f th e n atu re o f th e p la ce
t o a scen d e v e n b y m en i n si n gl e l e a n d wh en n o o n e
1
d
h
w
a
A
d
ee
rav
i
n
e
a
l
n
c
l
o
d
th e r o c k
so e
b arr e t e
se
y
p
h o ev er i n ten de d t o l ea d an a rm y u p
a ll r oun d s o t h at w
t o i t m u s t l on g b e fo r e m ak e a cau se wa y o f e a rth ov er
t hi s rav i n e i n o r d er th at h e m ight star t fro m l ev e l g ro u n d
wh en h e l ed hi s t roo p s t o th e a ss au l t N o twi th s tan din g
To s o g reat
all thi s Al e xan der u n der t o o k th e e n t erp ri s e
a pit ch o f au da c ity h a d h e a d van c e d th r o u gh h i s c ar eer
o f su c c e s s
t h a t he th o u ght e v ery p l ac e o u ght t o b e
2
a cc e s s ib le t o hi m
a n d t o b e c a tu r e d b
H e cu t
p
y hi m
do wn th e p i n e s wh i ch were very a b u n dan t a n d l o fty all
ro u n d th e m o u n tai n
an d m a de la dd e r s o f th e m
s o th a t
b y m ean s o f th e m t h e s o l di er s m i gh t b e a b l e t o d e s cen d
i n to th e ravin e 3 ; for o th erwise it wa s i m p ossib l e for t h e m
D ur in g th e day tim e he hi m s el f s up eri n t en de d
t o do s o
th e wo rk k eepi n g ha l f o f his a rm y e n ga ge d i n i t ; an d
d u ri n g th e n i gh t h i s c on de n ti al b o d y g u a rd s Per di c ca s
,

1
2

Krii ger

su b sti tu ted n ept eipy e

ar a

Cf Xen oph on

3
of

(An a b

for
,

wept p yet

'

iv 6 ,
.

Ar rian im i tates Herodo tus in th e

use of ti) :

with th e in n itive i n stead

Cap tu re

the Rock

Chori en es

245

P tol em y s on o f Lagus, in tu rn wi th th e
o th er h al f o f th e arm y d ivi de d i n to t h ree p ar ts
p er
fo r m ed th e du ty whi ch h a d b een a ssig n e d t o ea c h fo r
t he n igh t
Bu t t h ey c o u l d co m p l e te n o m o re than
t wen ty c ub i ts i n a da
y an d n o t q ui te s o m u ch i n a
n igh t th o u gh th e w
h ol e arm y e n gage d i n th e l ab o ur s o
d ii c u lt wa s t he p l a ce t o a p p ro a c h an d s o har d was th e
wor k i n it D esc en di n g i n t o the r a vi n e t hey fas ten ed
pe g s i n t o th e sha rpe st a n d n arro wes t p ar t o f i t dis
t a n t fro m
e a ch
o th e r a s far
as w
as co n si s t en t
wi th
s tren
g th t o s u pp or t th e weig h t of W h at was p l ace d u p on
them
Up on t h es e th ey pl ac e d hu rdles m ade of willo w
a n d o si e rs v e r y m u ch i n th e fo r m o f a b ri d g e
Bin di n g
t h e se t o g eth e r th e y l o a de d e a r t h a b o ve t h e m
so th at
t he re m igh t b e an a p pro ac h t o t he r o ck fo r th e a r m y on
le vel grou n d At rs t the b arb arian s d e ri ded a s i f the
a tt e m
pt wa s al to g eth er a b o rt i ve ; b u t wh en th e a rr o ws
b egan t o r each t h e rock an d t h e y were u n ab l e t o driv e
b a ck t h e M a cedo n ian s th o u gh th ey th e m s el ve s were
on
a high er l e v el
b e c a u s e t he form er ha d co n s tr u c ted
t h at th e y m igh t c ar ry
scr ee n s t o w
ard o ff th e m i s s il es
on
th ei r l a b o u r u n der th em wit h o u t rece iv in g i n j u ry
Ch o ri en es g r ew a l a r m ed a t wh at was b e in g d on e an d
b ese e c hin g hi m t o sen d
se n t a h e ral d t o A l exan der
Al exan de r a cc o rdi n gly sen t
Oxyar tes u p t o h im
Oxya rt es wh o o n hi s arr i va l p ersu a ded Ch orien es t o
en tru st him sel f an d th e
pl ace to Al exan der fo r h e to l d
h i m th a t t h ere wa s n o thi n g whi c h Al exan d er an d hi s
a n d a s h e hi m s el f h a d
arm y c o u l d n o t tak e b y s t o rm
ith
en ter ed i n t o an
a lli an c e o f de li ty an d fri en ds hip w
hi m h e c o m m e n de d t h e ki n g s h o n o u r a n d u s ti c e i n h igh
t e rm s a ddu ci n g o th er e xa m p l e s an d a b o ve all h is o wn
By th ese
case fo r th e c o n r m a ti o n o f h i s arg u m en ts
as
rep rese n ta ti o n s C h o ri e n e s w
p er s u a de d a n d ca m e h im
s e l f t o Al exan d er a cco m p ani e d b y s o m e o f h is rel a ti o n s
Whe n h e arrived th e kin g ga ve him
an d co m p an i o n s
L eo n n a tu s ,

an

'

The Ana ba si s

246

f Alexa n der

wer t o his in qu irie s an d retain e d him

Bu t h e b a d e
after p l e dgin g hi s de l it y a n d fri e n d s hi p
hi m s en d t o th e r ock so m e o f th ose wh o c am e do wn w i th
hi m t o order his m en to s u r ren d er the p l a c e ; a n d i t was
h o h a d e d t o i t for r efu ge
s u rr e n der e d b y t h o s e w
Al ex an de r th er efore t ook 5 0 0 o f h i s shi el d b earin g g uards
a s so far
an d w
e n t u p to g et a v i ew o f t h e r ock ; an d w
fro m in i ct in g an y h ars h trea t m en t u p o n Ch o ri en es th at
h e en tru sted th at v er y p la c e to h i m a ga i n an d m a d e hi m
I t h a pp e n e d
g overn or of all th at h e ha d ru led b efo re
t h at th e a rm y su ffe r e d m u c ha rdshi p fro m t h e s everi ty

h
o f th e w
in ter a grea t qu an ti ty of sn ow h avi n g fallen
d u r i n g th e si ege ; whil e at t he s am e t im e th e m en were
r e du ce d to g reat strai ts fro m
lac k o f provi s ion s Bu t
Cho rie n es sai d h e wo u l d gi ve th e arm y foo d fo r t wo
win e
m on th s
an d h e g ave th e m en in e v er y t en t c orn
an d s al ted m eat ou t o f th e s tor es in t h e r ock
W h en h e
h a d gi v en th e m th i s h e s ai d h e h a d n o t exh au st e d even
th e t en th p art o f wh at h a d b een l ai d u p for th e s i eg e
H en ce Alexan der h el d h i m in still gr eat e r h o n o u r in as
m u ch as h e h a d s ur re n dere d th e ro ck n o t s o m u ch fro m
n i n cli n ati o n
co m p u l si on a s from hi s o w
a

cou r teou s

an s

CHAP TE R XXII
ALE XAND E R B EACH E S
TH E

RI VE R

T HE

H O M AG E

or

C ABU L

TAXI LE S

RE C E IVE S

AND

pl oi t, Al exan der hi m s el f wen t

t o B ac tra 3 b u t sen t C ra te ru s with 6 0 0 o f t h e c a valr y
C o m pan i on s an d hi s o wn b riga de o f i n fan try a s we ll th o se
of P o ly s per ch o n , Attal u s, a n d Al c e ta s a g ai n st Ca tan es an d
,

AFTE R p er fo rm

Aust an e s,
lan d
1

of

in g thi s

wh o were

ex

the

on

th e Para e ta ce n i an

This term

is

Pers ian

ly
1
.

word

re

b el s

s ti

s h ar

m ean i n

ll

i i n g i n t he
b a ttl e wa s fo u gh t

m oun

rem a n

tain eers

T h e tri be

Alexa n der Reaches the River Ca ba l

247

wi th th em in w hi ch Crateru s was vi ctorio u s 3 Catan es

bein g kill e d t h ere w hile ghti n g an d Au stan es b ein g
cap t ured an d b ro ugh t to Al exan der
Of th e b arbari an s
wit h t h em 1 2 0 h orsem en an d ab o ut
foo t sol di ers w ere
kill ed Wh en Craterus h ad d on e thi s h e al s o w en t t o
B actra wh ere th e t ragedy in r eferen ce to Callis then es an d
th e p ag es b efell Alexan der
As th e sp rin g was n o wover
h e t o o k th e arm y an d a dv an ce d fro m B a ctra towar ds
1
n
d
a
I i l eavin g Am yn tas i n th e lan d of th e Ba ctrian s with
hors e an d
fo o t
He cr oss ed th e C au ca s u s 2
in t en days an d arri ved a t th e ci ty of Al ex an dria whi ch
h ad b een fo u n d e d i n th e l an d o f th e Parap am is adae wh en
h e m ade h is rst exp e di ti o n to B ac tra
H e di sm i sse d
fro m o fce th e govern or who m h e h ad t h en p lace d o ver
th e ci ty b ec au s e h e t h o u gh t h e w
as n o t ru li n g w ell
He
al s o s ettle d i n Al exan dria o th ers from
th e n e igh bo urin g
h o were n owu n t fo r servi ce i n
t rib es an d th e s ol di ers w
addi ti on t o th e rst s ettl er s an d c o m m an de d Ni can or
o n e of th e C o m p an i o n s t o re g u l ate th e affai rs o f t h e ci ty
itself Mor eo ver b e app oi n te d Tyriaspes v i cero y of th e
lan d of the Parap am isadae an d of t he r est o f th e co un try
3
Arri vin g a t th e ci ty o f
a s far as th e riv er Co h en
p
Ni caea h e o f ere d sacri ce t o Ath en a an d th en a dvan ced
4
ar d to Taxiles
to war ds th e Co p hen sen din g a heral d forw
,

'

'

een th e ri vers Oxus an d

axartes, on th e
ti on ed h ere li ved betw
b orders of Bactria an d Sogdi an a
1
i th hi m
select troop s
C urti us (viii 1 7 ) says Alexan der too w
hi ch h e led again st
fro m all th e con u ered provin ces , an d th at the arm y w

m en

th e In di an s
11

n um

bered

m en

Caucasu s ,

Th i s i s th e I n di an

Hi n du

Koosh

or m oun

t Parap am isu s,

w call ed

no

Ni caea w
as p ro bably on th e sam e
Th e Ooph en i s n o wcall ed Cabul
Th e Gree w
Oth ers say it is Begh ram
ord
si te as th e ci ty of Ca bul
I t i s a corrupti on of a w
ord m ean
S a trap es den otes a Persi an vi ceroy
i n g court gua r d i a n , i n th e Behi stun I n scrip ti on s wr i tten Kh sh atrap a

n
s H erod , i 1 92
w
l
i
n
s
o
Se e Ra
1
as th e ti tl e w
h i ch th e i n g o f
Curtius (v i ii 43 ) says th at Taxil es w
Hi s n am e was Om phia
th is di strict received
3

f Alexan der

The An a ba s is

2 48

h er chi efs

d th e
b i d t h em

ot

an

thi s

on

i de

th e

I n du s

r v er

to

h m igh t n d i t
c on ven i en t
Taxiles an d th e o th er chi efs accordin gly
did com e t o m eet h im b r in gi n g t h e gi fts whi ch are
They s ai d
r eck on e d o f m os t v al u e am on g t h e I n di an s
t ha t th ey w ou l d a ls o p re s en t t o hi m th e e l ep h an t s w hi ch
T here h e
t h ey ha d w i th them tw
en ty ve in n u m b er
di vid ed hi s arm y an d s en t Hepha esti on an d Perd iccas
1
t owards th e r ive r
aw ay i n to th e l an d of Peu c ela o tis
I n d us wi th th e b riga de s of Gorgi as Clitu s 2 an d Mel ea g er
h alf of the Com pan ion cavalry an d all th e cavalry of t he
Greci an m ercen ar ies
H e gave t hem i n s tru cti o n s e i ther
t o capture th e p la ces on th eir ro u te b y fo rce or to brin g
th em ov er on t erm s o f cap i tul ati o n ; an d w hen t h ey
re ach e d th e river I n du s t o m ak e th e n e ces sary p r ep ara
With th em Taxiles
t i on s for the p assag e o f th e arm y
an d th e oth er chi efs al so m arch e
d
W hen th ey reached
th e r i ver I n du s t h ey c arri e d o u t all Al e xan der s or ders
B ut Astes th e r u l er o f th e l an d o f Pe u cel aotis effected a
hi ch b oth ru i n e d hi m self an d brough t r u in al so
revo l t w
u p on th e c ity in to whi ch h e ha d e d for r efuge For
H ephaesti on c ap tu re d i t after a si eg e of thi rty day s an d
As tes hi m self wa s kille d San ga eu s who h ad s o m e tim e
b efore ed from As tes an d des erted to Taxil es was ap
p o in ted t o tak e charge of th e c i ty Thi s desertion was
a p le dge t o Al exan d er o f hi s delit y
com e

an

m ee t

hi m

e ac

as

CHAPT E R XXIII

B ATTLE S WIT H TH E AsrASI ANs

ALEXANDER n o w t o ok c o m m an d o f the s hi el d b earin g
guards the Com pan ion caval ry wi th th e excep ti on o f
.

A district b etw
een th e ri vers I n du s an d Attoc
I ts capi tal , Pen cel a ,
i s th e m odern Pekh eli
3 Th e bri ade of Clitu s still b ore th e n am e o f i ts com m an der
after hi s
g
1 4 in fra
death
Cf Arri a n ,
1

Ba ttles

who

wi th

Asp as ian s

the

249

b een j oi n ed wi th Hephaestion s di vi si on
t h e re gi m en ts of wh at we re call e d foot C o m p an i o n s
th e a rch e rs th e A rian i an s an d th e h or se l an cers an d
g
a dvan c e d w
i th th em i n to th e lan d o f the Aspasian s
Guraean s an d Ass acen ian s 1 Mar chi n g by a m o u n tai n ou s
an d r0 u gh r oad a l o n g th e ri ver call e d Ch o es 2 w
hich h e
c r o s se d w
i th diicul ty h e o r dered th e m ai n b ody of h i s
i n fa n try t o foll owat lei s ure while h e hi m sel f took all the
c a val ry
an d 80 0 of the Ma c edon ian
in fan try whom he
m o u n te d u p o n
h o rses w i th t hei r i n fan try shiel ds an d
m a de a fo r ce d m arch b ec a u s e h e h a d re ceive d i n fo rm a
t i o n tha t t h e b arb a ri an s w
h o i n hab ite d th a t distri ct ha d
e d for safety i n to th e m oun tai n s whi c h e xte n d t h rou gh
t h e l an d an d i n to a s m an y o f th e i r c i tie s as were stro n g
e n o u gh t o r esi s t a ttack
As sa ul ti n g th e rs t o f th es e
c i ti es w
hi ch was situ at ed on his ro ute he rou te d at th e
rs t attack with ou t an y del ay the m en wh o m h e fou n d
d rawn u p i n fro n t of th e ci ty a n d shu t t h e m u p i n
it
H e wa s hi m self w o un de d b y a dart whi c h p en e
t ra ted thro u gh the b reastp l a te in to h is s ho u l der ; b u t
t h e w oun d w
fo r th e b r ea stp l at e
as o n ly a sl i gh t on e
p reven te d the dar t frOm p e n etrat i n g right th ro u gh
hi s s ho u l der
L e on n atu s an d P tol e m y son o f L ug u s
were also wo u n de d
Th en h e en cam p e d n ear th e
c i ty a t th e p la ce w
h ere th e wal l seem ed m os t easy to
a s saul t
At dawn o n th e foll o wi n g day th e M a ce don ian s
e as ily for ce d th e ir w
a
y thro u gh th e rst wall a s i t h a d
Th e ci ty h a d b een s urro un ded
n ot b e en str on gly b u il t
with a dou b l e wal l At th e s econ d wall th e b arb ari an s
th e
s t oo d th e ir g rou n d for a s h ort ti m e ; b u t wh en
s calin g l a dders wer e n owb e i n g xed a n d th e d efen der s
were b ei n g wo u n de d w i th dar ts from all si des th ey n o
l on ger s ta ye d b u t r u sh ed th rou gh the gates ou t of the
th os e

h ad

'

were trib es livi n g in

Th ese

Pro b ably th e

m o dern

th e n

Kam a

orth -

west

tri b u tary

of

of

th e Pun

th e Cabul

ab .

The An a ba sis

25 0

Alexan der

c ity towards the m ou n tain s So m e o f th em we re kill e d

i n th e igh t an d th e Ma ce do n i a s b e in g en ra ged b ec au s e
th ey had wou de d Alexan de sle w all wh o th ey too k
p ison e s
Most o f th em h o wev er e s cap ed in to the
b e c se the y w ere n o t f r fro m t he city
o u t in s
Hav i g l evelle d thi s c ity w ith th e gro un d h e m a ch e d
n am e d A u da ca w hi ch h e g o t p os se s s i o n o f by
to
o th e
H e l e ft Crate u s th ere with t h e o th er
c ap i tu l atio n
com m an d ers o f th e i fa n try t o cap tu r e all th e r e m ai n i g
n a ccord a d t o
c i ti e s w hi c h w
o l d n o t yi el d o f th ei r o w
h ol e co u n try i s ch o rder as h e
se t t h e a air s o f th e w
s hou l d n d m os t con ven i en t u n de r th e c irc m s tan ce s
.

r,

au

an

r,

'

CHAPTER XXIV

O PERATI ONS AGAI NST TH E ASPASIAN S

ALE X AN D ER n o w to ok c o m m an d o f th e sh i el d b earin g
.

gu ards

C o en u s
a

b o ut

an

th e
an

th e A gr ia n ian
od
th e r o a

arch ers,

d A ttal u s,

gim

fo u r

en

re

of

ts

d h a l f o f th e h o r s e

s,

th e

b riga de

y l b y g ar d o f
th e o th e C o m p a n i on
-

arch e r s , an

d van

ced

of

val ry
ca valry

ca

t o wa rd s t h e

1
i
l
a
where th e Ch ieft in of th e Aspa s ia s was
E
ua
s
r v er
p
Aft er a l on g j o r ey h e a r i ve d a t th e c it y o n th e s eco d
Wh en th e b a ba ian s ascertai ed that h e was a p
d y
ro achin g th e y s et re t o th e c i ty an d e d to th e m o un
p
B u t Al ex n der fo ll owe d c l o s e p o n the fu gi ti v es
t a in s
a s fa r a s th e m o un ta i n s a n d sl au g h t e e d m a n y o f th em
b e fore they co l d m a age t o get a w y i to t he pl aces
whi ch were dif c l t o f a cce s s P tol e y s o n of Lag u s
o b s ervi n g tha t th e l ea d er h i m sel f o f th e I n di an s o f th at
d i s t i ct wa s on a ce tain hill an d th a t h e h a d s o m e o f
h i s sh iel d b eari n g gu ards ro u n d h i m t h o g h h e h a d wi th
h i m sel f far fe wer m en y e t h e s till c o ti
ed t o p u r s e
hi
B t
a s di f cu l t fo r h i s
o n h o se b ack
s t h e h il l w
a

S ppo
u

se d

t o be

n u

an o th er n am e

for th e Ch oes

Op er a ti on s

the Asp asi cm

agai n s t

2 51

s.

left it th ere han din g it o ver to on e

o f th e sh i el d b e ar in g g u ar ds to l ead
H e th en foll o we d
the I n di an o n foo t witho u t a n
W
d
el ay
h
e n th e l at ter
y
o b ser v e d P t ol e m y app r oa ch i n g h e tu rn ed r o u n d
an d s o
di d th e s h i el d b earin g g u ards wi th him
Th e In dian at
c l ose q ar t e s s tru c k P tol em y o n th e ch est th ro gh th e
b reastpl ate wi th a l o g sp ear bu t th e b reastp l ate ch eck ed
th e v io l e n ce o f th e blo w
Th en P to lem y sm i ti n g ig h t
t hr ou gh th e I d ian s th igh o v er thr ew hi m an d s t ipp e d
him of h i s a
s
Wh en his m en sawth eir l ea der lyi g
d ea d they s too d th e ir g o
d n o l on g er ; b u t th e m en o n
t h e m o u ta i s see i g th eir ch i efta in s c o rp se b e i n g c r
ie d o ff by the en em y wer e s eiz e d with i dign ation an d
r u n n i n g d ow
n
e n g ag ed i n a d e s p erat e c on i c t o v er hi m
o n th e h ill
F o r A l exan der h im s elf wa s n o won th e h ill
with th e in fan try wh o h a d di sm oun ted f om th e h o s e s
Th ese fa lli g u p on th e In d ia s drov e th em away t o t h e
m o u n tain s aft e
a h ar d s t ru ggl e an d re m ai n e d in p o ss e s
s i on
Th e
c o ssi n g th e m o n tai s h e
o f th e c o p se
d esc en de d to a c ity c ll e d A rig eu m an d fo u n d th a t t hi s
h a d b een set o n re by th e i h abi t an t s wh o ha d a fter
wards e d Th e e C ater s with his arm y r each e d him
l l th e ki n g s orde rs ; an d b e c a u s e
a fter acco m p li s h i n g
th is c i ty seem e d to b e b u ilt i n a co n v en i en t p lace h e
d irect e d th at g en era l t o fo r ti fy i t well a d set tl e in it
e e W illi n g t o
as m a y o f t h e n e igh b o u i g p eo p l e a s w
live th ere t o g eth e with an y o f th e sol diers who were
H e th en a dva n ced to th e p l ace wh ere
u n t fo r ser vi ce
h e h eard th a t m o s t o f th e b arb arian s o f th e d is t ric t h a d
e d fo r refu g e ; an d c o m i n g t o a certai n m o u n ta in h e
Mean ti m e P tolem y s on o f
en cam p e d
t th e foo t o f i t
L agu s b ei n g s en t o u t by Al exan der o n a fo a gi n g e x
few
e di t ion an d a d va ci g a co n s i d e a bl e d i sta c e wi t h
p
o rd t o th e kin g th a t
o i t e b o gh t b ack w
m en t o
ec o
y m ore res in th e c m p o f the b ar
h e h ad o b s e v e d m
Bu t th e l at t er
barian s th an th ere were i n Al exan der s
h o r se t o

ru n

p, h e

rm

r un

r n

n n

an

25 2
,

The An a ba si s

Alexa n der

b elieve in th e m u l titu de o f th e e n e m y s res

D isco v eri g h o we ve
t h at t h e b a b ar ia n s o f th e dis t ict
h a d j o i n e d th eir for ce s i n to o n e b o dy, h e l eft a p ar t o f
hi s arm y th ere n ear th e m o n t a in en cam p ed a s th ey
were n d takin g a s m an y en a s see m e d s u f c i en t a o
a s th ey
c or di n g t o th e r ep or ts h e h ad r ec e i v e d a s soon
ear at h an d h e di vi de d his arm y
:c o l d de sc y th e res
i n to th ee p arts O ver o n e p art h e p laced Leon n a tus
t he c on de n tial b ody gu ar d j o i i n g t h e b r ig a des o f
Attal us an d Balacr s wi th hi s o wn th e se con d d iv i
s i on h e
p t u n der th e l ea d of P to l e y s o n o f L agus
i cl u di n g th e th ird p ar t o f the oy l sh ield b ea in g
g rds the b rigades of Ph ilip a n d Phil otas t wo r egi
m en t s o f h er se a ch ers t h e A
g i an i a s a d h al f o f t h e
Th e th ird d iv i s ion h e h i m sel f le d t o wa r ds th e
c av l y
p la ce wh er e m os t of t h e b a b ar ian s were v is ible
d id

n ot

'

r,

ua

a r

CHAPTE R XXV
D E FE AT

OF

ASPASIAN S

THE

A SSAC EN IAN S

HE

GURAE AN S A TTACKE D
th e

W H EN
h eigh t s

e n em

y wh o were

p erce iv ed

d es cen de d

i ity

s u p er or

in to
in

th e
]

t he
n um

an

pyin g

Ma ce don ian s

p l ain

be

o cc u

AND

th e

c o m m an

y
b ein g e m bo l den ed by th eir
d es pi s i g t h e M a ce don i an s
a

pp roa ch in g

d in g

th e

y were s ee n to b e few A sh p c on tes t

b t Al ex an der won th e v i c to ry wi th eas e
en s e d ;
P tole y s m en did o t ran g e th em sel ve s on t h e le vel
g ro n d fo th e b arb ari an s we e o cc up yi g a hi ll
W herefore Ptolem y form i g hi s b attali on s i n t o col u m n
le d th e m t o th e p o i n t wh ere th e h ill s e e m e d m os t eas ily
ro un di g i t en ti rely b u t l eav i n
assail abl e
ot s
groo m
fo th e b arb arian s t o e e i f th ey we e i n clin ed t o d o s o
A sh a p co n test al s o e n s u ed with th e s e m en b o th f o m
i cu lt n a tu re o f th e gro u n d an d b e c a se th e I
t he di
dian s are n o t lik e th e o the r b arb ar ian s o f thi s d i s tri ct
b ec

t he

aus e

ar

ur

The Ass a cen i a n s

d Garaea n s Atta cked

2 53

ighb ou s These m en
al so w
e re d riv e n a w
ay fr o m
th e m o
tai n by th e Mace
d on ian s
In t h e sa e way di d L eon n a t u s wi th th e th ird
d iv i s io n o f th e rm y 3 for hi s m en al s o defea te d th o s e
o pp o s e d t o
th e m
P tol em y i n deed say s th t all th e
m e n we e c ap tu r e d t o a n
m b er e xcee d i g
an d
th at
o xen we e al s o t k en
o f w hi c h Al e xan d e r
p i ck e d o t th e n es t b e cau s e th ey se em e d t o h i t o
e xce l b o th i n b e
ty a n d s iz e wi h i g t o sen d th em in to
M acedo i to till th e so il Th en ce h e m ch ed tow ds
t he l
d o f t h e A s s ce i an s ; for h e e ce iv e d e ws th a t
h avi n g
t h es e p e o pl e h d
a de p re p r a ti o n s t o g h t h i
i f t y a d 3 0 el e
o r e th an
cav l y
W h e C t er s had th o ro ghly fo ti ed th e
ph n ts
di n g o f wh i ch h e h d b e en l e ft b eh i d
c i ty fo r the fo
ed m e
o f hi s a m y fo
Al ex
h e b r o g h t th e h eavi er a
i n c a s e i t m ig h t
s th e m ili t ry e n gi n e s
a n de
as w
e ll
Al e x d e t h e
be
ec e ssary t o l y s i e g e t o a y p l c e
s
a t th e h e a d o f t h e
m arch e d a g ai st t h e A s a ce i
C o p n ion cav l y th e h orse a che s th e b rig a de s of
i n s t he lig ht
th e Ag i
Coe s a d Po lys pe ch o
1
p
P ss i g t h o g h th e l n d
an d t h e a c h er s
r m e d tro o s
2
e
h
e
G
ra
us
whic h
t
e
r
o
s
s
e
d
i
v
he c
o f t h e G r ean s
giv es its n a e t o th e lan d wi th d ii cu lty b o th on a o
ift an d
n d b e ca se i t s c r e n t i s s w
co
t o f i t s d e p th
ho
se d t h o s e w
t h e s to n e s i n t h e ri ve r b e i n g ro u d c
3
t
u
e
t
s
Whe the ba b a i s
th e m o
bl
s tepp e d u p o
p e ce ive d Al exan der app o ach i g th e y d urs t n ot tak e
ray b u t di s p e rse d o n e
thei r s ta d for a b attle in cl ose
by on e to th eir va i o s c i ties wit h t h e de te m i atio n o f
p e s er v i g th e s e by e so l t e gh tin g
b ut

far

a re

s t r on

ger

an

than th e

ir

n e

un

au

ar

an

a r

ra

rm

a r

7 0 05

'

oos

A tri butar

gp

of

Th e

t a tum i n

ll l

Am

redi en

readi n

ti p raeb et

gi

p ob ably

th e Coph en ,
i th th e a m a

ara e w
run n i n
3
Cf L i vy , xxi 3 1
.

u s ua

r an

w
y

ar

au

ru

un

r an

an

an

nu

an

un

ar

xLMovs,
wh at i s n o wca

s r obs

ll ed

Agri an i a n s

th e L un dye ,

n i s saxa

glareo sa

volven s , n i hi

l stabile

n ec

2 54

The An a ba si s

CH AP TER
SIEGE
I N th e

th e

plac e

rst

Alexan der

XXVI

o r

A S SA GA

Al exan der l ed hi s fo rces

g a in s t

M as

l rg e s t o f th e ci tie i t hat dis tri c t an d wh en

h e w s app roa ch i n g th e wall s th e b a b a i an s b e in g
h o m th ey h a d o b tain e d
e m b o l de n ed by t h e m e ce ar i es w
u
b e of
f o m the m o r e di s tan t I di s to th e
wh en th ey saw th e Mace don ian s p itch in g th ei r c am p
g ai n st th em with
un
Al e x n der seein g
a dv
ce d
th a t the b attl e wa s a b o u t t o b e fo ght e a th e c i ty wa s
fu rthe a w y from t h ei w ll s so
a xi ou s t o d aw th e
s h e k e w th ey w
o ul d
t hat i f th e y we e p u t t o r o t
ight n o t b e abl e ea s ily t o p e se rv e th e m selv es
b e t h ey
by e ei g for efu ge i n to the ci ty close a t h a d Wh en
s r n n i n g o t h e or d er ed
t he refo e h e s a w th e b b a i
t h e M ace do n i an s t o tu n r o n d a d e tr ea t t o a ce rta i n
h ill di s tan t s o m eth i n g ab o u t s e ven s ta des fro
t h e p l a ce
wh ere h e h ad resol v ed to e c m p The en e y b e in g
as i f t he M a ce don i an s h a d a l e a dy gi ve
em b o l d en e d
way
sh ed
p o the m with a ru a d with n o kin d
E n t wh en th e a o ws b e g
o f o rd er
t o e ch th em
Al exan der a t o n ce wh e el e d r ou d at th e app o i n t e d s ig
n al a d le d h i s
Hi s
pl ala x ag a in st th e m wi th a r un
horse l an cers A gri ian s a n d ar ch ers rs t a n for ward
an d e n g ag e d w ith th e b arb ri an s w
h il e h e h i m sel f l ed
th e p h al an x i n r e g u lar o rder
The I n dian s wer e al a
ed
sa

a,

an

an

ar

r an

ru

rr

an

an

rm

at

t hi s

p e ct e d

u n ex

m a n oeu vr e ,

an

as

s oo n

th e

as

ict th ey gav e way

Ab o t 2 00 o f th e m we e kille d
an d th e
es t w ere s h u t u
A l exan der
p wi thi n th e wall s
then l e d h i s ph l an x u p t o t he wall fro m wh i c h h e wa s
so on a ft er s ligh tl y w
o u de d i
th e an kl e wi th an a r o w

b attle b eca e a h an d
a n d e d i n to th e c it y
m

to - h an d

co n

T hi s w

Maz agae,

pital o f th e Ass ce
sc ib s i ts st on g p osi ti

as

th e

ca

an d

de

i an

on

C urti us

(viii

3 7)

cal s

it

Si ege of M a ss aga

255

b ro u gh t u p h is m ili t ry e gi n e s n d
e as ily b at tere d d o w a p ie ce o f th e w
b u t t h e I n di a s
all
s o g all an tly k e p t b ack th e M a ce don ia n s who we r e tryi g
t o fo c e a
e n t an c e w
h ere t h e b reach h ad b e en m a de
t h at h e r e c all ed th e ar y for t hi s da
B t o n th e m or
y
r o w th e M a ce do i an s th e m s el v es m a de a mo re v ig o ro s
a s s au l t an d a wo o de n t ow e r w
a s d ra w
u
p to the wall s
fr om wh i ch th e arch e rs sh o t at th e I n dia s an d m i ss il e s
we re h l e d fro m th e m ilitary en gin es whi ch e pu l sed
th e m t o a great di s t n ce B u t n ot e v en thu s were they
abl e t o fo rc e t h e ir w
a
O n th e th ird
y wi th in th e wall
d ay h e l e d th e p h a l a n x n ear a gain an d th o wi g a
b ri dg e f o m a m ili t ry en gi e o ve to the p a t o f th e
wall W h ere th e b each ha d b een m ad e by thi s h e le d
p th e shi el d b ea i g gu r ds wh o h a d cap t ured Ty e fo r
hi m i n a s i m il r way 1 B u t a s
an y w
e re u r g e d o n by
th ei r ar do u r th e b ri dg e r ece i ve d t oo g reat a w
e ight an d
was s a pp e d a s un de r s o th at th e Mace do n ian s fell with
it
Th e b a b ar n s s ee i n g wh at wa s t aki g p l ace ra i sed
great s ho t an d sh o t at the m fro m th e wall wit h
a
s ton es ar o ws an d wh ate ver el s e an y on e h app en ed to
h av e a t h n d o wh a tev er an y o n e co l d lay h ol d o f a t
t he t im e
O th ers i ssu e d fo th by th e s m ll g ates which
a ll
an d a t c l ose
t h ey h a d b e twee
th e t o we s i n th e w
quarters struck th e m en wh o h ad b een thrown in to con
fu s i on by th e fall
On th e

n ext

day h e

ur

r n

ia

CH AP TE R
SI E GEs
A LE X AN D E R

or

n ow s en t

XX VII

M ASSAGA

Al cetas

AN D

v er th e m en w h o ha d b een
h o w er e
r eca ll t o th e c a m p th os e w
O n th e fo u r th day h e
1

b r o gh t u p
u

See

Bk

ii 23
.

O RA

wn b riga de t o
s everely wo u n ded an d to

with

reco

hi s

ili g the en em y
an o t h e r b r i dg e a g ai n s t

ass a

su ra

The An a bas is

2 56

f Alexa n der

wall i n lik e m an n er u p on an oth er m ilitary en gin e

l er of the p la ce s urviv ed
Th e I n dian s a s l on g as th e r u
h en h e wa s str uck
d efen ded them sel ve s g allan tly b u t w
a n d kill e d w
i th a m i ss il e h u rl e d from an e n gin e an d as
s om e of their n u m b er had fa llen in th e si e ge wh i ch had
g on e on wi th o u t an y cessati on wh ile m os t o f the m were
wou n ded an d u n t for s erv i ce th ey s en t a heral d t o
Al exan der
H e was gl a d t o p reserve th e li ve s of b rave
m en ; so h e c am e t o t erm s wi th th e In di an m ercen ari es
o n thi s co n d i ti on
tha t th ey sh o u l d b e ad m i tte d in to the
ran k s w
ith th e re st of his arm y an d serve a s his sol diers
Theyth e refore c am e ou t o f th e ci ty with th eir arm s an d
e n cam p ed by th e m sel ves u p o n
h i ch wa s fac i n g
a h i ll w
th e cam p o f th e Ma ce don i an s
b u t th ey re s o l ved t o a ri s e
by n ight an d r u n away t o th e ir o wn a b o des b ecau se
th e y were u n willin g t o t a ke u p a rm s a ga in st th e o the r
In dian s Wh e n Alexan der r ece ived in tellige n c e of t hi s
h e p l a ced th e whol e of h i s a r m y r oun d th e h ill i n th e
n igh t
a n d i n te rcep ti n g th e m
in th e m i dst o f th e i r
ight cu t them to p ieces H e then t o o k th e c ity by
s to r m
den u de d as it was o f defen ders ; a n d cap t u re d
t he mo th e r an d d au gh t er of Assacen us l
I n th e wh ol e
s i ege ve a n d tw
wer e kill ed
en ty of Al e x an d er s m e n
Then c e h e de sp atch ed Coen us t o Baz ira 2 en tertai n in g an
o in i on th at t h e i n h abi tan t s w
o ul d s u rre n de r w
h e n th e y
p
h eard of th e cap tu re o f Massa ga
H e a l so d esp atch e d
Att alus Alcetas an d D em etriu s th e ca v alry o fce r t o
an o th er c i ty n am ed O ra
with in st ru ct ion s t o bl ock ade
i t u n til h e h i m sel f arrived The m en of thi s city m ad e
a sort ie a g ain s t the forces o f Alcetas ; b u t th e Mace
d o n ian s e asily r ou ted them a n d dro v e th e m i n t o th e c i ty
the

,
,

'

th at th e n am e of th e q u een was Cleop hi s,

an d th at after th e surren der sh e

ain ed A exan der s favo ur
He a so
i n form s us th at th e in died u st efore A exan der s arri va l
9
ro a
a our, n orth-w
Th e
osi tion
est o f Pesh aw
ar
of Ora
Curti us

(viii

P b bly B j

c an n ot

be

xed

3 7 , 3 8)

k g

says

Cap tu re

B az i r a

25 7

w i thin th e wall But affai rs at Baz ira w ere n ot favour

a bl e t o Co en u s
for th e i n h a bi tan t s sh owe d n o s ig n o f
ca p i tu l at in g
t ru st in g t o th e s tren g th of th e p l ace b e
c au s e n o t o n ly w
a s it si tu a t e d on
a l o fty e mi n en c e b u t
it wa s al so thoro u ghly fo rtied all rou n d When Al ex
a n de r l earn t th i s
h e s tart e d 0 % t o Baz i ra b u t as oer
t ai n i n g th at s om e o f the n eigh b o u r i n g b ar b ar ian s w ere
a b ou t t o
g et i n t o th e ci ty o f Ora by s teal th b ei n g
desp at ch ed th i ther b y Ab isares 1 fo r tha t v ery p u rp o se
h e rs t m arch e d t o O ra
H e o rdered C oen u s t o fo rtify
a c e rta i n s tro n g p osi t i o n t o s er ve a s a b as i s o f o p e rati o n s
a a i n st th e c i ty o f B a z ira an d th e n
t o c om e t o h i m with
g
th e r est o f hi s arm y a fter l eav in g i n th a t p la c e a s u f
.

ga riso n t o re strai n t he m en in th e city fro m e u

j o yin g th e f ee u s e o f th ei r l an d B t wh e th e m en
o f Baz ira s aw Coe n u s d ep ar ti n g w ith t h e la rg er p ar t o f
his arm y th ey d esp i se d th e Mac e d o n i an s a s n o t b ei n g
a bl e t o c on t en d w
ith them an d salli ed forth i n to th e
p lain A sh arply c on tes ted b at tle e n su ed i n wh ich 5 00
o f th e b a b a i an s fell
an d o v er
s e v e n t y were t ak en
p rison ers B ut th e res t eein g for refuge in t o th e city 2
wer e n ow m or e secu rely shut off fro m th e cou try by
t h e m e n in th e fo rt
Th e Si eg e o f O ra p ro ved an ea sy
m a tte t o Ale xan der for h e n o soo n er a tta ck e d th e w ll s
th an a t th e r s t a ss au l t h e go t p os sess io n o f th e ci t y
an d ca p tu r e d th e e l ep h an ts w
h i ch h a d b een l eft th ere
c en

CHAPTE R XXVII I
CAPTURE
W H EN

or

th e

BAZI RA

m en

E TO T H E RO CK or AORNUS
h e ard thi s n e w s d e sp a i ri n g o f

D VANC

i n Baz ir a

k g

Thi s w
as th e i n
'

See Arri an , v 8 i n fra

3
ree ,
ein g c assica
On th e grou n d of v
m m Evazp v-yrr es n o t
van edev- r e s, an d Si n ten i s els T hu
Krii ger h as su stitu te d v
7r6h et E
y
ar vp v 5vr es
No on e h o wever ou gh t to ex ect Arrian to b e free
( M
7
from error, w
ri ti n , as h e di d, i n th e m i dd e of th e secon d cen tur of th e
Chri sti an era
1

of

th e In di an

m ou n

tain eers

lG

The An a ba si s

258

ir

wn

th ey

affa r s,

b an don e d

i ty ab ou t the
m i ddl e o f th e n igh t an d e d t o th e ro ck a s th e o th er
b arb ari an s w ere doin g F or all the in habi tan ts des erted
th e c it i es an d b eg an to e e t o t h e roc k wh i ch i s in th ei r
l an d an d i s call e d Aorn u s 1 For s tu p en do u s i s th i s
rock in this lan d a b ou t wh i ch th e cu rren t rep o rt is
tha t i t was foun d i m pre gn abl e e ven by H eracles the
I can n ot ai rm w ith con den c e ei th er way
son of Z eu s
2
r
e
ac
es
n
E
t
a
h
n
r
gyp i
H
l
wh ethe r t e Theban Tyria o
ath e r i n cl i n e d
r
n e trat ed in t o I n d ia or n o t ; b u t I am
e
p
t o thin k th at he did n o t p en et rate so far ; for m en are
won t to m agn ify the difcu lty of d if cul t en terp rises t o
ou l d ha ve b een
s u ch a deg ree as to a sse rt t ha t th ey w
i m practi cabl e ev en t o H eracl es Therefo re I am i n cli n ed
t o th in k that in r e gard t o thi s rock t he n a m e of Heracle s
was m en tion e d sim ply t o a dd t o th e m arvellou sn ess o f
th e tal e
The c i rcu i t of th e ro ck i s sai d t o b e ab o u t 2 0 0
an d i ts h eight
sta des
ab ou t t w en ty th r ee m il e s)
wh ere it is lowes t el e ven stades
a b ou t a m il e an d
Th ere wa s o n ly on e ascen t whi ch was arti
a q uart er)
cial an d di
i cul t on th e s u m m it o f th e rock th ere was
a b u n dan ce of p u e w
i s su in g fr om the
a ter
a s p r in g
g r oun d fr om wh ich th e wa t er o we d ; a n d th ere wa s
a ls
o tim b er
i cien t go o d a ra ble l an d for
an d s u
3
n
m e
to t ill
When Al exan der h ear d thi s he was seiz ed
with a v eh em en t des ire to c aptur e th i s m oun tain also
e sp ecially o n acco un t o f th e l e gen d w
hich was cu rren t
th e

Alexan der

th e

This seem s to be th G ek t a lati o of th e n ative n am e ean in g

th e place to w
hi ch o bird
ris
Cf St a bo
ac
un t of i ts h ei gh t
xv 1
This m oun tain was id ti ed by M aj Abbot in 1 854 as Moun t
Mah abun n n ea the righ t b n k of th In d s ab ut 60 m iles ab ove i ts
ith th e C ab l
con uen ce w
Cf Arri
1 6 supra
3 Curti us viii 3 9
In dus w
ash ed th e b ase of the
(
) says th t th e ri
rock an d th at i ts sh ap
rese bl d th e
t
or goal in a race course
which was a ston e sh ped lik e a s ga l af A ri n s description is m ore
likely to be correct as h e took i t fro
Ptolem y on e of Al exan der s
gen erals
1

re

can

ns

e on

co

en

ver

me a

en

m
.

or

Adva n ce to the Rock

b o ut

Heracl es

Aor n u s

25 9

th en m ade Ora an d Me ssaga for

tresses to k eep th e l an d in s u bj ection an d for tied the
c it y of Baz ira Hephaestion an d Perdiccas also forti e d
for h im an o th er c i ty n a m ed O rob atis an d l eavin g a
g arrison i n i t m arch ed to wards th e r i ver I n du s Wh en
t h ey r ea ch e d th at r i ver t hey at on ce b eg an to carry
o u t Al exan de r s in str u ct i o n s in r eg ard t o b ri dgin g i t
Al exan der th en app o i n ted N ica n o r on e o f the Co m
p an ion s vi cer oy of the la n d o n th is s i de th e ri ver
In d us ; an d i n the rs t p lace l eadin g his arm y t ow ar d s
th at r iv er h e b r ou ght o ver on t erm s of cap i tu lation
the city o f Pe u c elao tis wh i ch was s itu ated n o t fa r from
it
I n th i s c i ty h e p l ace d a garri son of M a ce don ian s
u n der th e c o m m an d of Ph ili p
an d th en
r e du ce d t o
s u bj ec t i on
n s si tu ate d n ear th e
s o m e o th er s m all t ow
s am e r iv e r
b ein g accom pan ie d by Coph ae u s a n d As
s agetes th e c h i eft ain s o f t h e l an d
Arri vin g a t th e
c ity of E m b olim a 1 wh ich wa s situ ated n ear the rock
Aor n u s h e l eft Crateru s t here wi th a p art o f the arm y
t o g ath e r as m u ch cor n as p ossibl e i n to th e c i ty as well
a s all th e o th e r th i n g s r e qu i s i te fo r a l on g s t a y so tha t
m aki n g th i s th e i r b a se o f o p era tio n s
t he Mac e don ian s
m igh t b e a bl e by a l o n g s i eg e t o w
ear ou t th e m en w
ho
were h ol din g th e r ock su pp osin g i t were n ot captured
at the rs t a ss au l t
H e then t ook the b o wm en the
a

He

b rigade o f Co en u s an d selectin g the

lightest a s we ll as th e b es t a rm e d m en fro m th e res t o f
th e p h alan x wi th 200 o f th e C o m p an ion cava lry a n d 1 0 0
ho rse b o wm en h e a dvan ced t o the rock Thi s day h e
h ere i t app eare d to hi m c on v en i en t ; b ut on
en cam p e d w
th e m o rr ow h e a pproach ed a li ttl e n e arer t o th e r oc k
an d en cam p e d a g ai n
Agrian ian s,

an

d th e

o pl aces ca ll ed Um b
Near m oun t M ah abun n are tw
on e in th e v all ey of th e river an d th e oth er o n th e m
See Maj or Abb ot s Gra dua ad Aorn on

an

o un

B li

a m ah ,

tain

the
ove i t
.

CHAPTER XXI X
S I E GE
Ar t hi s

AO RN US

or

i v e s cam e t o him an d
s
e n d e i g th em s el ves o ffe r ed t o l ea d h im t o th e p ar t
h ere i t co l d b e m o s t ea sily a ssa ile d
o f th e r o c k w
h i ch it wo l d b e e a s y fo r h i m to cap ture the
an d fr o m w
p l ace W ith t h e se h e s en t P to l em y son o f L agu s th e
c o n den ti al b o dy g u a r d in co m m a d o f th e A gri an ian s
an d th e o th e ligh t ar m e d troop s to g eth er wi th p i ck e d
H e g av e thi s
m en
f ro m th e s h i el d b earin g g uards
as h e h ad
o i c er i n s t ru cti on s a s soo
go t p o sse s s i on o f
t he pl a c e to oc cu p y it with a stro g g ard an d sig n al
t o h i m t h at i t was h el d
P tolem y p o ce ede d al o g a
road w
h i ch wa s ro u gh an d d ifc l t t o p a s s an d occ p i e d
t h e p osi t io n wi th o u t th e k n o wl e dg e o f th e b a b i n s
A fter s tre n g th e i g hi s p o s i ti on wi th a stock a d e an d a
d itch all ro u n d h e ra i s ed a b eacon fro m th e m o n ta in
wh en ce it wa s lik ely to b e s e e n by Al exa de r
Th e
am e w s t o n c e s ee an d on th e f ll owi g day th e
ki g l ed his a m y forwar d ; b u t as the b arb arian s dis
p u t ed hi s a dvan ce h e co u l d do n oth i n g f r th e o n a o
c o n t o i th e d if cu l t n at u re o f th e g ro n d
Wh en the
b a b ari a s p er cei v ed that Al ex an der c o l d n o t m ak e an
as sau l t
th ey tu rn e d ou n d an d atta ck e d P tol e y an d
a
sh p b attl e en su e d b et ween th e
Mace
an d th e
d on ia s the In di n s m aki g g r ea t effo ts t o d e m o li sh
t he stocka de
n d P to l e m y to p re s e r v e hi s p o s i ti on
Bu t
th e b arb arian s g e tt in g t h e wo r st o f i t in th e skirm i sh
withd ewas th e n igh t cam e o n Al exan de ow sel ecte d
fr o m the I di an d es ert ers a m an who wa s n o t o n ly
de vot e d t o hi m b u t a cqu ain t ed wi th t he l oc ali ty 1 a n d
s en t hi m by n igh t t o P to l e m y carr yi g a l ette r i n w
h i ch
i t was wri tten that a s soon a s th e kin g attack ed the r ock
'

j u n c tu r e

of

so m e

r n

u rr

th e

n at

ar a

ar
n

r n

5 a uw
u,

po

l word

e ti ca

Cf H om
.

er

(Odyssey

viii

f Aorn us

Si ege
Pto l em

y was

261

dow n the m ou n t ai n u p on the b ar

b ar ian s an d n o t b e co n t en t e d wi th h ol din g hi s p os i tion in
g u ard ; so th at th e In dian s b ein g a ssailed fro m b oth si des
a t o n ce m ig h t b e i n p er p l e xi ty w
h at c o urse t o p u rsu e
A cco rdi n gly s tart in g fro m his c a m p a t dayb reak he le d
h is a rm y u p th e p ath by w
h i ch Ptol e m y ha d a scen ded by
s te a l th
en ter ta i n in g th e o p i n i o n th a t if h e co u l d for c e
h i s way i n th i s di rec ti o n an d j o in his fo rces wi th th o s e
o f P tol e m y th e w
o rk wo u l d n o l o n g e r b e di f c u l t fo r
to

co m e

hi m ;

an

it turn e d

so

ou t

F or

un

il

i dd y

s m art

b attle was k ep t u p b e twe en th e In dian s an d th e Mace

d o n ian s th e latter s tri vin g t o fo rc e a way of a pp ro a ch
a n d th e form e
h urli g m i s s il es a t t he m as th ey a scen de d
B u t a s the Mac e don ian s di d n o t rel ax th eir e ffo ts
advan c i n g o n e after an o th er an d th ose wh o we e i n
a dv an ce r e s t e d t ill th e ir c o m ra de s ca m e u
p a fter g reat
e xer ti on s th e y g a i e d p oss ess i o n of th e p as s e arly in t h e
a ftern o o n
a d fo m e d a j u c ti on w
ith Ptol e m y s fo rces
As th e wh ol e arm y was n o w u n ite d Alexan der l ed i t
B u t th e app roach to i t
th en ce a g in s t th e r o ck i ts elf
wa s still i prac ticabl e S u ch th en was t he re su l t of t h is
At th e app o ach of t h e dawn h e i s s e d
day s l b o u rs
r der t h a t e ac h s o l di er in di v i d u ally s h o l d c u t 1 0 0
an o
h en th i s h a d b een do n e h e h eap e d u p
s t ak e s ; a d w
th e t o p
a great m o u n d a g ain s t th e r ock b e gin n i n g fro
F rom th i s m ou n d
h ere t hey h d e n ca m p ed
o f th e h ill w
h e th ou gh t th e arrows a s well as th e m iss il es lau ched
from th e m ilita y e gi n es wo u l d b e abl e to r ea ch th e
E very o n e in th e a m y ass i s ted
de fen ders o f th e ro ck
h i m in th i s wo rk o f rai s i n g the m o u n d ; whil e h e hi m s el f
s u p eri n t en ded i t a s an o b server n o t on ly co m m e n di n g
the m an wh o c o m p l e te d hi s t as k w i th z ea l an d al acr i ty
h o wa s dil atory i n th e pr ess in g
b ut a l so ch as t i sin g hi m w
em erg en cy
,

f Alexan der

The An a ba s is

2 62

CH APTE R

XXX

CAPT URE or AO RN US ARR IVAL AT TH E I Nn Us

ON th e s t d y h is arm y c o n s tr c te d th e m o u n d the
l en g th o f a sta de an d on th e fo llowi g day th e slin g ers
th e p ar t al e a dy n i sh e d
sh oo ti n g at t h e I di an s fr o m
h i ch we e h rl e d fro m t he
a s s i s te d by th e m i s sil e s w
h i ch t he y m a de
m ili tary en gi e s
rep u l s e d t h e s alli e s w
He
a ga i n s t t h e m e n w
h o we e con s tru cti n g t h e m ou n d
wen t on wi th th e wo k fo r three day s wi th o u t in t er
m i s s i on
a d on th e f o u r th da
y a fe wo f th e M a cedo n i an s
fo c in g th eir w y o c cu p i ed a s m all e i e c e wh i ch wa s
ith the oc k Withou t ta ki g an y rest
on
a l ev el w
Al exan der we t o wi th t he m o u d b e i n g d es i o s o f
p a t with th e em i en c e whi ch
co n e c ti n g h i s ar ti c i al
a
B u t t h en th e
th e fe wm en were n o w occ u p yi n g fo r h i
In di s b ein g alarm e d at th e in desc ib abl e au dac ity o f
th e Ma c e don i n s wh o h a d fo r ce d t h e i r way t o th e e m i
n e ce a n d see i n g th at th e m o u n d w
a s al rea dy
i ted wi th
Th e y
it de s is t ed from atte p t i g a y l o g er to r esi s t
sayi g t h a t t h e y w
se t th e ir h eral d t o Al exan d er
ere
willin g to s u ren der th e ro ck i f h e wo l d g an t t he m a
t u ce
B ut th e y h a d for m ed th e d es ign o f w stin g t he
day by c on t i n ally d elayi n g th e ra t i ca ti on o f t h e tr u ce
a d o f s c tt e i g t h em sel v e s i
th e n igh t wi th th e v i e w
n
a b o d es
o f e scap in g on e by o n e t o t h e ir o w
When
Al exan der di s co ve ed t hi s p l an o f thei rs h e allo wed th em
ti m e to com m e ce th ei r r e t e a t a n d t o r em o v e th e g u ar d
wh i ch wa s pl ced all rou n d th e place H e re ain e d q iet
u n til t h ey b egan th ei r re trea t ; t h e
taki g 7 00 o f the
b o dy g uar ds an d sh ield b eari g i fa try h e was th e rst
to s cal e th e r o ck at t he p art o f it a ba n don e d by th e e e m y
s a s cen de d afte r hi m
a n d th e Ma ce do n i
o n e i n o n e p l ace
an o th e r in an o t h er d aw
in g each o th e p Thes e m en at
th e con ce te d sig al tu n ed the m se lv e s u p on th e re trea t
in g b arb aria n s an d killed m an y of th em in th ei r ig h t
-

'

un

an

r n

an
,

r u

Cap ture

Aor n us

2 63

r et reatin g with p an ic t error p e rishe d by l eapi n g

d o w n th e p rec ip ices ; an d th u s th e rock wh i ch h a d b een
i n exp u gn abl e to Heracles was occu p ied by Alexan der
H e o ffer e d s acri ce u p on i t an d arran g ed a fort c om
m i ttin g th e su p e rin te n den ce o f th e garri son t o Si s i cot tu s
who lon g b efo re h ad d eser ted from the I n dian s to
Be ss u s in Bac tra an d after Al exan der h ad ac qu ir ed p os
s ess io n of th e co u n try of B actra e n ter e d h is ar m y an d
a pp e ar e d t o b e e m i n en tly tru s tw
o r th y
He n o wset o u t fro m the r ock an d i n va de d th e lan d o f
th e As sacen ian s for h e wa s i n form e d th a t th e b ro th e r
o f Assace n u s w
ith h i s ele ph an t s an d m an y of th e n eigh
O th ers

b arb arian s

b o urin g
d is tri c t
fo u n d

Wh e n

n on e o f

On
an d An ti och u s ,

a d a cen

in to

h a d ed

th e

m o un

ta

in s

i n t hi s

ive d at the c ity of D yrta 1 he

th e i n ha bi tan ts ei th e r i n i t or i n t he l an d
t h e fo ll owi n g day h e sen t o u t Nearch us
the co l on el s o f th e sh i el d b ea i n g g uar ds
he

ar r

giv in g th e for m er t he co m an d o f th e Agrian i an s an d

th e lig h t arm e d tr oo p s 2 an d th e latter th e c om m an d of
Th ey were
his o wn r egim en t s a n d t wo o th ers b es i des
desp atche d b o th to r eco n n oi tre th e l o calit y an d t o t ry
if th ey co u l d ca p tu re s o m e o f t he b a b ar i an s an ywh ere
i n o r der t o get in fo rm a t i o n a b ou t th e g en eral a ffa i s of
s
th e co u n try an d h e wa s esp e ci ally an x i o u s to l earn n ew
H e n o w dire c t ed hi s m arch toward s
o f th e el ep h an ts
3
i
v
r
I
d
u
s
th e ar m y g o in g i n a dvan ce t o m ak e
th e r e
n
m

P b bly By t
ro

r e

H in du Ko o sh
2
Gron ovi u s
-

was

at

th e

p oin t wh e e
r

th e In du s i ssu es from th e

h at s
i n tro du ced Ka i efore 7 0 0s
3 Th e n am e In du s i s deri ved from
th e San scri t a e ation Si n d ha ,
to ow Th e n am e In di an s, or in di an e,
from a root Syan d h , m ean in
was ori gin a a ied on to th e dwe ers on th e an s of thi s river
th e cou n tr of th e H in du s or
ord m ean i n
ersian w
H i n dus tan i s a
hi ch
est o f In di a , w
C om are th e m od ern in de, in th e n o rth w
i n du e
In H e re In di a was c al ed H odu ,
er course o f th e I n du s
con tain s th e ow
rs t

lly ppl

wh i ch
i 1
.

is

pp ll

of

b k
y

ll

H on du ,

an oth er

form

of

m ei ro in to 350 1m m
c dow
Kruger ch an ged b

Hin du

a co n tra ctio n

ly

See

sth er

The An a basis

2 64
a

r oa d

for hi m

as

f Alexan der

th erwi se

th

is

di stri ct

wo ul d

h ave

p tu red a few of th e b ar
b arian s fr o m who m h e l earn t th a t t he In dian s o f that
l an d h a d ed for safety t o Ab i s ares b u t t h at th ey ha d
l eft th e ir elephan ts there t o p asture n ear the ri ver In d u s
H e or dere d th e se m en to sho w hi m th e way to th e
Man y of th e In dian s are el ephan t hu n ters
ele ph an ts
a tten dan c e u p on
an d th ese Al exan der k e p t in
hi m in
high h o n ou r g oin g o u t to h u n t t h e el e h an t s in co m p an y
p
with th em Two of th e se an im al s p erish ed in th e chase
by l eap in g down a precipice b u t the rest were cau gh t
ith t he
an d b e i n g ri dd en by d ri ver s wer e m ar shall e d w
H e al s o as h e was m arch i n g al on g th e ri ver
arm y
lighted u p on a woo d th e tim b er of wh ich was sui table for
b u il din g sh ips ; this was c ut down by the arm y an d
which were b rou ght do wn t h e
er e b u il t for hi m
sh ip s w
r iver I n du s to the b ri dg e wh i ch had lon g sin ce b een con
s t r ucted by H eph aestion an d P er d ic oe s at hi s co m m an d

b een im pas sabl e

Here

he

ca

B OOK V

CHAPTER I
ALE XAND ER

AT

NY SA

try lyin g b et ween th e r i ver s COphen an d

In du s which was trave rs e d by A lexan der th e ci ty of
N ys a 1 is sa i d t o b e s i tu a ted Th e rep ort is that i ts fou n
da tio n was th e wor k of D io n y su s wh o bu il t i t aft er h e x
ha d s u bj u ga te d th e In di a n s 2 B u t i t i s i m p ossibl e to
determ i n e who this D ion y s u s 3 was an d at wh at t i m e o r
fro m wha t qu ar t er h e led an ar m y a g ain st th e In dian s
Fo r I am u n abl e to deci de wh e th er t he Th eb an D i on y su s
s tar ti n g fro m
Th eb es o r fro m t he Ly di an Tm olu s 4 c m e
in t o In dia at th e h e ad o f an arm y an d after trav ersin g
t he t erri to ries of s o m a n y war lik e n ati on s un kn o wn t o
th e Greek s o f t hat t im e fo r c ibly s u bj u gate d n o n e o f
t h em exc ept th a t o f th e I n dian s
B u t I do n ot th in k
we o u ght t o m ak e a m in ute exam in ation of the le gen ds
wh ich were prom u lgate d in an cien t tim es ab ou t the
div i n i ty ; fo r th in g s wh i ch are n o t cr edibl e to the m an
wh o exam in es th em acco rdin g to the ru le o f prob ability
d o n ot app ear to b e wh o lly i n cre d ible if on e adds t h e
I N th i s

cou n

'

Thi s city was prob ably o th site f Jelalabad

l
Thi s i s th e on ly place wh e e Ar ian uses thi s Io ic form f r
th sim ple l
Th e In di a n s w
p erson i cation of th in t xi
orshi p a god R om a t h
Thi s d i ty c spo ds to the Greek Di o ys o
catin g som e j uice
'

1re

1 e.

'

z e

orre

acch us .
4

'

Th e

(Fas ti

sl o es of

thi s

m oun

were

tain

3 1 3 ; M etam orp hoses, xi 8 6)

.

265

covered

with

vin es.

Ver il ( Georgics,

us

Se e Ovid
98} Plin y ,

The An a ba s is

2 66

d i vi n e

g en cy t o
Nys a th e c itiz en s

th e

wa s

s en

s to r

out

to

Alexan der

W hen Alexan der c am e to

hi m t h e ir p resi den t wh o s e
,

p an ie d by th ir ty o f th e ir m os t
d is ti n g u i s h e d m en a s en vo y s t o en t rea t Al ex an d er t o
l eave their ci ty free for the sak e of th e go d Th e en v oy s
n d fou n d h i m
s eate d i n hi s
e n te re d Al e x a n de r s te n t a
i th du st from th e j o u rn ey wi th h is
arm o u r s till co v er e d w
h el m et o n his h ea d an d h ol d in g hi s s p ear in his h an d
Wh en th ey b eh el d th e s ig ht the y were str u ck with
n am e

Ac u phi s,

a ccom

"

ish m en t an d fallin g t o the earth re m ai n e d s ile n t

a l on g ti m e
B u t wh en Alexan der c au s ed th em to ri s e
an d b a de th e m
b e o f goo d co ra g e t h en a t l en g th
Acu phi s b e gan th u s t o s p eak
Th e Nys aean s b e s eech
th e e 0 kin g o u t o f resp e c t for D i o y s u s t o a ll o w th e m
t o r em ai n fre e an d i n dep en de n t ; fo wh en D i o n y s s h ad
as re t urn i n g
s u bj ga te d the n ati on o f th e In di an s an d w
t o th e Gr ec i an se a h e fo u n de d th i s c ity fro m th e so l dier s
who h ad b ecom e un t fo r m ilita y s e v ice an d were
u n der hi s i s p i a ti on as B a cch an al s s o t hat i t m igh t b e
an deri n g an d o f h i s v i c tor y
a m on u m en t b oth o f hi s w
t o m en o f after t i es ; j u s t a s th o u al s o h as t fo n de d
Al ex n dri a n ear m o u n t C c as u s an d an o ther Al exan
d ia i n th e co u n try of th e E gy pt ian s
M n y oth e r ci ties
th ou h ast al rea dy fo un de d an d o th e rs th o u wil t fou n d
h ereafter i n th e co u se o f ti m e in a sm uch as th o u h ast
D io y su s
ach i e v e d m o re exp l o its th an
Th e go d i d ee d
call ed th e c ity Ny sa
an d th e l an d N sa ea a ft er his
y
Th e m o n tain al s o wh i ch i s n ear the c ity
n u rs e Ny sa
h e n am e d Me ro s
th igh ) b ecau s e a cco r din g to th e
legen d he g ewin th e th igh o f Z eu s F o m that ti m e
we in habit Ny sa a free city an d we ou rsel v es are in de
p en den t con du c tin g o u r g ov ern m en t with con s ti tu tion al
An d let thi s b e t o t h ee a proof tha t o ur city
or der
ow
es its fo u n dation to D io n y sus
for i vy wh i ch does n o t
g ro w in the rest o f th e coun try of In dia g ro ws am on g
as ton

au

us

Alexan der

at

Nysa

CHAPTE R II
AL EXAND E R
ALL th i s

was

AT

267

NYSA

y p lea san t to Al exan der to h ear for he

wis h e d tha t the l eg en d a b o u t th e wan derin g of D ion y su s
s h o u l d b e b eli ev e d as w
ell a s that N s a o w
e d i t s fo u n d
y
a tio n
to t hat d ei ty s in ce h e h ad h i m sel f r ea ch e d th e
p lace wh ere D ion y su s cam e an d h ad e ven a dvan ced
b eyo n d th e li m its o f th e l tter s m arch H e also th o gh t
th a t t h e Mac edo n ian s wo u l d n o t de cli n e s till to sh are his
la b o urs if h e adva n ced fu th er f o m a des i e t o s urp as s
H e t herefore g ran te d th e
t h e a ch i e v e m e n t s o f D i o y s u s
in ha bitan ts o f Nysa the p riv il eg e of em ai i g free an d
in d ep en den t an d wh en h e in qu ire d ab o u t th eir laws h e
b eca u se th e go vern m en t was in the
c o m m en de d th e m
H e re qu ired th e m to se n d
h an ds o f t h e aris to cra cy
3 00 o f the i h o rsem en to a cco m p n y h i m an d to select
h o p e s id e d o ve r th e
an d s en d 1 0 0 o f the ar i s t o c rat s w
g ov ern m en t of th e S tate wh o al so were 3 00 in u m b er
H e o r dered Ac ph is t o m ak e th e s el ecti o n an d app o in t e d
Wh en Acu phi s
hi m g o ver o r o f the l an d o f Nysae a
h eard th i s h e i s s a i d t o h av e s m il ed a t th e sp eech ;
where u p on Al exan de r as k e d hi m why h e lau ghed
H o w 0 kin g co u l d a s in gle c i ty
A c u ph is r ep li e d
de p ri ved o f 1 0 0 o f its g oo d m en b e s till well g o v ern ed ?
B u t i f th o u c ar est fo r t h e wel fa r e o f th e Ny saean s l ea d
with thee th e 3 00 h o rs em en an d s till m ore th an that
ish es t b u t in s tead o f th e hu dred o f
n u m b e r if t h o u w
h o m th o u o rd er est m e t o sel ect lead with
th e b es t m e n w
t hee do u bl e t h e n m b er o f th e o th e s wh o ar e ba d so
1
m
a
a
n
h
e
c
t
e
ar
in
i y y pp
h en t h o u c o m est h e re ag ai t
t ha t w

h ich it n ow is
By these
t h e s a e g o o d or d e r i n w
fo r h e th o u gh t h e
r e m a k s h e p ers u a d e d A l exan der ;
ver

a v en .

j un ctive
Cf

Arri e n do es

sh o u

ld

fo

n ot

com

ll w th e p i n

vii

ply wi th th
i p al ten ses

Atti c
in

ru e,

th e

th at th e

leadi g
n

su b

sen ten ce.

f Alexan der

The An a basi s

268

was sp eakin g w ith pru den ce So h e ord ered th em t o

b u t n o l on g er
s e n d t h e h ors em en t o acco m p an y h i m
d em an de d th e h un d red sele ct m en n or in d ee d o th er s i n
th e ir s tead But he co m m an de d Acuphis t o s en d his
He
n son an d hi s d au gh ter s son to a cco m p an y h im
ow
was n o wseize d w ith a stron g desire of seein g the place
wh ere th e Nysaean s b oa s te d t o ha ve cer tain m em o r ials
i th th e
o f D io n y sus
So h e we n t t o Mo u n t M eru s w
C om p an ion caval ry an d th e fo ot g uard an d s aw the
m o un tai n
which was qu ite co ve re d with i vy an d l au rel
a n d g r ov es th i ckly sh a de d wi th all s ort s o f t i m b e r an d
1
m
a
Th e
n
d
an
s
il
i l
o n it w
er e ch ases o f all ki ds o f w
M ac edon ian s were deligh te d at s e ein g th e ivy as th ey
h a d n o t s een an y for a l on g t i m e for in th e lan d o f th e
In dian s there was n o ivy ev en wh ere th ey had vin es
n e d th e m
Th ey ea g erly m a de g arlan d s o f i t an d cro w
i th the m as they were s in gin g hym n s in h on o u r
s el v e s w
v ar io u s
an d in v oki n g t he d ei ty by h is
o f D io n y sus
2
n a m es
Al exan der th ere oifere d sa crice to D ion y s u s
3
n
h
i
n
n
i t h s com pa i o s S om e
com p a y w
an d fe ast ed i n
a u th o r s h av e al s o st ate d b u t I d o n o t k n o w if an y o n e
w ill b e lieve it that m an y o f t he dis tin g u ish ed M acedon
ian s in atten dan ce u p on him havin g crown e d th em
i th i v y wh ile the y were en gag ed i n th e in
s e l ve s w
v ocation of th e deity we re seiz e d with the in s p irati on o f
D io n y su s u tt ere d cr ie s o f E v oi in h on o u r o f th e go d

an d a cte d a s B acchan al s
.

l y (N

Cf P in
.

i s (Dun ;

t a vr oi a

e rr ata m

a t.

vi .

Warn

xa l

'

23

60 ; xvi
Fo r thi s

er.

e de m a .

oth er

Th e

H i st

Dio ysus

n am es of

p p

were :

Th e ordin ar readin
Krii ger h as ro osed (t han
acchu s,

Lb

iu s,

rom

viu s,

Lyaen s
Th e om an s call ed him
i er
3 Cu rt i us viii 8 6
) sa s th at th e acedon ian s cele rated acch an a ia
(
for th e s ace of ten da s on thi s m oun tain
4
Th e 1 st aor ass axyv i s fou n d on y in Arri an an d
u tarch
Cf vii 22 , 2 in fra
Iacch u s,

en aeus ,

p
.

'

Pl

Pass a ge

f the

In du s

2 69

CHAP TE R III
I NC RE D U LI TY or E R ATO ST H E N E S PASSAGE or T H E I ND U S
AN Y on e wh o r e cei ve s th es e st orie s m ay b elie v e o r dis
b eli ev e them a s h e p l eases Bu t I do n ot altogether
a g e e wi th E rato sth e n e s th e C ren a ean 1 w
h o s ays th at
y
e v e y th i n g w
h i ch wa s attri b u te d t o the di v i n e a g en cy by
th e M ce d on ian s wa s r e ally sa i d to gr at ify Al exan der by
th e ir ex c es si v e eu l o gy
For h e say s th at th e Ma c e don
ian s se ein g a cav e n in th e l an d of the Pa ap m is dian s 2
a n d h ea i g a c er ta i n l e g en d w
h i ch was c ur e t am on g
t h e n a tiv es o r th e m s el ve s fo r i g a co n j e ct re s p e d
th e r ep o t th a t t h i s fo rsoo th wa s t h e c v e wh er e Pr o
b ou n d tha t a eagl e f eq ue n ted it
m e th e u s h a d b een
t o feast o h i s i n wa d p ar ts that whe H era cl es arri ve d
th ere h e kill e d th e e agl e an d se t Pr o m e th eu s free f o m
hi s b on ds
H e al so say s th at by thei ac cou n t th e
Macedon i an s t an s fe rre d Mo u t Ca casu s f o m th e
E x i e Sea to th e ea st ern p a ts of th e e a th an d th e
lan d of the Parapam i sa dian s t o th at of t he I n dian s
h at wa s r eally Mo u t Para p am i su s by t he n am e
c alli n g w
i n o r der t o e h an c e Al ex de s gl o y
o f C a u c a su s
se e i g th at h e fors o o t h h a d g on e o v er t h e C a uca s u s
H e a dds t h t wh e n th ey s aw in In dia i tsel f s o m e o xe n
ith th e b ran d of a cl u b th ey c on cl u de d f om
m ark e d w
E at os
t hi s th at H era cles h a d p en e trat e d i n to I n di a
th e m es al s o d i sb eli ev es th e s i m ilar t al e o f th e wan de i n g
L et m e l ea v e th e s tori e s ab ou t th es e
o f D i on y s u s
m at te s u n de c i de d a s far a s I am c on c ern ed
Wh en Al exan der ar ri v ed at the r iver In d s h e fo u n d
de ov r i t by H eph aesti on a d t wo th ir ty
a b idg e m a
.

r n

r a

an

27 6

Th e
an

lb

ce e ra te d

d di ed

G eo

ra

1 96

a ou t

g ph
.

er

an

Hi s

d M ath em

ati ci an

prin i pal w k w s
c

or

wh o was born
on e on

g g phy
eo ra

which was o f great u se to Strab o Non e of h i s work s are extan t

23 6
wa s m ade presiden t of th e Alexan dri an li brary
.

Cf Arri an
.

Th e

(I n d i ca

li est

ear

m en

ti on

Aesch ylu s (Supp li ces ,

,

of

In dia

He

which h as descen ded to our tim es is in

The An

2 70

g alleys b e sides

o ar ed
o ve r

d that 2 0 0 tal en t s

sh e e

for

sa c r

Alexa n der

m an

fo u n

basi s

ller

il ve

i ci al v ictim

r,

He

cra ft 1

sm a

of s

o x en

d t hi rty

m ore
a

b o ve

l ph an ts
7 00 I n dian

s , an

e e

ived a s gifts fro m Taxiles th e In dian

h o rse m en al so arri v ed fro m Taxil es a s a rei n forcem en t
o u l d s u rr e n d er t o
o r d th a t h e w
an d th t p ri n ce sen t w
3
i
y
x
il
f
T
a
a
th e l ar g e s t t o wn b e twe en th e
h im th e c t o

A
l
e xa n d e r th er e o ffer e d
r i vers I n d u s an d H y das es
p
h o m h e w s i n th e h abi t o f
s a cri c e to th e g o d s t o w
a s t i c an d h o rs e c on test
s a cri c i n g an d c e l e b rat e d a gy m
n e ar th e r i ve r
Th e sac i ces we re fa v ou ra bl e t o hi s
cr o s sin g
h ad

ar r

CHAPTER IV
D I G RE SSI O N
TH E fo ll o wi n g

wh i ch

ar e

re cor d

t hem

in Asia

In dian

OUT I ND I A

ts

b o ut

th e

In d u s

r ver

qu estion able an d th ere fore let m e

Th e In du s i s th e l ar ge st o f all th e r i vers
E urope excep t th e Gan ge s 5 which is a l so

an

s ta te m e n

are

q u i te

AB

un

i o n t h i s s i de m o u n t
Para p am i s s o C au ca su s an d d i s charg es i ts water i to
th e G e t Se wh i ch li es n ear In dia i
th e d ire cti o n o f
th e so u th wi n d
I t h as t wo m ou ths b o th o f wh i ch
o u tl e t s a e f ll o f sh a ll o w p ool s lik e th e ve o u tle t s o f
th e I s ter (or D an b e) 6
I t fo m s
D el t in th e l an d o f
an

r ver

r a

I t ta k es i t

r se

2
3

axi a can n ot

be

Th e H yd asp e s i s
of th e In d us
4

no

ed

wcall ed

n o

H erodotu s

wn

be

to h i m

con sidere d
,

an

d th e Ni

um

on e o f

th e ve

D a b e th e l ge t ri
i ep r th e l g t f all

th e

d th e D n

Je

n u

ar

ar es

See H erodotus , iv 4 8 53
0
Am n is D an u bius sexagi n ta n avi gabil es
s e tem ostii s erum pi t in m are
Q u orum rim um
dicta, u t i n ter retata sun t vocabula Graeco serm

D an u

an

e.

ver

ap m

ps

Th e

Arriam frequ en tly u ses th e Ion i c an d ol d Attic word ,

Ab ou t
Al exan der p ro b ably crossed th e In du s n ear Attoc

of

reat

exact si te

tri

i n th e

ri vers

butari

world

pt

exce

es

as

th e

aeu s
es t

reci p i en s

la

Peu ce i n su

on e , secun

u v
i os,
su

ra

dum Narac u

D igr ess ion

a bou t

In di a

th e

I n dian s r ese m blin g that of E gypt l ; an d thi s i s

c all e d P att al a in th e I n dian l an g u a ge
The Hydaspes
Acesi n es Hydraot es an d Hyph asi s are al so In di an
2
e
s
r iv r an d far ex ceed th e oth er riv ers of Asia in siz e ;
b u t t h ey are n o t on ly s m all er b u t m u ch s m aller t han th e
I n d u s j u s t a s that r iver itself is s m aller than the Gan ges
In deed C tesias3 says (if an y on e th in ks his evi den ce to b e
dep en ded u p on ) th at wh ere the I n du s i s n arrowest its
b an k s are forty sta des a part ; wh ere it i s b roa dest 1 00
s t a de s ;
an d m ost o f
i t i s th e m ean b et w
th ese
e en
b read ths Th is r iver In du s Alexan der cros sed at day
b reak wi th his arm y in to th e c ou n try o f the In dian s ;
c on cern i n g who m i n th is hi s tory I h av e describ ed
n ei th er w
hat l aws th ey en j o y n or what stran ge an im al s
th ei r l an d pro du ces n or h ow m an y an d wh at sort o f sh
an d w at er m on st ers are p ro d u c ed by the In d u s
Hy das
No r h ave I
p es Gan g es o r t he o ther ri ve rs o f I n dia
d escrib ed th e an t s wh i ch dig u p th e g ol d for t hem 6 n or
th e g uard i an grifn s n o r an y o f th e o the r tal es that h ave
b een com p osed r ath er to a m u se t han t o b e recei ved as
.

'

terti um

stom a,

Cal o n stom

a,

l g

q u artu m
e m in o ra

seu dostom a :

n am

Boreon stom

dein de Sth en ostom a on

sun t c ae teri s : septim um in gen s te

a ustri s eci e n i rum

Am m i a n us (xxii 8 ,
P lin y (iv 24) sa s
hi ch h e gives
th at the an u e h as six m ou th s , th e n am e s of w
1 Th
e In dus does n o t ri se in th e Parap am isu s , b ut in th e H im a a as
er of sm a l er on es
It h as tw
o
rin ci a
m o n th s , b u t th ere are a n u m
Th e
e ta i s
etw
een 7 0 an d 80 m i es
ere s ev en
to em
said th ere w
litterae form s h oc vocabulo sign ati us
ro ad
e ta , a tri qu etrae

adp ell ata

Am m i an us , xxii 1 5
3
th e In du s an d its four al uen ts i s n ow
Th e territor in c u ded
ord m ean i n
ersian w
ca ed
un j a , a
ve rivers
3 Cte
h si cian o f Ar taxerxes Mn em on
He w
rote
si as w
as th e Gre e
on In dia
Hi s wor s are on
oo
reserved
a hi stor of
ersia an d a
h oti us
Aristo t e s a s th at h e was fa se an d
in m eagre a ri d em en t
ac

p l

p l

Dl

by

kp y
b k
by P

worth y ( H i st of
.

S ub sequen t res e
gen erally righ t in th e m

An i m

an

27

a ls ,

ly p

D e Gen era ti on e An i m a li um

ron
an d H erodotus
Ctesi as to be w
hich th e are at vari an ce
s tatem en ts i n w
h ere m ore th an 20 stades, or 2 }
I n dus i s n ow

arch

h as

ro ved

Th e fact i s , th at th e
i es road
5
i th
See Stra bo, xv 1 xvi 4 ; H erod , iii 1 02 , w

l b

l y

u n trust

'

Dl

ll

P l y

p
D

ean

Blakesley's n ote

The An a ba si s

2 72

l i

Alexa n d er

l si ty of th e s tran ge
hich hav e b e en fab ricate d ab ou t I di a can n o t b e
s t or i es w
1
However Al exan der a d tho se wh o
exp o s e d by an y o n e
se v e d i n hi s ar m y e xpo se d th e fal s i ty o f m o s t o f th ese
tal e s
b u t th ere were e v en so m e o f th e se v e ry m en wh o
They p ro v e d th at th e I dian s
fab ic a ted o th er st o ri es
whom Al exan de v is ited with hi s rm y an d h e vi sited
we e destitute of g ol d ; an d al so
m a y trib e s o f th e m
th at th ey were by n o m ea s l u xur i o u s i n th e i m o d e o f
liv in g M oreov er they di sco vere d that th ey were t all in
f ct a s tall s a y m en th o u gh ou t A s ia m o st
e i
st t
They
o f th em b ei n g ve c bi ts i n h eigh t o r a li ttl e l e s s
we e black er th a th e re st o f m en excep t th e E th ic
g
i
s
th e b av es t o f all
; a n d i n war th ey wer e fa
p
F o I c a n n ot
th e races i h a bitin g As ia at tha t t i m e
wi th an y stice c o pare th e race of th e an cien t P ersia s
with th ose of I dia th o gh at th e h ea d of th e form er
Cyru s s on o f C am byses set o u t a d dep ive d th e Mede s
a d s b d u ed m a y o th e
r ac e s
o f th e e m p i e of As ia
p a tly by fo rce an d p artly by volu n tary s urren der o n
F o at tha t t i m e th e P e si n s wer e a
th e ir o wn p a t
p o o p eo p le an d in h abi tan t s of a r u gged lan d h av i g
laws an d cu stom s very si il ar to th e L aco i n dis ci
p li n e 3 N or am I a bl e with ce ta in ty t o con j ec ture
wh eth er th e defeat su s tai n e d by th e Persian s i n th e
Scyth ian l d wa s d e t o th e difc ul t n at u e o f th e
co
try i n v a de d o r to so m e o th e r e r or o n th e p a t o f
Cyru s or wh eth er th e Pers ian s were really in ferior in
warlike m atters to th e S cy th i an s o f th at distric t
th e

of

r e at on

fa ct s ;

s n ce

th e fa

a ur

an

an

un

i s th e Io n i c form for
on}6a y d w

Greek

Th e

n am e

Atom /z

wv

ob5u

m ean s

sun

burn t

Th e H e

b ew
r

n am e

for

In an ci en t
Aethi opi a i s Cu sh (bl ac )
gyp ti an in scri pti o n s i t i s called
It i s th e coun try n owcalled Aby ss in i a
Aethi op as v icin i sideri s
E cesk
vap ore tort eri , adu sti squ e sim il es gi gn i , b arb a et cap i ll o vi b rato , n on est
.

du i um
3

Cf

(P l i n y

en o

ph on

( Cyrop aedi a

5,

M oun tai n s

d Ri vers

an

CH AP TER V
BUT

M OUNTAI NS
I n dian s I

ASIA

or

w o rk 1
giv in g th e m o st credibl e accou n ts wh ich were com p il ed
by thos e who accom p an i ed Alexan der in hi s exp editio n
as w
ell a s by Ne ar ch u s 2 w
h o s ail ed righ t r o u n d th e Great
Sea wh i ch i s n ear I n di a Th en I sh all a dd what h a s b een
3
com
e
d
M
il
by
e
as
t
h
n
s
e e
an d E ra to s th e n es
two m en
p
g
o f di s t i n g u i s h e d a u th o ri ty
I sh all des c rib e th e c u stom s
p ecu liar to the In dian s an d th e s tran ge an im al s whi ch
a re p r o du ced i n t h e c o u n try a s w
ell as th e v o ya g e i ts el f
i n th e ex tern al s e a
Bu t n o w let m e des cr ib e s o m u ch
o n ly a s app ear s t o m e su f c i en t to e x p l a i n Al exan de r s
a ch i e ve m en ts
M o un t Tauru s div id e s As ia b egin n in g
fr o m M y cal e th e m ou n tain wh i ch li es opp osi t e th e i slan d
o f S am o s ;
th en
c u ttin g t h ro u gh th e co u n tr y o f t he
Pam phylian s an d Cilic i an s it exten ds in to Arm en ia
Fro m t hi s cou n try it s tretches in to Media an d throu gh th e
lan d o f t he Par th ian s an d C h orasm i an s In Bac tria i t
u n i tes w
ith m o u n t Parapam isu s wh ich th e Mace don ian s
who ser ve d i n Al exan de r s arm y calle d C au casu s in or der
of

th e

ll

2 73

RIVE RS

AN D

As ia

t r ea t i n

sh a

di s ti n c t

ir kin g s glo y asse ti g that

h e wen t e ven b eyo n d th e C au cas s with hi s vi cto r i o s arm s
P e h ap s it i s a fact th at th is ou n tain ra g e is a con
t in u a tio n o f th e o th er C a u ca s u s i n S c y t hia as the Tau r us 4
i s o f th e sam e
F o r th is re aso n I ha v e o n a p revi o u s
a n d by t h e sam e
occ as i o n
call e d t hi s ra g e C u ca su s
l bl li ttl w k i th I i di l t til l
C ll d th I d i
l ft
t f hi
y g whi h i
xi ti g
h
N
f it i
wi ti g th I di
t
d
S
w xt t A i
th t w k
h pt
x ii t lxiii
as

it is

said,

'

to

han

en

ce

th e

'

n o

or

an

Ni cator , th e

is

M egasth en

a ver

ca ,

ers

es

ki g
n

was
of

s en

to San dr aco tu s ,

l bl

va u a

e a ccou n

Taurus i s from th e

ri a

ki g
n

of

on c

s vo

or

acc o u n

an

e u se

Sy

us

m a

rr an

va u a

e arc

n o

sado r

'

a ec

a e,

ee

ca .

wi th
an

of

on e

th e

of

cou n

I n di a i n fo u r

o ld roo t

by S l
d s g e e als
b
ar th e G
ges H e wr

th e Plata ean D i m

tor

l
t y
b ook s

A exan
r

m ean in

H en ce D ori an s = hi gh lan ders

n e

er

ach us ,
n

e eu cu s

an

as am

as

o te

g hi gh

an oth er

form

of

which

Th e An a ba s is of Alexan d er

2 74

n am e

ll

sh a

co n

ll

to

n ue

th e fu tur e

it in

ca

Th i s

C au casu s exten ds a s far as th e Grea t Sea wh ich lies in

O f t h e ri v ers i n
the di re c tion o f I n dia an d th e E as t
A s ia wo r th co n s i derati on wh i ch tak e t h eir i se fro m th e
Tau u s a d C au ca su s s o m e h av e th e i r co r se t urn e d
t o ar ds th e n or th di s ch argi n g th e m sel ves eith er i n t o
th e l ake M a eotis 1 or i n to the se a c all e d Hy rcan i an
2
h
r
i
a
u
f
f
t
h
e
r
a
a
i
li
t
y
g
l
G
t
O th ers ow
h
c
i
e
a
s
o
e
S
e
w
towar ds th e so u th n am ely th e E uph rat e s Tig es In du s
.

H yda spes, Acesi n es, Hy dra o tes, H yph asis, an d all th ose
All th ese
that lie b e tween th ese an d th e r iv er Gan ge s
a ter i n t o th e sea, o r d i sapp ear
e i th er di s ch a rg e th e i r w
.

by p o urin g

lv es

th em

E u phra tes 3

d oe s

in t o

out

se

m a r s h es ,

th e

as

iv er

CH AP TER VI
D E SC RIPT I ON

GE NERAL

or

IN D I A

ges th e p o s i ti on o f Asi a i su ch a way

n d th e C au casu s from
th a t i t i s div i de d by th e Ta u s
t h e we s t win d t o th e e as t wi n d will n d th at th ese two
v ery lar g e div i s ion s a e m a de by th e Tau ru s i tse l f on e o f
wh ich is i cli n e d towar ds the s o th an d th e sou th win d
an d t h e o th er t o w
ar ds t h e n o rth a n d th e
o rt h w
in d
S ou th ern A sia g ai n m y be div ide d in to fou r p ar ts o f
wh ich E rato s then e s an d M e gasth en e s m ak e In dia the
W HOEVER

arran

ur

"

1
of

Th e

an ci en

i t form in
of

Sea

Az

g g ph

eo

th e

ov ; an

Te

ra

d th e

ai s ,

or

o th er

th o u h t th at th e Jaxart es

ers

D on

art

an

wi g
o

ll g i

fa i n

i n to th e

to th e H

rcan

bif at
lake M

ed ,

urc

art

aeoti s , o r

i an

Cas ian

or

Th e Jaxarte s an d Oxu s owin to th e Sea of Ar a , bu t t h e an ci en ts

Se a
th o u h t th at th e fe i n to th e C as i an , as th ere i s i n deed evi den ce t o
rove th at th e
o n ce did
H yrcan i a i s th e
ree
form o f th e old

ers ian Vi r kan a , th at i s Wolf 8 L an d

I t i s n owca ed Gur an
2
H erodotus (i 20 3 ) states decided th at th e Ca s i an i s an in an d sea
fol ow
in
ra tos th en es , sa s th at i t i s a
S trabo (xi
u f of th e
No rth ern O cean
3 Th e
i th th e i res , ow
u h rates , after i ts un cti on w
s th rou h th e
m arsh es of L am um , w
h ere i ts curren t m o ves ess th an a m i e an h our
.

y ll

E p

ly

gE

Tg

ll
p

l
gl

Gen era l D escr ip tion

larg est
v i ce oy

th or live d w it h Sibyrtiu s 1 the

r
an d say s th at h e fre q uen tly v is it ed
Sa n dracotu s kin g of th e In dian s These au th o rs say
th a t th e sm all es t of th e fou r p arts i s th a t whi ch i s
b o u n de d by th e ri ver E u ph rates an d exten ds t o o ur
i n lan d sea The o th er t wo lyin g b et ween th e r i ver s
E u ph rates an d I n du s are s carce ly w orthy to b e com p are d
with I n dia if t h ey w er e j o in ed tog e th er Th ey say that
I n dia i s b o un de d towa rd s th e ea st an d the ea s t wi n d a s
far a s th e s ou th by th e G rea t Sea t owards th e n or th by
m o u n t C au casu s as far a s it s j u n ct i on w i th th e Tau r u s
;
an d th at th e ri v er In du s cu t s i t o ff to w
ar ds th e w
es t a n d
th e n or th w
est w
in d as far a s the Great Sea Th e
grea ter p art o f it i s a pl a in wh i ch as they co n j ectu re
h a s b een fo rm e d by th e a ll u v ial d ep osi ts of th e r i v er s ;
j u st as the p l ain s in the r es t o f th e earth lyin g n ear t h e
se a ar e for th e m os t p ar t d u e to th e all uv i al ac ti on o f th e
r i v e r s tak en
C o n se qu en tly the n am es by wh i ch
sin gly
t h e co u n tries are call e d were a ttache d in a n c i en t ti m e s
t o th e ri ver s
For in s tan c e a c e rtain p l ain was c all e d
a fte r th e H e r m u s
whi ch r is e s in the co un try o f As ia
fro m t h e m o u n tain o f M o th er D i n dy m en e 3 a n d a fte r
owin g past the Aeolian c it y o f S m y rn a discharge s its
water in to th e sea An o th er Ly dian plai n is n am e d
a fter
th e Cays ter a L y d ian r i v e r ; an oth er fro m t h e
Cai c u s i n Mysi a ; an d th e C arian pl ain exten di n g as far
as
t h e I on i an
i s n am e d fro m
th e
of M il e t u s
ci ty
Maea n de r B o th H erodo tu s an d H ecataeus th e h is
.

Th e l atter
o f Ara cho sia,

In di a

au

'

Cf Ari -i o n ,
.

Pro

vi

2 7 i n fra

b ably th e Ch an dragu pt

fro m th e M acedon i an s th e

Koosh
3

th e

He

M oun t

rei gn ed a ou t

D in dym us

m o th er o f

th e

a of

P j b
un

th e
an

an s crit

d th e

y as

coun tr

H e con qu ered
far as th e H in du
.

3 10

wcalled M urad D agh was sacred

wh o was h en ce call ed Din dym en e

no

ods,

wri ters

yb l

to C

e e,

k p

H e wrote a wor u on
47 6
died a ou t
el
n ow
Hi s w
ere w
n to
or s w
e o ra h , an d an oth er on H i stor
H ero dotu s bu t on l fra m en ts survive
4

H ecataeu s

G g p y

of

Miletus

l k

The An

2 76
t orian

( l e ss

th e

un

by

f Alexan der

a bas s

wo rk

b ou t

th e

E gy p tian

y
like

cou n

tr

p erso n an d n o t by H e catae u s) in
1
er
an d H er o do t u s
m an n er c all E gy p t a gi ft of th e r i v
ha s sh own by n o u n c er ta i n p roofs th at s u ch i s th e cas e
s o th a t e v en th e co u n try i ts el f p erh a p s re cei ved i t s n am e
fro m
Fo r th at th e r i v er wh i ch b o th th e
th e r iv er
E gy ptian s an d m en o u t si de E gy p t n ow n a m e the Nile
wa s in an ci en t ti m e s ca lled Aegyp tu s Hom er i s su f cien t
t o p ro v e ; s in ce h e s ay s th a t M en el au s stati on e d h is sh i p s
3
I f th er efore si n gle
a t t h e o u tl et o f t h e r i v e r Ae gy p tu s
a re
an d t h o se n ot l ar g e o n es
r iv er s by th em sel v e s
an
wh il e
s u f ci en t to fo r m
ext en s i v e tr a c t o f c o u n try
owin g fo rwar d i n to th e sea s in ce th ey carry down sli m e
an d m u d from
the h igh er dis tr i cts wh e n c e th ey der iv e
is

a n o th er

th e

cr e d u
of

lity ab ou t

it i s

dep osi t s
th e

ly it i s n b e co m in g to exhibit i n
I di a h o w i t h a s c o m e t o p ass that m o s t
wh ich h a s b ee for m ed by the all u v ial
ive s For i f th e Herm u s th e C yste

s u re

so u r ce s,

pl ai n ,
of i t s r

Cai cu s , th e
'

r,

ri v e r s

of

M aean der

an

all

th e

o th er

'

wat er s in to th e m i dl an d s ea
were all p u t t o g eth er th e y wou l d n ot b e wort hy of
at er with on e o f th e I n d i an
com p ari so n for v o l u m e o f w
r i v ers
No t o n ly do I m ean th e Gan g es wh i ch i s th e
l argest an d wi th wh i ch n ei ther th e water o f the E gyp tian
Nil e n o r the I s ter o wi n g th ro u gh E u r op e i s wo rth y t o
e re m in gl e d t og e th e r
co m p are ; b u t if all th o s e r iv er s w
t h ey wo ul d n ot ev en t h en b e co m e e q u a l t o th e r iv er
I n du s wh ich i s a l a r ge r i ve r as soon a s i t i s su es from
6
a
r
r
n
r
n
s
a
n
d
f
t
e
e
ce
v
f
t
ee
n
r
i i g
i vers all larg er
i ts s p i g
A sia

wh i ch

di s ch ar g e th ei r
,

t h a n th o s e

in th e p r ov

i n ce

f As ia, d i sc harg e s i ts

water

2
See H er od otu s , ii 1 0
34
Se e H erodotu s , i i 5
3
I n H e rewth e n a m e for
See H om er s O dyssey , iv 47 7 , 5 8 1
t
In form th e word i s du a , evi den tl in referen ce
i s M i tsra i m (dar red )
Th e n at ive n am e was Chem ,
th e Ni e
to th e di vi sion of th e coun tr
o n accou n t of th e
ackn ess of th e a u vi a soil
black, ro a
m ean in
roM ol
M M ; i s Abich ts readin in stea d of w

p b bly

y by

Ar ri en , in hi s I n di ca , c h a

Egyp

bl

ll

4 , gi ve s th e

n am es o f

th ese rivers

M ethod of Bri dgin g Rivers

277

in to the sea r etain in g i ts o wn n am e a d ab sorbin g th o se

o f i ts t rib ut a i e s
L e t th ese r e m ark s whi ch I hav e m ade
a b o u t I n d i a s u f ce fo r t h e p res e n t an d l et th e r es t b e

r es e rve d fo r m
D esc rip t ion o f In di a
y
n

CH APTER VII
M ET H O D or B RI D GIN G RI VE RS
H ow Al exan de r c on s tru cted his b i dg e o v e r th e ri ver
I n du s i s expla in ed n eith e r by Ar isto b ul us n o P tol em y
a u th o r s w
ho m I u s ally fo ll o w;
I abl e t o for m
o r am
a de c i de d o p i i o n w
h e th e th e p assa g e w s b ri dg e d with
b oats a s th e Helle sp on t was by Xe xe s a d th e B os p orus
1
an d th e I s te r w
ere by D a i u s
o r w h e t h e r h e m a de a
co n ti n u ou s b r i dg e o v er th e r i ve
To m e i t see m s p ro
b able that th e b ri dg e was m ade of b oats ; fo r t he d epth
o f th e w
a ter w
o u l d n o t h a v e a d m i tt e d o f th e con s tru cti on
o f a r e g u l ar b r i d ge n or co l d s o e n o r
o rk h a v e
o s a w
b een co p le te d in s o sh or t a t i m e 2 If th e p assage was
b ri dged wi th b oat s I can n ot deci de wh e th er th e v essel s
b ein g fasten ed t o g eth er with o p e s an d m o o ed in a ro w
we re su f c ien t t o fo r m th e b i dg e a s H ero do tu s th e
Halica n assian s ays the H ell esp o t wa s b i dg ed or
wh ether th e work was e ffec ted i th e way in wh ich th e
b ri dg e u p o n the I ster an d th at u p o th e C el tic Rhi n e3
a re
de by t h e R om an s a n d i th e way in wh ich th ey
b ridg ed th e E ph ate s an d Tig es a s o ften a s n e ces s i ty
.

"

r.

m a

See H erod otu s ,

The
of

n am e

kl

Y en i

m eri an

b b
u

was

a e,

or

Th e wa
re

ll

ca

6 98

ed

th e

Blg

o o na

er

8 6)

ein

g ll

sa s

C urti us,

It

Bosp orus = 0 xford

ca

yl

ed

us

th e

th at A
vii i

ll

Th

( Prom

n om en

s an oth er ri ve r ca

en o

33
3 6 ; iv 8 3 , 97 , 1 3 3 1 41
i ed to th e traits o f C on stan tin o
v ii

tran

( xvi i

D i od orus

Cf Aesch
si tu ; u n de

o ru s .

u s m eabili

ppl

th e form

Bos

Cf S tra bo,
3

am

exan

raci an

bob u s
der

an

pl

e , an

d th e

a so

a tter

cross ed on a

to th o se

th e C i m

Ad B OSp oros du os,

( Pli n y , vi
.

vel

b idge of b oats
r

34

ed

Rh en

us, a

tri

y of

u tar

th e Po ,

n o

was call ed Rh en u s Bon on i en si s bein g n ear B on on ia

,

The An a ba s i s

278

Alexa n der

H o wever as I kn o w m yself the

Rom a n s n d th e qu i ck es t way of m a ki n g a b ri dg e t o
b e with ve ssel s an d t h i s m etho d I sh all on th e p re s en t
b eca se it i s worth d escribi g At a
o ccas i o n exp l ai n
p re con certe d s ig al th ey le t t h e v essels l oose do wn th e
ith th e ir p o ws fo rward b u t as if b ack J
s tr eam
n ot w
i n g wa ter l A s m igh t n a tu r lly b e ex p ecte d th e s trea m
n
c ar ies th em d o w
b u t a ski ff f rn i she d with o ars h o l ds
th em b a ck u n til i t set tl es th e m i n th e p l a ce a ssign e d
to the m
Th en p y ram i da l wi ck er b a sk et s m a de o f will o w
n
i to th e wa ter f o m
fu ll o f n hew s to es
e l e t do w
o d e r t o h o l d i t u p a g ain s t
the p ro wo f e a ch v e s sel i
co m

p elled

th e m

ve ssel s

b e en

has

m o o re d

th e

of

wi th

the rs t

i ts
fa r

as

s tream

As

h el d fas t,

s o on

is

a s an

th e

c o n s s t en

s tr ea m

wi th

th e s e

way

sam e

di s tan t fro m

th e

of

on e

i s i n th e

a n o th e r

p ro w a g ai n s t
as

ar
,

t he fo r ce

ir

pport in g
are p l ace d
su

On b o th o f t hem
wha t i s p u t u p o n th em
p ie ce s of ti m b er wi th s harp en ds p roj ec tin g ou t o n
which cro s s p lan k s ar e p la c e d to bin d th em to geth er ;
h i ch
an d so p ro cee d s th e w
o rk th r ou gh all th e v e sse l s w
At e ach e n d o f t h i s
a r e r e q u i re d t o b r i dg e t h e r i v er
b ridg e rm ly xed gan g ways are thro wn forward 2 so
t ha t th e a ppr o a ch m ay b e sa fe r fo r th e h o rses an d b ea s ts
.

b u rd en an d at th e sam e t i e t o s erv e as a b on d
In a sh o r t t i m e th e wh o l e i s n i sh e d
t o th e b i dg e
with a g eat n oi se a d b stl e ; b ut yet di scip lin e i s o t
hil e t h e wo rk i s g o i g o n
In each v ess el th e
r el axe d w
e xh o r t ti o n s o f th e o ve r s e e s to th e m en
o r th e i
ce n su re s
n ei th er p e ve t the o rde rs b e i n g h ear d
o f s l ggi sh es
8
o rk
n or i m p e de th e rap i di ty o f t h e w
of

s,

wpzuva y

Kpovuem c

F or thi s

n au tica

term

co m

are

Thu cydi des,

H ero dotus , viii 8 4 ; D i od orus, xi 1 8 ; Ari sto h an es , Wa 8p s , 3 99

r
v
i
s
K
r
ii
e
a
Kar a p
g s re adin for th e u su a a n d 1r6pov
2 Th e ex
an ati on o f th i s
ass a e
i ven i n L idd e an d co tts L exicon ,

i 51

pl

s u b voce Mutt

i n th e

o ri

b idge o
r

s is

gi l

ver

na

e viden

p
tly i

g g

n correct , as
3

th e

Rhi

ne

( Ga llic War

Co m

iv

ll

th ere i s

pa e
r

n othi n

g b
a

ou t a ch ario t

th e descri ti on

of

Caesars

M arch from the In dus to the Hydasp es

CHAPTER
M AR C H

F OM

VIII

T H E IND U S

TO

2 79

T H E Hr m

sr us

b e en th e m eth od of c on stru ctin g b ridg es

pract ise d by th e Ro m an s fro m o l den tim es ; b ut h ow
Al ex an der l ai d a b ri d ge o ve r th e r i ver I n d u s I can n o t
sa
y b ecau s e th ose wh o s erv e d in hi s arm y h a v e s ai d
n o t hin g a b ou t i t
B ut I sh ou l d th i n k that the b ri dg e
wa s m a de a s n ear as p oss ible as I h ave describ ed o r
if i t wer e e ffe c te d by s o m e o th er co n tr i van ce s o l e t i t b e
W h en Alexan der h ad cr ossed t o th e oth er si de of th e
r iver I n du s h e a gain o ffe e d sacr i ce there a cco din g
Th en s tart in g from
t o his c u s to m I
th e I n d u s h e
arri ve d a t Taxil a
a l ar g e an d p r os p er o u s c i ty
in fac t
t h e l ar g est o f th ose s itu a te d b et w een th e r i ve r s I n du s
an d H da s e s
H e wa s re ce iv e d i n a f i en dly m an er
y
p
by Taxile s th e g o v er or o f th e city an d by th e I n d ian s
o f t h at p l a ce ; an d h e a dde d t o th eir t err i to ry as m u c h
o f th e a dj ac e n t co u n try a s th e y a sk e d for
Th i th er al s o
ca
e t o h im
e n v o y s from
Ab is ar es kin g o f t he m o u n
tain ee r In dian s th e e m b a ss y in cl u din g th e b ro th er of
Ab i sares a s we ll as th e o th er m o st n o t abl e m en
O th er
e n v oy s a l so cam e fro m
D o x ar e s th e chi ef o f th e p ro
v in ce b ri n gin g gifts with th em
Here a gain at Taxil a
Al exan de r o ff ere d th e s acr ices wh i ch were c u s to m ary
fo r him t o o ffer a n d c el eb rat e d a gym n a stic an d e qu es
H avi n g a ppo in ted Ph ilip son o f M achata s
tr i an con te s t
h e l e ft a g arri so n
v ice ro y o f th e I d ian s o f th a t d i s tr i ct
in Tax il a a s we ll a s th e sol di ers wh o we re i n valided by
ards th e r i v e r H y da sp e s
s i ck n e s s a n d th e n m arch e d t o w
TH I S ha s

'

'

'

Th e

place wh e e Al
r

j u n cti on wi th

he

ave

hi s

From th e

with

an

arm

d hi s

arm

an

crossed

der

b l
y y
ge w l

th e In du s

was prob ably

k B

th e C op h e u or C a u ri ver, n ear Atto c

da s , as we earn from
arm
a rest of thirt

86

exan

s am e

pa

ssa

y of
e
a
y j oin ed Al exan de
m

earn

d 15

r.

th at

ts ,

as

D i odorus , xvi i

n am e

it s

efore h e cro ss ed

d Ap h i
ki g
w kill d by h i w

a certain

l ph a

e e

at

s o

r ces

n m en

f Al x

The An a ba s i s

2 80

e an

der

was i n form ed th at Poru s 1 with th e wh ol e of hi s

h av i n g d e ter
ar m y w
a s on th e o th er s i d e o f t h at r i ve r
fro m m aki n g th e p as sag e
m in e d e ith er t o p re v e n t hi m
W h en Al exan de r
o r to atta ck h i m
while cro ssin g
Fo r h e

a s c e rta n e d

th

is

he

sen

t C oen u s,

son

of

Pol e m

o crate s ,

b ack t o the r iver In du s ith in stru cti on s t o cu t in

p iec es all th e vess el s which h e h a d p rep are d for the
p ass g e of that ri ver a d t o b rin g th em t o th e river
Hy d sp es
C oen u s c t th e v e ssel s i n p i eces an d co n
o
v eye d t h e m th i th er th e s m all e r o n es b ei n g c u t in to tw
Th e
p art s an d th e th irty oare d gall ey s i n to th ree
secti o s w
aggo n s a s far a s th e b an k
e r e c on v e y e d u p o n w
w
e e xe d
o f t h e H d as es ; a d
v
es s el s
h
r e t he
t
e
y
p
t o g eth er a ga i n
eet u p on th at riv e r
an d s een
as a
Al exan der t ook th e forces wh i ch h e h ad wh en h e ar iv e d
at Taxil a
In dian s u n der th e com m an d
an d t h e
o f Ta xil es an d th e c h i efs o f th at d i s tri c t
a n d m ar ch e d
t o wards the s am e ri ver
,

'

CH APTE R I X

P ORU S O BSTRU C TS ALE XAND E R s PASSAG E

ALE XAND ER en cam p ed on th e b an k o f th e H y da spes an d
P o r us was seen with all hi s arm y an d his larg e tr oo p of
2
el ep h an ts lin in g t h e o pp o si t e b an k
H e rem ain e d t o
g u ar d th e passag e at the place wh ere h e sawAl exan der
h a d en cam p ed a n d se n t g u ards t o all th e o ther p arts
o f t h e r i ver w
h i ch were eas ily fo r dabl e p la c i n g o fcer s
o v er ea ch d e tach m e n t
b ein g r esol v ed t o ob stru ct th e
p as sag e o f th e Ma ce don ian s Wh en Alexan der sa w thi s

Th e

d istri ct

by L
2

ki g d
n

n o

Poru s lay etw

een th e H y d as p es an d Acesiu s s , th e
ed Bari doa w
ith L ah ore asca i ta
I t wa s con qu ere d

H ard in

or ds

e an
.

C ur ti u s
85

( viii 44)
.

l ph a

e e

ly
say s

cava r

ts

Gou gh in 1 849
say s th at Po u s

D i odorus (xvii 8 7 )

a ou t

of

om

wcall

m ore

p l

th a n

h e h ad

a out

h ad

m ore

th an

ch ari o ts , an d

in fan tr

i n fan tr
13 0

3 00

l ph a

e e

ts

ch ari o ts , an

,
.

Poru s Obs tructs Alexa n ders Pa ss age

2 81

he

th ou gh t i t a dvisable to m ove his arm y in vari ou s

d i re cti on s to d i stract th e att en t i on of Por us an d ren der
him u n c ertai n wh at to do
D iv i di n g his ar m y i n to m an y
p arts h e led som e of hi s troop s n ow in on e direction
an d n o win an o th e r
at on e t i m e rava gin g th e en e m y s
c o u n t ry
h ere the
at a
n o th er l o o kin g o u t for a p l ace w
r iver m igh t appear easier for him t o ford it Th e rest
o f hi s t r oo p s h e en tru st e d 1 t o h i s d i f
fer en t g en eral s an d
s en t th em ab o u t i n m an y direc ti on s
H e al so co n v ey e d
c orn fro m
all q u arter s i n to hi s cam p from
th e lan d on
t hi s si de the Hy daspes so th at it m ight b e e vi den t t o
Po r u s th a t h e h ad resol ved to rem ai n q u i et n ea r th e
ban k u n t il the wat er of the ri ve r su b sid ed in the win ter,
a n d a ffor de d him
a p a ssa g e i n
As his
m an y p l ac es
ves se ls we re sailin g up an d do wn th e ri ver an d s kin s
were b e in g ll e d ith h ay an d th e wh ol e b an k a pp eared
to b e c o v ere d in o n e p l a ce with caval ry a n d i n an o th er
w ith i n fan try Por us wa s n o t allowed t o k eep a t re st
o r to b rin g hi s pre p arati o n s t o g eth er fr om
all si d es to
a n y o n e p o in t i f h e s e l ec te d th i s
for th e
a s s u i t abl e
d efen ce of th e p assag e B es ide s at this s eason all th e
In dian r i vers were owin g wit h s woll en an d tur bi d
wate rs an d with rap i d cu rren t s ; for i t was the tim e o f
y ear wh en th e su n i s won t t o t urn t owards th e s u m m er
2
s ol s ti c e
At t hi s season i n cessan t an d h eavy r a i n falls
in I n di a ; an d th e sn ow s o n th e C aucasus wh en c e m os t
m el t an d s w
e ll th e i r
of th e r iv e rs h av e th ei r so u r ces
Bu t i n the win t er they a g a i n
s trea m s t o a g rea t d e g ree
b ecom e sm all an d cl ear an d are fordable i n
s u b s i de
certa in p la ce s w i th th e ex ce p tio n of the In du s Gau g e s
p e rh a p s on e o r t wo o th ers
At an y ra te t he
an d
Hydasp es b ecom es ford abl e
,

Ab ou t th e

45 , 4 6

rp

x
/I ds i s

season at

Krii gers

m on

S tra bo
th e tim

th

May

gi

n s tead of

See

1 ) qu otes from

r
n
d
e
s att
f
A
x
a
o
e

(xv
e

of

readin

m r dE
as
1 2 i n fra ; a so Cu rti us , viii
ch a
th e rain
Ari sto u u s descri in

'

b l

b g

b le wi th Porus at th e Hydaspes

The An a basis qf Alexan der

282

CHAP TE R X
ALE XAND E R

AND

PORn s

AT M E

H YDAe

therefore s pread a r epo rt th a t he wou l d wai t

for tha t s e a son o f th e y ear if his p assa ge was ob stru cte d
b u t yet all th e ti m e h e wa s wa i ti n g
a t th e p r es en t tM e
i n a m b u sh to s e e wh eth e r by rap i d i ty o f m o v em en t h e
h ere wi th o u t b ei n g o b s e rved
c o u l d s te a l a p a ssa ge an y w
B ut h e p ercei v ed th at i t wa s i m p os sibl e for h i m t o cro ss
at th e p la c e wh ere Por u s h i m sel f h a d en ca m p ed n ear
AL EXAND ER

b an k o f th e Hy da spes n ot on ly on a ccou n t o f th e
b u t al so b ecau se hi s l arge
m ul titu d e of hi s el e ph an t s
arm y ar an g ed i n o rd er o f b attl e an d sp l e didly ac co u tred
was re ady to att ack h is m en a s th ey e m erg ed from th e
water Moreov er h e thou gh t that hi s h orses wo u l d n ot
b e willing t o m o n t th e o pp os i te b a k b ec au s e th e
t o n ce fall u p on th e m an d frigh t en
el ep h a t s w o u l d
or e v en
th em b o th by t h ei r a sp e c t an d t ru m p eti n g ;
b ef o re th at wo u ld they r em a in u p on th e in te d h ides
durin g th e p assage o f the ri ver ; b u t wh en th ey l ook ed
acr o s s an d sawth e el ep h an ts th ey w
o u l d b eco
e fran ti c
a ter
H e th er efo re r esol v ed t o steal
an d l eap in to th e w
a c ro s s in g by th e foll ow
i g m an oeu re
I n th e n igh t
h e le d m o s t of h i s ca valry a lon g t h e b an k i
va ri ou s
directi on s m akin g a cl am ou r an d raisi g th e b attl e cry
in h on ou r of E n yali u s 1
E very kin d o f n oi se was raised
a s i f th e y w ere m
ki n g all the prep aration s n ecessary
for c o s s in g th e r iv er
Po rus a l s o m arch e d a lo n g the
r iver a t th e h ead of h is eleph an t s opp os ite the p l aces wh ere
th e cla m o u r w
as h e a rd an d Al exan de r t hu s g rad ually
go t
him i n to th e h abit o f l ea ding h is m en al on g o pp os i te th e
B u t w h en t hi s o cc urr ed fre qu e n tly an d th ere
n o i se
was m ere ly a clam our an d a rai si n g of th e b attle cry
Po r u s n o l on g er c o n tin ue d to m ov e ab ou t t o m e et th e
the

'

pra

Cf Arri ch , i 1 4 su
.


l
A exan der s Stratagem

to Get Across

2 83

pected a dvan ce of th e c aval ry ; b u t perceivin g that

1
h i s fea r h ad b een
r
o
u n dl ess
h e k ept hi s p ositi on in
g
th e c a m p
How ever he p o s te d hi s sco u ts at m an y places
a l o n g th e b an k
Wh en Alexan der had b rou gh t it ab ou t
that th e m i n d o f Po r us no l on g er e n t ertai n ed an
y fea r
of
h i s n octu rn al att em pts h e dev i s e d th e foll ow in g
s tra ta g em
ex

CH APTER X I
ALE XANDE R

S TRATAGE M

To

GE T ACRoss

was i n th e b an k o f t he H ydaspes a p roj ectin g

h eadl an d wh er e t he r i v er m a k es a r e m arkabl e b en d
It
was den sely c o vered by a gro ve 2 c o n tain in g all s ort s of
t re e s ; an d o ver a g ain st i t i n t h e r iv er w
i sl an d
a s an
f ull o f tr ees an d with ou t a fo o t trac k o n accoun t of i ts
b e in g u n in habited Perc ei vin g th at t his i sl an d was
r igh t i n fro n t o f t h e h ea dla n d
a n d th at b o th th e s p o ts
were woody an d a da pt e d t o con ceal his attem p t t o cros s
t h e r i ver b e r esol ve d t o c o n vey hi s ar m y ov er a t t h i s
p la c e The h eadl an d an d islan d wer e 1 50 s tades di st an t
fro m his g reat cam p.3
Al on g th e wh ol e of the b an k
h e p oste d sen tr ies sep ara te d a s far as was co n s isten t
with k ee p in g each o th er i n sigh t an d easily hearin g
wh en an y order shoul d b e s en t a lon g from an y qu arter
From all si de s al so du rin g m an y n igh t s cla m ours were
rai se d an d res w ere b u rn t B u t when he ha d m ade u p
hi s m i n d t o u n dertak e th e p a s sa g e of the r i ve r h e op en ly
prep ared his m easu res for cros s in g opp os ite the cam p
Craterus ha d b e en left b eh in d at th e cam p with his o wn
div i sion o f cav al ry an d th e h o rs e m en fro m th e Arach o
ti an s an d Parap am i sa dian s as well as th e b rig ades of
Al cetas an d Polys percho n fr om th e p h al an x o f th e
T H ERE

'

'

'

(m

Krii ger s readin g , in stead of (M N xecvov

3
Ab out 1 7 m i l es
is Abi ch ts readin g for el der

a xer dy i s

alum

The An a basis

2 84

Al exan der

Ma ce don i an in fan try t o g eth er with the ch iefs of th e

In dian s dwellin g t hi s si de of th e Hyph asis wh o h ad with
He gave Crateru s or ders n ot t o cro s s
them
m en
th e r i ver b e fore Poru s m o ve d o ff with hi s for ces ag a i n st
th em or b efore h e ascert a in ed tha t Por u s was in igh t

1
s ai d h e
I f h o w e ve r
an d th at th e y w ere v i c to ri ou s
Poru s sh ou l d tak e on ly a p art o f hi s ar m y an d m arch
ith th e el eph an t s
ag a i n s t m e an d l eave th e o th e r p a rt w
in his c am p in that cas e d o th ou al s o r em a in i n thy
p resen t p os ition But if he l ea ds all h is el ephan ts with
hi m a ga i n s t m e an d a p ar t o f th e r es t of his arm y i s
l eft b eh in d i n th e c am p th en d o t h o u cros s th e r i v e r

w ith all s p e e d For i t is th e e l eph an ts al on e s aid he

h i ch ren der i t i m p os sibl e for th e h ors es t o l an d on th e

The r est of th e arm y can eas ily cross

o th er b a n k
,

'

CH APT E R XII
PASSAGE

H YD ASPES

or r u n

i n j un ction s l a id u p on Crateru s B etwe en

th e i sl n d an d th e g reat cam p wh ere Al exan der had l eft
t h i s g e eral he p o ste d Mel e ag e r Attal u s an d Gor gia s
with th e Grecian m ercen arie s cavalry an d in fa try
gi v i g th e m in stru ction s to c o ss in detachm en ts b rea k
i n g p t he arm y as soon as th ey sawth e I n di an s al rea dy
in v o lved in b at tle He th en p i ck ed th e sel ect b ody
gu ard c alled th e C om p an io n s as w ell as th e ca val ry
re gim en t s o f Hephaestion P erdicoe s an d D e m etriu s the
c aval ry fro m
Bactria S o g di an a an d S cythi a an d th e
D aan h orse a rch e rs ; an d fro m th e p hal a n x o f i n fan t ry
th e Sh i el d b eari n g g u a ds t h e b riga des o f Clitu s a n d
Coen u s wi th th e arch e rs an d Agrian ian s an d m ade a
ay fro m t he b an k o f th e i v er
s e cret m ar ch k eep i n g far aw
S UC H we re

th e

Thi
Atti c

s u se of 1rptv

u sa e.

with in n i tive after n egative clauses

is

con

trar

to

Pa ssage

the

Hydasp es

2 85

rder n ot to b e s een m archin g t owar ds the is lan d

a n d hea dl an d fro m
w hi ch he h ad d et erm in e d to cros s
Th e re th e ski n s wer e ll ed i n the n igh t wi th the h ay
whi ch had b e en procure d l on g b efo re an d th ey were
t igh tly stitch ed u p In the n igh t a fu ri ou s storm o f ra in
o cc u rr e d by w
h ich h is prep a ra t ion s an d att e m pt to cro ss
were ren der ed s till m ore u n ob s erved s i n ce th e n oi se o f
th e t h u n d er an d the stor m
drow n e d with its din the
c l a tt er of th e w
e ap on s an d th e n o i se w
h i ch arose from th e
o rde r s giv en by th e o f c ers
Mos t of the v essel s the
t h ir ty oare d ga ll e ys in cl ude d w i t h th e res t h a d b ee n cu t
in p i eces by h i s ord er an d co n v eye d to th i s p l a ce wh ere
t h e y had b ee n xed t o g e th e r a g ain 1 a n d h id den in th e
woo d At th e a pproach of daylight b o th th e win d an d
th e ra in cal m e d d o w
n ; an d th e res t of th e arm y w
en t
o ve r o pp o s i te th e i sl an d t h e ca val ry m o u n ti n g u p on th e
s ki n s an d as m an y o f the foot sol die r s as th e b o at s w
oul d
receiv e gettin g in to th em
They wen t s o secre tly th at
the y were n ot o b s er v e d by th e sen tin el s p os te d by Poru s
b efo re th ey h a d already got b eyon d the i slan d an d were
on ly a littl e w
a
y from th e oth er b an k

in

CH APTE R X III

T H E HYDASPE S
ALEXAND E R hi m sel f e m b ark ed in a thi rty o ared g all ey an d
we n t o v er ac com pan ie d by P er dicoe s Ly sim achus the
co n de n t ial b o dy g u ard s Se l e u c u s on e o f th e C om p an io n s
who was aft er wa r ds kin g 2 an d half of th e sh iel d bear
i n g gu ards ; the r est of th es e troop s b e in g con v eye d i n
PASSAGE

or

Th e

c am

i s u sed
th e form

1r1rn'
y tt at

er an

Sl
l g
'

cam

by

Arri en

an

d D i on

y sius

bu t

by

u sed i s 1r1rny a
D ori c, 1r7ra ya
ri t ers
d th e Atti c w

n
d
er
s su ccessors , b e
w
er
f
u
f
A
x
a
o
e
o
e eu cus Ni cator, th e m o st
e euci dae , w
hi ch
e un
of
ria an d foun der of th e d n asty of th e
e to an en d in
79

Hom
3

perf p ass

Sy

'

l
y

Sl

The An a ba sis

28 6

Alexa n der

iz e Wh en t h e sol dier s got

b eyon d th e islan d th ey o p en ly di ect ed th ei c o rs e to
th e b an k
h en the s en tin e l s p e cei v ed th at th ey ha d
a d w
s a s fa s t a s e a ch
s tart ed
t he y at o n c e ro de o ff to Po
m an s h ors e c ou l d gall o p
Al ex n der h im s el f wa s th e
s t to l n d an d h e at o n ce took th e cavalry a s th ey
kep t on l n din g f om his own an d th e o th er thirty oa e d
g all eys an d d ew them u p i n prop er order For th e
Gav al y h ad e c eiv e d o rders to l an d rs t an d at th e h ead
o f th ese i n
y h e a dvan ce d Bu t thro u gh
re g la
ar
ign oran ce o f th e l ocali ty he had effe ct ed a la n din g o n
g ro u n d wh ich w s n ot a pa rt o f th e m ai l a d b t an
i sla d a l arg e o e i dee d n d wh e e from th e fa ct that it
I t wa s
w s an isl an d h e m ore eas ily e s cap ed n o ti ce
c t o ff fr o m t h e res t o f th e l an d by a p ar t o f th e r i v er
wh ere th e water wa s sh all ow Ho wever t h e f i o u s
wh ich l as te d th e gre t e part of th e n ight
s to rm o f ra i n
h a d s we ll ed th e wa ter s o m ch th t h i s ca val ry co l d n o t
n d o t th e fo rd an d h e was af ai d t h t h e wo u l d h ave
t o u n der g o a o th e l ab o r in c ro ss i n g as g e at a s th e
st B t wh en a t la st th e fo rd was fo d h e le d hi s
m en th rou gh i t w
ith u ch di f c l ty ; for wh ere t h e wate r
wa s deep es t i t reach e d highe r th a th e b reasts of th e
i n fan try an d o f th e h o ses o n ly t he h ea ds ro s e b o v e th e
1
r i v er
Wh e n h e h ad al s o c o s s ed th i s p i e ce of wate
h e s el e cte d th e ch oi c e gu a d o f cava lry an d th e b est m en
f o m th e o th e cav l ry regim en ts a d b ro gh t th em u p
c ol m n i t o li n e o n t h e
fro
ight wi g 2 In fro n t of all
th e ca va lry h e p o s te d th e h or s e arch e s an d p la ced n e xt
to th e c aval ry i n f on t o f th e o th er i n fa n try th e r oy al
s h i el d b e
in g g ards u n de th e com m an d o f S el eu c u s
N ear th ese h e p lace d th e ro yal fo o t g u ard an d n ex t t o
o th e

r gall ey s

of

th e

sa m e

ru

ra

ur

un

r,

ar

F or th i s

Pl

ato
2

of

( Gorgi as; 48 5

C om

26 28

u se

pa

re

th e

do or ,

cf:

; E u thydem

assa e o f

Poly bi u s , iii 45 ,
.

H om

us ,

th e

(I li a d
2 7 3 A)

er

Rh

ix

H erod otus , iv 4 5 ;
.

on e

by

H an n ib al

( See L i vy

xxi

The Ba ttle

th e s e

the Hyda sp es

at

28 7

th er shiel d be arin g g uards a s each happ en e d

a t th e t i m e t o h a ve th e r igh t o f p r ec eden ce
O n each
s i d e at th e extrem i ti es o f th e ph al an x h is arch er s A ri an
g
i an s an d j a v elin th ro wers were p osted
th e

CH APTE R XIV
TH E BATTLE

H Y DASPES

T HE

AT

HAVIN G thu s arra g e d hi s arm y h e ordered the i n fan try

t o fo ll o w a t a s l o wp a ce an d in re g l a o rder n u m b eri g
n d er
m en ; a n d b e ca s e h e
o t m uch
as i t did
th ou gh t h e wa s s p eri or in c avalry h e to o k o ly h is
i n n u m b er a d led them
h o rs e sol di ers wh o were
He al so i n s tru cte d Ta uro n t he
forwa d with s p ee d
ith s p ee d
m an der o f th e ar cher s t o l ea d th em o n al so w
co
H e h ad c o m e to th e con cl u s i o n
t o b ack u p th e cav al y
that i f P oru s s h ou l d en g a g e hi m wi th all hi s fo ces he
wo l d e s ily b e a ble to ov e co e h im by atta ckin g wi th
hi s ca v alry or t o s tan d o n th e de fen s i v e n til hi s i n f n try
a rr i ve d i n th e co u r s e of th e a c ti o n ; b u t if th e I n d i an s
sh o u l d b e al ar m e d at hi s e x tra o r d i n ary au da ci ty in m ak
i n g th e p a s sa g e o f t h e riv e an d tak e t o igh t he wo u l d
b e abl e to k eep clo se to th em in th e i r igh t so tha t the
in t he r e trea t b ein g g reater there
sl au gh t e r o f th em
Ari s to b lu s
wou ld b e on ly a slight wo k le ft for hi m
o f P oru s ar i v e d w
so
ith ab o u t sixty
say s th at th e
de his l a ter p assag e fro m
ch ari o ts b efor e Al ex an d er
th e l a g e i s l n d an d t ha t h e co l d h a v e h in de e d Al ex
ith difculty
an d er s cr o ss i n g (fo r h e m ade th e p as sa g e w
h en n o o n e opp o se d hi ) ; if the I n dia s h a d
e v en w
l eaped do wn fro m th e ir cha iots an d a ssau l ted t hos e who
rst e m erg e d from th e water B ut h e p asse d by with
th e ch ar io ts an d th u s m a de th e p a ss ag e q u i t e s a fe fo r
Al exan der ; wh o o n rea ch i n g th e b a k d is cha g e d hi s
h ors e a r ch ers a g ain s t th e In di an s i n th e cha rio ts a n d
th es e w e r e e a s ily pu t t o r ou t m an y of th em b e in g
n

m a

'

288

The An a ba si s

f Alexa n der

wou n ded O ther wr iters say th at a b attl e t o ok p la ce

b etween the In dian s wh o ca m e with the s on o f Poru s an d
Al ex an der a t th e h ead o f hi s ca val ry th at th e son of
Po ru s ca m e with a g reat er force tha t Alexan der h im s elf
wa s wo u n de d by him an d that hi s hor se B u cephala s
h i ch h e was exc e e din gly fon d was killed b e in g
of w
B ut
wo u n de d lik e his m aster by th e son o f Po ru s
P tole m y s o n o f L agu s with wh om I a gree gi ves a
Th i s a u tho r a l so say s tha t P o r u s des
differen t acc ou n t
p atched his so n b u t n ot a t the h ead o f m erely s ixty
n or i s i t in dee d lik ely th at P or u s h e ar i n g fro m
char i o ts
.

lf o r at an y rate a
p t o f his a
e ffe c te d t h e p a ss g e of th e Hy de s
p e s wo u ld d esp at ch hi s s o n a g ai st hi m wi th o ly s ixty
c h ar i o t s
Th es e in deed we re to o m a y t o b e sen t o u t s
a r eco n oi t i n g p arty
an d n ot a d ap te d for sp e e dy r e
t rea t ; b t th ey wer e by o m ea s a su fc i en t for c e t o
keep b ack th os e o f th e en em y wh o h a d o t yet go t a cro ss
e ll
P to
as w
s t o at t ack t h o se w
h o ha d al ea dy l a d e d
l e y s ay s th at th e s on o f P o r u s arri v e d a t t h e h e a d o f
200 0 cavalr y an d 1 2 0 ch ari o t s ; b u t th a t Al exa n der h a d
al eady m a d e e v e n th e l ast p ass a g e f om the i sl an d b e fo r e
hi s

s co u t s

ith er
m y h d

th at

ar

Al exan der h im

se

he

pp ear ed

CH APTE R XV
ARRANG E M ENT S

PTOLE M Y al so

or

P ORU S

ys that Al exan der in t he rs t p l ace sen t

th e h or se r ch ers a ga in s t th ese an d l ed the cav al y h i
s el f thi n ki g th at P o r u s w
ith all h i s
as a pp ro a ch i n g w
force s an d tha t th is b o dy o f ca val ry was m a rc hin g in
fron t o f th e r est o f hi s arm y b ei n g dra wn u p by hi m a s
B ut a s s oon a s he h a d a s certai n e d wi th
th e van g u ard
a ccura cy th e n u m b e r o f th e In di an s h e i
m e di at ely m a de
a
p i d charge u p on th em with th e ca valry arou n d h im
Wh en they p e ce ived that Al exan de r hi m sel f an d th e
-

sa

ra

Arran gem

en ts

Porus

28 9

b ody of cavalry aro u n d hi m h ad m ade the assau l t n ot in

lin e o f b at tl e r eg u larly form ed b ut by s quadro n s they
gave way ; an d 4 00 of their cavalry in cl u din g the son
o f P oru s
fe ll in t he c on test
Th e c h ari o ts al so were
c a ptu r e d h o r s e s an d all
b ei n g h eavy an d slow i n the
r etr eat an d u s el es s i n th e act i on
itself on accou n t of the
c l a yey g ro u n d
When th e hor sem en who h ad es cap ed
fro m th i s ro u t b ro u g ht n ews to P or u s that Al exan der
h i m s el f h a d crossed th e ri ver with t h e s tron g es t p ar t o f
his ar m y an d th a t h is son h a d b een s l ai n in th e b a t tle
h e n e ver th el ess co u l d n o t m ak e u p hi s m in d what co u rs e
t o t ak e b e ca u s e th e m en wh o ha d b ee n l eft b eh in d u n de r
C rater s were seen to b e a tt em p ti n g to cross t h e i ver
fro m th e g rea t c am p whi c h wa s di rectly o pp osi te hi s
p osition H o wev er a t la st h e prefe red to m a ch again st
Al exan der h i m self with all his arm y an d to c o m e i n to a
de c i s i ve c o n ic t wi th th e st ron g es t d iv i s i on o f th e Mace
Bu t n ev er
d on i an s c o m m an ded by th e kin g in p ers on
th ele ss h e left a fe w o f t h e el e ph an t s t o g e th er wi th a
s m a ll a m y th er e at t h e ca m p t o f ight en th e cav al ry
H e th en
th e b an k o f th e r iv er
u der C a teru s from
m e
all h i s
to o k all hi s c av al y t o th e n um b e r o f
ith 2 00 of hi s eleph an ts
o f 3 00 w
c har i o ts t o th e n m b e
ch o i ce i n fan tr y an d m ar ch e d a gain st Al ex
an d
Wh e n h e fo n d a p l ace wh ere h e saw ther e wa s
an der
as
n o cl ay b u t th at o n a ccou n t o f th e s an d th e g ro u n d w
a ll l e ve l an d h ar d an d th u s t fo r th e ad van ce an d r etr eat
F irst h e p laced
o f h o rs es h e th e r e dr e w u p hi s arm y
the el e ph a t s i n t h e fr o n t e a ch an i al b e in g n ot l es s th an
1
a p ar t so t h a t th ey m igh t b e exten d ed in
a p l e th ru m
th e fr on t b efo re th e wh ol e of th e p h al an x o f i n fan try an d
p ro du ce t e rror e verywh ere am on g Alexan der s ca valry
B es ides h e th o ugh t th a t n on e of the en em y wo l d have
th e au da city t o p us h th e m sel v e s i n to the sp aces b etween
,

1 00

Greek an d 1 0 1 E n glish feet

The An a basi s

290

val ry b e in g dete rr ed by the fright of

their h orses ; an d still less w ou l d th e in fan try do so i t b ein g
likely they wou l d b e kept off in fron t by the h eavy arm ed
n by th e
an d tram p l e d do w
sol diers fall in g u p on t h em
N e a r th e s e h e
h eelin g r oun d a g ain s t th e m
el e ph an t s w
h ad p ost ed th e in fan tr y n o t o cc upyi n g a li n e o n a l evel
with th e b east s b u t in a s econ d lin e b ehin d th em on ly
so far di st an t t hat th e c o m p an ie s of fo o t m ight b e p u sh e d
forward a sh ort di stan ce in to the sp a ces b et ween th em
H e h ad al so b odie s o f in fan try s tan din g b ey on d th e el e
in gs ; an d on b oth s ide s o f th e in fan try h e
ph an t s on th e w
h i ch w ere p l aced th e
h ad p oste d th e cav al ry in fron t of w
chariots on b oth win g s of hi s arm y
the

l phan ts

f Alexan der

e e

th e

ca

CHAPTE R XVI

ALE XAND E R S TAcr rcS

h i ch Po ru s m ad e o f hi s
as th e a rr an ge m en t w
SU CH w
for ces
As so on as Al exan der ob serve d th at th e In dian s
were drawn u p in or der o f b attl e, h e s t opp e d his ca valry
from a dvan cin g farth er, so that h e m igh t t ak e u p th e
in fan try as i t kept on arrivin g ; an d even when th e
phalan x in qu ick m ar ch h ad e ffected a j un ct io n w ith the
c av al ry, he di d n ot at on ce drawi t o u t an d l e a d i t t o th e
i th
attack , n ot wi shin g to h an d o v er hi s m en e xh a u st e d w
fatig u e an d o u t of b reath, to the b arb arian s who we re
fresh an d u n t i re d O n the co n tra ry, h e cause d his i n fan try
.

to

re s

rou n

un

d th e

til their

lin es

stren

to

in sp ect

t hem

When

idin g al on g

h e h ad

sur

l ve d n ot
t o advan ce ag ai n st th e c en tre
of w
h i ch th e el e
h
an ts h ad b een p os ted an d i n th e gap s b etw
een t hem
p
a s al arm ed a t th e ve ry
a den se ph al an x of m en ; fo r he w
arran g em en t s whi ch Por u s h ad m a d e h ere w it h th at
B u t a s h e was s u p eri o r in th e n u m b er
expr ess de sign

v eye d

the

arran

gem

g th was recru ited

en

of

th e
,

In di an s
in fro n t

he

r e so

See

s
d
o
n
s N ew Graty lus ,
l

on a

sec.

1 78

D efea t
of

h is
d

l y

cava r

P om

29 1

greater p art
in g
th e l eft w

h e t oo k th e

th at force,

of

h ed alo n g again st
o f th e en e m y
for th e p u rp os e of m aki n g an a tta ck in thi s directi on
Again st th e r igh t wi n g h e s en t C o en u s with his own
r egi m e n t o f caval ry an d th at of D em etri u s w
ith i n stru o
ti o n s to k eep cl os e b ehi n d th e b arb arian s wh en th ey
see i n g th e d en se m as s o f ca valry o
ppo se d t o th em sh ou l d
r i d e o u t t o gh t th e m
S ele u c u s An tigen e s an d Tau ron
were o rdere d to l ea d th e ph alan x of i n fan try b ut n o t to
en g ag e in
t h e a c ti o n u n til th e y o b ser ve d 1 th e e n em y s
cav a l ry an d p h a la n x o f i n fan try t hr o w
n i n t o di sorder b
y
th e c ava l ry u n de r hi s o w
B u t wh en th ey cam e
n co m m an d
within ran ge o f m i s sil es h e l au n ch e d th e h ors e arch ers
1 000 in n u m b er a gai n st th e l eft wi n g o f th e In dian s in
h o were p osted there
o r der t o th ro w th o se o f th e e n em y w
i n to co n fu sio n b y the in cessan t stor m of arro ws an d b y
the cha rg e of th e h orses
H e hi m sel f with t h e C om pan i on
in g of
c ava lry m ar c h ed a l on g ra idly a g ai n s t th e l e ft w
p
th e b arb ari an s b ei n g ea g er t o a tta ck th em in an k while
s till in a stat e of di sor de r b e fore th eir ca val ry cou l d b e
deplo ye d
an

m arc

C H A P T E R X VI I
D E FE AT or P o m s
ME ANTIM E th e In di an s h ad coll ec ted th eir cav alry from all
p arts an d were ri din g al on g advan cin g ou t of their p osi
Coen u s al s o ap p eare d
ti on t o m ee t Al e xan der s charg e
wi th his m en in th eir r ear accordin g to his in stru c ti on s
Th e In di an s o b servi n g t hi s were c om p ell ed t o m ak e th e
lin e o f th ei r ca val ry fa ce b o th way s 2 5 th e l argest an d
b es t p art a g a in s t Al exan der whil e th e rest wheel e d ro un d
Thi s th erefo re at o n ce
a g ai n s t C oe n u s an d hi s fo r ces
thre wth e ra n k s a s well as th e deci sio n s o f the I n dian s
.

t iv e
3

'

11

ith th e
In At tic , 1rplv dv i s th e re gu lar form w
riter s div i s often om itted
er an d th e Tragi c w

ww

Kar la a

but i n H om

Cf Arri an s Ta cti cs , ch ap 2 9
.

su b un c

f Alexa n der

The An a ba s i s

2 92

i n to con fusi on Alexan der seei n g h is op p or tun i ty a t the

as
wh eeli n g rou n d in th e
ve ry m om en t th e ca valry w
m a d e an a tta ck o n t h os e o pp o se d t o him
o th er di recti on
wi th su ch v igo ur th at th e In di an s cou l d n ot su stai n the
b u t were sc at tere d an d d ri ven to
ch ar g e o f his ca val ry
Up on
th e e leph an ts a s to a fr i e n dly wall for re fu ge
ar d t h e b ea st s
thi s th e dri v ers o f t h e el e p han ts u rg e d for w
a g ai n st th e cava lry ; b ut n o w th e p ha lan x i ts el f o f th e
Macedon i an s was a dvan cin g agai n st th e elep han ts t he
m en
cas tin g dart s a t th e r i de r s a n d al so s t rikin g t h e
Th e
b eas ts th e m sel ves s tan din g r o un d th em o n all s i de s
a c tio n w
a s u n l ik e an
y o f th e prev i ou s c on t ests ; for wh er
h eel ro u n d th ey ru sh e d fo r th
e v er th e b e a s ts co u l d w
a g ai n s t th e ran k s o f i n fan try an d dem o li sh e d th e p h al an x
as
The I n di an c a v a l ry
o f t h e M a ced o n i an s d e n se as it w
e re en g a ged i n th e a c t i o n
al s o seei n g th a t t h e i n fan try w
a g ai n
an d
a d van ce d a gai n st th e
Ma ce do n ian
ralli e d
B u t wh en Al exan der s m e n wh o far e x cell ed
cav al ry
b o th in st ren gth an d m ili tary di sc i plin e got th e m a s tery
th e se c o n d ti m e th e y we re ag ai n r e p u l s ed
o v er t h em
t o wards t he el ep h an ts an d coo p ed u p am on g th e m
By
thi s t i m e t he w
hol e o f Al exan de r s caval ry ha d c ollec ted
i n to o n e s qu adro n n o t b y an y co m m an d o f his b ut h av
i n g s ettl ed i n t o t h i s arran ge m e n t b y th e m ere effe c t o f
th e s tr u ggl e i ts e l f ; an d whe r ev er i t fell u p on t h e ran k s
o f th e I n di an s th e y w
ere b ro k en u
p wi th great sl a u gh te r
The b easts b ei n g n o w coo p ed u p i n to a n arro w sp a c e
th ei r fri e n d s we re n o le s s i n j u r e d b y th em th an th ei r fo es
b ei n g t ra m p l e d d o wn i n t h ei r wheeling an d p us hi n g
ab ou t
Ac c or din gly th ere en s u ed a g reat slau gh ter o f
th e c av al ry c o op ed u p a s i t was in a n arro w s p ac e aro u n d
th
el eph an ts
ost o f t h e k e e p ers o f th e e l e h an ts
M
p
e
ha d b e en kill e d b y the j aveli n s an d s o m e o f th e el e p han ts
th e m sel ves h a d b een wo u n d ed w
hil e o th ers n o lo n ger
k ep t ap art i n th e b attl e on a ccou n t o f th eir su ffer in gs or
from b ei n g desti tu te of k eep ers
Bu t as if fran ti c wi th
,

'

Losses

the Com batan ts

forward at fri en ds
t ram p l ed dow
n an d

p ai n ru shin g
pu shed ab o ut
,

an

293

d foes

lik e

th ey

kill ed th em in every
kin d of way Howev er the Macedon i an s retire d wh en
"
e ver th ey w
ere a s sail e d for th e y r u sh e d at the b easts i n
a m ore O e n sp ace
n
an d i n
accordan ce w i th t h eir ow
p
p lan ; an d when they wheel ed ro un d to return they fol
l o we d th em cl osely an d hurl ed j aveli n s a t th e m
wh ereas
t h e I n di an s retrea ti n g a m on g them wer e n owre ceivin g
B u t wh en th e b easts w ere
g reater in j ury from them
t i re d ou t a n d th e y were n o l on ger a b l e t o ch arg e wi th
an
y v igou r th ey b e ga n to reti re faci n g th e foe like shi p s
b ac ki n g wa ter m e rely u tterin g a shrill p i p i n g so u n d
Al exa n d er hi m sel f s u rro un de d the who le lin e with hi s
c a val ry a n d g ave th e s ig n al th at th e i n fa n try sh o u l d li n k
th e
ir shi elds togeth er so as to form a ve ry den sely cl osed
b o dy an d t h u s adv an ce i n p h alan x
By this m ean s th e
In dia n cavalry with th e excep ti on o f a fewm en wa s qui te
si n ce th e
as al so th e i n fan try
c u t u p i n t h e a c ti o n 3 a s w
Macedon i an s were n o wpres sin g u p on th em from all sides
Up on this all who cou ld do s o t urn e d to ight th ro u gh
ee n th e p arts o f Al ex
th e sp a ces whi ch i n te rven ed b etw
an der s ca val ry
,

CHAPTE R XVIII
PO RUS SUREEN D E RS
LossEs or TH E C OM BATANT S
AT th e sa m e ti m e C raterus an d th e o th er o f cers of
Al exan der s arm y wh o h ad b ee n l eft b ehin d on th e
b an k of th e H yda sp es cro s se d the r i ver wh en th ey
p ercei ved that Al exan der was wi n n i n g a b rillian t vi ctory
The se m en b ein g fres h follo we d u p the p urs u it i n s tead
an d m a de n o l ess a
of Al exan de r s exh au s te d tro o p s
Of th e I n dian s
sl au gh ter o f t he I n di an s in th e ir retre a t
cavalry w ere
li ttle s hort o f
i n fan try an d
kill ed i n thi s battl e l All their ch ar io t s were b rok en
.

D i odoro s

i n th i s battle ,

( xvii 8 9)
.

over

say s

th at

bein g

m ore

th an

cap tured ,

b esi des

In dian s w
ere illed
8 0 elephan ts
.

f Alexan der

The An a ba si s

2 94

P oru s were slai n as were

al so S itaces th e go vern or of th e I n di an s o f t ha t di s tri c t
p
th e m an ag ers o f th e e l ep han ts an d o f th e ch ario ts an d
all th e caval ry o f c er s an d g en eral s o f P o r u s s arm y
All th e eleph a n ts which were n ot kill ed th ere were
O f Al exan der s forces ab o u t 8 0 o f th e
c ap tur e d
fo o t s ol di ers wh o were e n ga ge d i n the rst a tta ck were
killed ; 1 0 of th e h orse arch ers wh o were al s o th e rst
c ti o n ; ab ou t 2 0 o f th e C o m pan i on
t o e n gag e in th e a
fell 1
an d a b o u t 2 00 of th e o th er h o rse m e n
cav al ry
When Porus wh o exhib i ted great tal en t in th e battle
p erform in g th e d eeds n o t o n ly o f a g en eral b u t al so o f
a v ali an t s o l di er o b s e rve d th e sl au gh ter o f hi s c a v al ry
o th er s des tit u te
an d s om e of hi s el e ph an ts lyi n g d ea d
whil e
of k eep er s s trayi n g a b o u t i n a forl orn con di ti o n
m o st o f h is i n fan try h a d p er i sh e d h e did n o t depar t as
D ariu s th e Gr
eat Ki n g di d settin g an exam p l e o f igh t
t o hi s m en
b u t as l on g a s an y b o dy o f In di an s re m ain ed
B u t at
co m pa c t i n th e b attl e h e k ept u p th e s tr u ggl e
last h avin g recei ve d a wo un d on th e r ight sh ou l der
whi ch p ar t o f hi s b o dy alon e was u n pro tected duri ng th e
h ee led r o un d His c oat o f m ail warde d o ff
b attl e he w
th e m i s sil e s fr o m th e r es t o f his b o dy b ei n g ext rao r di n ar y
b o th fo r its s tre n g th an d th e c l o s e tti n g o f i ts j o i n ts
ho s aw h im to
as it w
a s a fter w
ards p os sib le for th ose w
o b serv e
Th en i n deed h e tu rn e d hi s el e ph an t r o u n d an d
b eg an to r eti re
Al ex an d er h av in g seen th at h e was a
great m an a n d vali an t i n the ba t tl e was v ery des iro u s o f
He acc ordi n gly se n t rs t t o hi m T axil es
s avin g his li fe
the In di an ; wh o ro de u p a s n ear t o t he e l ep h an t whi ch
was carryi n g Porus as s ee m ed to hi m s afe an d b a de h i m
sto p
the b east ass u ri n g hi m tha t i t wa s n o l o n ge r
p ossib l e for him to ee an d bi ddin g him lis ten to Al ex

pi eces ;

to

an

d t wo

of

son s

Accordin g to D io dorus th ere fell of th e M acedon i an s 2 8 0 cavalry a n d

ore th an 7 00 in fa try
Pl utarch (Alex 60 ) say s th at th e battl e l a st ed
n

ei gh t

h ours

wi th

Alli a n ce

Pom

29 5

when he sawhis old foe Taxiles

h e whe el ed r o u n d an d wa s p rep arin g to s trik e h i m wi th a
j av eli n an d h e woul d p rob ably have killed him i f he
an

der

s m e ss a

ge

B ut

h orse forward o ut o f the reach

o f P or u s b e for e h e co u ld s tr ik e h im
Bu t n ot even o n
thi s acc o u n t w
i th Porus ; b ut he
a s Al exa n der an gry w
ke pt o n s en din g oth ers in s u cce ssi on ; an d l ast of all
M ero s an I n dian b ecau se he asc ertai n e d th at h e was an
As soon a s the latter h eard the
old fri en d o f P o ru s
m ess ag e b ro u gh t to hi m
b y Mero es b ein g at th e s am e
ti m e o ver co m e b y t hi rs t h e s to p pe d hi s e l ephan t an d
di s m ou n ted fro m it
After h e h ad d r u n k s o m e water
a n d fe l t r efre s h e d h e o r dere d M ero es to l ead him w
i t h o ut
d elay to Alexan der ; an d M eroes led him thi th er 1
h ad

n ot

driv
l e n h is

qu ickly

CH APTE R XIX
ALLIAN C E WITH PO RU S D E ATH or B U CE PHALAS
W H EN Al exan der h ear d that Meroes wa s b rin gin g P or us
to hi m h e ro de i n fro n t o f t h e lin e wi th a fe w of t h e
C o m p an i on s t o m eet Po ru s a n d st oppin g his h orse h e
2
a dm ire d h is h an d so m e g u re an d hi s s tatu re
whi ch
r ea ch e d s o m e w
hat ab o ve ve cub i ts H e was al so s u r
3
p ri sed th at h e di d n o t see m to b e c owed i n s p iri t b u t
a dvan ce d t o m ee t hi m
as o n e b ra v e m an
wo ul d m eet
a ft e r h av i n g g allan tly s tr u ggle d i n
a n o the r b r av e m a n
Th e n
defen c e o f h i s o wn ki n g do m a g ai n st an other ki n g
i n deed Al exan der was t h e r s t t o speak b i ddi n g h i m
h a t treatm en t h e wou l d lik e to r eceive Th e rep o rt
s ay w
g oes th at Poru s r epli ed : Treat m e 0 Alexan der in a

kin gly way " Al exan der b ein g p le ased at th e e xpres

.

'

(viii

Curti u s

protecte d to th e
with hi m

5 0 , 5 1 ) represen ts Poru s sin in g h alf dead, an d b ei n g

D i odom s (xvii 8 8 ) agrees
l ast by his fai thful eleph an t

Cf C urti u s ,
.

viii

44 ;

us ti n

xii

Th e Sch oliast
aeaoui a muos r
eay
Cf Arri an , ii 1 0 su pra
rew
wauos 6qh
1 h ucydi des iv 3 4 , expl ain s thi s by r er a w
3

'

on

The An aba sis

2 96

Alexa/ri de

i
sai d :
For m y o wn s ak e O Por u s th ou s h al t b e
th u s trea te d ; b u t for t hy o wn s ake do th o u d em an d
B u t P oru s sai d th a t e v ery
what i s p leasin g to th ee
Al exan der b ein g s till m ore
thi n g was i n cluded in that
pleased at thi s rem ark n ot on ly gran ted him the ru le over
his o wn In di an s b u t also a dded a n o th er cou n try t o tha t
l
r
e
r
f
o
m
h
whi ch h e ha d b efore of larger exten t th an t e
a
an d from
Th u s h e treate d the b rave m an in a kin gly w
y
Su ch was th e
th at ti m e fo u n d him fai th fu l in all thin g s
ith Porus an d th e In dian s
re s u l t of Al exan der s b attl e w
livin g b eyon d th e riv er Hy daspes whi ch was fo u gh t in
th e arch on shi p of H ege m on a t Ath en s i n th e m on th
Ap ri l t o 1 8 M ay 3 2 6
Mun ychion 2
Alexan der fou n de d t wo c it ie s on e where th e b attl e
too k pla ce an d th e o th e r o n th e s p ot wh en c e h e s tar te d
3
a
d
c
a
e
m
e
h
h
n
a
Ni
to cr o s s the ri ver Hy daspes t e form er e
after h i s vi ctory over th e In dian s an d th e latt er B u ce
whic h die d
p hala in m em ory of his h ors e B u cephal a
th ere n o t fr om h avi n g b ee n wo un ded by an y o n e b u t
from th e eects o f t oil a n d old age ; for h e wa s ab o u t
4
o
il
Thi s
thi rt y yea rs old an d qu it e worn o ut w i th t
Bu cep hala s had sh ared m a n y hardshi p s an d in cu rr ed
m an y da n gers w i th Al exan de r dur in g m an y year s b e in g
b y n on e bu t the kin g b ecau se h e rej ecte d all
ri dd en
H e was b oth of u n u sual siz e an d gen ero u s
oth er ri der s
in m ettle
Th e h ead o f an o x h ad b een en gra ve d u pon
hi m a s a di sti n gu i shi n g m ark an d ac cordin g t o s o m e
s on

'

( AZen 60) C urti us vii i 5 1

(xvii 8 7 ) says th at th e b attl e was fough t in

Cf Pl u tarch
D i odorm

th e

Ath en s

arch on shi p

Nicaea is supp osed to be

Mon g an d Bu ceph al a m ay be el alpur
See Stra bo, xv l
4
Cf Plutarch (Al an ,
Sch m i eder says th at Alexan d er coul d n ot
h ave bro en in th e h orse b efore h e was sixteen years old
Bu t sin ce at
thi s ti m e h e w
as in hi s tw
en ty n i n th year h e w
oul d h ave h ad h im
th irteen years
Con se uen tly th e h orse m u st h ave b een at least seven teen
h en h e ac u ired him
Can an y on e b eli eve thi s ? Yet Plu tarch
year s ol d w
as th irty y ears old at hi s death
al so states th at th e h orse w
of

Chrom

es at

Con quest of the Glaus ia n s

297

was th e reason why h e b ore th at n am e ; b u t o th ers

s ay t h at th o u gh h e w
hite m ark u pon
a s bl a c k h e h ad a w
hi s h ead whi c h b o re a great resem b la n ce t o th e h ea d o f
a n ox
In th e l an d o f th e Ux i an s thi s h ors e v an i shed
fro m Al exan der wh o th ereu p on sen t a p rocl am ati on
t hr o u gh o u t th e c ou n tr y th at h e wou l d kill all th e i n
h ab itan ts u n l ess th ey b rou gh t the h ors e b ack to h i m
As a r esu l t of t hi s p ro cl am ati on i t was i m m ediately
b r ou gh t b a ck
So g reat was Al ex an der s a ttach m en t t o
th e h or se an d so gr eat was the fe ar o f Al exan der en ter
t ain ed by th e b arb ari an s l
L et s o m u ch h on o u r b e p ai d
b y m e to thi s B u c e ph al a s for t h e s a ke o f hi s m a s ter

thi s

'

CHAP TE R XX
CON Q U E ST

or T H E

GLAUSIAN S

PASSAGE

or

E M

TH E

Y FROM

BASS

AC E sm

Es

ABI SAREs

who
h ad b een kill ed in th e b attl e h e o ffere d th e c usto m ary
an d
sacri ce s t o t h e g o d s i n g r a ti tu d e fo r his v i ct o r y
cel eb ra te d a gy m n a s ti c an d h or s e c on te s t u p on th e b an k
h ere he rs t c ro sse d wi th
o f th e H ydas p e s a t th e p l a c e w
his ar m y 2 H e th en le ft Cra teru s b ehi n d wi th a p art o f
as
th e ar m y to er ec t a n d fo r ti fy th e ci ti e s whi ch h e w
fo u n di n g th e re ; b u t h e hi m s e lf m ar ch e d a gai n st the
In dian s con t erm i n o u s wi th th e dom i n i on of Po ru s
A c co rdi n g t o Ari s tob u l u s th e n a m e o f thi s n ati on was
I
b u t P tol e m y c a ll s the m Glau sian s
Glau gan i c ian s
Alexan der
qu ite in di fferen t whi ch n am e it b ore
am
trav e rs ed th ei r l an d wi th h al f t he C o m pan i o n cav al ry th e
al l t h e
i
k
e ac h p h ala n x o f th e i n fa n tr y
m en
f
ro m
c
d
e
p
h orse b o wm en the Agrian ia n s an d th e archer s All the

W HE N

Al exan der h ad p a i d all du e

h on o u rs

to th o s e

C urti us

(vi

1 7)

says

wh ereas Plutarch ( Alan

2

D i odom

b a ttl e

(xvii

thi s

occu rred

in

th e l a n d

of

th e M ardi an s ;

i t h app en ed i n Hyrc an i a
says Al exan der m ade a h alt of 3 0 days after th i s

44)

says

The An a ba si s

298

f Alexa n der

in habitan ts cam e over to h im on te rm s of capi tulation

an d h e thu s t oo k t hir ty seven c i ti e s t h e in h ab itan ts o f
whi ch wh ere th ey were fewest am o u n ted t o n o l ess th an
He
an d th ose o f m an y n u m b ered ab ove
hi ch were n o l ess p op ul ou s
a l so too k m an y villag es w
Th i s lan d also h e g ran ted t o Po ru s t o
than the c i ti es
n
ab o de after
r ul e ; an d sen t Taxile s b a c k t o h i s o w
At
affecti n g a re con cilia t io n
b etween hi m an d Por us
1
m
A
i
s
ar
es
hi
i
i
n
y
s
f
r
o
b
wh o told him
t s t m e arr ve d e vo
as re a dy to s urr en der hi m s el f an d th e
th at th ei r ki n g w
lan d whi ch he r ule d An d yet b efo re th e battle whi ch
was fou gh t between Alexan d er an d Poru s Ab isar es
i n ten ded to j oin his forc es with t hose o f t h e l atter On
thi s occasi on he sen t his b ro ther wi t h the oth er en v oy s
forty
m on ey
an d
to Alexa n der taki n g wi t h t h e m
E n v oy s al so arri ved f om the
el ep h an ts as a gift
i n dep en den t I n dian s a n d fro m a certain oth er I n dian
2
r ul er n am e d P or u s
Alexan der or dered Abisares to
h at u n less
c om e to hi m as s o o n a s p o s s i bl e t h rea ten i n g
h e cam e he wo ul d s ee him arri v e wi t h hi s arm y at a p l ace
wh ere h e wo ul d n ot r ej oice t o s ee hi m
At thi s ti m e
Ph rataph ern es v i ceroy o f Parthia an d Hyrcan i a cam e to
Al exan d er a t th e h ea d o f t h e Th ra cian s wh o h ad b e en
M es sen gers al so c am e from Sisi cottu s
l eft with him
vi ceroy of th e A s sac en ian s
t o i n fo rm hi m that those
p eop le had slain their govern or a n d r evolted from
Alexan der
Aga i n s t t h es e h e d es p at ch ed Phili p an d
Tyriasp es w it h an arm y t o arra n g e an d set i n order t he
a ffairs of th ei r lan d
He hi m self a dva n ce d to wards th e ri ver Aoesin es 3
-

Cf Arri an , v
en tion ed
.

su p ra ,

wh ere

e arli er em

an

S tra bo

(xv

1)

says

tured by Alexan der

3 Thi s i s th
e Ch en ab

th at thi s Poru s

was a cou sin

it

bassy from Abisares i s

j oin s the In dus

See Ar ri an ( In di ca , iii
it i s 3 0 stades broad
.

ho
) w
,

of

th e Porus

says

ca

t where

th a

Adva n ce Beyon d the Hydraotes

299

P tol em y son of Lagu s has des crib ed the siz e o f thi s ri ver
a l on e o f th os e i n
In di a st atin g tha t wh e re Alexan der
cros se d i t w
i th h is arm y u p on b oats an d skin s th e
s tr e am w
a s r a p i d an d t h e c h a n n e l w
a s fu ll of larg e an d
s h ar
p ro ck s o v er which th e wat er b ein g v i o l en tly carried
se eth e d an d da sh ed
H e s ay s also th at it s b rea dth
a m o u n ted t o fte en s tade s
t h at th os e w
ho wen t o v er
u p o n s ki n s h ad an
eas y p as s a ge ; b u t t ha t n o t a few o f
t hos e who cr o s se d i n th e b o a t s p eri s h e d the r e i n t he
water m an y of the b o at s b e i n g wr ecked u p on t h e r o ck s
an d da s h e d t o p i ece s
F ro m thi s d e sc rip tion then it
wo uld b e p o ssi ble for on e to co m e t o a con cl u si o n by
com p ari s o n
that th e s iz e o f th e ri v er I n d us h a s b een
s tated n ot fa r fro m t he fa c t b
y t h ose wh o t hi n k t hat i ts
m ean
b readth i s forty s tades b u t th a t i t con tra ct s t o
fteen s tades wh ere it i s n arr o west a n d th e refore deep est
an d t hat t hi s is th e w i d t h o f t h e I n du s i n m an y p l a ce s
I co m e then to th e co n clu si on th at Alexan der chos e a
p art o f t h e A ce si n e s wh e re th e p a ss ag e wa s wi de s t so
t h at h e m igh t n d th e s tr e am s lo wer th an el se w
here
,

CHAP TE R XX I
AD VANC E B E YO ND TH E H Y DRAOTE S
1
AFTE R cro ssi n g th e r iv er h e l eft Coen u s wi th h is o wn
brig a de th ere u p o n th e b a n k wi th i n st ru c ti on s to s u p er
i n ten d th e p assag e o f th e p art o f t he a rm y whi ch h ad b een
2
t
n
le ft b ehi n d for t he p u rp ose of collec i g corn an d o th er
as
su pp li e s fr om
the co u n tr y of t h e I n di an s whi ch w
He n o ws en t Po ru s away t o hi s
a lready s u bj ec t t o h im
ar like
ow
n ab o de c o m m an d i n g hi m t o s e l ect th e m os t w
.

(xvii

D i od orus
from Gree ce
cavalry

m edi cal
3

fre

at

t hi s

95)

says

th at Al exan der

ri ver o f m ore

als o sui ts of arm o ur

th an

for

recei ved a rei n f orcem en

in fan try

in fan try ,

an

an

n earl y

d 1 00 talen ts

of

drugs
ith th e future i n n iti ve ; but Arri an
M M ew i s u su ally con n ected w
i th th e pre sen t
uen tly uses it w

The An a ba si s

3 00
of

I n dian s

t he

an

d tak e

all

Alexan der

th e

h e had

l h an ts

e ep

an

l d t o pu rs ue the o th er P oru s
th e b a d o n e wi th th e ligh tes t tro op s i n his ar m y b ec au s e
h e wa s i n fo rm ed th a t h e h a d l e ft t he l an d whi c h h e ru led
For t hi s P o ru s whil e h o stili ti es s u b si st ed
an d h a d e d
b etween Al exan der an d th e o th er P oru s sen t en v oy s t o
Al ex an der o fferin g t o s u rren der b oth him sel f an d th e l an d
rath er o u t o f e n m it y t o P o ru s th an fro m
s ubj ect t o him
B ut wh en b e a s certain ed th at
fri en dshi p t o Al exan de r
th e form er h a d b ee n r el e ase d a n d th at h e wa s ru li n g
n
th en
over an oth er larg e c ou n t ry in a dditi on t o h i s o w
fear i n g n ot s o m u ch Al exa n der a s th e o th er Poru s hi s
n l an d t akin g w
i th h i m as
n am esak e h e e d fro m hi s o w
m an y o f his w
arri o r s a s h e co ul d p er su ade t o s h ar e h i s
igh t Agai n st thi s m an Al exan der m arch ed an d arrived
1
whi ch i s an other In dia n riv er n o t
at th e H y dra o tes
l e ss th an th e Aces in es in b readth b u t l e ss i n s wiftn ess of
c u rr en t
He t rav ers e d th e wh ol e co u n t ry a s far as th e
Hydra o tes l eav in g garri so n s i n th e m o st s u it ab l e pl aces
i n order th at Cra t er u s an d Co en u s m igh t a d van c e wi th
Th en h e
safety s co u rin g m os t o f th e l a n d for f orag e
de sp a tch e d H eph aes tion i n to t h e l an d o f th e P o ru s
wh o had r evol ted givin g hi m a p ar t of th e arm y
n r e i m en t o f
co m p r i sin g t w
o b riga de s o f i n fa n try hi s o w
g
ith that o f D e m etri u s an d h alf o f th e arche rs
ca v a l r y w
with in st ru cti on s to h an d th e c ou n try o ver to the oth er
Poru s to subdu e an y i n dep en den t t rib es o f In dian s
whi ch dwelt n ear th e b an ks o f the river Hydraotes an d
to gi v e th em al so i n to t he h an d s o f Po ru s t o r u l e
He
hi m self th en crossed th e r i ver H ydraotes n ot with di th
c u l ty
a s h e h a d c ro sse d th e Ace s in e s
As h e wa s
a dvan cin g i n t o th e co un try b e yo n d th e
Hy drao tes i t
happ en ed th at m o st of th e p eop le yi el de d them selves u p
on t e r m s o f c a i tu l a
tion
b u t s o m e cam e to m eet hi m wi t h
p
t o h im

co m e

He

r es o ve

Nowcall ed th e Ravi

I n va si on

f the

Lan d

h ers who tri ed

forcibly red u ce d to o b edi en ce
arm s ,

while

ot

the Catha ea n s

to

pe

es ca

he

3 01

p tured

ca

an

CHAP TE R XXII

I NVASION

or T HE

LAND

or T H E

CATH AEAN

in fo rm ation th at th e trib e called

Ca th aean s an d so m e o th er tri bes o f th e i n dep en den t
I n dian s were p rep a rin g for b attl e if he ap proache d th ei r
lan d ; an d th at t h e y were s um m on i n g to th e en terp ri se
all th e t rib e s c on term i n o us w
i th them wh o were in like
H e was al so i n form ed th at the
m an n er i n d ep en den t
1 n ar
a
i
y
S
g
l
t
an
a
a
b
n
m
e
e
whi ch they were thin kin g of
c
y
h avin g the str uggle was a s tron g on e
Th e Cath a ean s
th e m selves we re co n si dere d very da ri n g an d skilfu l in
war ; an d two other tri bes O f In dian s th e Oxydracian s
an d M all ian s w
ere in the s am e t e m p e r as th e Cath a ean s
For a sh ort ti m e b e fo re i t h app en e d th at P o ru s an d
Abisares had m arch ed again st t h e m with t h ei r o wn
forces an d h a d r ou s e d m an y o th er t rib es O f th e in de
p en den t In dian s t o arm s b u t were forc ed to retreat
wi tho u t effectin g an ythin g worthy of th e p re paration s
they h ad m ad e
Wh en Alexan der wa s i n for m ed o f thi s
he m a de a fo rce d m ar ch ag ai n st the Catha ean s an d on
the s eco n d day a fte r s tar ti n g from the river H ydra o tes
he arri ved at a c ity c all ed Pim pram a i n h ab i t ed by a tri b e
h o yi el de d to h i m on
o f In di an s n am e d Adrai sta ean s w
G ivi n g his ar m y a rest th e n ext
term s O f ca p i t ul ati o n
day h e a dvan c ed O n t h e third day t o S an gal a w h ere the
Catha ean s an d th e o th er n eighb ou ri n g tr i b es ha d a s
s em b le d an d m ar sh a ll e d th e m s elve s in fron t O f th e c ity
u p on a hill whi ch was n ot p recip i tou s on all s i des Th ey
ha d p osted th ei r wa ggon s a ll r oun d thi s bill an d were
M EANTIM E

he

rece ve d

San gal a is supp osed to b e L ah ore ; b ut prob ably i t l ay s om

from th at ci ty, on th e b an of th e Ch en ab
1

distan ce

The An a ba si s

3 02

a n de
r
f Alew

way th at th ey were
Wh en
su rrou n d e d b
y a triple p ali sa de O f w a ggon s
Al exan der p ercei ved th e gr eat n u m b er o f th e b arb arian s
an d t h e n atu re O f th ei r p o si ti o n
h e dr ew u p hi s fo rces in
the or de r whi ch seem e d to h im e s p eci ally a da p te d to his
pres en t c ircu m stan ce s an d s en t hi s h ors e ar ch ers a t on ce
with ou t an y delay a gain st th em orderin g the m to ri de
al on g an d s h o o t a t th em
from a di s tan c e ; s o th at the
In dian s m ight n o t b e ab l e to m ak e a n y sorti e b efore hi s
a rm y w
as in
p ro per array an d that ev en b efo re th e
b a ttle co m m en c ed they m igh t b e wo u n ded wi thin th ei r
s tro n gh ol d
Upon th e right win g h e p os ted th e g uard
O f cav alry an d t h e cav al ry r egi m e n t o f Cli tu s
n e xt t o
th e s e th e shi e l d b eari n g gu ar ds a n d t h e n th e Agrian ian s
To war d s the l eft h e h a d stati on ed Perdi cc as wi th hi s o wn
r e gi m e n t O f c aval r y an d th e b att alion s O f fo o t C om
pan i o n s
Th e arch ers h e di v ide d i n to t wo p arts an d p l ac e d th em
o n e a ch w
i n g W hil e h e was m arsh alli n g his ar m y th e
i n fan try an d cavalry of th e r ear gu ard cam e u p Of th e se
b e div i ded th e c av al ry i n to t wo p art s a n d led the m t o
the wi n g s an d wi th th e i n fan try w
hi ch cam e up h e m a de
t h e ran k s o f th e ph al an x m ore d e n s e an d co m p a c t
He
th e n t ook the c av al ry whi c h had b een dra wn u p o n th e
r igh t an d l e d i t tow
in g o f
ar ds th e w
agg on s o n t h e l e ft w
t h e I n di an s
fo r h ere th ei r p o si ti on seem e d t o hi m m o re
e a sy to assail an d t h e w
placed
agg on s h a d n o t b e e n
to g eth er s o den s ely
en cam

p i n g wi thi n

th em

in

su c

CHAP TE R XXIII
ASSAU LT

U PON SANGALA

wa ggon s
a gain s t th e a dvan ci n g cav alry b u t m o un te d u o n th em
p
an d b e g an
to s h oo t fro m t h e t o p o f th e m
Al exan der
p er c eiv in g th at it was n o t the wo rk for ca v al ry l ea p ed
As the

I dian s
n

did

n ot run

ou t

fro m b ehin d the

Assau lt

up on

San ga la

3 03

do wn fro m his h o rse, an d on foot le d th e p hal an x of i n

fan try a g ai n st th e m
Th e Ma cedo n i an s wi th o u t dif cu l ty
fo rce d th e In di an s fro m the rst ro w of wagg on s ; b u t
th e n th e I n dian s, takin g th e i r s tan d in fron t of th e s ec on d
'

ro

wm
,

ily

o re e a s

pu l s ed th e atta ck , b e cau se th ey were

Moreover th e
arra y i n a s m all e r ci r cl e
re

p o s te d i n den se r
Ma ce do n ian s were

kin g th em like wi se in a c on n ed
s a ce w
hile th e I n di an s were s ec retly c re epin g u n de r th e
p
fro n t ro w o f wagg o n s an d wi th ou t rega rd to di s cipli n e
were a ssau l tin g th eir en em y thro u gh th e gap s left b etween
th e waggon s a s e a ch m an fo un d a ch a n ce l
B ut n e ver
th eles s even fro m th ese th e In d ia n s we re fo rci b ly dri ve n
b y the p h al an x o f i n fa n try
They n o l o n g er m a de a
s tan d at th e thi r d r o w
, b u t e d a s fa s t as p o ssi b l e i n t o
D uri n g t hat d ay
th e c i ty an d s h u t th e m s el ves u p in it
A l exan der wi th his i n fan try en cam p ed r o u n d th e ci ty
as m u ch o f i t a t l eas t a s hi s
p halan x co u l d s u rro un d ;
fo r h e co u l d n o t wi th hi s c am p co m pl etely en ci rcl e th e
wall so exten si ve was i t Opp osi te th e p art u n en cl osed
b y his cam p n ear whi ch a l so wa s a la k e h e p os te d th e
cav al ry
pl a cin g th e m al l r ou n d th e l ak e whi ch h e dis
cover ed t o b e s h allo w
Moreover h e c o n j ec tured th at
the In di an s b ei n g te rri e d at th eir p rev i ou s d efea t wo u l d
ab an do n th e cit y i n th e n igh t
an d i t t u rn e d o u t j u s t as
h e had c on j e ctu re d ; for ab o u t th e seco n d wat ch o f th e
n ight m os t o f th e m d ro p e d do w
n fr om th e w
all b u t fell
p
in wi th 9 th e s en ti n el s O f c aval ry
The fo rem o s t o f th e m
were cut to pi eces by th ese ; b u t th e m en b ehin d th e m
i th
p ercei vi n g t h a t th e l a ke wa s g u arde d all r o u n d w
Alexan der n o w s u r ro u n de d
drew i n to th e c ity a gai n
the city wi th a do u b le s tock a de ex c ep t in the p ar t wh ere
a tta c

Com p ar e Cw
sar ( Be l l Ga l l , i
pro vall o carros O bj eceran t et e
l oco su periore in n o stro s ven i en tes tel a co n j ici eb an t, et n on n ulli in ter
carro s rotas que m ataras ac t ragul as su bj i ci eban t n ostro sq ue vul n erab an t
.

fre

y xvpeiu i s

qu en tly i n

an

e pi c an

word

d Ion i c

rarel y u sed

H erod otus , H om er, H esi od ,

an

d P in dar

in Attic ; but foun d

.

The An a ba si s

3 04

Alexan der

l ak e sh u t i t in an d rou n d th e l ak e h e posted m ore

p erfect g uards
H e al so resol ve d t o b rin g m ili tary
e n gin es u
n
B u t som e O f
p to th e wall t o b atter i t do w
the m en i n th e c i ty de s ert e d t o him a n d to l d h im th at
t h e In di an s i n ten de d th a t ve ry n ight to st eal o u t o f th e
h ere th e gap in the sto ck
ci ty an d es cap e b y th e l ak e w
a de exi ste d
He accordi n gly s tati on ed Ptol e m y son O f
L agu s th ere givi n g him three re gi m en ts o f th e s hi el d
b earin g g u ards all th e Agrian ian s an d o n e li n e o f arch ers
p oin tin g ou t to him the pla ce wh ere h e esp ecially con
j ectured th e b arb arian s wou l d try to fo rce the i r way
When th ou p er ceivest th e b arb arian s for ci n g th eir way

h ere s ai d he
do t h ou wi th th e arm y o b s tr u c t t h ei r
adv an ce an d o r der t h e b u gle r t o gi v e th e sig n al
An d
do yo u 0 O fcers as s oon a s th e s ig n a l ha s b ee n given
eac h b ein g array e d in b at tl e or der w
i th you r own m en
a d van ce t o w
ar ds t h e n o i s e w
h e r ever th e b u gle su m m on s

N or will I m y s elf with drawfro m th e ac ti on

yo u
th e

,
,

CH AP TE R XXIV
CAPTU RE O F SANGALA
S UCH were the orders h e g ave ; an d P to l em y coll ected
th ere a s m an y wa gg on s as h e c o u l d fro m th o s e whi ch
h a d b een l eft b ehin d in the rst ight an d p l a c e d t h e m
a th w
art so th a t t h er e m igh t s
eem t o th e fu gi ti v es i n th e
n igh t t o b e m an y d i f c u l tie s in th e i r w
ay ; an d as th e
s t ock ade h a d b een k n o ck e d do w
n
o r h a d n o t b e e n r m ly
xed in th e g ro un d h e o rdere d h is m en to h eap u p a
m ou n d O f e ar t h i n v ario u s
p l a c e s b et wee n th e l ak e an d
Thi s his sol di e r s e ffecte d i n th e n ight
th e wall
W hen
i t wa s ab ou t the fo u r th wat ch 1 th e b arb a rian s j u s t as
Al exan der h a d b een i n fo rm ed op en ed th e ga te s t o wards
.

Rom

Th e Gree
an

h ad

on

ly th ree

watch es ;

b ut Arri e n i s

sp ea

ki

as

Cap ture
t he

l ak e

t hey d i d

an

n ot

Sa n ga la

3 05

H o weve r
i n th a t di rection
n oti c e o f th e g u ar ds t h ere, n or

m ade a r u n

esca

pe

th e

P tol e m y who had b een pl aced b ehin d th em to

r e n der a i d
B ut a t thi s m o m en t th e b u gl ers gave him
th e sign al an d b e a dvan ce d ag ai n st th e b arb arian s wi t h
h is ar m y fully equ ip ped an d drawn u p i n b attl e arra y
Moreover th e wa ggo n s an d th e stoc kade w
h i ch h ad be en
p laced in th e i n terven in g space were an Ob stru cti on t o
t h em
Wh en the b u gl e s ou n ded an d Ptol em y a ttacked
t h e m killin g th e m en as th ey k e pt o n stealin g o u t th ro u gh
th e wa ggon s th en i n dee d t h ey were driven b a ck agai n
i n to the ci ty an d in their re treat 5 00 of th em were killed
I n th e m ean while P o r u s arri ve d bri n gin g wi th h i m th e
e l e p han t s th a t w
er e l eft to h i m
an d
In dia n s
A l exan der h ad co n structed h is m ilitary en gi n e s a n d th ey
were b ein g l ed u p to the wall ; b u t b efore an y o f it was
b att ere d do wn t he M a c e don ian s too k th e c i ty b y sto rm
diggi n g u n der the wall whi ch was m a de O f b ri ck an d
placin g scalin g ladders again st it all ro u n d In the cap
t u re
e re kill ed a n d ab ov e
o f th e I n dian s w
were captured b esi des 3 00 cha ri ot s an d 5 00 cavalry I n
the wh o le si eg e a li ttl e l ess th a n 1 00 of Al exan der s arm y
were killed b u t th e n u m b er of th e wo un de d was great er
than th e p r o p o rti on O f th e sl a in b ei n g m o re th an
am o n g w
h om we re Lysim ach u s t he con den ti al b o dy
guard an d o th er O f cers Afte r b u ryi n g th e dead a cc ord
in g t o h is c us to m Al exa n de r sen t E um en es th e s ecr etary 1
with 3 00 caval ry t o the t wo c ities whi ch had j oi n ed
th a t

of

E um

en e s , o f

Cardi a i n

T h race ,

was

pri vate
l atter, h e

s ecretary

to Ph i lip
ob tai n ed th e ru le o f

After th e death o f th e
H e di splayed great ability both
Capp adoci a , Paphl a gon i a , an d Pon tu s
bu t wa s put to d eath by An tigon u s in B C
as a gen eral an d sta te sm an
an

d Al exan d er

3 1 6,

wh en

he

M ac edon i an
It i s

y ears
gen erals , from

of age

wh om

B ein g

he

Gree

he

written

em

i n en t

was di sli ked by th e

exp eri en ced very u n u st

t from th e bi ographi es of him

Nep o s, th at h e was on e of th e m ost

evi d en

n eli us

was 45

treatm

by Plu tarch
m en of

his

an

en

d Cor

era .

f Alexa n der

The An a ba si s

3 06

lt to tell th o se wh o h el d th em ab out the

cap tu re of S an g al a an d to i n fo r m th e m th at t h ey w ould
re ceiv e n o h ar sh trea tm en t from A l e xa n der if th ey staye d
t h ere a n d rec eived him a s a fri en d ; for n o h arm h ad
h app en ed to an y of th e o th er i n dep en den t I n di an s who
B ut th ey
ha d s u rren dered to hi m O f th eir own acco rd
h a d b eco m e fright en ed an d h ad ab an don e d the ci ti es
er e ee in g ; for th e n e
ws had alr eady reached them
an d w
When
th at Al exan der h a d tak en San gala b y storm
Al exan der was in form ed of th e ir ight h e p urs u e d th em
with speed ; b u t m os t Of the m were t oo q u i ck for hi m
an d effect ed th eir e s cap e b e cau se th e pu r su i t b egan fr om
B u t all th os e who w ere l eft
a di st an t s tarti n g pl a ce
b ehin d in th e retreat from weakn es s were seiz ed by th e
Th en
to th e n u m b er of ab ou t 500
a rm y an d kill ed
givin g u p the desig n O f pur suin g the fu giti ves an y
furth er he r eturn e d t o S an gal a a n d ra z ed th e city to
He added th e lan d to that of th e In dian s
th e gro un d
who h ad form erly b een in dep en den t b u t who had th en
i
sub m i tte d t o him
H
e t h en sen t P oru s w
th
vol u n t aril
y
h i s forces to th e c i ti es whi ch h a d su b m i tted t o h i m to
i n tro du ce garrison s i n to th em ; whilst h e hi m self, with
1
t
t
h
r
a
r
m
y
a
d
an
ce
d
o
e
i
ve
r
H
h
i
i
s
v
a
s
s
t o su bj ugate
h
yp
N or di d there s eem t o h i m an y
th e In dian s b eyon d i t
ar s o l o n g as any thi n g h os til e to him
re
e n d o f th e w
m ain ed
S an gala

in

r evo

CH APTE R XXV

THE ARMY REFU SES

TO

To

AD

VAN CE
AL

E xANDEa s

OFFI CE RS

TH ] :

SPEE CH

IT was rep orted that th e cou n try b eyon d the

Hyphasis was fertile, an d th at th e m en were go o d
Nowcall ed th e Bee s,
calls it Hyp asis
.

or

Biba sa

Strab o

c all s

it Hyp an i s,

an

i
a g ri

r ver

d Pli n y

Alexan der s Sp eech to the Oicers

3 07

ul tu ri s ts an d g allan t in war ; an d that th ey con du cted

t h e i r o wn p oliti cal affairs i n a regu l a r an d con stitu ti o n al
m an n e r
Fo r t he m u l ti tu de wa s r u l ed b y th e ari stoc ra cy
wh o go ver n e d in n o r espect con trary t o th e rul es O f
m o de ra ti o n
I t was al s o s t ated th a t th e m e n of th a t
di s tri c t p o ssessed a m u ch g reate r n u m b er O f el epha n ts
t h an th e o th er In di an s an d that th ose m en were O f v ery
g reat stature a n d exc elled in val ou r Th es e rep orts ex
c i t e d i n Al exan d e r an a rd e n t de s i re to a dva n c e far th e r
b u t th e sp i rit O f t h e Ma ce don i an s n o w b e g an to ag
wh e n th ey sawth e kin g ra i s i n g on e l ab o ur a fter an oth er
a n d i n c u rri n g o n e dan g er a fte r a n oth er
C on fe ren ces
were hel d thro ughou t the cam p in which th os e wh o were
t he m o s t m o de rat e b e w
ail e d th ei r lo t w
hile oth ers r eso
lu tely decl a red th a t t h ey wo u l d n o t foll o wAl ex an der an y
far th er even i f h e sh o u l d l ea d th e way
Wh en h e h eard
o f th is
b efo re the di so rder an d p u s ill an i m i ty O f th e
sol d i ers s ho u l d advan ce t o a g reat d e g re e h e c al l e d a
coun cil o f th e O f ce rs O f th e b rig ade s an d a ddr e sse d
th em a s fo ll o w
s
O M a ce do n i an s an d Grec i an alli es
s e ei n g t h a t
y ou n o l o n g er fo ll o wm e in to dan g ero u s e n t er
p ri ses wi th a r eso lu ti o n e q ual t o that whi ch form erly
a n i m ate d
y o u I h ave co ll ec ted yo u t o g eth er i n to th e
s am e s o t s o t hat I m a
y ei th er p ersu a de yo u t o m ar ch
p
fo rwar d wi th m e O r m ay b e p ers u a de d b y yo u to re tu rn
I f i n deed th e l a b o ur s whi ch yo u h av e al re a dy u n der g o n e
u
p to o u r p res en t p o si ti o n s ee m to yo u wo rthy o f dis
a p rob a ti on
an d if yo u d o n o t a pp r ov e O f m y l e a din g
p
yo u in to t h em t here c an b e n o a d van t ag e i n m y s p eak
i n g an y furth er
B u t i f a s the res u l t o f th e se l ab ou rs
1
f
n
a
n
O
o
th e H ell e s p on t b o th th e
h
l
p
i
I
i
o
u
ss
ss
o
e
o d
o
y
c

'

In th e H ebrewBib l e Javan den otes th e I on i an race of Gree s , an d

xxvii 1 3 ;
th en th e Gree s i n gen eral ( Gen x 2 , 4 ; I s a l xvi 1 9 E z e
21 , x 2 0 , xi 2 , Javan stan ds
I n D an
Joel i ii 6 ; Z ech i x
1

for t h e
as

ki

Greece

n gdom

Th e

Al exan der th e Great, com pri si n g M acedon ia a s well

i th th e
form of th e n am e Java n i s cl o sel y con n ec ted w
of

3 08

The An a bas is Qf Alexan der

Phrygi as Cappadocia Pa p hla go n ia Lydi a Caria Lycia

Pam phylia Phoen i ci a Egypt toge ther with Gr ecian Li bya
as w
Hollo w S yria S yri a b etween
ell a s par t of Arabia
the ri ver s 1 B abyl on th e n ati on o f th e S u si an s Per si a
Media b e si des all th e n ation s whi ch th e P ersian s an d the
M edes ru l e d an d m an y of t h o se whi ch they did n o t rule
th e lan d b e yo n d th e CaSpia n Ga tes the cou n try b ey on d
t he C au cas u s th e Te n ai s as we ll as th e l an d b eyo n d that
r i ver B ac tria
Hyrcan ia an d the Hyrcan ian Sea ; if we
have also su b du ed th e S cythia n s as far as th e desert if
in a ddi ti o n t o th ese th e ri ve r I n d us o ws t hrou gh o ur
t erritory a s do al so t he Hydasp e s th e Ac esin e s a n d the
Hydrao tes why do ye s hrin k fro m addin g th e H yphasi s
al so an d th e n atio n s b ey on d t his ri ver t o y o u r em p ire
o f M ace don i a ?
D o ye fea r t hat yo u r advan c e wil l b e
Of
th e fu ture by an y o ther b arb arian s ?
s topp ed i n
who m som e su b m it to us O f their o wn accord a n d oth ers
are cap t u re d in th e ac t of eei n g w
hile others su cceed
i n g i n t h ei r e fforts t o e sca pe h an d o ver t o u s th ei r
d es ert ed l a n d whi ch we a dd t o th at of o u r a lli e s or t o
h o h a ve vo l u n tarily s u b m i tte d t o u s
t ha t O f t hose w
,

CH AP TE R XXVI
At s xAND E s s S PEE C H (con tin u ed)
I FOR m y p art thi n k th at to a b rave m an th er e is n o
en d to l ab ours exc ep t th e l ab o u rs th em s el ve s p ro vide d
.

kI

whi ch

origin ally

ha d a di gam m a , Ivan
Pot t s ays th at i t
m ean s t he you n g, in Op po sition to th e Gra i hct , th e ol d
Accordin g to
Ari stotl e ( M eteorologi ca , i 1 4) th e B ah am as w
ere ori gin ally call ed Graik oi
an
Zen d , j aw
an
L atin , j uven i s E n gli sh , youn g
Cf San scrit , j ew
1
Cools Syri a , or th e H ollowSyri a , w
as th e co un try betw
een th e ran ges
Syri a bet we en the river s i s u su ally called
o f Liban u s an d An tilib an u s
I t i s th e Padan Arm
by i ts Gree n am e of Mesop otam ia
o f th e Bibl e
h ole n orth e as tern p art o f th e p en in s ula of
Cappadoci a em b raced the w
ere p ro cur ed from
Slaves w
this regi on
Asia Mi n or
Se e H orace
Fen i as , vi 7 7
Th e n am e Pa m p hy lia is from w
e"
( E pistles , i 6,
an d
puM, because of th e m i xed origi n of th e in habitan ts
Gree

on

Alexa n der

l ead

th ey

Sp eech

3 09

gl ori ou s a chi evem en ts

Bu t if an y on e
des i re s to h ear wha t will b e the en d to th e warfare i ts el f
le t h i m l ear n th at th e di st an ce still rem ai n i n g b efo re we
r ea ch th e r iv e r G an g e s an d the E a st ern Sea i s n o t g reat
;
an d I i n form
yo u th a t th e Hy rcan i an Sea will b e seen t o
b e u n i te d w
i th this b ecau se th e Great Sea en circl es th e
wh ol e ear th I will al s o dem on strate b oth to the Ma ce
d on ian s an d to th e G reci an alli es t h a t th e In di an Gul f i s
co n u e n t w
i th th e Pe rs i an an d the Hyrcan i an Sea with
th e In di an G u l f
F ro m the Persian G u l f ou r expedi ti on
will s ail ro u n d in to Libya a s far as the Pillar s of
l
e
r
e
s
H acl
From the p illars all th e in terior of Libya 2
b eco m es o u rs an d so the wh ole o f Asia 3 will b el on g to
u s an d t h e l i m i t s o f o ur e m
pi re in tha t dir ecti o n will b e
t ho se whi ch Go d h as m a de al s o t he li m i ts o f th e ear th
B u t i f we n o w r et u rn m an y war l ik e n ati o n s a re l eft u n
c on qu ered b e y on d th e H
yph a si s a s far a s th e E as te rn
Sea an d m a n y b esi de s b et wee n th ese a n d Hyrc an i a in
t h e d irec ti on of t h e n o rth wi n d a n d n ot far fro m th es e
t he S cy thi an race s
W herefo re if we go b ack there is
r eas o n to fe ar t h a t th e r a c es w
hi c h are n o w h el d in s u b
j ection n o t b ei n g r m in t heir all egian ce m ay b e exci ted
t o re vo l t by t ho se wh o are n ot y et s u b du e d
Th en o u r
to

Cf Arri an

( An a ba si s

th at Ph araoh Neco

s en

v ii

1 ; I n di ca ,
H ero do tu s (i v 42 ) says
Ph o en i cian exp editio n from th e Re d Sea , w
hich
.

Afri ca an d return e d by th e Straits o f Gibraltar, or th e

Pill ars o f H erc ules
Th e Carth agin ian H an n o i s said to h ave sail ed from
C adi z to th e extrem i ty of Arabia
See Plin y (H is tori c N a t ura li s, ii 6 7

c ircum n avigated

H erod otus (i v 43

'

d Afri ca

s ailed ro u n

still extan

says

Th ere i s

As t o th e Pi ll ars

th at the Carth agi n i an

a
of

Gree

kt

ran slati on

H ercu le s,

see

s asserted

th ey h ad

H an n a

P erip lu s

of

Aeli an

H istori a ,

( Va ri a

by Pin dar ( O lym ii i 7 9 N em i ii

2 Th e in t eri or o f Africa fro m
th e Strai ts of Gibral tar to E gypt,
,
from th e M editerran ea n to th e th en u n expl ored Sou th
v

Th ey

m an

Mou n tain s
o ccu rs

rs t

Cf

i n H om

Cayster,

an

m en t io n e d

an

Arrian , li e
part of Asi a
3

a.

are

er

o the r an ci en

Th e boun d ari es
Arri a n , ii i 3 0 ;
.

( I l ia d

ii

tw
ri ters, in clu des Afri ca ,

were
vii

in

th e E astern
1

an

d 30

referen ce

Sea

Th e

to th e

an

or

L ibya ,

as

d th e Atl as

n am e
m arsh

Asia rs t
a bo u t

was th en ce gradually exten ded over th e whole con tin en t

th e
.

The An a basi s

3 10

Alexan der

y la b o urs w ill p rove to h ave b een i n vai n ; or it w ill

b e n ecessary for u s t o i n c ur o ver again fresh lab o u rs an d
dan gers as at th e b egin n i n g
Bu t 0 Ma cedon i an s an d
Gre cian alli es s tan d rm " Glori ou s a re th e de eds o f
th ose w
h o u n dergo lab ou r an d r un th e risk of da n ger ;
a n d i t i s deligh tfu l to li v e a li fe of v alo u r an d t o di e
l ea vi n g b ehin d i m m ortal glo ry D o ye n o k n o w that
t
o ur an c est or1 r eac h e d so g reat a h eigh t of gl o ry a s from
b ei n g a m an to b ecom e a go d o r t o s e e m to b ec o m e on e
2
n ot by r e m ain in g i n Ti ryn s
or Ar g os or e ven i n th e
P el op on n es e or at Th eb es ? The lab o u rs of D ion ysu s
were n o t fewan d h e was too exal ted a dei ty to b e com
pared with Heracles Bu t we in deed have p en etrated
i n to re gi on s b ey o n d Ny s a 3 ; an d th e rock of Aor n u s
which H eracles was u n ab le to cap ture i s i n ou r p osses
s i on
D o ye al so a dd th e p ar ts of As ia s till l e ft n u s ub
d u ed t o th o se alrea dy a cqu ired th e fe w t o t h e m an y
B ut wh a t great o r gl ori ou s d eed c o u l d we h a ve p er
form e d if si tt i n g a t eas e in M a cedon i a we had t h ou gh t i t
s uf c i en t t o p res erv e our o w
n co un try w
i th o ut an y l abou r
si m
ply rep elli n g th e attack s o f the n at i on s on o u r fro n
t i ers th e Th ra ci an s Illyri an s an d Trib allian s o r e ven
t hos e Gr eek s w
ho were u n fri en dl y t o o u r i n teres t s ? I f
i n deed with o u t u n dergoi n g lab o ur a n d b ein g fre e from
dan g er I were a ct in g as yo ur c om m an der whil e you were
un dergo i n g lab ou r an d i n curri n g d an ger n ot wi th o u t
r eason w
ou ld
yo u b e g ro wi n g fai n t i n s p iri t a n d r esol u
t i on
b ecau se you a lon e wo u ld b e s h arin g th e l ab o urs
while p ro cu rin g the rewards of th em for o ther s Bu t
n o wth e l ab o u rs are com m on to
you a n d m e we h ave a n
e q u al sh are of th e dan g ers a n d the r ew
ards a re o p en to
th e free c om p eti ti on of all
For th e l an d is yo u rs an d
The g reate r p art al s o o f th e
yo u ac t as i ts v i c eroy s
m an

H eracles, from w
h om th e Macedon i an
Hen ce H ercules i s calle d Tiryn th i us

See ch ap 1
.

of

this bo o

ki

gs cl aim

ed

to b e descen de d

6 62

viii .

The An sw
er

Coen u s

3 11

y n o wcom e s to yo u ; an d wh en we h ave travers ed

the w h ole o f As i a th e n b
y Z e us n ot m erely havi n g
s ati s e d y ou r e xp ec tati on s b u t h av i n g even exceede d th e
a dvan tag es w
hi ch each m an h o pes t o recei ve those of y ou
who wi sh to re turn ho m e I will sen d back to thei r o wn
l an d or I will m ys el f l ead th em b ack ; whil e th ose who
re m ai n h ere I w
il l m ak e obj ec ts o f e n vy to those who go
1
ba ck
m on e

CHAP TE R XXVII
TH E AN S WE R

or

Coen us

W HEN Alexan der h ad u tter e d th es e

ks

h ers
i n th e s am e s t rai n a l o n g s il en ce en s u e d fo r th e a udi to rs
n ei th er had th e a u dacity t o s p eak i n o pp os i tio n to th e
ki n g with ou t con strain t n or did th ey wi sh to acquiesc e
i n his p rop o sa l
H er e u p o n he rep ea tedly urged an y on e
who w i shed it to sp eak if h e en tertain ed dieren t vi ews
fro m th ose whi ch h e h a d him s el f ex p re ssed
Neverthe
l ess th e sil en ce s till con tin u e d a l on g ti m e ; b u t a t last
Coe n u s son of Pol e m o c ra tes p l u cke d u p c ourage an d
9
s p ok e a s fo ll ow
0 kin g i n as m u ch as t h ou dost n o t
s
wi sh to rule Macedo n ian s b y com p u ls ion b u t sayest tho u
wilt lead them by p ersu asion o r yi eldin g to their persua
ard s t he m
I a m goin g to
s i on w ilt n o t u s e vi o l e n ce to w
n b e h al f an d t ha t of m
m ak e a sp eech
n ot o n m y o w
y
h o are h el d in greater h on ou r
co ll eagues h ere p r es e n t w
t han the o th e r so ld i ers an d m o s t o f us have al ready
ards of o u r la b o urs an d from o ur
carried off the r ew
p re
em in en ce are m o re z e a lo u s than th e r es t t o serve thee i n
g oin g t o sp ea k o n b eh alf of the
all thin gs ; b u t I a m
bulk of the ar m y On b ehalf o f thi s arm y I am n ot goin g
to say what m ay b e g ratifyi n g t o th e m en b u t wha t I
co n s ider t o b e b oth a d van ta g eo u s t o t h e e a t p re s en t an d
I feel it i n cu m b en t up on m e n o t
safest fo r the fu tu r e
r e m ar

an

ot

'

Cf Xen op hon
.

(An ab

i 7,
.

Cf Cur ti us, ix 1 2
.

The An a ba si s

3 12
to

con cea

on ac co

l what I t hi n k

un t

of m

f Alexa n der

th e b est

th e

hon ou r

e,

id

to

to

p ursue b oth
,

'

m e

b y th e

p
d th e b ol dn es s

y g
at thy b eh est,
a

co u r se

res t

which I
an
y
h ave wi th out an y h esi tation di spl ayed u p t o th e pre
s en t ti m e i n in c urri n g d an g e rs an d u n derg oi n g l ab our s
Th e m o re n um e rou s an d th e great er th e e xp l oit s h ave
b een whi ch were achi ev ed b y th ee a s our com m an der
h
t
e m ore
an d b
m e w
t
t
ee
h
m
h
i
h
h
se
w
h
o
s
t
ar
t
e
d
f
r
o
o
t
o
y
a dvan tag eo u s does i t s ee m
t o m e t hat som e en d sh o uld
b e pu t to o ur lab o u rs a n d dan ger s
Fo r tho u th y self
i th
seest ho w m an y Ma ce don i an s a n d Gre ek s s tarted w
th ee an d h o wfewo f n s b av e b een left
O f ou r n u m b er
t h ou di ds t w ell i n sen di n g b a ck h o m e th e Thessalian s at
o n ce from B actra b ecause t h ou d i d s t
p ercei ve th at th ey
were n o l on ger eager to u n dergo lab o urs 1 Of the oth er
Greek s som e have been se ttl ed a s c ol on i s ts i n th e cities
whi ch th o u hast fo un de d wh ere they rem ain n o t in deed
all of th em
of th ei r o w
n
fre e will
The M acedon i an
sol diers an d th e o th e r Gr ee k s w
h o still co n tin u ed to
sh are o u r lab o ur s an d dan g er s h a v e ei th er p eri sh ed in
th e b attl es b ecom e u n t for w
ar on accoun t of th e i r
wou n ds or b e en l eft b ehi n d i n th e differen t p arts of Asia
Th e m aj or ity h owever h av e p eri sh e d from di sease so th at
feware l eft o u t o f m an y ; an d th es e few a re n o l on g er
e q ually vig orou s in b o dy w
h i l e i n s p i ri t t h ey a r e m u c h
m ore exh au s ted
All th o se whose p aren ts s till s urvi ve
fee l a g reat yearn i n g t o see the m o n ce m o re th ey feel a
yearn in g after their wives an d c hildren an d a yearn in g
for their n ativ e lan d i tself ; whi c h it i s s urely pardon ab l e
fo r th em to y earn t o see a ga in wi th th e h on o ur an d
dign i ty th ey h ave a c qu ire d fro m th e e ret urn i n g as great
m en
wh ereas th ey dep ar te d s m all an d as ri ch m en in
s tead o f b ei n g p o or
D o n o t l ea d u s n ow agai n s t o u r
will ; for thou w ilt n o l on ger n d u s th e sam e m en in
of

th e

arm

'

'

Arri o u

E cbatan a

(iii

1 9)

says

th at th e Th essali an s

were

sen t

bac

from

Alexan der Resolves to Return

3 13

wan tin g to u s
i n th e con t ests
Bu t rath er if i t s eem good to th ee
ret u rn to th
l
h
er re gul at e th e af
h
o
n
an
d
t
m
o
t
w
see
y
y
fai r s o f th e G reek s an d c arry t o th e h o m e of thy fathers
t h es e vi ctorie s s o m an y an d g reat
Th en sta rt afresh on
an oth er exp edi ti on
if th o u wi sh e st a gain s t th es e v ery
t ri b es of In dian s si tuat e d to wards th e e ast ; or if th o u
wishest in to th e Eux in e Sea 1 ; o r e l s e a gai n st Carchedon
an d th e p arts o f Lib ya b ey on d th e Ca rch e don i an s
It
is n ow thy b us in ess t o m a n a ge th e se m atters ; an d th e
o th er M ac edo n i an s an d G ree k s w
ill follow th ee yo un g
m en
i n p l ac e of o ld fre s h m en i n p la c e of exh au ste d
o n es an d m en to w
h om warfare ha s n o terrors b ecau se
u
p to th e p res en t ti m e t h ey h av e h a d n o exp eri en ce of
i t ; an d they w
ill b e e a g er t o set o u t fr om h op e o f fu ture
rew
ard
The p ro b a bi li ty al s o i s th at th ey will a ecom
p an y thee with still m o re z eal on thi s acco un t when
th ey ao th at th o s e wh o in th e e arli er exp edi ti on share d
thy lab o urs an d d an gers h av e re tu rn e d to th ei r o wn ab odes
a s ri ch m en i n st ea d of b e i n g
p oo r a n d ren own ed i n stead
o f b ei n g o b s c ure a s t h ey we r e b efor e
S el f con tro l i n
t he m i dst of s u ccess i s th e n o b l e s t o f a ll vi r tu es 0 ki n g
For t hou h as t n othi n g t o fear from en e m i e s whil e th o u
ar t c o m m an din g a n d l e a din g s u ch a n arm y a s thi s ; b u t
the v i si tati on s o f th e de i ty a r e u n e xp ected an d c on se

quen tly m e n can take n o p recau ti o n s agai n s t th em

re

gard

to dan gers,

s n ce

free

will will

be

CH AP TE R XXVIII
ALE XAND E R RESOLVE S

TO

RETU RN

WHEN Coen u s ha d con c l u de d thi s sp eech lou d applau se

was given t o hi s wor ds by t hose who were p resen t ; an d
,

t he fa ct t ha t
1

Pon tus

(Plin y
3

of

m an

E uxi a us

y
an

vi .

Th e Latin

tea

ab

hed

t ear s,

m a

de it

ill

st

in h ospita li feri tate Ar en as

Carth age an d th e Gree Carch edon

n
i
t
w
h
t
h
e
e
d
s
h
o
t
c
Carth H a e
,
y

n am e

th e Ph oen ici an

ev en

m or e

app ella us

were corruption s
'

The An a basi s

3 14

Alexan der

i den t that th ey we re di sin clin ed to in cur furth er

h az ards an d th at retu rn wo u l d b e d eligh tfu l to t h em
Al exan der th en b rok e u p th e c on feren c e b ein g an n oy e d
at th e fre e dom o f s p eech i n w
hi ch C oen u s i n dul ged an d
t he h esi tati on di s pl ayed b y th e o th er o f ce rs
Bu t th e
n ext da
y h e call ed th e s am e m en t o g eth er ag ai n in wrath
an d tol d the m th at he i n ten d ed t o a d van ce far th er b u t
woul d n ot force an y Macedon ian t o accom p an y him
a gain s t hi s w ill ;
ho
t h a t h e wo ul d ha ve th os e on ly w
follo we d th eir ki n g o f t he i r o wn a cc o rd ; an d th at th o se
who wi shed to return hom e we re at lib ertyt o return an d
carry b ack w
ere co m e
ord t o t h ei r rel atio n s th at th ey w
ba ck h avin g des er te d thei r ki n g in t he m i dst of his
en em i e s
H avi n g sai d this h e retire d i n to his t en t an d
did n ot adm i t an y o f th e C o m pan i o n s on th at day or
u n til the thi rd day fro m that wai tin g to s e e if an y ch an ge
w o ul d occur in the m i n ds of the Macedon i an s an d Grecian
alli es as i s w
on t t o h app en a s a g en era l r u l e am o n g a
d o f sol di ers ren de ri n g t h e m m o re di sp ose d to ob ey
c ro w
B u t o n th e con trary wh en th er e wa s a p rofo un d silen ce
t hro ug ho u t t he c am p a n d th e s ol di e rs we re evi den tly
an n oy e d at h i s w
i tho u t b ei n g at all ch an ged by it
ra th w
P tolem y son o f L agu s say s that h e n on e the l ess offered
b u t th e
s a cri ce th ere fo r th e p a ssa g e o f th e ri ver
wh en h e sacri ced
vi c ti m s w
ere u n fav o u rabl e t o h im
The n i n deed he collec ted th e o l dest of the C o m p an ion s
an d as al l
an d esp e ci ally t h o se wh o we re fr i e n dly to hi m
thi n g s i n di ca ted th e a d vi sab ilit y o f re t urn i n g he m ade
k n o wn t o the arm y that h e had r esolved t o m arch back
agai n
ev

CHAP TE R XXIX
ALEXAND E R REC RO SS ES
'

BE N

when

TH E

Hrn m

o rs s AND

Ace si us s

h outed as a m ixe d m ul ti tude w ould sh ou t

sh ed t ears of
rej oi ci n g ; an d m ost o f t h e m
j oy
th ey

Alexan der Recrosses the Hydra otes

Som
fo r

e of

th em

even

pproach ed the

b less i n g s

Acesin es 3 1 5
.

yal t en t

ro

an

d p ray ed

Al exan der ; b ecau se

by th e m
a l o n e h e s u ffe red hi m s e l f t o b e con q u ered
Then h e
di v i de d th e arm y i n to b rig ades an d ordere d twel ve a l tars
t o b e p re p ar e d e q u a l i n h eigh t to v ery l arg e to w
e r s an d
i n b r ea dth m u ch l arg er than t o wers to ser ve as th an k
o ff eri n g s to th e go d s w
ho ha d le d him so far as a co n
quere r an d also t o s erve as m on u m en ts of hi s own l a
b o u rs l Wh e n th e al tar s were co m p l e te d h e o ffered sa cri
ce u po n th e m a cco r di n g t o hi s c u s tom a n d ce l e b ra ted
a gy m n a s ti c an d e q u e s tri an con te s t
Afte r a ddi n g th e
co u n tr y as fa r as t h e r i v er H
yp h asi s to th e do m i n i on
o f P o r u s h e m arche d b a ck t o t h e H drao tes
H a vin g
y
c r osse d t hi s ri ve r h e co n t i n u e d h i s re tu rn m a r ch t o t h e
Acesi n es wh ere h e fo u n d t h e c it y whi ch H eph ae s ti o n
h a d b een o rde red t o fo rtify q u i te b u il t I n t hi s ci ty h e
s ettl e d a s m an y of th e n e ighb o urin g e o l e a s v ol u n t ee re d
p p
t o liv e in i t as we ll a s t h ose o f t he Greci an m erce n a ri es
who we re n o wu n t for m ili tary servi ce an d th en b egan
t o m ak e th e n e ce s s ary p rep ara ti o n s for a v o ya ge do wn
t he ri ver i n t o th e G re a t Sea
At thi s t i m e A rsaces t h e
rul er o f th e lan d b o r de ri n g on th a t o f Ab i s are s an d t h e
b ro th er o f th e l at ter wi th hi s o th er rel ati on s c a m e t o
Al ex an der b ri n gin g th e g ifts wh ic h are re c k on e d m os t
i n cl u di n g som e el e ph an ts
v al u ab l e a m on g th e I n d i an s
from Ab isar e s t hi rty i n n u m b er Th ey d eclar ed tha t Ab i
a s u n ab l e t o co m e o n
a cc o u n t o f illn e s s ;
s ares hi m s el f w
i th th es e m en the a m b as sa dor s sen t by Al exan de r
an d w
Rea d ily b el ie vi n g th a t s u ch wa s
t o Ab i s are s a gre e d
th e case h e gran te d t h at p ri n c e t he p ri vil ege o f ru l in g
h is o w
n co un try a s h is vi cer o y a n d pla ce d Arsa ce s a l s o
After arr an gi n g wh at trib u te t hey were
u n de r hi s p o w
er
m an

an d

pon

b an

Pli n y

of

were o n
of

( vi

says

th at Alexan der

ere cted

th e

al t ars

th e farth er

on

h ereas Arri an , D i odoru s , an d Plu tarch say th ey

th e H yph asi s , w
C urti us (i x 1 3 ) does n ot sp eci fy th e si de
t h i s side of th e river

th e ri ver

3 16

The An a ba sis

f Alexa n der

t o pay, h e a gai n o ffer e d sa cri c e n ear th e ri v er Acesin es

H e th en crossed tha t ri v er a gai n , an d c a m e to th e H ydas

p es,

wh e re

ca u s e

an

he

d t o th e

d p u t th e

p l o yed th e arm y i n re p airi n g t he dam age

c i ti es o f Ni c a ea an d B u c ep h al a b y th e rai n ,

em

h er

ot

a ffa r s o f

th e

co u n

try in

ord er .

B O O K VI

CH AP TE R I
P RE PARATI ON S
ALE XAND E R
th e

Grea t

n o

FOR A

wresol v ed

S ea,

a fter

he

VO YAGE

D OWN T HE

I ND U S

do w
n

the H y da spes to
ha d p r epare d o n th e b an k s o f

to

il

sa

y thirty oare d g alley s an d o th ers wi th o n e

an d a h al f b an k o f o ar s a s w
ell as a n u m b e r o f ve s s el s
for co n v eyi n g h o rses an d all th e o ther thi n g s req ui s i te
for th e ea s y co n veyan c e o f an ar m y o n a ri ver
At rs t
h e th ou ght h e h a d di s covere d th e o rigin o f th e Nil e
when he saw cro co dil e s i n th e ri ver I n d u s which h e had
1
s een i n n o o th er r i v e r exc e t th e Nil e
as w
ell as b ea n s
p
gro wi n g n ear th e b an k s of th e Ac e sin es o f th e sam e ki n d
2
an
d
u
as th ose w
hi ch t he E gy pti an l
p ro d ce s Thi s con
j ec tur e was con rm ed when h e h ear d that th e Acesin es
falls in t o th e I n du s
He th o u gh t th e Nil e ri ses so m e
wh ere o r oth er in In di a an d af ter owi n g t hrou gh an
e xte n si ve t ra ct o f deser t co un tr y l o s es th e n am e o f I n d u s
t h e re ; b u t a ft er war ds wh e n i t b e gi n s t o o w a gai n
t hro u gh th e i n h ab i te d l an d i t is calle d Nile b o th b y t he
Ae thi op i an s O f th a t di s t ri ct an d b y th e E gyp tia n s an d
that

r ve r m an

H erodotus (iv 44)

.

Nile

th at th e In du s i s th e

which produces crocodi les

Gan ges
2

says

H e does

n ot

seem

to h ave

besides th e

wn

n o

th e

Th i s wa s th e N elu m bi u m

t h e L otu s

h i gh ly

on l y ri ver

of

valu ed

th e H in du s ,

i n Chin

a,

th e E gyp tian be an o f Pyth agoras

It i s cul tivated an d
h el d sacre d by th em
sp eci osu m

wh ere i t

i s eaten

si z e of acorn s .

3 17

Th e

seeds are

the sh ap e an d

The An a basi s

3 18

f Alexan der

n ally em p ti es i tsel f i n to th e I n n e r Sea 1 In lik e m an "

n er H o m er m ade th e r ive r E gy pt give its n am e to t he
Accor din gly wh en h e wr ote to
c o u n try o f E gyp t
Oly m pi as ab o ut th e cou n try o f I n dia after m en ti on in g
oth er thi n g s h e s ai d th a t h e th ou gh t h e h ad d i scovered
th e so urces of the Nil e fo rm in g his c o n clusi on s ab out
t hin g s so great fr o m s u c h sm all a n d t ri vi al p rem i sse s
H owever when he had m ade a m ore car eful i n quiry in to
the fac ts r el a ti n g t o th e ri ver In d u s h e l earn e d the fol
l owin g details from th e n atives That th e HydaSp es
un i tes its water w i th th e Acesin es as th e latter does
w ith the In du s an d that they b oth yield u p th ei r n am es
t o th e In du s
th at th e la st n am e d ri ver h a s two m o n th s
throu gh whi ch it di sc ha rge s i ts el f i n to the Gr eat Sea ;
b u t t h at it h as n o c on n e cti on wi th th e E gyp tian co u n try
He th en rem oved fr o m the l etter to hi s m oth er th e p art
he ha d written ab out th e Nile 3 Plan n i n g a v oya ge down
th e r iver s a s far a s th e Gr ea t Se a h e or de red shi p s for
thi s p urp ose to b e pr e par e d for hi m
The crews o f h is
shi p s w ere fully s u ppli ed fr om t he Ph o en i ci an s Cyp rian s
C ari an s an d E gyptian s who a ccom p an i e d the arm y
.

CHAP TE R II
VO YAGE

D OWN

TH E

H YD Ae

wh o wa s o n e o f Al exan der s m ost

faith ful C om pan i on s fell ill an d died an d the kin g bu ri e d
h im wi th as m u ch m a gn ice n ce a s circu m stan ces all ow ed
Then collecti n g the C om p an i o n s an d th e In dian en voys
who had com e to him b e ap p o in t ed Porus kin g o f th e
p art o f In di a whi ch ha d al ready b een con q uere d seven
Ar this ti m

Coen u s ,

L e th e
.

Mediterran ean

Th e n ati v e n am e o f E gypt w
See Arri d a , v 6 su pra
as C hem
Viridem Aegyptum n igra
(blac ) Com pare Vergil ( Georgi e iv 2 91 )
fecun dat aren a Usqu e col orati s am n i s devexu e ab In di e
3 Th i s use of (l
with th e dative i s in stead of th e Attic r cpt with the
a
gen itive or accu sati ve
1

w
.

Voya ge down the Hyda spes

3 19

g m or e th an
After
ci ti es
t hi s h e m a de th e fo ll o w
i n g di str ib u ti on of his arm y l
Wi th him sel f h e p laced on b oard the ship s all th e shi el d
b eari n g gu ards th e arch ers th e Agria n ian s an d t he
b o dy gu ard o f cavalry Crateru s l ed a part o f th e in
fan try an d cav al ry al o n g th e righ t b a n k o f the Hydaspes
whil e al on g the oth er b an k H ephaesti on ad van ced at th e
h ead of th e m ost n u m ero u s an d e i cien t p art of the arm y
i n cl u din g the el ep h an ts whi ch n o w n u m b ered ab ou t 2 00
Th e s e g en er al s we re O r dere d to m ar ch as qu i ckly a s
p ossibl e t o the plac e wh ere th e palace of Sopei th es wa s
s i tu ated} an d Phili p th e v i cero y o f the co u n try b eyo n d
th e In d u s 4 exten di n g to B a c tri a wa s o rdere d to fo llo w
t h e m wi th his fo rces after an i n te rval o f thre e day s
He
5
a
The wh ol e o f
se n t th e N sa ean
l
r
y
b
a
c
k
t
o
Ny
s
cava
y
th e n a va l for ce wa s u n der th e com m an d o f Near ch u s
b u t th e p il o t o f Al exan der s s hi p wa s On esicritu s who
i n th e n arra tiv e whi ch h e co m p osed o f Al exan der s c am
paig n s fal sely a s serted that h e wa s a dm iral whil e in
6
a
t
h
t
Acc o rdin g to P tol e m y
r e li y
e w
a s o n ly a
p il o
h o s e state m en ts I chiey fo llo w th e eu
so n o f La u s w
g
t i re n um b e r O f th e s hi p s wa s ab o u t e igh ty thi rty
o ar ed
galleys b u t the wh ole n um b er O f vessels in cl u din g th e
h orse tran sports a n d b oats a n d all th e o th er r iver craft
b oth th ose p rev i ou sly plyin g o n th e ri v ers an d those
b u il t a t tha t t i m e fell n ot far s h or t o f
in

n at on s

all, co n

tai n in

Pl u tarch

(Alex

i n fa n try
3

Art i an
m en

an

i n th e I n d i ca

(xv

1)

As Alexan der

(ch ap

was

en

ts

stat em en

ts

O n ly fragm

th at th e

says

d th e In du s ,

that th e

cavalry

S tra bo

beyon

66)

at

of

thi s

On

realm

thi s tim

m ean s

of

th at Al exan der s

in form s u s

arm

Cf Arri an (I n di ca ,
says th at Al exan der

em

n um

bered

k d with

bar

Sop eith es was called Cath ai a

east o f th e In du s , th e expres sion ,

west o f it

of

Cf Arri an , v 2 sup ra
S tra bo (xv 1 ) say s
preserved
.

n arrati ve are

esi cri tu s are n o t

t o be

reli ed u p on

d D i odorus (xvii 95 ) say th at t here w

ere
Krii ger reads xthlw
Arri an ( In di ca , 1 9) says th ere were 8 00
vessel s
r
i n thi s p assage i n stead of the com m on readi n g maxi n g "
7

Curti u s
.

(ix

13)

an

The An a basi s

3 20

A lexan der

CHAP TE R
VO YAGE

III

H YD Ae

(con tin u ed)

WHE N h e h ad m ade all th e n ecessary prep arati on s the
arm y b e gan to e m b ark at t h e approach of t h e daw
n ;
w hile acc o rdin g to cu stom h e offered sacri ce to the
go ds an d to the ri ver Hyda spes as the p roph ets di rec
ted l
Wh en he had em b ark ed he p o ured a li b ation in to
the ri ve r from th e p rowof th e s hi p o u t of a g ol den gob
l et i n v okin g th e Acesin e s a s well as th e Hy daspes b e
ca u s e h e h a d ascertain e d th a t i t i s th e larg est o f all t h e
hic h u n i te wi th the Hyda spes an d th at t h ei r
r i ve r s w
H e a l s o i n vo k ed th e In d u s
a s n o t far off
c on u e n ce w
i n to which the Acesin es o ws after i ts j un c tion with th e
Hydasp es Moreover h e p o u r ed o u t lib ation s to hi s fo re
$1
n
a n d the o th er g o ds to w
t
A
m
m
o
h
H
ra
l
e
s
o
fa t er e c
hom
h e wa s i n th e h ab i t of sa cri ci n g an d t h en he o rd ere d
t he sig n a l for star ti n g seawards to b e gi ven wit h th e
As so on as th e s ig n al was gi ven th ey co m
tru m p et
m en ced th e v oy ag e i n r eg ul ar or der ; fo r di re c ti o n s h a d
b een given a t wha t dis tan c e ap ar t i t was n ecess ary for
th e b a gga ge ve ss els t o b e arran g e d as al s o fo r th e v es
s e ls co n veyin g th e h orses an d for the shi p s o f w
ar ; s o
t h at t h ey m igh t n ot fa ll fou l o f each o th er b y s ai li n g
H e did n o t a llo w ev en
d o wn th e ch an n el at ran do m
t he fast s ailin g shi p s t o g e t o u t o f ran k by ou ts tri pp in g
i n g was n ev er e q uall ed
Th e n oi se o f th e r o w
t he r e s t
i n asm u ch as it proceede d fro m so
o n an y o th er occasi on
m a n y s hi p s ro w ed at t h e s am e t i m e ; al so th e s h ou ti n g
o f th e b oat swain s givi n g th e t im e for b egi n n i n g an d
an d th e c lam o u r of
s t o pp i n g th e strok e o f th e e a rs
th e ro we rs wh en k ee pin g t i m e all t o gether with th e
D OWN TH E

Arri en ( In dica , 1 8 ) we learn th at h e sacri ced to hi s c ou n try

ell as t o
go ds , an d to Poseidon , Am phi tri te , th e Nereids, the Ocean , as w
i 1 1 , sup ra
th e three rivers
1

ro m

C f iii 3
.

su pra.

Voyage dow
n the H da s es i n to the Aces i n es
y
p

dashi n g of th e o ars m ade a n oi se lik e a b attle cry The

b ank s o f th e r i ver al s o b e in g in m an y pl aces high er
t h an th e shi ps and c oll ecti n g th e s ound int o a n arro w
sp ace sent b ack t o each o th er an echo whi c h w as very
m u c h i ncreased by i ts very c o m press ion
I n s o m e parts
t oo t h e gr o ves of trees o n each s i de of th e ri ver h elped
t o s w e ll th e s ou nd both fro m t h e so lit ude and th e rever
b eratio n o f th e noi se The ho rses which we r e v i s ibl e o n
t h e deck s of t h e transp o rts str u ck th e b arb arians wh o
saw t h e m with s u ch s u rpri se th at tho se of th em who
were present at th e starting o f t h e eet acc o m pan i ed it
a lo n g way fro m th e p l ace of e m b a rk at io n F o r ho rses
h ad never b e fo re b een seen o n bo ard ships i n th e c o u ntry
o f I ndi a ; and t h e nat i ves d i d n o t call t o m i nd th at t h e
expedit ion o f D io ny s u s i nt o I ndia was a naval on e The
sh o u ti n g o f th e ro wers and th e n oi se of th e ro win g w ere
h ea r d by th e I ndi ans wh o h ad al ready s ub m i tted t o
Al e xander and th ese cam e r u nn i n g do wn t o th e ri ver s
b an k and acc o m pan i ed him s ingin g thei r nat ive s o n gs
F o r th e In dians h ave b een e m inently fo nd of sin gin g an d
danc in g s ince th e t im e of D io n y s u s and tho se who u nder
hi s b acchi c i nsp i ratio n traversed th e l an d o f th e In dian s
w ith hi m l
-

C H AP TE R IV

VO YAGE
SA I LI N G

D O WN

H Y DASPES

TH E

I N TO

TH E

ACE SINE S

th us h e st o pped o n t h e third day at th e sp o t

W h ere h e h ad i nstr u cted H eph a e s ti on and Crateru s t o
enca m p o n o pp o s ite b an k s of th e r iver at th e sam e p l ace
H ere h e re m a i ned two day s u n til Philip wi th th e rest o f
th e ar m y cam e u p wit h h im
H e th en sent thi s g en e ral
wi th th e m en h e b ro ugh t w i th hi m t o th e ri ver Acesin es
with o rde r s t o m arch alo n g th e b ank o f th at ri ver H e
,

Cf

Arrian

(I n di ca

The An a basi s

3 22

f Alexa n der

C rateru s and H eph aes tion o ff a g ai n wi t h in

s tru c ti o n s h o wt h e y were t o c
o nd u ct th e m arch But h e
h im sel f co nti nu ed his voy a g e d o wn th e r iver Hydaspes,

al s o sen t

the ch anne l of whic h i s n owh ere l ess th an t w enty stades

b ro ad Moo rin g hi s vessel s near t h e b ank s wh erever h e
c oul d h e rece ived s o m e o f t h e I ndians dwelli n g n ear
i nto all egiance by th e ir v oluntary s urre n der whil e h e re
du ce d by fo rce t ho se who cam e i n t o a tr i al o f stre n g th
with hi m
Th en h e sa il ed rap i dly t o wards th e c oun try
o f t h e M allian s and Ox dra cian s h avi n g ascertai ned th a t
y
th ese trib es w ere th e m o st n u m erou s an d t h e m o st w ar
l ik e of th e Indians i n th at regio n ; and h avi n g b een in
fo rm ed th at th e y h ad p u t th e ir w ives and c hil dren for
safety i nt o th ei r stron g est c it ies with t h e res olu t ion o f
gh ti ng a b attl e w ith him h e m ade th e v oya g e with
th e greater spee d with th e exp r ess des ig n of attackin g
th e m b e fo re th ey h ad arran g ed th e ir p l an s and whil e
th ere w as still l ack of preparat io n and a state o f c on
fu s io n am on g th e m
Th ence h e m ade hi s sec o nd start
and o n th e fth day reac h ed t h e j un ction of th e H yda
spes and Ace sin es W h ere th ese rivers u n i te o ne very
and o n a cc ou nt o f
n arro w ri ver i s fo rm ed ou t o f t h e t w o
i ts narro wn ess th e c urrent i s s w i ft There are al s o pro
and th e w ater
d igiou s eddi es i n t h e whi rli n g strea m
ri ses i n waves an d p l ash es ex ceedi n gly s o th at th e n oi se
aters i s d i st i nctly h eard by pe o pl e w hil e
o f t h e swe ll o f w
t h ey are st ill far
Th ese thi n g s h ad prev iou sly b een
rep o r ted t o Al exan der by th e natives and h e h ad t ol d
hi s s ol di ers ; and y et wh en hi s arm y approach ed th e
j u nctio n of th e r ivers t h e n oi se m ade by th e strea m pro
d u ce d s o great an i m p r ess io n u p on th e m t hat th e sa ilors
sto pped ro win g n o t fro m any w o rd o f c o m m and bu t
b ecau s e th e ve ry b o ats wains wh o g ave th e ti m e t o th e
r o wers b eca m e sil en t fro m ast o n i sh m ent an d st oo d agh ast
at th e n oi se
.

"

Voyage down the Acesin es

C HAP TER v

8 23

VO YA G E D O WN T H E Acn sm

n s.

WH EN th ey cam e n ear th e j unctio n of th e ri vers the

p ilo ts passed o n t h e o rder t hat t h e m en s hould row
as hard as p o ss ibl e t o g et out o f the n arr o w s s o th at
t h e s hi ps m igh t n o t fall i nto th e eddi es an d b e o ver
t urn ed by t h em bu t m igh t by t h e vigo rou s ro win g o ver
c om e t h e w hirli n g s o f t h e w ater B e in g of a ro un d
fo rm th e m erch ant vessel s whi c h h appen ed t o b e w hirl ed
ro u n d by th e c u rr ent rece i ved n o da m age fro m th e
eddy bu t th e m en who were on bo ard w ere th rown
i n t o dis o rder and fright F o r b ei n g k ept uprigh t by
th e fo rce of th e stream i tself th ese vessel s settled again
i n t o th e o n ward co rse B ut th e ships of w ar b e in g
l o n g d i d n ot e m e rg e s o scath e l ess fro m t h e whirl in g
c u rre n t n ot b e in g rai sed alo ft in th e sam e w ay as th e
o thers up o n th e pl ashin g s well o f water Th ese s hips
had two ran k s of c ars o n each s i de th e lo wer o ars b ein g
on ly a littl e ou t o f th e w ater Th ese vessel s g ett in g
athwart in t h e eddies t h e ir c ars c oul d n ot b e rai sed aloft
in pro per t i m e an d w ere c o ns eq uently ca ugh t by th e
w ater an d cam e i nt o c olli s io n w ith each o th er Thu s
m an y of t h e s hips w ere dam ag ed ; t w o i n deed fe l l foul
o f eac h o th er an d were destroy ed
and m an y of tho se
sailin g in t h e m peri s h ed 1 B ut w h en th e r i ver w ide n ed
out th ere th e c urrent w as n o lo ng er s o rapid an d th e
eddi es d i d n ot whir l r ou nd wi th s o m u ch viol en ce
Al exan der th ere fo re m oo red hi s eet o n t h e righ t b an k
w h ere th ere w as a pro tectio n fro m th e force of t h e
stream an d a r o adstead for th e s hips A certai n pr o
m o n t o ry al s o in t h e r i ver j utted ou t c on ven i e n tly for col
lectin g th e w reck s
H e preserved th e lives o f th e m en
,

latter says that

h vin g e caped the greatest
Alexan der o ffered sacri c e to th e god f
ith a ri ver like Achill es
dan ger an d h avi n g c o t sted w
1

Cl

C'w
rti us

D i odorus

(ix

(xvii
s

Th e

or

The An a ba si s

8 24

Alexan der

who w ere still b ei n g c o nvey ed u p o n th e m and wh en h e

h a d repa ired th e da m ag ed s hi ps h e o rde r ed N ea rchu s t o
sail do wn th e ri ver u nt il h e reac h ed t h e c o n nes of t h e
H e hi m se lf m ade an inro ad i nto
n at io n call ed M alli an s
t h e ter ri t o ries of th e b arb arians wh o wo u l d n o t yi el d t o
and after preve n t in g th e m fr o m s u cc o u rin g th e
h im
M allian s h e a g ai n fo r m ed a j u nc tio n wi th th e nava l
ar m am ent 1 H ephaestion Crate r a s and Philip h ad al
ready u n ited th e ir fo rces h ere Al e xan der th en trans
p o rted th e el eph ants th e b rig ade of Po lysp er ch on th e
ho rse arch ers and Philip with hi s arm y ac ro ss th e river
H yda spes and i nstr u cte d Cra ter u s to l ead th em
He
sent Near ch u s wi th th e eet wi th o rders t o s e t sa il t h ree
day s b e fo re th e arm y started H e d ivi ded th e r est o f
hi s ar m y into three par ts and o rdered H eph aes tio n t o
go ve day s i n advance s o th at i f any s ho ul d ee b efo r e
t h e m en u n der hi s o wn c o m m and and go r ap idly fo r ward
th e y m igh t fall i n wi th H eph aes ti on s b rig ade and t hu s
b e cap ture d H e al s o g ave a part o f th e ar m y t o Pt o
l em y s o n of L a g a s wi th o rders t o follo whi m a fter t h e
l apse o f th r ee days s o that all t ho se wh o ed fr o m him
and t urne d b ack ag ain m igh t fall i n wi th P to l e m y s
b rigade H e o rder ed tho se i n advance t o wai t wh en
th e y arr ived at th e c o n u ence of th e ri vers Ac e sin e s and
Hydrao tes u ntil h e hi m sel f ca m e u p ; and h e i nstr u cted
Crateru s and P to l em y a l s o t o fo r m a j unctio n wi th him
at t h e sam e p l ace
,

CH APTER VI

CAM PA I GN

HE
t he
1

AGA IN ST TH E M ALLIANS
th en t ook th e shi e ld b ear in g g ards th e bo wm en
Agrian ian s Peith on s b r ig ade o f m e
who we r e
n

cc rdi g t

D i od orus

c p t r d th city
a

u e

of

(xvii
th e

m ade an ex edi ti on a ain s t

an

rhr

96) an d ur ti us (ix 1 4 ) Al exan de

e e
Si bi ; de eated an a m
of
In di an s,

Agall as sa

r y

Ca m p ai gn

ai n st

the

Ma lli an s

3 25

called foo t Co m pan ion s all th e ho rse bo wm en and h al f

t h e caval ry Co m pan io n s and m arch ed through a tract
o f c ou nt r y dest i t u te of w
ater a g ain st th e M allian s a
tr ib e o f th e i ndependent Indian s 1 On th e rst day h e
encam ped near a s m all p i ece o f water whi ch was abou t
1 00 stades d i stant fro m t h e r i ver Acesin es
Hav in g
d in ed th ere and ca u sed hi s a rm y t o rest a sho rt t i m e
h e o r dered every m an t o ll whatever vesse l h e h ad w ith
w ater After trave llin g th e re m ain in g part o f t h at day
and all th e ens uin g n igh t a d i stance of ab o u t 40 0 stades
h e at day br eak reach ed th e city i nt o which m any o f th e
M alli an s h ad ed fo r refug e
M o st o f th e m were ou ts i de
t h e c ity and u n arm ed s u pp o s in g th at Al e xander woul d
n ever c o m e a g ai nst th e m t h ro u gh t h e w
aterl ess c o u nt ry
I t was e vi de n t t h at h e l ed hi s arm y by thi s r ou te for
t hi s v e ry reas o n b eca u se i t was dii c ult t o l ead an arm y
thi s way and c o n se qu ently it appea red i ncredibl e t o t h e
ene m y th at h e wo ul d l ead hi s fo rces in thi s direction
H e th e r efo r e fell up o n th e m u n e xpec tedly an d kill ed
m o st of th e m w i t ho u t t h e i r even t ur n i n g t o defend th e m
se l ves s ince th e y were u nar m ed H e c oo ped th e res t u p
i n th e c ity and p o sted hi s caval ry all rou n d th e wall
b ecau se th e p h al anx o f i nfantry h ad n o t yet 2 c o m e u p
w ith him
H e thu s m ade u s e o f hi s cavalry i n p l ace o f
a st o ck ade As s oo n as t h e i nfantry a rri ved h e sen t
Perdiccas wi th hi s o w n caval ry re gi m ent and th at o f
Clit u s as well as t h e Agrian ian s a g a inst an o th er c ity o f
t h e M allian s whith er m any of th e I ndi an s o f th at re gio n
h ad ed fo r re fu g e H e o rdered Perdi coe s t o blo ck ade
t h e m en i n th e c it y bu t n o t t o c o m m e n ce th e action
u ntil h e hi m se l f s houl d arr i ve s o th at n o ne m igh t escape
fro m t hi s c i ty an d carry n e ws t o t h e rest o f t h e b ar
,

chi f city

Th e

M rrlrw In
'

'

woul d use 0 0

of

th e M alli an s i s th e

later writers

n u i s o ten

m ode n

M oolt an

d wh r

u se

e e

th e Atti

c writ r

e s

The An a ba si s

3 26

Alexa n der

th at Al e xan der was al ready appro achin g; H e

t h e n b e gan t o assaul t th e wall ; bu t th e b arbarl an s
ab an don ed i t,n din g th at th ey w e r e n o lon g er abl e to
defe n d i t s in ce m any h ad b een kill ed in the capture
an d o th ers h ad b een re n dered un t for gh t in g o n a o
c oun t of th e ir w ou nds
Fl eei n g for re fug e in t o th e
c itadel th ey defen ded t h em se lves for s o m e t i m e from a
p o s it ion co m m an ding fr om i ts h e igh t an d dii cul t o f
access Bu t as th e Mace do n ians pressed on v igo rou sly
from all s ides an d Al exander him se l f appeared n o w i n
thi s part o f th e actio n and n o w i n that t h e c itade l was
tak en by st o rm and all th e m en who h ad ed in t o i t
Per
for re fug e w ere kill ed t o th e n u m b er of
diccas al s o reach ed t h e ci ty t o whi c h h e h ad b een de
patch ed an d fo un d i t deserted ; b u t l earn in g th at th e
i n h abitants had ed from i t n o t l o n g b e fo re h e m ade a
fo rced m arch o n th e track o f th e fu gi t ives
Th e ligh t
ar m ed troo ps follo w ed h i m as qu i ckly as th ey c oul d on
foo t s o th at h e t ook and m assacred as m an y of t h e fugi
tiv es as c oul d n o t o u tstri p him an d ee fo r sa fet y in t o
t h e river m ars h es
b arian s

C HAP TE R VI I

C AM PAI GN

A GAI N ST T H E M ALLIANS (con ti n ued)

AFTER din in g and ca u s in g h is en t o rest u ntil th e rst
w atch of t h e n igh t Al exander m arc h ed forw ard ; an d
travellin g a great di stance th rough th e n igh t h e arri ved
at th e r iver Hyd ote s 1 at dayb reak Th ere h e as oer
tain ed t h at m o st of t h e M allian s ha d al ready cro ssed th e
r i ver ; bu t c o m in g u po n tho se w ho w ere s till in th e act of
cro ss in g h e lewm any of th em i n th e i r passa g e H avin g
cr o ssed w ith th em i n p rs uit w i tho t an y de lay by th e
sam e fo rd h e k ept cl o se u p wit h tho se who h ad ou t
.

ra

Strabo

an

Curtius c all this i ver Hyaroti s

r

Cam p a i gn

gain s t the Ma lli a n s

3 27

tri ppe d him in t h e i r retreat M an y al s o of th ese h e

sl e w s o m e h e t ook pri s o n ers ; bu t th e m aj ority of t h e m
e scaped in t o a p l ace str on
g by nat ure an d m ade m o re s o by
fo rt i cat io ns
W h en th e i n fan try reach ed hi m Al exander
despatch ed Peithon a gain st th e m en in th e fo rtress giv in g
hi m th e c o m m and o f hi s o w
n b rig ade o f i n fantry a n d t w o
re gim ents of cavalry Th ese attackin g th e pl ace t ook it
a t t h e rst assaul t an d m ade s l aves of all tho se w
h o h ad
ed thi th er for safety at l east as m any o f th e m as h ad no t
per ish ed i n th e attac k After acc o m pli shin g this Peithon
ret urn ed ag ain t o th e c am p Al exander i n pers o n l ed hi s
fo r ces a g a inst a certa in c i ty o f th e Bra ch m an s 1 b eca u se
b e ascertained that s o m e o f th e M alli an s h ad ed for
re fu g e int o it W h en h e reach ed i t h e l ed hi s p h al an x
i n serried rank s clo se up t o th e w all o n all s ides Th e
e ne m y see i n g th at th e i r w all s w ere b e i n g u nderm i ned
and b e in g th e m se lves r ep ul se d by th e m i ss iles ab ando n ed
t h e wall s and h avi n g ed for safety i nto th e c i tade l b e g an
A few M aced o n i an s
t o de fend th e m se l ves fro m t h ence
h avin g r u sh ed i n wi th th em t urn in g round and dr awin g
t og eth er in t o a clo se bo dy dro ve s om e of th e m b ack
and kill ed v e and tw enty of th e m in th eir retreat H ere
up o n Al exander o rdered th e scaling ladders t o b e placed
a g ai nst th e ci tade l o n all s i des an d th e w all t o b e u nder
h e n o ne of th e tow ers b eing un derm in ed
m i ned ; and w
fell d o w n and a part o f th e wall b etw een t wo t o w ers wa s
b reach ed and thu s rendered th e ci tadel m o re access ibl e
t o assaul t i n t hi s q u arter h e was seen t o b e th e rst m an
t o scal e th e w all and g et hol d of i t Th e o th e r Macedo n
i ans seei n g hi m were ash am ed of th em sel ves and m oun ted
th e ladde rs i n variou s p laces The citadel was s o on in
th e i r p o ssess ion So m e o f th e Indi ans b e g an to set re t o

r hm i n s wr a r ligiou s cast of In dia s Th e

th p ple w
s
ed f
h e religi was Brahm i n
ti
e w
s
1 1 ) S trabo xv 1 ; p 7 1 3 ed C
Cf Arri a (I n d ic
ub n

Th e Brachm
n am

i sm

as
.

om e

an s , or
m e

us

a,

or

e e

eo
,

os

on

asa

The An a bas is

3 28

f Alexan der

t h e hou ses a n d b e in g cau gh t i n th e m w ere kill ed 3 bu t

i n all
m o st of th e m
were sl ain gh t in g Abou t
were kill ed an d o n acc ou nt of th e ir valou r o n ly a few
w ere tak en pri s o ners
,

CHAPT E R VIII
D E FE A T

TH E M ALLIA Ns A T T H E RIVER HYD E AOTE s

HAVIN G rem ained th ere on e day t o gi ve hi s arm y rest h e
advanced o n t h e m o rro w agai nst t h e o th er M allian s H e
fou nd th e c it i es a b and o ned and ascer t ained t h at th e m en
h ad ed into th e dese r t Th ere h e ag ai n g ave th e arm y
o n e day s rest
and on t h e ne xt day sent Peith o n and
D em etr iu s th e caval ry g enera l b ac k t o t h e r i ve r i n c om
n t r o ops gi v i n g t h e m i n add i t io n as m an y
m and o f th e i r o w
b attalio ns of th e light arm ed in fantry as were s u f ci ent
for th e enterpri se
Th e i r i nst r uctio ns were t o go alo n g
th e b ank o f th e river and if th e y m et an y of t ho se
who h ad ed for safet y i nt o th e woo ds of w hi c h t h ere
were m an y near th e r iver s b ank t o kill all wh o re fu sed
t o s u rr en d e r Peithon and D e m et ri u s capt ured m any
o f t h ese i n the w
o o ds
and killed t h em
H e him sel f
l ed hi s fo rces against th e l ar g est c ity of th e M allian s
whith er h e was in fo rm ed m an y fro m th e o th er c it i es h a d
tak e n refug e But t hi s al s o th e Indians a b an do ned wh en
t h ey h eard th at Al exander wa s m archin g a gainst i t
Cro ss in g th e ri ver Hy dra o tes th ey re m a in ed wi th th e i r
fo rces drawn u p u p o n i ts b ank b eca u se i t w as high and
th e y t hough t th ey c oul d ob str u ct Al exan der s passag e
W h en h e h eard this h e t ook all t h e cavalry whi ch h e h ad
w ith him and went t o t h e part o f th e ri ver wh ere h e w as
i nfo rm ed th at t h e M allian s h ad draw n th em se l ves u p for
b attl e an d the i nfantry was o rdered t o follo w W hen h e
reach ed th e r iver and b e h el d t h e ene m y drawn u p on th e
o ppo s ite b an k h e m ade n o del ay b ut i nstantly p lu n g ed
i nt o th e fo rd w ith th e caval ry alo n e Wh en th ey saw
or

Storm i n g
/

M a lli an Stron ghold

the

3 29

th at h e w as n ow in th e m iddl e of th e river though th e y

were drawn u p ready for b attl e th ey w i th drew fr o m t h e
b an k wi th all speed ; and Al ex an der follo wed th e m with
hi s caval ry alo n e B u t wh en th e I nd ians percei ved o nly
caval ry t h e y w h eel ed r ound and fough t w ith desperate
valou r b e in g abou t
in n um b er W h en Al exander
perce i ved that t h e ir p h al anx w as den sely c o m pact and
t h at hi s own i nfant ry w as ab sent h e ro de righ t r o u nd
t h e ir arm y and m ade ch ar g es up o n th em bu t di d n o t
c o m e t o clo se g ht in g wi th th e m M ean whil e th e arc h ers
t h e Agrian ian s and th e o th er b attalio ns o f ligh t arm ed
in fant ry b ei n g p i ck ed m en whom h e was l eadin g with
h i m ar r ived and hi s p h al an x o f infantry wa s seen n o t far
o ff
As all ki nds o f dan g er were t hreaten in g t h e m at
o nce t h e I nd i ans n o w w
h eel ed r oun d ag ai n and b eg an
t o ee wi th h eadlo n g speed i nt o t h e st ro n g est of t h ei r
a dj acent c it i es ; b u t Al exander foll o wed th em and sle w
m any w
hil e tho se wh o escaped i nto th e c ity were coo ped
u
At r st i ndee d b e s urrou n ded th e c ity wi th
p wi thin i t
t h e ho rse s ol di ers as th ey cam e u p fro m th e m arch 3 bu t
wh en t h e infantry a r rived h e enca m ped all r ou nd th e w all
fo r t hi s day b eca u se n ot m u ch o f i t was l eft for m aki n g
th e assaul t and hi s arm y h ad b een exh au sted th e in fantry
by th e lo n g m arch and th e cava lry by th e un interrupted
p u rs uit and espe c ially by t h e passag e o f t h e river
,

C HAP TE R IX

T H E MALLI AN STRO N GHOLD

ON th e follo w in g day d i v id i n g t h e arm y i nt o t wo parts
h e hi m self assa ulted th e wall at the h ead of o ne and
Perdicca s l ed o n t h e o th er
Up on thi s th e I nd i ans d i d
n o t w a i t t o rece i ve t h e at tac k of t h e M acedo n i ans b u t
ab ando ned t h e wall s of th e c i ty an d ed for safety into
t h e citadel Alexander and hi s troo ps t h ere fo re spli t
o pen a s m all g ate and go t w i thin th e c ity lo ng b efo re the
STO E M I N G

OF

'

330

he An a ba s is

f Alexa n der

o thers 3 for tho se wh o h ad b een p ut nder Perdi ccas were

b ehin d ti m e h avin g experi en ced dif culty i n scaling th e
walls as m o st o f th em di d n o t b rin g l adders thi nkin g
th at th e c ity h ad b een capt ure d wh e n th ey ob served th at
th e wall s were deserted by th e de fenders B u t wh e n th e
c itade l was seen t o b e st ill in th e p o ssess io n o f th e e n e m y
and m an y o f th e m w ere ob ser ved d rawn u p i n fr o nt of it
t o repe l attack s s o m e o f th e M acedo nian s tr ied t o fo rce
an entry by u nde rm i ni n g t h e wall and o th ers by p lac in g
scalin g l adders agai nst it wh erever it wa s pract i cabl e t o
do s o Ale x ander thinkin g th at th e m en wh o carried t h e
ladders were t oo slo w snatch ed o n e fr o a m an who was
carryin g it p laced i t against t h e wall and b e g an t o m o unt
i t crou chin g n der hi s shi el d After hi m o nted P eu
cestas th e an who carr i ed th e sac r ed shie l d whi ch
Al ex ander t o ok fr o m t h e te p l e o f th e Troj an Ath ena an d
u sed to k eep with him an d h ave it carri ed b efo r e him
i n all hi s b attl es 1 After Peu cesta s by th e sa m e l adder
ascended L eon n atu s th e c o n dent i al bo dy gu ard ; and u p
an o th er l adde r went Ab eas o ne o f th e s ol d i ers wh o
received doubl e pay for di st i g i sh ed servi ces 2 Th e kin g
w as o w near th e b attl em ent of th e wall and l ean in g hi s
s hi e l d ag ai nst i t w s p u shin g s o m e of th e I ndi ans wi thi n
th e fort an d h ad cl eared th at par t of t h e wall by killin g
o th ers with hi s s word The s hi e l d b earin g guar ds b e com
in g very anxio u s for th e kin g s safety p u s h ed each o th er
with ardou r u p th e sa m e l adder an d b rok e it s o th at
th o se wh o we r e already m ount in g fell do wn and m ade th e
ascent i m pr acti cabl e for th e rest Al exander t h en stan d
i n g u p o n t he w all wa s b e i n g assa il ed all r o und fr o m th e
adj acent t o wers ; for n o ne o f t h e Indi ans dared appr o ach
him
H e wa s al s o b ein g assail ed by th e m en in th e c ity
who we r e th ro win g darts at him fr o m n o g reat di stance ;
fo r a m ound of ea r th h appened t o h ave b een h eaped u p
u

Cf

Arri a n i 1 1

Th e Rom

an s

su

all e

pra

d th

ese m en

dup l icarei

See Li vy , i i 5 9
.

vii

37

Wou n ded

Allezc an der D an gerous ly

331

th ere opp o s ite the w all Al ex ander was c onspi c uou s bo th

by th e b r igh tn ess o f hi s weap o ns an d by hi s e xtra o rdin ary
di splay o f a u dac i ty H e t h erefo re perce ived th at if h e
r e m ai ned wh ere h e was h e woul d b e i nc urrin g dan g er
wi t hou t b e in g abl e t o perfo rm an ything at all w o rthy of
c o n s iderat io n bu t i f h e l eaped do wn within th e fo rt h e
m igh t perh aps by t hi s very act strik e t h e I nd i ans w i t h
terro r and if h e did n o t, b u t s houl d o nly th e r e by b e in
c u rrin g dan ger at an y rate h e woul d di e n o t ign obly after
perfo rm in g g reat deeds of valo u r w o rthy of rec o llectio n by
m en o f a ft er t i m es 1
F o rm in g thi s re solution h e l eaped
do wn fro m th e w all i nto th e c itadel wh e r e s upp o rtin g
hi m sel f a gainst th e wall h e str u ck with hi s s wo rd and
kill ed s o m e o f th e India n s wh o cam e t o clo se qu arters
wi th him i nc lu din g t h eir l eader who r u sh ed u p o n hi m t oo
bol dly An o th er m an who app ro ach ed him h e k ept in
ch eck by h u rlin g a st o ne at him and a third i n like m an
ner Th o se wh o advanced nearer t o him h e agai n kept
o ff w
ith hi s s wo rd ; so that th e b arb ari ans were n o lo nger
w illin g t o ap pr o a ch hi m b u t standing ro u nd hi m cast at
hi m fr o m all s i des whatever any o ne h appened t o h ave
o r c oul d g et h o l d o f at th e t i m e
.

C H AP TE R X

AL EXA N DER D AN G ER O USLY

W O UN DED

M EAN T IM E Peu ces tas and Abreas t h e s oldi er ent itl ed t o

doubl e pay and after t h e m L eon n atu s b e in g th e o nly
m en w
h o h appen ed t o h ave scal ed t h e wa ll b e fo re th e
l adders w ere b r o k en h ad l eaped d o wn an d w ere ghtin g
i n fro nt of th e kin g Ab reas t h e m an en ti tl ed t o do ubl e
pay fell th ere b ein g sho t with an arr o win th e fo reh ead
Al e xander hi m self al s o wa s w ounded w i th an arro w u nder
th e b reast t h rough hi s b reastplate i nt o th e ch est s o th at
,

7 0 2s

'
s
E

'

a a c

a r c: n v

Cf Hom
.

(I l i a d

xxi i 3 05 ;
.

332

The An a basi s

Alexa n der

P tol em y say s ai r w as b reath ed ou t fro m th e w oun d t o

g eth er with th e bloo d B ut al though h e w as fai nt with
exh au st io n h e de fen ded him se lf as lo n g as hi s bloo d
w as st ill warm
B ut th e bloo d stream in g out c o p iou s ly
and witho u t ceasin g at every e xp irat io n o f b reath h e was
seiz ed w i th a diz z i ness and Swoo nin g and b en din g o ver
fell up o n hi s shi el d
After h e h ad fall e n P e u cest a s de
fen ded h i m hol d i ng o ver hi m i n fro n t t h e sacred s hi el d
b rought fro m Tro y ; an d o n th e o th e r s i de h e was
defended by L eon n atu s
B u t bo t h t h e se m en w ere
t h e m sel ves wo u nded and Al e xa n der wa s n ow nearly
fai nti n g a way fro m lo ss of bloo d
F o r th e M acedo nians
h ad exper i enced g reat dif c ul ty i n th e assa ul t als o o n thi s
acc ou nt b ecau se th o se who saw A l e xander b e i n g s ho t at
u p o n th e w all and th en l eap in g d o wn i nt o th e citadel
within i n t h e ir ardou r ar i s in g fro m fear l est t h e ir kin g
sh o ul d m eet with an y m i sh ap by reckl essly e x p o s in g him
sel f t o dan ge r b ro k e th e l adders Then s o m e b e gan t o
devi se o n e plan and o th e r s an o th e r t o m o u nt u p o n t h e
wall as well as t h ey coul d i n th e ir state o f e m b arrass m en t
s om e x in g peg s i n t o t h e wall whi c h was m ade o f eart h
and s u spendi n g th e m sel ves fro m t h ese hoi sted th e m sel ves
m ean s ; o th ers go t u
i
t
h
d
i
f

c
ul
t
y
by
t
h
e
i
r
w
u
p by m ou nt
p
i n g o ne u p o n th e o th er The r st m a n wh o go t up t hrew
him sel f dow n fr o m th e wall int o th e c i ty and s o on i n
s u ccess io n ; and wh en th e y saw th e kin g lyi ng th ere o n
th e grou nd th ey all rai sed a lou d la m entat io n an d ho wl o f
g ri ef No w ens u ed a desperate c o n ict arou nd hi s fall en
bo dy o n e Ma ced o ni an after an o th er hol di n g his shi el d
i n fro nt o f hi m I n th e m eanti m e s om e o f th e s ol diers
h av in g shivered i n p i ece s the b ar by wh i ch th e g ate
i n th e space o f w all b etw een th e t o wers w as sec ured
entered th e c i ty a fewat t h e t i m e 3 whil e o th ers i nas m u ch
as a g ap h ad b ee n m ade i n th e g ate p u t t h e i r shoul ders
u nder it an d fo rced i t i nt o th e space i ns ide th e w all and
t hu s l a i d t h e c i tade l o pen i n t h at q uarter
.

Alexan der

Woun ded

333

C H AP TE R XI

W O UN DED

ALE xANDE E

H ERE UPO N s o m e o f th em b egan t o kill the In dians all

th e y sl e w spar i n g n o t even a wo m an o r child
o f w ho m
O th ers carri ed o ff th e ki n g who was lyin g i n a fai nt
c on d it io n u p o n hi s shi el d ; and the y could n o t y et tell
wh eth er h e was likely t o s urv ive So m e a uth o rs h ave
stated th at Cri tod e m s a phy s i c i an o f Cos an Ascl ep i ad
by birth 1 m ade an incisio n i n to th e i nj red pa r t and
drew t h e w e ap o n o ut o f t h e wound O th er a tho rs say
t h at as th ere was n o p hy si ci an p r esent at th e cri ti cal
m o m ent Per di cca s t h e c on denti al b o dy gu ard at Al e x
ander s biddin g m ade an i nc i s io n with hi s s wo rd int o th e
wo unded part and re m o ved th e weap o n O its re m o val
t h ere was s c h a c o p io u s e ffu io n of bloo d th at Al e xan d er
s woo ned ag a i n and th e e f ec t o f th e s woo n was t h at th e
effu s io n o f bloo d w s s tanch e d
M an y o th er thin g s c o n
cerni n g t hi s catastro p h e h ave b een reco rded by t h e
hist o rians ; and Ru m o r h av ing rece ived th e statem ents
as th e y were given by th e r st falsiers o f th e facts
still preserves t h e m even t o o u tim es n o r will sh e des i st
fro m hand in g t h e fal seh o o ds o n t o o th ers al s o i n r e gul ar
s u ccess io n nl ess a st o p i s p t t o i t by t hi s hi st o ry 3
Fo r ex am pl e t h e c o m m o n acc ou nt i s that thi s cal am i ty
b efell Al ex ander a m o g th e Oxydracian s wh e reas it
really o cc rred a o n g th e Mallian s an independent trib e
,

phy i ci C i t bul s N ar th ci ty of C0 3
p le f Ascl pi s t who th i l d w s
t
o
too d th A l p i
Ascl pi d a
th e ch i f fa ily th
cl i ed
wh
d fr
acr d
C ti s ys Igi t r p t f t lat i s v l r t pi l o l
de c t
x et c ali g i e
g i i
r co pit li qu iq a i
i g e vi s
c li ff v l ti o ib du exte di
D i odo
23 )
Cf Pl t rch ( Al x
(xvii 98 99) Curti (ix 1 8
C

urti us

(i x

sc e

s
s

ur

en

ou

u sa ,

J u sti n
3

( xii

th e

e u

un

e, o r

rus

see

u n e e, e

ue

s an

e,

cu

m o re

a m

e vo so ,
n

us

H e siod ( Wor ks a n d D a ys ,
(M et xii 3 9 63 ) Stati us ( T heb ii
.

Hom er (Il i a d ii 93 Odyss xxiv

1 90)
76 2 ) Vergil ( Aen ei d iv 1 7 3
7 58

Rum ou

As to F am

m an a e

a e ac o

u n

em

an

om

u a

c ll

um

us

s an

s o

22 )

om

an

s en

41 2 )

O id

The An a bas is

3 34

f Alexa n der

Indian s; t h e c ity b elo n g ed t o th e M alli

and th e
who wounded h im were M allian s Th ese pe opl e
m en
indeed h ad res ol ved t o j oi n th e ir fo r ces w ith th e Oxy
d racian s and th en t o m ak e a desperate str u ggl e ; but
h e fo restall ed t he m by m archi n g a g ainst th em thro ugh
t he waterl ess c o u ntry b efo re an y a i d c oul d reach t h e m
fr o m t h e O xy dra c ian s o r t h ey c oul d render any h el p
t o t h e l atte r M o re o ver th e c o m m o n acc ount i s th at
th e l ast b attl e fo ugh t with D ariu s wa s near Arb e l a at
w hic h b attl e h e ed an d di d n o t des i st fro m i gh t u ntil
h e was arrested by B es su s an d p u t t o d eath at Al ex
ander s appr oach ; j u st as th e b attl e b efo re t hi s was at
I ss u s and t h e rst caval ry b attl e near t h e Gran i c u s
The cavalry b attl e d i d really tak e p l ace n ear th e
Grani c u s and th e n ext b attl e w i th D ar iu s n ear I ss u s
bu t tho se au tho rs wh o m ak e Ar b el a m o st d i stant say
th at it i s 6 00 2 stade s di stant fr o m th e p lace wh ere t h e
l ast b attl e b et ween Al exander an d D ariu s was fough t
whil e tho se wh o m ak e i t l east di stant say th at i t i s 5 00
stades off M ore o ver P t ol e m y and A ri st obulu s say t h at
th e b attl e was fough t at Ga u g am el a near t h e river
B um o du s
B u t as G a u g a m el a wa s n o t a c i ty but o nly a
larg e v ill a g e th e pl ace i s n o t cel e b rated n or i s th e na m e
p l eas in g t o th e ear ; h ence i t see m s t o m e th at Arb e la
b e in g a c i ty has carri ed off th e glo ry o f t h e great b attl e
Bu t i f i t i s n ecessary t o c on s ider t hat thi s en g ag e m ent
t o o k p lace near Arb el a b e in g in reali ty s o far di stant
fro m i t th e n i t i s a llo wa bl e t o say t h at t h e sea b att l e
fough t at Sal a m i s o cc u rred near th e i sth m u s 3 of the
Co rinthians an d th at fo u gh t at Arte m i s iu m i n E ubo ea
o ccu rred near Ae gina o r Sun i u m M o re o ver i n re gard
t o t ho se who c o vered Al exander with th e i r s hi e l ds in hi s
peril all agree th at Peu cestas di d s o ; bu t th ey n o lo n g er
of

an s ,

'

1
9

ur ti us

(ix

r y 70

1 8)

les

Nea l

I sthm u s i s

from

sa s

was th e to wn

of

th e

Pin dar (Isthm i a, i v

it

3 4)

sam e

root a

it th e

c ll
a

th e O xy draci an s

lua c, to go, an d t u s m
b id e of th e sea

r g

ean s a p assage.
I

An xiety

the So ldiers

a bou t

Alexan der

335

ag ree i n re gard to L eon n atu s or Ab reas t h e s ol dier

i n rece i pt of d oubl e pay for hi s d i sti n gui sh ed servi ces
So m e say th at Al e xander h av in g rece i ved a blo w o n th e
h ead wi th a p i ece o f w oo d fell do wn i n a t of diz z iness
an d t h at h av i n g r i sen a g ai n h e w as w ounded w it h a dart
t h rough th e c o rsel et i n t h e ch est
But Ptol em y s o n of
L agu s say s th at h e rece ived o nly thi s wou nd i n t h e ch est
Ho wever i n m y o p i n io n th e g r eatest erro r m ade by tho se
wh o h ave w ritten th e hi sto ry o f Al exander i s th e fo llo w
i ng Th ere are s o m e who h ave rec o rded 1 that Ptol e m y
so n of L a u s i n c om pan y w
ith Peu cestas m ou n ted th e
g
l adder w ith Al ex ander that P tol e m y h el d hi s shi el d o ver
h i m wh en h e l ay wou nded and th at h e was call ed So ter
2
t
h
e
preserve
r
t
h
at
acc
o
u
nt
An d y et P tol e m y h i m
on
(
)
se l f h as rec o rded t h at h e was n o t even present at t hi s
en g ag em ent bu t was gh t in g b attl es ag ai nst o th er b ar
b ari an s at t h e h ead o f an o th er a r m y
L et m e m ent io n
th ese facts as a dig r ess io n fro m th e m ai n narrat i ve s o
t h at th e c o rrect acco u nt o f s u c h g reat deeds an d calam i
t i es m ay n o t b e a m atter of i ndifferen ce t o m en of t h e
fu t ure 3
,

C H AP TE R XI I

T H E SOLD I ERS A BO UT AL E XAN DER

W H I LE Al exander was re m ain in g i n thi s p lace u ntil hi s
w ou n d was c u red th e rst ne w s whi ch reach ed t h e ca m p
fro m whi ch h e ha d set out t o attack t h e M allia n s wa s
ANXI ET Y

or

We

l ar
e

u rti us

from

21 ) t

(ix

th e

at

hr

aut

o s

wh o

stated

at

y w s p ese t i thi s b ttle wer Cli t h s a d Ti g

r wh o w s a co t p rary of Alexa der
Fro
th h i t ry of th for
Curti s ai n ly dr wth e ate i als fo h is hi st ry of Al exa d
th e Rho di a s w
P t l y r c i v d thi s appell tio fro
ho he
s p id
tri s
Th grateful Rh di
reli v d fr th e
lt of D e
h o our s th ir pre erv r d h e w he c forward k w
hi
di vi
i 8 6
y Sot r
m
3 04
S eP
as P t l
wp i s used i a sim il ar way by Th cydi d
Th w
h lw
or d d
P tolem
m

m e

s o

arc

em

e e

assau

om

n e

s a

e e

o em

m e

as

an

er.

m a en es .

an

no

'

o em

i 2 0, 4
.

e
.

e .

ra

os

ausa

as,

es ,

The An a basi s

336

Alexan der

t h at h e had di ed of th e wound ; and at rst th ere aro se

a s ou nd o f l am entatio n fr o m th e e n t ire arm y as o ne m an
h anded th e rum ou r o n t o an o ther Wh en th e y ceased
th eir l am entat io n th ey b ecam e spi r i tl ess an d fel t per
pl exe d a s t o th e m an wh o wa s t o b ec o m e t h e l eader of th e
arm y ; for m any of th e O f cers seem ed to h ave st oo d in
e qual ran k and m eri t bo th i n t h e o p in io n of Al exander
and i n that O f th e M acedo n i ans Th e y were al s o i n a
state o f perpl exity ho w t o g et b ack i n safety to th e i r
c ou nt ry b e in g q ui te e n clo sed by s o m an y warlik e
n
ow
natio ns s o m e o f who m had n o t y et s u b m i tt ed and who
th ey c on j ect u red woul d gh t sto u tly for th e i r freedo m ;
w hil e o th ers wo u l d n o do u b t rev ol t as soon as th ey
wer e reli eved of th e ir fear of Al exander B es ide s th ey
seem ed at th at t i m e t o b e in th e m i dst o f i m passabl e
ri ve r s and all thin g s appeared t o th e m u nce r tai n and
im practicabl e n o w that th ey were b e r eft O f Al ex ander
B u t wh en at l en g th t h e ne ws ca m e th at h e was still ali ve
t h ey with dif c ul ty ac qui esced in it ; and di d n o t yet
b eli eve that h e wa s li k ely to s urv ive E ven wh en a
l etter cam e fr o m th e kin g sayin g th at h e wa s c om in g
do wn t o th e ca m p i n a s ho rt t im e t hi s d i d n o t appear
t o m o st of th e m wo rthy o f credi t o n accoun t of t h ei r
ex cess i ve fear ; for th ey c o nj ect u red th at th e l etter was
c o nc o cted by hi s c o n den t i al bo dy
gu ards and g eneral s
,

'

'

C HAP TE R XIII
JO Y

TH E

or

AT

SoLD I E Rs

ALE XANDE R s R E CO VERY

W H E N Al exan der b ecam e ac q uai nted w i th thi s fo r fear

s o m e atte m pt at a revolu tio n m igh t b e m ade i n th e ar m y
h e h ad hi m self c o nvey ed as s oo n as i t c o u l d b e do ne
w ith safety t o th e b ank of th e r iver Hydra ot es and
pl aced i n a bo at t o sail do wn t h e r iver F or th e ca m p
w as at th e co nu ence o f th e H ydra otes and A ce sin es
,

Jo

the Soldiers

at

Alexan der s Recovery

337

wh ere H ephae stion w as at th e h ead of th e arm y an d

N earchu s of th e eet
Wh en th e s hi p b eari ng th e kin g
appro ach ed th e cam p h e o rdered t h e te n t c o verin g t o b e
re m o ved fro m th e stern th at h e m igh t b e vi s ibl e t o all
B ut t h e y w ere st il l i n cred u lou s thi n kin g fo rs oo th th at
Al ex an der s c o rpse was b e i ng c o n ve y ed on th e vessel ;
u ntil at l en g th h e stretch ed out hi s ha n d t o th e m ul ti
t u de,wh en t h e ship was n eari ng t h e b an k Then th e
m en rai sed a c h eer
liftin g th e ir h an ds s om e t o wards
th e sky and o th ers t o th e kin g hi m self Many eve n
sh ed inv oluntary tears at th e unexpected s ight So m e
o f th e s hi e l d b earin g gu ards b r ough t a litter fo r hi m
wh e n h e w as c o nvey ed o u t of t h e ship ; bu t h e o rdered
t h e m t o fetch hi s ho rse
Wh en h e w as see n ag ain
m ou nt i n g hi s ho r se t h e w hol e ar m y r e echo ed w
ith lou d
c lapp in g O f h ands s o th at the b an k s of th e river and
th e g ro ves near t h e m reverb erated w ith t h e s ou nd
On
appr o achi n g hi s tent h e di s m ou nted from hi s ho rse s o
th at h e m igh t b e seen w alkin g Th en t h e m en c am e
near s o m e on o n e s ide o th ers o n th e o th er s o m e t ou ch
i ng hi s h ands o th ers hi s k nees o th e rs o nly hi s clo th es
So m e o n ly ca m e clo se t o g et a s igh t of him an d went
a way h avi ng ch an ted hi s prai se whil e o th ers th re w
g ar l an ds u p o n hi m o r th e o w ers whi ch th e c oun try o f
India s u ppli ed at th at seas o n Of th e y ear Near chu s
say s th at s o m e o f hi s fri ends in c urred hi s di spl eas u re
rep ro achin g him fo r exp o s in g him self t o dan g er i n th e
fro n t o f th e ar m y i n b attl e whi ch th e y sai d was th e du ty
and n o t t h at of th e g eneral 1 I t
O f a p ri vate s ol d i er
see m s t o m e t h at Al e xander w as o ffended at t h ese re
m ark s b eca u se h e k n e w t hat t h e y w
ere c o rrect and t h at
h e deserved th e cens u re Ho w ever lik e tho se wh o are
'

C rti

m ake

us

(i x

h rp

t is

P tolem y

an

2 4)

e resen

d th e

sa s

at

Crateru s

tati on to th e kin

rest

d p t d by
th t h w

was
an

e u e
a

as

th e

cr

o f e s

c d

ba ke

up

to

by

an der
f Alex

The An a basi s

338

astered by an y o t h er p l eas ure h e h ad n ot s uffi c i en t

self co ntrol t o k eep aloof fro m dan g er th rough hi s i m
N
earchu s
etu o si t i n b attl e a n d hi s pass io n fo r glo ry
p
y
al s o say s that a certain ol d Bo e o t i an who se n am e h e
do es n o t m ent io n perce iv in g th at Al exander was of
fended at th e cens u res o f hi s fri e n ds and wa s looki n g
s ullenly at t h em cam e near him and speakin g i n th e
Bo e o t ian dial ect sai d : 0 Al exander i t i s th e part of
h ero es t o perfo rm g reat deeds l an d repeated a certain
Iam bi c verse th e p u rp o rt of whi c h i s th at th e m an who
perfo rm s any thin g g reat i s dest in ed al s o t o s u ff er 1 Thi s
m an w as n o t on ly accepta bl e t o Al e x ander at t h e t i m e
but was afterwards recei ved in t o hi s m o re inti m ate
ac qu ain tan ce
m

C HAP TE R XIV

VO YA G E

DOWN T H E

H YD RAOTE s
INDu s

AN D

AGE SIN E s

NTO T HE

thi s t im e arrived envoy s fro m th e M alli an s wh o st ill

s u rv ived o fferin g th e s ub m i ss io n of th e n atio n al s o fro m
th e Oxydra cian s cam e bo th th e l eaders of th e cit i es and
t h e go vern o rs of th e pr o vin ces acc o m pan ied by th e o th er
1 5 0 m o st n o tabl e m en w i th full p o w ers t o m ak e a
treaty b rin gin g th e gifts w hich are c o ns i dered m o st
valu abl e am o n g th e I ndi an s and al s o lik e t h e M allian s
o ffering th e s ub m i ss io n o f th e ir n atio n
Th ey sa i d
t h at th e ir erro r in n o t h av in g sent an e m b assy t o
hi m b efo re was pardo n abl e b eca u se t h e y ex ce ll ed o th er
races i n th e des ire t o b e free an d in depen dent and
th e ir freedo m h ad b een sec u re fro m th e t i m e D io ny s us
cam e int o Indi a u n t il Al exander cam e ; bu t i f i t see m ed
goo d t o him i nas m u ch as th ere was a g en eral rep o rt that
AT

T hi s li

n e

dpda a ur t y dp

is

1 1. m

frag
l

r u

m en

rom

on e of

dely 6 elll er a n

th e

lost tragedi es

of

Aes

chyl

us :

D ow
n the H dr a o tes
y

an

d Acesin es i n to the In dus

339

h e al s o was spr ung fro m go ds th ey w ere willin g t o re

cei ve w
h atever v i ceroy h e m igh t app oin t pay t h e trib ute
decreed by hi m an d give him as m an y ho stag es as h e
m igh t de m and
H e th erefo re dem an ded th e thou san d
b est m en o f th e natio n who m h e m igh t hol d as ho sta g es
if h e p l eased ; an d if n o t th at h e m igh t k eep t h e m as
s ol di ers i n hi s ar m y u nt il h e h ad n i sh ed th e war whi ch
h e w as w ag ing a gai n st th e o th er In dians They a c
co r din
gly sel ected t h e thou sand b est an d tallest m en
o f th e i r n u m b e r
and sent th e m to him tog eth er w it h
5 00 ch ar io ts and c h a r io teers tho gh th ese were n o t
de m anded
Al ex ander app ointed Philip v i cer oy o ver
th ese pe o pl e and t h e M allian s who were still s urviv i n g
H e sent b ac k th e ho stag es t o th em bu t retai n ed th e
c h ario ts
Wh en h e h ad sat is fact o rily arran g ed th ese
m atters
s ince m an y vessel s h ad b een buil t duri n g th e
delay ari s i n g f o m hi s b e i n g w ou n ded 1 h e e m b arked
o f t h e caval ry Co m pan io ns as m any o f t h e ligh t
arm ed t roops as b e fo r e and
i n fantry and sail ed
a short di stance d o wn th e ri ver Hydrao te s B t wh en
t hat rive r m in gled i ts wate r s wit h t h e Acesin es t h e
l atter giving i ts na m e to th e un ited stream h e co nti nu ed
hi s v oyag e do wn t h e Acesin e s until h e reached its j un c
2
f
tio n with th e I ndu s F o r th ese u r larg e rive r s whi c h
are all n av ig a bl e di sch arg e th e ir w ater int o th e river
I nd u s t h o ugh eac h do es n o t retain its d i sti nct nam e
for th e H y dasp es d i sc h ar g es i tsel f i nt o th e Acesin es
and after t h e j u nctio n th e w hol e stream fo rm s wh at i s
call ed t h e Acesin es Again thi s sa m e r iver u n i tes w it h
th e Hydrao tes and after ab s o rbin g thi s r iver st ill reta ins
i ts o wn na m e
After thi s t h e Ac esin es tak es i n t h e
,

y th t h e w s c ed of hi s woun d i eve days

D i odo
y days
(xvii 99) says th t i t took
Arri does ot e ti th e S tl dj whi ch is th e fth f th e rivers
f th e P
j b P li n y (vi 2 1 ) c all s it H esid us ; P t lem y (vii 1 ) c lls it
C

urti u s

(i x

rus

sa s

un
.

on

n s

ur

m an

en

Z aradrus

23

f Alexan der

The An a basi s

3 40

and nally o ws i nt o th e I ndu s u nder i ts ow n

nam e ; bu t after th e j unctio n i t yi el ds i ts nam e t o th e
I n d u s F r o m thi s p oint I h ave n o doub t th at t h e I nd u s
pro ceeds 1 00 stades 1 an d perh aps m o re b e fo re i t i s
d ivi ded s o as t o fo rm th e D el ta ; and th ere i t spreads
out m o re lik e a l ak e than a river
Hyph asi s ,
.

CH AP TE R XV

DO WN TH E IN D US To T HE LAND or M USICANUS
TH E R E at th e c o nu ence O f th e A ces iu s s and I nd u s h e
wai ted u nt il Per diccas wi th th e ar m y arrived after h avin g
routed o n his way th e in depe n dent t rib e o f th e Ab as
t an ia n s 2
Meant im e h e w s j o ined by o th er t hirty
o ared gall ey s and t radi ng vessel s whi ch h ad b een b ilt
for hi m am o n g th e Xathrian s ano th er i n dependent t r ib e
h o h ad y iel ded t o hi m
O f Ind i ans w
Fro m th e Os s adian s
w ho were al s o an i ndependent t r ib e o f I ndi ans cam e
env oy s t o o ffer t h e s ub m i ss io n of th e ir nat io n H avin g
xed th e co n en ce of th e Ace si es and I ndu s as th e
lim it of Philip s v i ceroyal ty h e l eft with hi m all th e
Thrac i ans and as m an y m en fro m th e i n fantry re gi m ents
as appea r ed t o him s uf c ient t o pr o v ide for th e sec u rity
o f t h e c o ntr y
H e th en o rdered a c i ty t o b e fo nded
th ere at th e very j unctio n of t h e t wo r ivers e xpect in g
th at it wo l d b eco m e l arg e an d fa mo s a m o n g m en 3 H e
al s o o rdered a do cky ard t o b e m ade th ere At thi s tim e
VO YAGE

Ita se n den t e Nil o u t tri qu estram terra e guram

Ab out 1 2 m iles
Ideo m ulti Grae ae li terae vocabul o D elta app ell av ere Aegyp
efciat
1

t um
2

( P li n y

Thi s tri be dwelt

(xvii

1 02 )

Sabarci an s
In dus

all s

Th e

betw
een the Ace sin es

Sam b asti an s ; w i le
Xath ri an s an d O ssadi an s
em

an

We

fro C rti
f thi was Alexa dri a
s

n d

us

(i x

It is

3 1)

pr

an

dwlt
e

d D i odoru s

o ba bly

the

(ix

u r ti us

d th e I n dus

pr

on

(xvii

e sen

3 0)

D i odorus

th e l e t b an k

1 02) t

t Mittu n

at

all s

of

th e

em

th e

n am e

'

Voyage down the In dus

the

to the Lan d

1
4
3
M
u si ca n u s
f

B ac tri an Oxyar tes fath er o f hi s wife Roxana ca m e

to him t o who m h e ave th e v i cer oy al ty o ver th e Para
g
pam isadian s afte r di s m i ss in g th e fo r m er vi cer oy Ti r
yasp e s b eca u se h e w as rep o rt ed to b e exerc i s in g hi s
a u tho ri ty i m pro perly 1 Th en h e tran sp o rted Craterus
w ith t h e m ai n bo dy of th e ar m y an d th e e l eph an ts t o
th e l e ft b an k o f t h e r iver In d u s bo th b ecau se i t see m ed
eas ier for a h eavy arm ed fo rce t o m arc h alon g th at s i de
of t h e r i ver, an d t h e t r ib es d w
e l lin g n ear w ere n ot
q uite fri endly H e hi m sel f sail ed d o wn to th e capital
O f t h e Sog di ans ; w h ere h e fo rt i ed an o th er c it y m ade
an o th er do ckyard and repa ir ed hi s sh attered vessel s
H e app oi nted O xyartes v i ce r o y an d Peitho n g en eral of
t h e land exte n di ng fro m t h e c o n ue n ce of th e Ind u s an d
Ac es in e s as far a s t h e sea t og et h er wi th all the c o ast
l and of I ndi a H e th en a gai n despatch ed Craterus w ith
hi s arm y th r ough th e c ountry of th e Arach otian s an d
D ran gian s ; an d hi m se l f sa il ed d o wn th e r iver i n t o t h e
d o m in io n s o f M usican u s whi ch w as r ep orted t o b e th e
m o st pro spero u s part O f I ndi a
H e advanced ag a in st
t hi s kin g b eca u se h e h ad n o t y et c o m e t o m eet him t o
Offer th e s ub m i ss ion of him self an d hi s l and n o r h ad
h e sen t envoy s to see k hi s allian ce H e had n ot even
se n t hi m t h e gift s w hi ch were s ui tabl e for a g reat kin g
o r ask ed an y favou r fro m him
H e accel erated hi s
v oy ag e d o wn t h e ri ver t o s u c h a d egree th at h e s u c
c eeded in r e
achi n g t h e c o n nes of th e land O f Mu sican u s
b efo re h e h ad even h eard th at Al exan der h ad s tarted
a gain st hi m
M usican us was s o great ly a l ar m ed that
he w e n t as fast as h e c oul d t o m eet hi m b ri n gi n g w ith
hi m t h e gi fts val u ed m o st hi ghly am o n g t h e In d ian s
H e o ffered to s urren der
an d ta kin g a ll h i s e l ep h an ts
bo th hi s n at ion an d hi m self, at th e sa m e t im e ackn o w
,

'

Curti us (ix 3 1 )
Hi s a oin tm
eat

d h

pp

c ll thi t p
vicer y i
t
a s

en

as

s sa ra
o

Teri oltes,

s m en

ti on e

d says h e w
as p ut to
by Am e n (i v 22 supra)
an

The An a basi s

3 42

Iedgin g

his

which was

e rror,

Alexan der for

f Alexan der

th e

m os t effectua

l way with

Ao
to ge t wh at he re queste d
con sideration s Al exan der gran te d hi m

an y o n e

gly for these

H e al so gran te d hi m th e
an i n dem n i ty for h is o ffe n c es
ch
i
il
g
uli
hi
n g th e c i ty an d co un try, b oth o f w
r
v
e
o
f
r
e
p
Al exan der a dm i re d
Cra terus was directed to fortify th e
hich was don e whil e Alexan der
citadel i n the cap i tal ; w
c ordin

was still p resen t

A garris on was al so p lace d i n
becau se h e th ought the place su i table for k eep i n g
cir c u m j acen t trib es i n s ubj ection
.

it,
the

CHAPTE R XVI
CAM PAI GN

AGAINST

O XYCAN US

AND

S AM BU S

h ers Agrian ian s an d caval ry sailin g

with him an d m arch e d agai n st th e gov ern or o f that
1
w
c o u n try w
am
a
s
O
x
an
h ose n e
yc u s b ecau se h e n ei th e r
cam e hi m s el f n or di d en voy s co m e from hi m
t o offer th e
su rr en der of hi m s elf an d hi s l an d
At the very rst
as sa u lt h e to ok by sto rm t h e t w
o la rg est ci ti es u n d er th e
r ule of Ox can u s
in th e secon d o f whi ch th at p ri n ce hi m
y
s elf w
a s cap tu red
Th e b oo ty h e gave to hi s arm y b u t
t he e l ephan ts h e led w
ith hi m self The o ther ci ti es i n th e
s am e lan d s urr en dere d to h i m
a s h e advan ced n o r did
2
an
o n e t urn to r esi st hi m ; s o c o w
p
i
i
e
d
i
n
s
r
t
h ad all th e
y
In di an s n owb ecom e at th e th o u ght of Alexan der an d hi s
fortu n e
H e th en m arch e d b ack a gain st S am bu s wh o m
h e ha d app oi n te d vi ceroy of th e m o un tai n eer In dian s an d
wh o was rep or ted to have e d b eca u se he l earn ed that M u
s ican us h ad b een p ardo n e d b
y Al exan der an d was rulin g
over his ow
n l an d
For h e wa s at war with M u s ic an u s
THE N h e took th e

a rc

Thi s
an

g is

d S tra bo (xv
9

v.

ki

An

19

called

Portican us by C urti us (ix

Diodorus (xvii

exp ression

wh ere th e

i m i tated from Th ucydi des ( iv

ords are used o f D ariu s
sam e w

Of Arri an ,
an d Porus
.

10;

Mu si can us E mecu ted

3 43

B ut w
h e n Al exan der app roach ed th e ci ty whi ch the co un
t ry o f S a m b u s h el d as i ts m etro p o li s, th e n am e o f whi ch

was

gates were thrown o p en t o him at h is

a ppro ac h
a n d t he r el ati o n s of S a mb u s r eck on ed u
p hi s
m on ey an d wen t o u t t o m eet h i m
takin g wi th the m th e
e l e h an ts al s o
They ass ured him th at S am b us h ad e d
p
n o t fr om an
ar ds Al e xan d er b ut fe ari n g
y ho s til e feeli n g to w
o n a c co un t o f t h e p a rd o n of M u sican u s 1
H e al so cap ture d
an oth er ci ty w
hic h h a d revol ted at thi s ti m e an d slewa s
m an y o f th e B ra ch m an s 2 a s h ad b een i n s tiga tors of thi s
re v o l t
Th ese m en are th e p hil oso p hers o f the I n di an s
of w
h os e philosop hy if su ch i t m ay be call ed I sh all give
3
a n acc o un t i n m
b
k
d
i
p
i
I
i
a
oo
es
r
t
f
n
d
c
ve o
y
Sin di m

an a,

the

C HAP TE R XVII
M USI CAN US E XE CU TED CAPT U RE or PArALA
M EANTI ME he was i n form ed th at Mu sican u s h ad revol ted
He desp atc he d th e vicero y Pei th on so n o f Agen or with
a su f ci en t arm y ag ai n s t hi m
whil e h e hi m self m arch ed
a gai n s t t h e ci ti es w
hi ch h ad b een p u t u n der the ru l e of
M u si can u s
S o m e o f th es e h e raz ed to th e g ro un d
r edu cin g t he in h ab itan ts t o s l a ve ry ; an d i n to o th ers h e
in tro du ced garr i son s a n d fortied th e ci tadels
After
acco m p li s hi n g t hi s h e r e t u rn e d t o t he c am p an d ee t
By thi s t i m e M usican u s h ad b een cap tu red by Pe ithon
wh o was b ri n gin g hi m to Alexan der The kin g orde re d
h im to b e h an g e d i n h is o w
n co u n try an d w
i th hi m a s
m an y o f th e Bra c hm an s a s h ad i n stig ated him t o the re vol t
4
m
h
e
ru
e
r
o
f
t
h
n
d
f
h
l
h
l
l
m
h
i
t
e
a
o
t
e
P
a
a
i
an
s
T en ca e t o
t
.

'

with
3

of

(xvii

D i odo ru s
thir ty

el ep h an

Th e I n di ca ,
th at book

1 02 )

ts

says

th at Sam bu s

escap ed

beyo n d th e In dus

a valu able

work

See n ote, p age 3 2 7 supra

still exi stin g
an d
See ch apters
.

Th ese p eopl e in h abited th e D el ta of th e In du s, hi ch i s

Low
Th eir cap i tal , Patala, i s th e m odern Tatta
er Scin de
4

xi

wcalled

no

3 44

The An a ba si s of Alexa n der

who sai d that

th e D el ta for m

than the

ill larger

st

ed

E gyptian

b y th e

D el ta

r ver

Thi s
l an d an d
1

In dus was
m an

sur

en tru sted
dered to him th e wh ol e o f hi s o wn
Al exan der s en t
b oth hi m self an d his p rop erty to him
him a way agai n in p o s s ess ion o f hi s o wn dom in i on s, w i th
i n structio n s t o p ro vide wha tever was 'n eedfu l for th e
r ecep ti on o f the arm y
H e th en s en t Crateru s in to
Carm an ia wi th th e brigades of Attalu s, Mel eager, an d
An tigen es, so m e of th e archers, an d a s m an y o f the Co m
pan ion s an d other Mace don ian s a s, b ein g n ow un t for
m ilitary service, h e w
a s des p atchi n g to Ma cedo n i a by th e
ren

'

ute through th e lan ds of th e Arachotian s an d Zaran gian s

To C ratera s he al so gave th e du ty o f l ea di n g th e ele
h
an t s
m y e xc e p t th e p ar t of i t
b
u
t
h
res
t
o
f
t
h
e
ar
t
e
p
whi ch was sail in g with hi m s elf down t o th e sea he pu t
un der the com m an d of H epha estion
He tran sp orte d
Peith on wi th th e caval ry l an ce r s an d Agrian ian s t o t he
opp os it e b an k of th e I n du s
n o t t h e o n e al o n g w
hich
Heph aestion wa s ab ou t t o l ea d th e ar m y
Peith on was
ordered to coll ect m en to col on iz e t h e ci ti es w
hich had
just b een fortied an d to form a j u n cti on with the kin g
at Patal a aft er h av in g se ttl ed th e a airs of th e I n di an s
o f th at region i f th ey a ttem p te d an
y rev olution ary p ro
ceedin gs
On th e thi rd d ay o f h is voyag e Al exan der
was in form ed that th e gov ern or o f th e Patalian s 9 h ad
collected m ost o f his s ubj e cts an d w
as g oin g aw ay by
steal th h avin g left h is lan d de s erte d
For thi s rea son
Alexan der sail ed do wn th e river with greater sp eed than
3
e
f
b ore
an d w h en h e arr i ve d at Patal a, he fo un d b ot h
the cou n try an d th e c i ty d e serte d by the in ha bi tan ts
an d tillers o f th e so il
He h o we ver de sp atch ed the light
ro

'

Curti us (ix 3 4) call s thi s in g M o eri s

3 Ari tobul us as uoted b
s
,
y S tra bo (xv
th e In dus occupi ed ten m on th s , th e
eet
tim e of the ri sin g of Siri us , or July, 3 2 5
3

th at th e voyage dow
n
arrivin g at Patala about th e
said

Voya ge down the I n dus

y in p urs u i t of the fug iti ves ; an d

wh e n so m e of th em were captu re d h e sen t th em a way
t o th e re st b iddi n g th e m b e o f g oo d co ura ge an d r etu r n
fo r the y m igh t i n hab i t t h e ci ty an d till th e co un t ry a s
b efo re
M o st of th em accordin gly r eturn ed

es t

t roo

p s in

3 45

his

ar m

CHAPTE R XVII I
VO YAGE

D O WN

T HE

IND U S

AFTE R

in s tru ctin g H ephae stion to fortify the ci tadel in

Pa tala he sen t m e n i n to th e adj ace n t c o u n try whi ch wa s
waterle ss to dig we lls an d t o r en der th e la n d t for
h a b i ta t i o n
C er tai n o f t he n ati v e b arb arian s a ttack ed <
th e s e m en an d fall i n g u p on th e m u n a w
ar e s s l e wso m e o f
the m
b u t h av m g l os t m an y o f their o wn m en th ey e d
i n to th e d esert Th e work wa s th erefore acco m pli sh ed b y
t h ose wh o h a d b e en sen t o u t a n o th er a r m y h avi n g j o i n e d
whi ch Alexan de r had desp atch ed to take par t in
th em
th e w
o rk w
h en h e h eard o f th e a ttack of th e bar barian s
Near P atala th e water o f t h e In du s is divi de d i n to t wo
large ri vers b oth o f whi ch r etai n the n am e of I n du s a s
far a s the sea
He re Al exan der con s tru cted a h arbo u r
an d w
h e n his work s h a d a dvan ce d towards
an d dockyar d
n as far a s th e m o u th
c o m ple ti o n h e res o l v e d to sail do w
1
o f th e r igh t b ra n c h o f th e r i ve r
H e gave Leon n atus
t h e com m an d o f
c a v al r y a n d
h eavy an d ligh t
arm e d i n fa n try
an d s e n t hi m t o m arc h t hr o ugh t h e
i slan d o f Pa tala o ppos i te th e n aval expe diti on ; whil e h e
hi m self took th e fas tes t saili n g ves s els h a vin g on e an d a
h alf ban k of o ars all the t hi rty oared galleys an d so m e o f
t he b oats a n d b e ga n t o s a il do w
n th e righ t b ran ch o f th e
ri ve r
Th e In di an s o f t h a t r e gi on ha d ed an d co u se
,

'

Th e ri gh t

Sata

arm

of

th e In du s i s

wcalled th e Buggaur

no

an

d th e l eft

3 46

l
e
x
an der
A
f

The An a basis

quen tly

pilot

for th e v o yag e, an d the

n avig a tio n O f the river w
On th e day
as v ery di f c u l t
a fter th e s tart a s torm aros e, an d th e w
in d blowin g righ t
1
an d s h attere d
a gai n st th e s trea m m ade th e r i v er h o ll o w
t he h u ll s of th e v es sel s vi ol en tly, so that m o s t O f his
s hi p s w
ere in jure d, an d som e o f th e thi rty - oare d g a ll ey s
he

co

ul d

g et

n o

were en tir ely b rok en u p But they su cceeded i n ru n

n i n g th e m a gro un d b efore t h e y q ui te fell to p iece s in t he
water ; an d others were th erefore con stru cted H e th en
sen t th e qui ck est O f t he ligh t arm e d troo p s i n to th e l an d
bey on d the ri ver s b an k an d cap tu re d s o m e I n di an s who
fro m thi s tim e p il o ted hi m do w
B ut when
n the cha n n el
t h ey arriv e d at the p l ace wh ere the r iver ex a n d s so
p
th at w
h ere it was wi dest i t exten ded 20 0 stades a stron g
wi n d b le w fro m the o u ter s ea an d the c ars cou ld h ardly
be ra i sed i n the s well ; the y t herefore t ook refu g e a gain
i n a can al i n to w
hich hi s p ilo ts con du cted th em
.

'

CHAPTE R XIX

VO YAGE

D OWN

TH E

I NDus

SE A

I NT O TH E

WHILE th ei r ves sels were m oo red h ere th e p h en om en on

o f th e eb b an d o wo f the t id e in th e gre at s ea O cc urr ed
so t h at th eir shi p s w e re l eft u p on
dry gro un d
Thi s
cau se d Al exan der an d hi s co m p an i o n s n o sm all al arm
i n as m u ch as they were previ o u sly q ui te u n ac quai n t ed w ith
it
Bu t they w ere m u ch more al arm ed wh en th e ti m e
c om in g r ou n d agai n th e w
a ter app roa c h e d an d th e hull s of
2
the v es s el s w
e re rai se d al o ft
The s hi p s whi ch i t caugh t
s ettl e d i n t he m u d w
itho ut an y d am age
ere rai s ed al o ft w
,

h eavy sw
ell of w
aters
Cf Ap ollon i as Rhodi us , i i 595 ;
Polybi us, i 60 , 6
Thi s w
in d w
as th e so uth w
es t m on soon
Cf C urti us (ix 3 5 ,
C aesar ( B ell Ga l l i v
r d e xac
t?) uerew
n
i
Arrian does n ot com ply w
i th th e Attic rul e , th at th e pl ural n euter
p gow
should ta e a verb in th e sin gular
Com p are
20 , 8 ; v 1 7 , 6 an d 7 etc
1

Le

c au sed a
.

'

Voyage dow
n the I n du s i n to the Sea

3 47

oated a gain wi th ou t recei vi n g an y in j ury b u t th ose

t hat h a d b een l eft on the dri erl an d an d h a d n o t a rm
s ettl e m en t
wh en an i m m en se com pact wave advan ced
ei th er fell fo ul of e a ch o t h e r o r w
e re dash e d a g ai n st th e
lan d an d th u s sha ttere d to pi eces Wh en Alexan der had
r e p aire d th ese v ess el s as w
ell a s h i s ci r cu m st an ces p er
m i tte d h e sen t so m e m e n o n in a dv an ce do w
n th e r iv e r
i n t wo b oat s t o exp l o re th e i s l an d a t whi c h th e n ati ves
sai d h e m u s t m oor h is v esse l s in h i s v o y ag e t o th e se a
They t o l d h im that th e n am e o f th e i sl an d wa s Cillu t 1
a
A s h e was i n fo rm ed th at th ere were h arb o urs in thi s
i slan d th at it was a larg e on e an d h a d p l en t y o f water in
i t h e m a de the r es t o f hi s ee t p u t i n t h ere b u t h e hi m
s e lf w
i th t he b est sailin g shi p s a dvan c ed b ey on d t o see
if th e m o u th of th e ri v er a fforde d an ea sy v o yage o u t i n to
th e o p en s e a
After adv an ci n g a b o u t 2 00 s ta de s from
th e rs t i s l a n d t h ey de s cr i e d an o th e r w
hich wa s q ui te
o u t in th e s ea
Th en i n deed th ey r etu r n e d to th e i sl an d
i n the ri ver 3 an d h avi n g m oo re d hi s v es sel s n ear th e ex
tre m ity o f it Al e xan de r O ffer e d s a cri ce t o t hose g o d s t o
who m he sai d h e h ad b ee n di rected by Am m on t o sacrice
O n th e foll o wi n g day h e s aile d do wn t o th e o th er i slan d
whi ch was in the deep sea ; an d h avin g com e to shore
h ere also h e o ffe re d o th er sacri ce s t o o th e r go ds an d in
an o th er m an n e r
Th e s e s acri ce s h e al s o o ffere d accord
i n g t o th e o racu l ar i n stru cti o n s o f A m m o n
T hen ha vi n g
gon e Bey on d th e m o u th s of th e ri ver In du s h e sail ed o u t
in to th e Op en sea a s h e s ai d t o di sco ver if an y lan d lay
an y w
h ere n ear in the sea ; b u t in m y o pin io n chie y th at
h e m ight b e ab l e t o say t h at h e ha d n a viga t e d the great
ou ter se a o f I n dia
Th ere h e s a cri ce d s o m e b u ll s to
Posei don an d ca s t th em i n to th e s ea 3 an d havi n g p o ured
ou t a li bati on a fter th e s acri ce h e th re wth e g o b le t an d
an

Pl u tarch (Alex 6 6 ) says th at Al e xan der call e d th e i sl an d Scillusti s ;

but oth ers called i t Psiltuci s
H e al so says th at th e voyage dow
n th e
rivers to th e s ea too
seven m on th s
.

l he An a ba sis

3 48
b owl s , whi ch

f Aleaam

ler

were go l den i n to th e dee p as than k offerin gs

p rayi n g th e go d t o e s cort safely for hi m th e eet whi ch
h e i n ten ded t o d esp a tch to t h e P ersia n G u l f an d th e
1
r
es
a
n
d
T
a
h
E
u
h
r
t
e
s
ig
m ou t s of the
p

CHAPTE R XX

EXPLO RATION
RET URNI NG to

or TH E

M our s s

IND U S

or T H E

Patala h e fo un d th at th e ci tade l h ad been

forti ed a n d th a t Peith o n h a d a rri v ed wi th his arm y
hav i n g accom p li sh e d everythi n g for whi ch he was de s
p atched H e order e d H eph aes tion t o p rep are what was
n ee dfu l fo r th e for ti cat i o n
of a n av al sta ti o n an d th e
fo r h e r e s olv e d to l eave
con stru cti on
o f d o ckyar d s ;
b ehin d h er e a eet O f m a n y s hi p s n ear th e ci ty o f Patal a
wh er e th e rive r In du s divi des i ts elf in to two str e am s H e
hi m self sailed d own a ga i n i n to the Great Se a by th e oth er
m ou th of th e In du s
t o a scertain whi c h b ran c h o f t h e
r i v er is e as i er to n av ig ate
The m o u th s o f t h e ri v er I n du s
2
ar e ab ou t 1 800 s ta des di stan t from
h
t
h
r
I n th e
eac
o
e
n h e ar riv e d a t a l arg e l a k e i n th e m o u th o f
voya g e do w
t h e r iv er whi ch th e ri ver m ak es b y sp r e a di n g i ts el f o u t ;
or
p erh a ps th e wa ters o f th e su rro u n di n g di s tri ct d rain
i n g in to i t m ak e it l arg e s o tha t i t very m u c h r e se m b l es
3
a g ul f o f th e se a
For in it were s een sh lik e tho se
i n th e s ea l ar g er in dee d th an th o s e in o ur sea
Havin g
m oo r ed hi s S
hi p s th en i n thi s lak e where th e p ilots
di rec ted h e l eft th ere m os t of th e so l di ers an d all th e
b o ats wi th L eon n a tu s ; b u t h e hi m self wi th th e thi r ty
O ar e d g all ey s an d t he ve s sel s w
i th on e an d a hal f ro w
o f c ar s p a s s e d b eyo n d th e m ou t h o f th e In d u s an d a d
,

In

regard

t o th is

exp editi on

see

Arri a n ,

vii

2 0 in fra

Ab out 2 00 m il es
Arri e n h ere foll ow
s th e statem en t of Nearch us
Aristo bu lus said th at th e di stan ce was
stades
See S tra bo, xv 1
3
Th i s la e h as di sapp eared
See Cu r t i us, ix 3 8
2

Ca m p a ign

Ori tian s

the

a q rmIn st
-

3 49

l thi s way ascertain ed th at th e

o u tl e t o f th e ri ver o n thi s s i de Le th e w
a s e as i e r
e s t) w
(
t o n av iga te t h an th e o th er
H e m o o re d hi s shi ps n ear
th e s h o re an d taki n g w
i th h im s o m e o f th e caval ry wen t
al on g th e s ea co a s t t h ree day s
j ourn ey expl ori n g wh at
kin d of c o u n try i t was fo r a coastin gvoy ag e an d o rderin g
wells to b e du g so that th e sailors m igh t h ave water to
d ri n k
H e th en retu rn e d to t he ship s an d s aile d b ack t o
Patala b u t he sen t a p ar t o f his arm y al on g th e s ea coast
t o e ffect th e s a m e thi n g i n stru cti n g th e m to r e tu rn t o
Pa tala wh en th ey h ad du g th e well s S ailin g a gai n down
t o th e l a k e h e th e re c on s tru c te d an o th er h ar b o u r a n d
d ockyard ; a n d l ea vi n g a garri so n for th e p l ace h e col
l ec te d s u f ci en t foo d t o s u p p ly t he a rm y fo r fo u r m o n th s
as w
e ll as w
hatever el se he co ul d p rocure for th e coastin g
v oyag e
ng

van ci

i n to

th e

a so

sea

CH AP TE R XXI
CAM PAIGN

AGAI N ST T H E

O R ITIAN S

year was th en u n t for vo ya gi n g for

t h e p erio di ca l wi n ds p rev ail e d whi ch at th a t s easo n do
n o t b l o w t h e r e fro m
th e n o r th a s wi th u s b u t fro m the
Great Sea i n th e di rec ti on o f th e sou th win d l M o reov e r
i t wa s r ep or ted tha t the re th e sea was t for n aviga ti o n
in te r from t h e settin g of the
a fter th e b e gi n n i n g O f w
Pleiades 2 u n til th e win ter so ls ti ce ; for at th at seaso n
th e l an d, dren ch e d as i t
m il d b ree z e s u s u a lly b lo w fr om
h as b een wi th g rea t rai n s ; an d th e se wi n ds a re c o n
v en i e n t o n
a c oas ti n g v oy a g e b oth for c ars an d s ail s
TH E

s ea son

of

t he

i n ds
Th ese p eri o di cal w
O cean
Cf Arri an (I n di ca ,
1

th e

are

south erly m on soon

of

th e In di an

Th e Rom an s called the

Thi s occurs a t th e begin n i n g of Novem ber
Cf Pli n y (i i 4 7 , 1 2 5 ) Vergili arum occasu s h iem em
Plei ads Vergi li a e
Also
in ch oat , u od tem p u s in III I dus Novem bres in ci dere con suevi t
Nivi a etiam casu s, occiden te j am sidere Vergiliarum ,
Li vy ( xxi 3 5 , 6)
i n gen tem terrorem adj ecit
2

f Alexa n der

The An a ba sis

3 50

Nearch us who h ad b een placed in co m m an d o f t he eet

waited for th e co astin g season ; b u t Al exan der startin g
fro m Pa tal a adva n ced wi th all h is ar m y as far as th e
1
i
H e th en t o o k h alf o f th e shi el d b earin g
r ver Arab i u s
gu ards an d arch ers th e in fan t ry regi m en ts called foot
C om pan i on s th e g u a rd of the C o m p an i o n cavalry a
s qu a dr o n of each o f th e o t h e r ca va l ry regi m en ts an d all
th e h or se b o wm en an d tu rn e d away th en ce o n th e l e ft
towar ds th e s e a t o dig we ll s s o t ha t t here m igh t b e
a b u n dan ce o f th e m
for th e ee t s aili n g al on g on t h e
coastin g voya g e ; an d at th e sam e t i m e t o m ak e a n
2
a
u n ex ected a ttack u on
t
h
e O ritian s
tri b e of th e
p
p
I n di an s in thi s regi on whi ch had lon g b een i n dep en den t
Thi s he m edi tated do i n g b ec au se th ey ha d p erfo r m ed n o
fri en dly a ct e i th er t o h im s el f o r his arm y
H e p lace d
Heph aesti o n in c om m an d of th e forc es l eft b ehin d
Th e
A rab i tian s 3 an o th er i n dep en den t trib e dwe ll in g n ear th e
i th
r i ver A ra b i n s
th i n kin g tha t th ey co u l d n o t co p e w
Al ex an der i n b attl e an d yet b ein g u n willin g t o s ub m i t
t o hi m e d i n to th e des er t wh en t h ey h eard t h at h e w
as
Bu t cro s s i n g th e ri v er Arab in s whi ch
appro a chin g
was b o th n arrow an d shallow an d travelli n g by n ight
t h ro u gh th e greater p art o f th e d esert h e c a m e n ea r
t h e i n h ab i te d co u n try at dayb reak
Th en or deri n g th e
i n fan try t o foll owhim in reg ular lin e h e took th e ca valry
wi th him divi di n g i t i n to s qu adron s th at i t m ight
occ u y a very la rg e p art O f th e pl ain
an d th u s m arch e d
p
ritia n s
All th o se wh o t u rn e d t o
in to th e l an d of t
,

1
of

Th i s
th e

river ,

m ou th

wh i ch

of

is

w call ed th e Purally

no

th e In du s

It i s

ca lled

is

ab ou t

1 20

il es

west

Ar abi s by Arri an (I n di ca ,

d Arbi s by Stra bo ( xv
2 Th ese w
ere a p eopl e o f Gadros ia , in h ab itin g a coast di stri ct n earl
y
200 m il es l o n g i n th e p resen t Belo och i st an
C f Arri an (I n di ca , 2 2 an d
2 5 ) P li n y , vi 2 3
3 Th e Arabi ti an s dw
elt b etw
een
th e In dus an d th e Arabiu s
th e
an

Oriti an s

were west of th e latter river

March thr ough the D es ert

Ga dros ia

3 51

defen d them selve s were cu t to p i ec es by th e caval ry, a n d

m an y of th e o th ers w
prison ers He then
er e tak en
en cam p ed
n e ar
p ie ce of water ; bu t wh en
a sm all
Hepha estion form ed a j un cti on wi th hi m , h e advan ced
farther
Arrivin g a t the l arg est villag e o f th e trib e o f
th e O ri tian s, whi ch was call e d Rham b acia,l h e com m e n ded
.

th e

it

p lace

an

d th ou ght th a t if h e

wo ul d b eco m

l eft Hephaestion

co on

i ty th ere
therefo r e

great an d p rosp erou s H e

b ehin d t o carry ou t thi s p roj e ct 2

CH AP TE R XXII
MARCH

iz ed

TH RO

U GH

THE

D E SERT

0F

GAD ROSIA

A GAIN h e to ok h al f o f th e shi el d b earin g guards an d

Agrian ian s, th e gu ar d of cav al ry an d th e h orse-b o wm en ,
ard t o th e co n n es o f th e Gadro sia n s
an d m arch ed fo rw
h ere h e wa s i n form ed th at th e passage
an d Ori tian s, w
was n arrow, an d th e Ori tian s were dra wn up w ith th e
Ga dr osian s an d were en cam p i n g i n fron t o f the p ass, wit h

a
x
a
th e p urp ose o f b rr in g Ale n der s p a ssa ge
They h a d
i n deed m ars h all e d th em s elv e s there ; b u t wh en it wa s
r ep o rte d th at h e w
a s al re a dy app r oa chi n g, m os t o f th em
e d fro m th e p as s , deserti n g th eir g uard
The chi efs o f
the Oritian s, h o w
ever, c am e t o hi m , o fferin g to s urren der
He in stru cted thes e
b o th th em sel ves an d their n at i on
to co ll ect th e m u l tit ude o f th e ir p eop l e t o g e th er and s en d
er e n ot ab o u t to
n ab odes, si n ce th ey w
th em to th eir ow
s u ffer an
Over th e se p eop l e h e p laced Ap oll o
y harm
p han es as v i c ero y, an d wi th him h e l eft L eon n atu s th e
Ora,3 at th e hea d of all th e
con den tial b o dy- gu ard i n
Agrian ian s, so m e of th e b o wm en an d c a v alry , an d th e
rest of th e G r ec i an m erc en ar y i n fan try an d caval ry
He
-

3
3

Rham baci a

was probably at or n ear H aur

Accordin g to D i odo rus (xvii 1 04) th e ci ty was

.

Ora

cal l ed

Alexan dri a

was th e n am e of th e di stri ct in h abited by th e Ori tian s

The An a basis

3 52

i n stru cted

him

to

wai t

un

f Alexa n der

til t he

e et

ile d

h ad

sa

ro un

ity an d t o re gulate th e a ffai rs

o f th e O ritian s s o th a t th e y m igh t p ay th e g reat e r r esp ect
H e him s el f with t h e m ai n b o dy o f t he
to th e vi ce ro y
arm y (for H eph a esti o n h a d ar riv e d a t t h e h e a d o f th e
m en
wh o had b een left b ehi n d) adv an ce d i n to the lan d
hi ch was des ert
of the Ga dro sian s b y a r o u te m os t o f w
Ari sto b ul u s s ays th at i n thi s d es ert m an y m yrrh trees
grew lar ger th an th e o rdin ary kin d ; an d that th e
Phoen i ci an s wh o ac co m p an i ed the arm y for traf ckin g
gath ered the gu m o f m y rrh an d l oadi n g th e b easts o f
1
u
d
n
arr
i
d
i
t
a
w
a
y
b r e
c
e
Fo r th ere was a great
qu an ti ty o f it in as m u ch as i t exu ded from large s te m s
an d ha d n ev e r b e fore b een ga th ere d
H e al so say s th a t
t hi s des ert pr o du ces m an y O dori ferou s r oo ts o f n ar d 2
which th e Pho en i c i an s lik ewi se g ath e red b u t m u ch O f
i t wa s tram pl ed do wn b y t he arm y an d a s weet p erfu m e
wa s di ffu sed far an d wide o ver th e l an d by the tram p lin g ;
a s th e ab u n da n c e o f i t
I n th e d es ert t h er e
so g reat w
were al s o o th er kin ds o f tr e es o n e of whi ch h a d foli ag e
like th at o f th e b ay tree an d grew i n p laces wash e d b y
Th ese trees we re o n g rou n d whi c h
av e s o f th e se a
th e w
was l eft dry b y th e eb b ti de ; b u t wh en th e water
n i n th e s ea
a d van ce d th ey lo o k e d as if th ey h a d g row
O f o th er s th e r oo t s wer e al way s wa sh ed b y th e sea
b ecau se th e y gre w in h o ll o w p l a ces from whi ch t he
water c o u l d n ot r eti re ; an d y et th e trees we re n ot
S o m e o f th e se trees in this regi on
d es tro yed b y th e sea
were even thirty cub i ts high
At th at seas o n th ey
ha pp en e d to b e in b lo om 3 an d the o wer was v ery m u ch
li ke the whi te v iolet 3 b u t th e p er fu m e was far s u p erio r
Th ere wa s al so an o th er t ho rn y
t o th at of th e l a t te r
s talk g ro w
i n g o ut of th e earth th e thorn o n whi ch wa s
th e lan d , t o

co o n

iz e th e

Cf Pli n y ( Na t H i s t
.

Cf S tra bo
.

xi i

33

Plin y (Na t H i s t
sn ow
ake

(xv

Prob ably th e

2)

xii

M arch throu gh the D esert

Ga dr os ia

3 53

g th at p i ercin g the cloth es of som e m en ju st

r i di n g
p a s t i t p u lle d the h ors em an down from his hors e
rath er th an b e i tsel f to rn o ff th e s talk
It i s al s o s ai d
tha t wh en h ar e s run p a st th ese b u shes th e thorn s cli n g
t o t h e i r fu r a n d t h u s th es e an i m al s are cau gh t a s bi rds
are w
ith b i rd li m e o r sh with b o ok s However they
were easily cut th ro u gh wi th steel an d wh en th e thorn s
ar e cu t th e s talk gi v e s forth m u ch j u i c e st ill m or e ab u n
d au tly th an g trees d o in th e s p rin g ti m e an d m ore
1
n g en t
u
p
so

s tron

CHAP TE R XXIII
MARCH

TH RO

UGH

TH ENCE Al exan der

D ESE RT

TH E

OF

GADROSIA

lan d of the
Ga dros ian s b y a di i c u lt ro u t e whi ch wa s al so desti tu te
o f all th e n ecess ar ies o f li fe ; an d i n m an y p l a ces t h ere
was n o water for th e arm y Moreover th ey were co m
pell e d to m ar c h m ost o f th e way b y n ight a n d a g reat
d i stan c e from the sea
H owever he was v ery des irou s of
c o m in g to th e p ar t of th e c ou n tr y alon g th e sea b o th
hat harb ou rs were t h ere an d t o m ake what
t o see w
p rep arati on s he co u ld o n h is m arch for th e eet eith er
ell s o r by m akin g
b y em p l oyi n g h i s m en i n diggin g w
a rran g e m en ts som e w
h er e for a m ark et an d an ch orage
B ut th e par t of t h e co u n tr y o f th e Gadrosian s n ear the
s ea w
H e there fore s en t Th oas s on o f
a s en tirely d es ert
Man dro do ru s with a few h orse men down to th e s ea t o
r e con n o i tre an d see if th ere h app en e d t o b e an
y h aven
an yw
h ere n ear or wh eth e r th ere wa s water or an y oth er
Thi s m an
o f th e n e cessar i e s o f li fe n o t far fro m th e s ea
r eturn ed an d r e p o r te d th at h e fo un d
s om e sh erm en
u p on th e sh ore li vin
g in stiin g hu ts which w ere m ade
m arc

hed

th ro u gh th e
,

Thi s i s th e

Catech u

Th e li

well

wn

no

qui d gum

is

cat ech u , o btain ed chi e

call ed

uth or cutch

y from

i n In dia

th e Acacia

The An a ba sis

3 54

Alexan der

by p uttin g togeth er m u ss el sh ells an d the b ack b on es

1
He al so sai d that
O f sh es were u sed to fo rm th e r oofs
i
ater O b ta i n in g i t w ith di
th ese sherm en u s ed li ttl e w
ay th e g ravel an d that w hat th ey
c ul ty by scrap in g aw
W
h
en Al e xan de r reach ed a
o
t
w
as n o t at all fr es h
g
her e corn was m ore abun dan t
certa in p lace i n Gadr o sia w
h e seiz ed i t an d p la ced i t u p o n th e b ea s ts of b urden ;
ith his o wn s eal he ordered it to be
an d m arkin g it w
B ut whil e h e was m archi n g
con veye d down t o the sea
t o the hal ti n g s tag e n eares t t o th e s e a th e sol di ers pay
in g li ttle r egard to th e seal j gi e g u ards m a de u se of th e
ho
corn th em selves an d ga ve a sh are p f i t t o t h o se w
were esp ecially p i n che d wi th h u n g er To su ch a degree
w ere th ey overco m e by th eir m i sery that after m ature
delib erati on they re so l ved t o t ak e ac c o u n t of th e v i s ibl e
an d al ready i m p en din g d es tru c ti on ra th er th an th e dan ger
hi ch was n ot b efore their
O f i n c urrin g th e kin g s wrath w
eyes an d st ill r em ote
W hen Al exan der ascertai n ed the
n ecessity w
hich con stra i n e d th em so to ac t h e p ardon ed
h o h ad don e th e deed
H e hi m self h as ten e d for
those w
ward to collect from th e l an d all h e c ou ld for vi ctuallin g
the arm y whi ch wa s s aili n g ro un d wi th th e eet an d sen t
C reth eus th e Callatian "to con v ey th e s uppli es to th e coast
H e also ordered th e n a tives t o grin d as m u ch corn a s
the y cou l d an d con v e y i t do wn fr o m th e i n teri or of the
i th dates 3 an d s h ee p for sale to the
co un try t o g eth er w
so l di ers
Moreover he sen t Te lephus on e o f the con
den tial Com p an i o n s do wn to an o th er p lace on the c oast
wi th a sm all quan tity of grou n d c orn
-

,
.

Th ese p eople w
ere call ed I ch th y ophagi , o r Fish -eaters
Th ey are
described by Art i an ( I n d i ca ,
C ur ti us , ix 40 ; D i odorus , xvii 1 05 ;
Pli n y (Na t H i st vi 2 5 , 2 6 ) Pl utarch (Alex
Th ey
S tra bo , xv 2
occupied th e sea coast o f Gadro si a , or Beloo chi stan
Cf Al ci ph ron
( Ep i stolae, i 1 ,
2
A m an of Call atis , a tow
n on th e Blac
Sea i n Th race, origi n ally
colon i z ed b y the Mil esi an s
2
Cf H erodotus, i 1 93
.

M a rch through Ga drosi a

3 55

CH AP TE R XXI V

MARCH TH RO U GH GAD RO SIA

HE then a dvan ce d towar ds th e c a p i tal of th e Gadros ian s
whi ch wa s n am e d P ura 1 an d h e arrive d there in si xty
day s a fter s tar tin g fro m Ora
Most O f the hi storian s o f
Al exan der s reign assert th at all th e h ardship s whi ch hi s
arm y s u ffer e d in
As ia were n o t worthy o f c o m p arison
wi th th e lab our s u n der gon e h ere
N earch u s al on e
a s s e r ts
th at Al exan de r p u r s u e d thi s ro u te n o t fro m
ign oran c e of t he di f cu l ty o f the j o u rn ey but b ec aus e he
h eard that n o o n e had ev e r hi th erto p ass ed t h at way
with an arm y an d e m erge d in safe ty from the d esert
excep t S e m i ra m i s
wh en she ed from In di a
Th e
n a ti ves sa i d th at e ve n
sh e e m e r g e d w
i th on ly t wen ty
m en
of h e r a r m y ; an d t h at Cy ru s
s on o f C am b y se s
e s cap e d w
i th o n ly s eve n o f his m en 2 For th ey say th at
Cyru s al s o m arch e d i n to thi s r e gi on for the p u rp ose of
in v a di n g I n di a, b u t that h e did n ot effect his retreat
b efore l o sin g th e g reat er p ar t of h is arm y fro m th e
desert an d t h e o th er dif cu l ti es o f thi s r o u te
When
Al e xan der recei ve d thi s i n form ati on h e was se iz ed wi th
a de si re O f excellin g Cyru s an d S em i ram i s
Nearch u s
say s that h e t urn e d h i s m ar ch thi s w
a
y b o th fo r thi s
reason an d a t th e s am e t i m e fo r the p u rp o se o f con veyi n g
provis ion s n ear th e eet Th e scorchin g heat an d lack
an d e s
at er destroy e d a great p ar t o f t h e arm y
of w
pe cially th e b easts o f b u rden ; m o s t of whi ch p e ri sh e d
from thir s t an d so m e o f th em even from th e dep th an d
heat o f the san d b ecau se i t h ad b een th orou gh ly s corched
.

'

was n ear th e borders of

ean s tow
n

Pura

n am e m

Carm

an i a ,

p robably

at

B am p ur

Th e

1 9, 2 0
Accordi n g to Megasth en es ,
Cf S tra bo, xv 2 ; D i od oru s,
Sem ir am i s di ed before sh e cou l d carry ou t h er in ten ded i n va si on of
Nei th er H erodotu s n or Ctesi a s m en tion s
In dia
See Arri an ( In di ca ,
2

an

in

I n di a by Cyr u s ; an d accordi n g t o Arri an

expressly den i ed th at Cyru s attac ed th em

vasi o n of

In dian s

( In di ca ,

th e

The An a ba si s

3 56

b y t he

s un

Fo r th ey

m et

f Alexan der

wi th l o fty ridges

of

deep

s an

d,

l ly p resse d an d harden e d b u t su ch as r eceive d

h o step p e d u p on it j us t as if t h ey wer e s t ep p i n g
those w
i n to m u d or rath e r i n to u n t r o dden s n ow At th e sam e
ti m e t o o th e ho r se s an d m u l e s su ffer e d s till m o re b o th i n
goin g u p a n d com in g do wn th e hill s fro m th e u n even n ess
i t s in s ta bili ty
Th e l en g th
e ll a s fro m
o f th e ro a d a s w
e en th e s ta g es al so e xcee din gly di s
o f th e m arch es b etw
ate r O fte n co m pe lle d
tres se d th e arm y ; for the l ack o f w
1
n
a
h
m
ar
s
f
u
n
u
u
a
e
W hen
l l gth
th e m t o m k e t e
c he
o
s
they tra ve ll e d b y n igh t o n a j ou rn ey whi ch i t wa s
at er
n e cessary t o c o m p l e te an d a t d ay b re ak c am e t o w
th ey s u ffered n o hards hi p a t all ; b u t i f whil e s till o n
a
t h e m arc h o n a cco u nt O f the l en g th o f th e w
y th ey were
cau gh t b y t h e h eat th en th ey did in dee d su ffe r h ar dshi p s
fro m th e b l azi n g s un b e i n g at th e sam e ti m e o pp re s s ed
b y u n ass u ageabl e thirst 2
n ot

c os e

CH AP TE R XXV
Su FFE RI N Gs
TH E

so

l di e rs kille d

m an

Of

OF T H E

ARM Y

th e b e a st s

of

b ur den

Of

th eir

wh en p ro vi si on s were lackin g th ey
cam e to ge th er an d s l au gh t ere d m o st o f th e h or s es an d
m u les
They ate th e esh o f th ese an d sai d tha t t h ey
h ad died o f thir s t or h a d p eri sh ed fr o m th e h eat
Th ere
was n o on e wh o div ulged th e real truth o f th ei r con du ct
b oth o n a ccou n t o f the m en s di stres s an d b ecau s e all
a lik e w
er e i m p li cat e d i n th e s a m e o ffen ce
Wh at was
b ein g d on e h ad n ot escap ed Al exan der s n oti ce ; b u t h e
saw th at th e b es t c ur e for th e p r e s e n t s tat e o f a ffair s
woul d b e to preten d to b e ign o ran t o f it rather than to
o

wn

a cco r d

for

Strabo say s th at som e of th ese m arch es exten ded 200 , 400,

600 stades ; m ost o f th e m archi n g b ei n g don e in th e n i ght
vap r pous for stan ce as of
sub stitutes E
zo a
p
2
Cf Thucydides ,
49, 3
'

an
.

even

Kr uge

Susri n gs

p erm it it a s a thin g kn own

3 57

the Arm y

hi m self The con se qu en ce

was that it wa s n o l on ger easy to con vey the so ldiers
who were s u fferin g fro m di sease or th ose wh o were l eft
behi n d on th e r oads o n acco un t of the h eat p artly fro m
th e wan t o f b e as ts o f b u rde n an d p ar tly b ecau se th e
m e n t h e m s elves w
er e k n ocki n g th e w
a gg on s t o p i eces
n o t b ein
g ab le t o drawth em on a cco un t of th e d ep th o f
t he san d
The y di d thi s a l so b ecau s e i n th e rst sta ges
the y wer e co m p ell e d on thi s a ccou n t to
go n o t b y the
s h or t e s t r o u t e s b u t b
y th o se whi c h were e a si es t for th e
c arria ge s
Th u s s o m e wer e left b ehin d al o n g th e r oa ds
o n ac co u n t o f s i ck n es s o th er s fro m fa tig u e o r t he e ffects
o f th e h eat o r fro m
n ot b ei n g ab l e t o b e ar u
p a g ai n s t
t he d r o u ght ; a n d th e r e was n o o n e e ithe r t o sh o wth em
t h e way o r t o r e m ai n a n d t e n d th em i n th ei r si ckn e ss
F o r th e expedi ti o n wa s b ei n g m a de with gr eat u rgen c y ;
an d
th e c are o f i n di vi du al p erso n s w
as
n ece s sarily
n e glec te d in
th e z e al d i splaye d fo r th e s afety o f th e
a rm y a s a w
h o le A s th ey gen erally m ade th e m arch es
b y n igh t s o m e o f th e m en were o v erco m e b y sl eep o n
t he r oa d ; after wards rou si n g u p a gai n th ose wh o s till ha d
s tr en g th fo ll o w
ed u p on t he t ra c k s o f th e a rm y ; b u t on ly
a fe w o u t o f m an y over too k th e m ain
b o dy i n s afe ty
M ost o f th e m p e rish e d in th e s an d l ik e m en shipwreck ed
on
th e sea 1
A n ot h er c a l am i ty a l s o b efell th e arm y
whi ch grea tly di stressed m en h orses an d b easts of
b urden ; for th e cou n try o f th e Ga dro sian s is s u pp li ed
with rain by th e p erio dical wi n ds j u s t a s that of the
In dian s i s ; n o t the p lai n s of Gadrosia b ut o n ly the
h ere the c lou ds are carri ed by th e win d an d
m ou n tain s w
a re di s sol v e d i n to rain w
i thou t pas sin g b eyon d th e s u m
On o n e oc casi on when th e arm y
m i ts o f t h e m o u n tain s
b i vo ua cke d fo r th e sak e o f i ts water n ear a s m all b roo k
whi ch was a wi n ter torren t ab ou t the secon d watch of
to

Cf Xen oph on
.

(An ab

vii .

H om

er

( Odyss

vii .

3 58

The An abasi s of Alexan der

'

ight the brook which o wed th ere was sudden ly

s welled by th e rain s in th e m o un tai n s w hi ch h ad fall en
un p erceived b y th e sol diers Th e torren t advan ced w ith
so g reat a oo d a s t o des tro y m os t o f th e w i ves an d
h o follo wed th e arm y an d to s weep
c hildren Of th e m en w
aw
ay all th e royal b aggag e as well as all the b easts o f
Th e s ol di ers a ft er g reat exer
b u rden still rem ain in g
ti on s were h ardly able t o save t h em s elve s t og ether wi th
th eir w eap on s m an y of whi c h t hey l ost b eyon d recovery
When after en durin g the b u rn in g heat an d thirst they
lighted u p on abun dan ce O f water m an y of them p eri sh ed
from drin kin g to exc ess n o t b ei n g a b l e to ch eck their
app etit e for i t
Fo r t hi s r ea so n Al exan d er gen era lly
p itched his cam p n o t n ear th e water itself bu t at a
di s tan ce of ab o ut twen ty s tad es from i t t o p reven t th e
pres sin g i n crowds i n t o th e ri ver
m en an d b easts from
an d at th e s am e ti m e t o p r even t
an d thu s p eri shi n g
h o had n o co n tro l ov er t h em s el ve s from fo uli n g
th os e w
th e wat er for the rest o f th e ar m y by stepp in g i n t o th e
sp rin g s or stream s
th e

CH APTE R XXVI
ALEXAND E R s MAGNANIM O U S C OND UCT
HE RE I have res olved n ot to p a ss o ver i n silen ce the
m ost n o bl e deed p er hap s e ver p e rform ed b y A lexan d er
whi ch occurred either in this lan d or accordin g to the
asserti on of som e o th er au tho rs s till e arli er am on g the
Parapam i sadian s 1 The ar m y wa s con tin uin g it s m ar ch
through th e san d th o u gh th e h eat o f the sun was al ready
.

Cu rti us (vii 20) m en tion s a si m il ar ac t of m agn an im i ty as h avin g

Occurred on th e m arch i n p u rsui t of B es su s th rough the desert to the
h en Al exan der w
Plutarch ( Alex 42) s ay s i t was w
as pursu
river Oxus
i n g D arius ; Fron tin u s (S tra tegem a ti ca , i 7 , 7 ) says i t w
as in th e desert
ith ou t sp ecifyi n g
of Africa ; Polyaem us (iv 3 , 2 5 ) rel ates t h e an e cdote w
wh ere th e even t occurred uer eErepoc is an Ion i c form very frequen tly
used by H erodotus
.

Alexan der s Magn an i m

ous

Con duct

3 59

hin g b ecause it was n ecessary to reach water b efore

hal tin g They were far on th e j ourn ey an d Alexan der
hi m self th o ugh oppressed wit h thirst was n evertheless
wi th great p ai n an d dif c u lty leadin g the arm y on foot
so th at hi s s ol di ers
as i s u s u al i n s u ch a ca s e m igh t
m or e p ati en tly b ear th eir h ar dshi p s by th e e qu aliz ati on
of th e di s tre s s
At thi s tim e s om e of th e light arm ed
sol di ers s tart i n g away fro m th e arm y i n qu est of w
ater
fo un d so m e collected in a sh all ow cl eft a sm all an d
m ean s rin g
C oll ectin g thi s water with di f cul ty they
p
c am e w
i t h all s p ee d to Alex an der a s if th ey were b ri n g
i n g h im so m e great b oon
As s o on as th ey app roached
th e ki n g th ey p o ure d th e w
a ter i n t o a h el m e t an d car
ri e d i t to h i m
He to ok it a n d co m m en di n g the m en
who b rou gh t it i m m ediately p o ured i t up on t he g roun d
i n the s ight o f all
As a res u lt of thi s action th e en tire
arm y w
a s r e in vig orated t o s o gr eat a de gr e e t hat an
y
on e w
o u l d h av e i m agin e d th at th e w
ater p o u re d aw
ay by
Al exan der h a d fu rn i she d a draugh t to every m an
Thi s
deed b eyo n d a ll o th ers I co m m en d as evi den ce of Al ex

an der s p o w
er o f en d uran c e an d sel f con trol a s w
ell as of
his skill in m an agin g an arm y
Th e foll o win g adven
t ure als o occu rred to th e arm y i n t hat co u n tr y
At l ast
th e gui des d ec l ared that th ey n o l on g er r em e m b ered th e
way b eca u se th e track s o f i t had b een ren dered in vi si
Moreover
bl e by th e wi n d blowin g th e sa n d o ver th em
h ere re duced to
in th e de ep san d whi c h h a d b een ev ery w
on e lev el t h e re w
as n ot hi n g by w hi ch th e y co u l d con j ee
tu re th e right way n ot e v e n th e u s u al tr ees growin g
al on g i t n o r an y soli d hill ock r i si n g u p ; an d th ey h ad
n o t p racti s e d th e m sel ves i n m aki n g j o urn ey s b y t he stars
at n igh t or b y the su n i n t h e day tim e as s ail o rs do by
the c on stell a t i on s o f th e B earsthe Ph o en i cian s by th e
Li ttle B ear an d o th er m en by the Greater B ear 1 Then
scorc

'

Com pare

n ote on

page 1 46

The An a basi s of Alexan der

3 60

l en g th Al exan der p erceive d that i t was n ecessary for

d
eclin i n g t o th e l eft ; a n d taki n g
a
b
him to lead th e w
y y
h e a dvan ced in fro n t o f the
a few h or sem en wi th hi m
Bu t wh en th e h or s es even of t he se were ex
arm y
hau st ed by th e h eat he l eft m o st of these m en b ehin d
ay w ith on ly ve m en an d fo un d th e s ea
an d ro de aw
Havin g s crap ed away the shin gle on th e sea b ea ch h e
foun d water fresh an d pu re an d then wen t an d fetc h ed
th e wh ol e arm y
For s even day s th e y m ar ch ed al on g
the sea c oas t su pp lyi n g th e m s el ves w i th w ater fro m th e
Th en ce h e l ed hi s exp editi on i n to th e i n teri or
sh or e
for n owth e g ui des kn ewth e way
at

'

CHAPTE R XXVII
MARCH

W H EN

TH RO GH

CARMANIA PuNI sHMENT

.

or

VI CE ROYs

h e there
i
at th e cap it al of Gadrosi a
gave his arm y a rest H e deposed Ap ollophan e s from
th e vi ceroyal ty 1 b ecaus e h e di s co v ered that h e ha d p ai d
n o h e e d t o h i s i n stru cti on s
Th o as wa s app o in t ed v i ce
ro
y o ver th e p eop le o f this di stri ct ; b u t a s h e fell ill an d
di ed Sib yr tiu s s uc cee ded t o th e O i ce
The sam e m an
had al so la tely b een app o in t ed b y Al exan der vi c ero y o f
Carm an i a bu t n ow the ru l e ov er th e Arach otian s a n d
s on o f
Gadro sian s wa s gi ven t o h i m
an d Tl ep ol em u s
Pythoph an e s r ecei v ed Ca r m an i a
The ki n g wa s a lready
ad van c i n g in to C arm an i a
wh en n ew s was br ou gh t t o
him that Phili p the viceroy o f the co u n try o f th e I n dian s
h ad b een p lotted a gai n st b y t he m ercen ari es an d trea
che ro u sly killed ; b ut tha t Ph ili p s M a cedon i a n b o dy
guards had caught som e of th e m ur derers i n the very
act an d o th ers afterw
ards an d h ad
t
o d e ath
u t th e m
p
When h e h ad ascertain ed thi s h e s en t a l etter i n to In dia
to E u de m u s an d Taxiles o rderin g th em to a dm i n i s ter
he

arr ved

Th i s

m an

had been placed

over

th e Ori ti an s

See p age 3 5 1

su ra.
p

Pun is hm en t

f Viceroys

3 61

'

l an d whi ch h ad previou sly b een sub

o r di n ate d t o Phili p u n til h e c ou l d s en d a vi cer oy for i t
When h e arri ved in Carm an ia Crateru s e ected a j un c
t i o n wi th h im b rin gin g wi th hi m th e r es t o f th e arm y
an d th e el e h an t s
H e al so b ro u ght Or da n es who m h e
p
h a d a rres te d fo r re vo lti n g a n d tryi n g t o effec t a rev olu
ti o n 1
Thi th er al so c a m e Sta san o r th e v i cer oy o f th e
Ar eian s 2 a n d Z aran gian s a cco m pan i e d b y Pharism an es
so n o f Ph rata h er n es t h e v icer o y o f th e Pa r thi an s an d
p
Hyr can i an s Th er e cam e al so th e ge n eral s wh o h ad
b een l eft with Parm en i o o v er the arm y i n M edi a Cl ean
der Sital ces a n d H eracon
b ri n gi n g wi th th em th e
greater p art of th eir arm y B o th the n ati ves an d th e
s o l di er s th e m s e lv e s b r o u gh t m an y ac cu sati o n s a g ai n s t
Ole an der an d Si tal ces a s for exa m p le that th e t e m p l es
h a d b een p ill ag ed b y t h e m old t o m b s ri ed an d o ther
a cts of i n j u s tice r ec kl es s n es s
a n d t ra n n y
p e rpetra ted
y
a g ai n s t t h e i r s ubj e c ts
As thes e ch arge s were p roved 3
h e pu t th e m t o dea th in o rde r t o i n s pire o th ers who
m igh t b e l eft a s v i ceroy s g ov e r n or s o r
p refe cts of pro
v i n ce s w
i th the fear O f s u fferi n g equ al p en alti es wi th
th em if th e y s we r ve d fro m th e p a th o f du ty 4 Thi s was
o n e o f th e c hi ef m e an s b
y whi ch Al ex an der k ep t i n su b
ordin ati on th e n a t i o n s w
hi ch h e ha d con q uered in war
or w
hi ch had v olu n tarily s ub m i tte d to him th o u gh th e y
were s o m an y in n u m b er an d s o far di stan t from ea ch
oth er ; b ec au se u n de r h is r eg a l s w
as n o t all ow
ay i t w
ed
the

a ffa rs

th e

Of

'

'

'

Cur ti us (ix 41 )

s ays

say

th at h e

Z eri aspes ,
2

was

th at Crateru s

h ol di n g in

wh o h ad b een

Th e Areian

were fam

kill

F or th e

'

ger to th e i n g, to
n obl es , Oz in es an d

a m ess en

eff ect a revol t .

for th eir

Aesch yl u s ( Choep lw
ra e,

tw
o Persi an

ch ai n s

try in g to
ed

sen

See
p rofessi on al m ourn ers
origin of th e n am e see D on aldson
as

( NewCra ty lu s , sect
3
EnA-yxn i s su bstituted by Sin ten i s for th e com

m on readin

s
g ay a sh
co ll eagu es w
ere n ot

Ol ean der an d hi s
Accordin g to Curti us (x
h ereas 600 of th e sol di ers w
h o h ad b een
slai n , bu t pu t in to p ri son ; w
ere p u t to death
Curtiu s says Olean der w
th e agen ts of th eir cruelty w
as
ith h i s ow
n h an d
sp ared for h avin g ill ed Parm en io w
Cf iii 26 supra
4

The An a basi s

3 62

Alexan der

wh o were rul e d sh ou l d b e un j u stly treated by

t hose w
h o r ul e d
At that tim e H era con was ac qui tte d of
th e cha rge b u t so on afte r b ei n g con v i cte d b y th e m en
o f S u sa O f h avi n g p ill a g e d t h e te m p l e in t h at ci ty he
Sta san or an d Phrataphern es
al s o su ffer e d p u n i sh m en t
cam e t o Al exan der b ri n gi n g a m ul ti tu de o f b easts o f
b u rden an d m an y cam el s wh en t h ey l earn t t hat h e was
m archi n g b y t h e r ou t e t o Ga dro sia con j e c tu r i n g th at his
arm y w
o ul d su f
fer th e very har dship s whi ch i t did suer
Th erefore t hes e m e n arri v ed j u st a t th e v ery ti m e they
were requ i re d as al so di d th eir cam el s an d b easts of b ur
den
For Al exan der di s trib u te d al l th es e an i m al s t o the
o
i cers m an by m an to all th e vari o u s s qu adron s an d
an d t o th e var iou s co m p an i es
cen tu ri es O f th e cav al ry
e d hi m
of th e i n fan try a s th eir n u m b er all o w
th at th os e

'

'

CH AP TE R XXVIII
ALExAND ER

1N

CARMANIA

CE RTAIN au th or s h av e sai d (tho ugh to m e the statem en t

seem s i n cr e dib l e) th a t Al exan der l e d hi s fo r ce s thro ugh
Carm an ia lyin g exten ded with hi s Com p an i on s u p on two
a ggo n s j oi n ed t o g eth e r th e ute b e i n g p l ay e d t o
cove red w
him ; an d tha t th e sol di ers foll o we d him weari n g garl an ds
an d s p ortin g
F ood wa s p ro vi ded for th em as well as
all ki n ds of dain ti es w hi c h ha d b een b ro u gh t t og eth er
alon g th e r oa ds by th e C ar m an ian s
They say that h e
did t hi s in im itati on o f t he Ba c chic revelry of D i on y sus
b e cau se a story wa s tol d ab ou t th at dei ty th at after
s ub d uin g th e I n di an s h e t ra versed t he g re a ter p art of
Asi a in thi s m an n er an d recei ve d the app ellation of
Thriam b u s 1 For the sam e r ea son the p ro ces si on s in
,

Th e thrtam bus was a hym n to B acch u s , sun g i n i es ta l p rocession s in

hi s h on our It was al so used as a n am e of th at deity , as we l earn from
D i od orus, i v 5
It w
as afterw
ards u se d a s syn on ym ou s w
ith th e Rom an
tri um p hu s, b y Polyb ius, D ion ysius, an d Plutarch
2

A lema n der i n Ca rm
-

3 63

a n ia .

i
war were calle d thri am bi Thi s
h as b een recor de d n ei th er by P to l em y s on o f Lagu s n o r
by Ari stob ulu s s on of Ari stob u l u s n or by an y oth er
writer wh o se testi m on y on s u ch p o in t s an y on e wou ld fee l
to b e W
o rthy o f cr e di t
I t is s u f ci en t t herefore for m e
t o r eco rd i t as u n worthy of b eli ef 1
h at I am
B u t as t o w
n ow goi n g to descr ib e I foll ow th e a cco u n t o f Ar i s to
bu l u s I n Carm an ia Alexan der offere d sacri ces to th e
go ds a s th an k offerin gs for hi s vi ct ory over th e In dian s
an d b e ca u se hi s arm y h a d b een b r o u gh t i n
s afety o u t o f
Gadrosia
H e a l s o cel e b rated a m u si c al an d gym n a sti c
c on t es t
H e the n ap po i n t ed Peu ces tas o n e of hi s con
d en ti al b o dy gu ard s h a vi n g alrea dy resol ved t o m ak e
h im vi ceroy o f Persi s
H e wi sh e d h i m b efore b ein g
app o in te d t o th e v ice r oy al ty t o e xp er i e n ce thi s h on ou r
a n d ev i den ce o f c on den ce a s a r ew
ar d for hi s ex l oi t
p
a m on g th e M allian s
Up to thi s ti m e th e n u m b er of hi s
c on de n ti al b o d y g uar ds h a d b ee n
seve n z
Leo n n at u s
so n o f An tea s H e h a e s ti on
s on o f A m y n tor Ly s i m a ch u s
p
ath ocl es Ari st o n o u s so n o f Pi s a e u s t h e s e fou r
s on o f Ag
b ei n g Pell a ea n s 3 Pe rdi c ca s s o n o f O ron tes fro m O re stis
P tole m y s on o f L agu s an d Peithon son of Crateas th e
H eo rdaean s
Pe u cest as wh o h a d h el d th e shi el d ove r
Al exan der wa s n o w a dde d t o th em a s an eigh th
At
t hi s ti m e Ne ar ch u s h av i n g s ail e d ro u n d th e coa s t o f Ora
an d Ga drosi a an d t h at o f th e I c hthy o h agi
p
p u t i n t o p or t
i n the i n hab i t ed p art o f th e c oas tl an d of C arm an ia 2 an d
goin g u p th en ce in to th e i n teri o r wi th a few m en h e r e
p orted to Alex an der the p arti c u lars of the voyage which he
h a d m a de alo n g th e c o as ts of the ex tern al sea
N earch u s
was th en sen t down t o th e sea again to s ail rou n d a s far
as th e c o u n try o f S u si an a a n d th e o u tl e t s o f th e riv er
h on o ur

of v ct or es a fter

processi on th ro u gh Garm an ia is described by

C u rti us (ix 42 )
Plu tarch ( Alex 6 7 ) an d D i od orus (xvii
2
hi ch Nearch us put w
D i od orus (xvi i 1 0 6) says th at th e p ort in to w
as
1

Th e Bacch an alian

call ed

Salm

us

The An a bas i s

3 64
Tigre s

H ow h e

1
.

Alexa n de

th e

fro m

sa i ed

r ve r

I n d us

t o th e

h o f th e Tig res I shall de scrib e

i n a s ep arat e b o ok fo ll o wi n g th e a c co u n t of Near ch u s
hi m s el f 2 For h e al so wrote a hi s tory o f Al exan der in
Greek Perh aps I shall b e ab l e to c o m pose thi s n arra
t i ve in th e fu tu r e if in clin ati on a n d th e di vin e i n u en ce
Al exan der n o w or dered H ep ha estio n to
u r g e m e to i t
3
r
fro m C arm an i a alo n g th e sea sh ore
m a c h i n to P e rsi s
wi th t he lar ger di vi si o n o f th e arm y an d th e b ea sts of
b urden taki n g wi th him a l so th e el e p h an ts ; b ecau se a s
4
n
t
r
as
n
f
w
e
o
h e was m akin g t h e exp edi ti o n i n th e se o
i
t he par t o f Persi s n ear t h e se a wa s warm an d p os sesse d
a bu n dan t su pp l ie s o f
p ro vi si on s
Persian

Sea

d th e

an

m o ut

'

CHAP TER XXIX

ALEXAND E R

IN

PE RSI S TOM B
.

or

C Y RU S

R E PAI RE D

him se lf th en m arched to Pasar ga dae in P ersi s with

th e lig h test of hi s i n fan try th e C o m p an i on cava lry an d
a p ar t o f th e ar ch e rs
b u t h e s en t Sta s an o r down to his
ow
n
lan d 5 Wh en he arri ve d at th e con n es o f Persi s
h e fou n d tha t Phra saortes wa s n o l on g er vicer oy fo r h e
HE

1
on

Th e Attic fu tur e

ly fo u n d in Polyb ius an d th e l ater

2
See Arri an (In di ca , 1 8

of

M ac i s wheo op ac
'

writers

Actio n: i s

for Persi a an d th e Persian s i n th e HebrewBible , i s Paras

Cyrus i s call ed Ko resh ( th e sun ) i n H ebre w; in th e cu n eiform i n scrip
ti on s th e n am e i s Khu ru sh
C am b yses i s call e d Ah a sueru s i n E z ra i v 6 ;
3

Th e

n am e

d Sm erd is th e M agi an i s th e Artaxerxes w

h o was i n du ced by th e
Sam aritan s to forbi d th e furth er bu il di n g o f th e tem ple ( E z ra i v 7
Th e Ah asu erus o f th e Boo
o f E st h er i s p ro bably Xerxes
Artaxerxes
an

th e L on g h an ded
-

was the p atron

of

Ez

ra. an

d Neh em i ah (E z

ra vii

1 1 28

Neh ii 1
D ari u s th e Persi an ," m en tion ed i n Neh
22 , w
9 , etc)
as
ho w
as con u ered b y Alexan der
Th e
probably D ari us Co dom an n u s , w
p rovin ce of Su sian a , p revio u sly call ed E lym ai s , app ears in th e H ebrew
.

u n de r
4

n am e of

B C 3 25
.

th e
.

Ari a

E il am

or

E lam

See ch ap 2 7
.

s u p ra

Persi s i s still

c alled

F ars

The Tom b

Cyru s Rep aired

3 65

h app en e d to h ave di ed of di sease while Al exan der was

still i n I n di a
O rxin e s wa s m an agin g th e affairs of the
coun try
n o t b e cau s e h e h a d b een
app o in ted ru l e r b y
Alexan der b u t b ecau se h e th o u ght it hi s dut y t o k e ep
Persia in o rder for h im as the re was n o oth er rul er 1
Atropates th e vi ce ro y o f M edi a a lso cam e to Pas argadae
b rin gi n g Baryaxe s a Me de u n der arrest be cau s e h e had
as su m e d th e u p right h ea d dress an d call ed hi m sel f ki n g
2
o f t h e P ersi an s an d M e des
Wi th Baryaxes he also
b ro u ght t h ose wh o h ad t ak en p art with hi m in th e at
t em p te d r evo l u t i o n an d r e vo lt
Al ex an d er p u t th ese
m en t o d e ath
H e was g ri ev e d b y th e o u trag e com m i tted u p o n th e
t o m b o f Cyru s so n of C am b y s es 3 fo r a cc ordi n g to
The
Ari stob u lu s h e fo un d it d u g th ro u gh an d p illag ed
t o m b o f th e fam o u s Cyru s wa s i n th e ro yal pa rk at Pa sar
s h ad
adae an d a ro un d it a g ro v e of all kin ds of t re e
g
I t was a lso wa tered by a strea m an d
b een pl an te d
h igh gra ss g rewin th e m ea dow Th e b as e o f th e t o m b
itself h ad b ee n m a de of s q uare d ston e i n th e for m of a
Ab ov e t h ere wa s a sto n e b u il di n g s u r m o u n t ed
r ectan gl e
by a r oo f wi th a do o r l ea di n g wit hin s o n arrow that
i th di f cu lty en ter a fter su er
e ven a s m all m an cou ld w
In th e b u il di n g la y a g o lden
in g m u c h di sco m fort 3
in whi c h th e b o dy o f Cyru s h ad b e en b u ri e d an d
cofn
b y th e s i de o f th e co f n wa s a co u ch th e feet o f whi ch
were o f g ol d wro u gh t wi th the h am m er A carpet o f
B abylon ian ta p estry wi th p u rpl e ru gs form ed th e b ed
din g u p on i t Were al s o a M edian co at with s l eeves an d
m an u fac tu re
Arist ob u lu s
o th er t un i c s of B abyl on i an
a dds th at M e di an tro u sers an d ro b es dy e d th e co l o u r of
.

'

Cur ti u s ( x 4 )

says

Orxi n es

was descen ded from

Gym

s.

See
2 5 su p ra
3
h ere a descrip ti on
Cf S tra bo, xv 3 , w
from On esicri tu s,th e pil ot of Al exan der
H erodo tus i 21 4
.

of

thi s tom b i s given

See D ean Blakesley s

deri ved

n ote on

The An a ba sis

3 66

f Alexa n der

hyacin th were al so lyin g u pon it a s well as oth ers of

p u rple an d vario u s o ther co lo u rs ; m o reover th ere were
collars sab res an d e arri n g s o f g o l d an d p rec i o u s s ton es
s o l dered t o g eth er an d n ear th em stoo d a tabl e
On the
1
whi ch con tain ed the
m i ddl e o f t he c o u ch l a
h
e
c
o
f

n
y t
b o dy of Cyr u s
W i thin th e en clos u re n ear th e ascen t
lea din g t o th e to m b th ere wa s a sm all h ou se b u ilt for the
Magi an s wh o guar de d th e t om b 3 a du ty w hi ch th ey had
di s ch arg ed ev er s in c e the ti m e o f C am b ys es s on o f Cyrus
s on s u cc eedin g fath e r a s g uar d
To t h ese m e n a sh eep
an d sp eci e d qu a n ti ti es of W h eaten
o u r an d wi n e were
gi ven daily by th e kin g 3 an d a h orse o n ce a m o n th as a
s a cri ce to Cyr us
Upon th e tom b a n in scrip tion in
Persi an l etters had b een p la ce d whi ch b ore the followin g
m ean i n g i n the P e rs i an l an g u a g e :
0 m an I a m Cyrus
s on of C am b yses w
ho fo un de d the em p i re of the Pers ian s
an d w
as ki n g of Asi a
D o n o t th er efo re grudge m e thi s

m on u m e n t
As so on as Alexan der ha d co n quered
Persia h e was very des iro u s of en terin g th e tom b of
Cvru s 3 b u t h e fo u n d th at every th i n g e l se had b een
ca rrie d 0 1f excep t th e cof n
a n d co u c h
Th ey had even
m al treat ed th e kin g s b o dy ; for th ey h a d t or n off th e
li d o f th e c o f n a n d ca st o u t th e corp se
Th ey h a d tried
t o m ak e th e cof n i ts el f of s m all er b u lk an d t hu s m ore
p ortabl e b y cutti n g p art o f i t off an d cru shi n g p art o f
i t u p 3 b u t as t h eir e ffor t s d id n o t s u cceed th ey de
Ar i stobul u s
p arted l e avi n g th e coi n i n tha t state
say s tha t h e w
as hi m s el f co m m i s si on e d b
y Al ex an der to
r e store t h e t om b fo r Cy r u s t o
pu t in th e cohi n th e parts
o f th e b o dy still pre s erved t o
p u t th e lid o n an d t o re
s to re th e p arts o f th e co f n
w hi ch h ad b een defaced
M oreover h e was in structed to stretch th e cou ch tight
with b an ds an d t o d ep os it all the o ther thi n gs w
hich
u sed to
li e there for o rn am en t b ot h r es em b li n g the
,

Just a fe wlin es
o f th e co fn
1

ab ove,

Arri an

say s

th at th e cou ch

was

by th e

si de

Peu ces ta s App oi n ted Vi ceroy

Persis

86 7

um b er He was ordered
al so t o d o a w
ay w i th th e door b ui l din g p art of it u p w ith
ston e an d pla s te rin g p art of it o ver w ith c em en t ; an d n ally
to pu t th e r oyal seal u p on th e cem en t
Al exan der
arrested th e M agi an s w
h o were th e guards o f th e t o m b
an d
ho
pu t th e m t o th e t or tu re to m ak e th em con fess w
ha d don e th e dee d ; bu t in s p i te o f th e tortu re th ey con
fess ed n othin g eithe r a b o u t th em sel ves or an y o ther per
son
In n o o th er way were th ey p rove d t o have b een
p ri vy to th e deed 3 they were therefore rel eased by
Al exan der 1
form

er o n es an

of

the

sam e n

CHAP TE R XXX

PE UC ESTAS APPOINTED VI CE RO Y

or

PE RSI S

TH ENCE h e p ro cee ded t o th e r o yal p alace of th e Persi an s,

whi ch h e h ad on a form er o ccasio n hi m sel f b u rn t down ,

I h av e p

as

ti on

i u sly

r ev o

o f t he a ct

3 an

pressin g

re at e d, ex

on

hi s

r e tu rn

y disappro ba
Al exan d er hi m self did
m

g es were b rou gh t by th e
P ersian s a gain st Orxin es wh o r ule d them after the death
o f Phrasa o r t es
He was co n victe d of havin g p illa ged
t em pl es an d r oyal tom b s an d o f h avi n g u n j u stly p ut
m an y of th e P e rsi an s t o de at h
H e was th erefore han g ed
3
x
n
r
n
n
a
d
e
s
o
r
d
e
r
s
by m en acti g u der Al e
3 an d Pe ucestas
t he con de n ti a l b o dy g u ard was app oi n te d vi ceroy of
Persi s Th e kin g pla ce d sp ecial con den c e in hi m b ot h
for other rea so n s an d es p ec i all y on acco u n t o f h is expl oit
n o t com m en

d it

Man y

c h ar

Th e M agi w
ere th e p riests of the
Cf Am m i an u s , xxiii 6 , 3 2 , 3 3
as p rofessed by th e M edes an d Persi an s
hi ch w
reli gion of Z oro aster ,
Th eir Bibl e was th e Avesta, origin ally con si sti n g of twen ty on e boo s,
h i ch , th e t en ti eth ( Ven di dad) , is still extan t
on ly on e of w
.

'

1 8 supra
See
3 Accordin
as n ot on ly in n ocen t, but w
as
g to Cu r ti us (x 4, 5) Orxin es w
Th e favouri te eun u ch , Bagoas,
very devoted an d attach ed to Alexan der

e
i
n
o
on
d
h
i
s
e
t
g s m in d again st hi m , an d suborn ed oth er accusers again st
p
him
He w
a s con dem n ed un h eard
.

The An a ba si s

3 68
am o n

M allian s,

th e

h elp e d

f Alexan der

wh er e

he

b rav e d

Al exan der

th e

greatest
B e si des

li fe
thi s h e di d n ot r e fu se t o a cco m m o dat e hi m s e lf t o th e
Asiat ic m o de o f li v i n g 3 an d a s s oon as h e wa s app o i n ted
t o th e p osi ti o n o f v i c er oy o f P er s i s h e o p en ly a s s u m e d
th e n ativ e garb b ei n g the on ly m an am o n g t h e Ma ce
d o n ian s who a do p t e d th e M edi an dre ss i n pr eferen c e to
th e Grecian 1 H e al s o l ear n t t o s p eak th e P er si an l an
gua ge c orrectly an d com p orted him self in all other re
s e cts lik e a Pers i an
Fo r t hi s co n d u c t h e was n ot
p
o n ly com m en de d b
y Al exan der b u t th e P ersi an s al so
were highly deligh te d wi th hi m for preferrin g their
n ati o n al cu s to m s t o th ose of hi s o w
n fore fath ers
dan ger s

an

to

s av e

Purpura

qu e gem

is

et n

Ci

itor

cero

corp ori s , orn atu sque

(dc Sen ectu te

17

Persi cu s

m ul to auro m u ltis

B OO K VII

ER I
PLAN S THE INDIAN PHILOSOPHE RS
C HAP

ALE XANDE R

W HEN

Al exan der

arr ved

Pasar gadae an d P ersep olis 1

h e wa s seiz ed wi th a n arden t d esi re t o sail do wn th e
E u p hrates an d Tig res 2 to th e Pers ian Sea an d to see t he
m o u th s o f th o s e ri v ers a s h e h a d al ready s e en
t h o se of
th e In du s a s well a s the se a in to whi ch i t o w
S om e
s
3
a l s o h a v e s tate d th at h e w
au th or s
a s m e ditati n g a voy ag e
r o un d th e l ar g er
p orti o n o f Ara b i a th e co u n t ry o f th e
E thiopian s Li b ya (i e Afri ca) an d Nu m i dia b eyon d
4
i
a
Mou n t Atla s to C a dei ra (
Cadiz ) i n ward i n to ou r sea
i

at

Pasargadae

ki

was th e

an ci e n

cap i tal of

Cyrus , b ut Persep oli s

was th at

Th e tom b of Cyru s h as been di scovered at

M u rgh ab ; con se uen tly Pars aga dae wa s on th e ban s of th e river Cyrus ,
Th e l atter city w
as at th e u n cti on of th e Araxes
N E of Persep oli s
th e lat er

of

gs

Persi a

of

col um n s

exten si ve

Its

ruin s

Ch el Mi n

call ed

th e

ar,

forty

Th e Ti gri s ri ses in Arm en i a ,

from th e sea , th e u n i t ed stream
t tim

Tigri s i s

are

an ci en

d M edus

an

es

call ed

th e t wo

ri vers

Chiddek el , i

th e E uph rates n in ety m il es

bein g th en called Sh at el Arab
In
In th e H ebrewth e
h ad di sti n ct ou tlets
an

o in s

a. arro

Th e Gree

n am e

Tigres i s deri ved

hi ch com es from th e San scri t Ti g , to sh arpen

th e Z en d Ti ghra , w
Th e resp ective l en gth s of th e E uphr ates an d
Its p resen t n am e i s D i j leh
from

Tigri s
3

are

Am

( Alena

on

an

g th ese

were

il es

Curti us

D i odorus

(x

(xviii

an

d Pl utarch

Th e n am e i s from the
as a Ph o en ici an col on y
Gades w
app ell an t Poen i Ga di r i ta
H ebre
wT3 5, a fen ce Cf Plin y (iv
Al so Avi en u s ( Ora M a ri ti m a ,
Pun i ca lin gu a s ep tu m si gn ican te
Pun i corum lin gu a con septu m l ocum Ga d ai r vocabat Accor din g to P l in y
h o crossed th e
as th e rst Rom an gen eral w
Su eton iu s Pauli n u s w
(v
4

C adeira

or

Atl as M oun tain s

3 69

B B

3 70

(i

The An

an der
f Alew

a bas i s o

Medi terran ean ) 3 thin ki n g th at a fter he had

s u bdu e d b o th Li bya a n d Carch e d on
(i s C ar thag e) h e
m igh t w
i th j u s ti ce b e c all e d ki n g o f all As ia 1 Fo r he
s ai d th at th e k i n g s of t h e P er s ian s a n d M e de s c all e d
t he m sel ve s G reat Ki n gs wi th o ut an y r i gh t sin c e they
di d n o t ru le th e l a rge r p a rt of Asi a
S o m e say that he
was m e di tatin g a vo ya ge then ce in to th e E uxi n e Sea to
S cythi a an d th e L ak e M aeo tis (i e the Sea of A z ov) 3
while oth er s asser t that h e i n ten ded to go to S i cily an d
2
th e Ia pygia n C ap e for the fam e o f t h e Rom an s sprea d
For m y
i n g far a n d wi de wa s n owex citi n g his j ea l ou sy
ow
n
p a rt I c an n ot c o n j ect ure wi th an y certai n ty what
Bu t thi s I
were h is plan s 3 an d I do n o t c ar e t o g u ess
thin k I c an con den tly af rm th at h e m e di tate d n o thin g
sm all o r m ea n ; an d th at h e w
o u l d n e ve r h a ve rem ai n e d
i th an y of th e ac qu i siti on s h e h ad m ade even
s ati s e d w
i f h e ha d a dde d E u ro pe t o Asia o r th e i sl an ds o f the
Bri ton s t o E u rop e ; b u t wo u l d still h ave g on e on s eekin g
for u n k n own l an d s b eyo n d th ose m en tio n e d
I v erily
b eliev e th a t i f h e h ad fou n d n o o n e el se t o str i ve with
h e wo u l d hav e striv en wi th hi m s elf l/ An d o n this a ccou n t
I com m en d som e of the In di an phil os ophers who ar e
ere
s ai d t o h av e b een
cau gh t b y Al exan de r a s t h ey w
walki n g in th e open m eadowwh er e th ey were a ccu stom ed
t o s p e n d th e ir t i m e 3
At th e sight o f h i m an d hi s arm y
th ey did n othi n g el s e b ut s tam p w
i th th e ir feet o n th e
e a rth u on w
hi ch th ey were steppin g
W hen h e as k ed
p
th e m b y m e an s o f i n te rpre ters wh at was the m e an i n g o f
th ei r ac tio n th ey r epli e d a s foll ows
0 ki n g Al exan der
ev ery m an p o s s e ss e s a s m u ch o f th e ear th a s t hi s u p on
whi ch we have stepp e d ; b u t thou b ein g o n ly a m an like
th e r es t o f u s e xc ept in b e i n g m e ddl es o m e an d a rr o gan t
a rt c o m e o ver so
grea t a part o f th e e arth from thy o wn
.

th e

2
3

S ee

p age 3 0 9
N owcalled Capo di L euca , th e
n o te

Cf Arri an
.

(I n d i ca ,

south - east ern

p oin t

of

I taly

Alexan ders D ea Mn gs

wi th

Sages

the In di an

3 71

lan d givin g tro u bl e b oth t o thyself a n d o th ers 1 An d

yet th o u al so wi lt s o on di e an d po ssess o n ly as m u ch o f

th e earth a s is s u f cien t fo r t h y b ody to b e b u rie d i n

,

CH APTE R
ALEXAND E R

D EALINGS WI TH

II

TH E

IND IAN

SAe E s

ON thi s o cca s i o n Ale xan d er c om m en ded b oth th e word s

an d th e m e n w
h o s p o k e t h e m 3 b u t n everth ele s s h e did
j u st th e o pp osi te to t h at whi c h h e co m m en de d When
also i n th e I s th m u s h e m e t D i o g en es of S in o p e, lyin g i n
the sun , s tan di n
g n ear hi m wit h h is shi el d b eari n g g u ards
an d fo o t C o m
p an i o n s, h e as k ed i f h e wan t ed an ythin g
B u t D io g en es s ai d tha t h e wan te d n o thi n g el se , except
that h e an d his a tten dan ts w
o u l d s tan d o u t of th e s u n
.

ligh t Al exan der is s ai d to h ave e xp ress ed h is adm ira

t io n o f D i o gen e s s co n du ct 2
Th u s i t i s evi den t th at
Alexan der was n ot e n tire ly des ti tu te o f b etter feeli n g s 3
b u t h e wa s th e sl ave o f his i n s at i ab le am b i ti on
Again
wh en h e ar riv e d a t Ta xila an d saw th e n aked s ec t of
In dian p hil os oph ers he wa s ex cee di n gly de sirou s t hat
on e o f t h e s e m en
s h o ul d li ve w
i th him ; b ecau se h e
3
B u t th e ol des t o f
adm i red th eir
ow
e r o f e n d uran c e
p
the p hil os oph er s D an da m i s b y n am e o f who m t e o ther s
h
were di scip les r efu sed t o com e hi m self to Alexan der an d
wou l d n ot allo wth e o thers to do so 4 He i s sai d to have
of Z eu s if Al exan der
rep li e d t h at h e w
a s hi m self a son
5
was 3 an d that h e wan te d n o thin g fro m hi m b ecause he
.

Th i s

m u st

o ccu rred

h ave

( Tn scu lan a e D i sp n ta ti on es ,
der,

an

I sh ou l d li

F or ti t Alex
.

5
'

of

336

Bergler

to b e D i ogen es

an

See Pl utarch

Al exan der
Cf

sai d :

Wagn er s n ote s

( Alex

If I

Cicero

were n ot Al ex

Arri e n , i 1 ; Plutarch
.

(de

C f S tra bo, xv 1
Strab o cal l s th i s sage M an dan i s

r
s m essen gers
x
n
d
e
A
l
e
a
Strab o says,
.

wi th

(E p i stola e, i 3 0 ,

Cf Al ci phr on

Z eu s

su m m on ed

Man dan i s to th e

son

The An a basis

3 72

an der
f Alew

was qu i te con ten ted with wh at he h ad An d b esi des h e

an deri n g o ve r so m u ch
sai d th at h e s awhis a tten dan ts w
as
o f th e l an d an d s ea t o n o a dva n ta ge an d th a t th ere w
Th erefo re h e h a d n o
an derin g s
n o en d to th ei r m an y w
de si re that Al exan der sho u l d gi ve hi m an y thi n g whi ch
was in his o wn p osses si on n or on th e other han d was he
hi ch
afrai d th at h e s h ou l d b e e xcl u de d fr o m an y thi n g w
For whi le h e lived th e co u n try
Al exan der ru led over
hich p ro du ces th e fru i ts i n t h eir sea son was
o f I n di a w
i cien t for him 3 an d wh en h e d i e d h e s ho uld b e r e
s u
l eas ed from the b o dy an u n su i tab l e a ssoc i ate Alexan der
th e n did n ot a tt em pt to force hi m t o c o m e with him con
Bu t
s i derin
g that the m an wa s free t o d o as h e pl ease d
M egas then e s h a s r ecorde d th at Calan u s o n e of the phil o
wh o h ad v ery li ttl e p ower o ver
so h er s o f thi s r e gi on
p
hi s d e sires wa s i n du c ed t o do so ; an d t h at th e philo
for h avi n g deserted
sop h er s th e m selv es rep r oa ch e d hi m
n d s erv i n g a n o th er
t h e hap pi n ess e xi sti n g am o n g th e m a
1
h
d
l or d in stead of t e Gro
.

CHAP TE R III

S E LF SACRI FI CE OF TH E IND IAN CALANUS

TH I S I hav e rec orde d b ecau se in a hi sto ry of Alexan der
it i s n ecessary al so t o s peak o f Ca lan u s ; fo r wh en h e
was in th e co u n try o f Persi s his h eal th b ecam e de licate
"
3
u
th o gh h e h ad n ev er b efo re b een subj ect to illn ess
Ac cor di n gly n ot b ei n g willin g t o l ea d the life o f a m an
i n i n rm h ea l th h e t ol d Alexan der th at in s u ch ci rcu m
-

Plutarch (Alex

th e Gree

s called

65 )

h im

thi s ph il osoph er s n am e
as Sphin es ; but
C alan u s, b ecau s e w
h en h e m et th em , i n stead of

say s

Th e sam
ord xatpe i n greetin g th em , h e sai d Kah
g th e w
say s th at h e w
as p ersuade d to com e t o Al exan der by Taxil es
u si n

S tra bo
2

(xv

a u th or

See al so

S tra bo (xv 1 )
.

says

that th e

vol un

tary death

of

Cal an u s

Pasargadae ; Aeli an ( Vari a H i s tori a , v 6) says it wa s

D i odorus ( xvii 1 0 7 ) says it h app en e d a
hi ch
t Su sa, w
rm ed by th e fact of Nearch us b ein g seem in gly presen t
.

occurr ed at

Babyl on ; b ut
statem en t i s con
at

Self-s acrice

the In di an

Ca lan a s

3 73

he th o ugh t it b e st for him to pu t an en d to his

e xi st en ce, b e fore h e cam e i n to exp eri en ce o f an
y di sea se
s tan ces

whi ch m ig h t com p el him to ch an ge his form er m o de o f

li vin g For a l on g tim e the ki n g tri ed to di ss uade h im ;
ho wev er wh en he saw th at h e wa s n ot to b e o verco m e
b u t wo u l d n d s o m e oth er way o f relea s e if thi s were
n o t yi el de d t o h i m
h e o rd ered a fun eral pyr e t o b e h eap e d
u
p for h i m in th e pl ace wh er e th e m an hi m s el f direc te d
an d g av e i n stru ction s th a t P tol em
y so n o f L ag u s th e
co n den tial b o dy g u ard
sh ou l d h ave th e c h ar ge o f i t
They say that a so le m n p ro cess i o n co n sis ti n g b oth o f
horses an d m en advan ce d b efore him som e of th e latter
b ei n g arm ed an d o th ers c arryi n g a ll ki n ds o f i n c en s e for
the py re
They als o s ay th a t they were carryi n g g o l d
an d sil ver g o b l e t s an d r oy a l a p a rel 3 an d b ecau se h e
p
wa s u n ab l e t o walk throu gh illn ess a horse was p repared
fo r hi m
H owever n ot bein g ab le t o m ou n t th e h orse
h e wa s con v eye d s tretch e d o u t u p o n a li tter c ro wn ed
wi th a garlan d after th e c u s to m of th e In di an s an d s i n g
in g in th e In di an lan gu a ge
The In di an s s ay th a t h e
n
hi s cou n t ry
san g hym n s t o th e g o ds an d eu l o giu m s o
1
m en
B efore h e ascen ded the fun eral pyre h e presen t ed
th e h orse whi ch h e sh ou l d hi m s el f h ave m o u n ted b ei n g
2
a r oyal stee d o f th e Ni saean b r ee d
t o Lys i m ac hu s o n e
of t h ose w
h o atten de d hi m t o l earn hi s p hiloso phy
He distrib u ted a m o n g h i s o th er d i scip les th e g ob l et s
an d ru g s w
hic h A l exan der ha d o rdered to be cast i n to
Then m ou n ti n g th e pyre
the p yre as an h o n o u r t o hi m
he lay do wn u p on it in a b ec om i n g m an n er an d was
h ole arm y To Al exan der th e sp ec tacl e
vi sibl e to the w
app eared u n seem ly,as i t w
as b e in g exhi b i te d at th e cos t
as a c au se o f w
o n der th a t
o f a fri en d 3 b u t to th e rest i t w
3
f
hi
d
i
n
h

r
an
p
ar
t
o
s
b
o
y
t
e
e
As
he did n o t m o v e
y
.

Cf Arri an
.

Cf Arri en , v ii 1 3 in fra ; an d H erodo tus , vii 40

Cf Ci cero ( Tusc D i sp u t v
.

(In di ca

The An a ba si s

3 74
soo n

th e

as

to

m en

wh o m

Alexan der

th e d u ty h a d

b e en

a ss

ign ed

s et

re to th e pyre, N earchu s say s t h e tr um p e ts sou n ded, in

ith Al exan der s o rder, an d th e wh ole arm y

accordan ce w
as i n th e h ab i t o f sh o u tin g
rai se d th e w
ar cry a s i t w
when a dvan cin g to b attl e The elephan t s al s o chim ed
'

wi th th ei r shrill an d warlik e cry in h on ou r of Calan u s

Au thors u p o n wh om relian ce m ay b e pl ace d hav e r e
fa cts o f g reat i m p ort
c or de d t h ese an d s u ch lik e thi n g s
:
to th ose wh o are d es iro u s o f l earn i n g how st ea dfa st an d
i m m o vab le a t hin g th e hum an m i n d is in r egard t o what
i t wi shes to a ccom p li sh
in

CHAPTE R
M ARRIAGE s

BE TWE EN

Iv

M AC ED ONIA Ns

AND

PE RSIAN S

way to his own

1
h ere h e arr e sted
aft er adv an cin g t o S u sa ; w
v i ce ro yal ty
Ab u lit es an d hi s s on Oxathre s an d p u t them to d ea th on
th e g ro u n d that t he y were g o vern in g th e S u si an s b a dly }
Man y o u trage s u p on tem pl es t om b s an d the s u bj ects
h o were
th em selve s h a d b een co m m i tte d by tho se w
ru li n g th e co u n tri es con qu er e d b
y Al exa n der in war 3 b e
c au s e th e ki n g s e x pe di ti o n i n to In di a h a d t ak en a lon g
ti m e an d i t was n o t t h o u gh t cre dib le t hat h e wo u ld ev er
re turn i n s afety fro m so m a n y n a ti o n s p o s sess i n g s o m an y
el e p han ts
goin g t o hi s dest ru cti on b ey on d the In du s
Hyda spes Acesin es an d Hyph asi s 3 Th e calam ities that
b efe ll hi m a m o n g th e Gadro sian s were s till greater i n
d u cem en ts t o th ose actin g a s vi ceroy s i n t hi s regio n t o
b e free from a pp reh en sion o f his re tu rn to h is dom i n i on s
AT thi s ti m

Al exan der

s en

t Atr opat es

'

Medi a

See

vi

29

sup ra .

as
ill ed b y Al exan der h i m self w
Oxathres w
i th a sariss a , or l on g
M ace don ian p i e
See Pl utarch (Alex
wh o call s him O xyartes
3 For thi s use o f
Alcip hron ,
0elpoua t , cf Aristop h an es (Plu tus ,
i 13 , 3
wi th D erglet s n ote
2

M arr iages between M acedon ia n s

N ot

an d

Pers i an s

3 75

bu t Al exan der

hi m s elf is sai d to have b e

com e m o re i n c lin e d at th at t i m e t o b eli eve a cc u s at i on s
whi ch w ere pl au sib l e in every way a s well a s to in i ct
very s evere p u n i s h m en t u on t h o se w
ho were con v icted
p
eve n o f s m a ll o ffen ces b ec a u s e wi th th e s am e di sp osi ti on
he th o ugh t t h ey wo ul d b e lik ely t o p erfo rm great on e s 1
In S u sa a l so h e celeb rate d b o th h is o w
n we ddin g an d
those of his co m p an ion s
H e hi m s elf m arri ed B ars in e
2
h
e
e
d
a
e
r
o
f
D
a
u
s
ugh t
t
el d s t
ri
an d a c cordi n g to Ari s to
Pary sati s th e y ou n gest
b u lu s b esi des h er an oth er
dau ghter o f Ochu s 3
H e h a d already m arri e d Roxa n a
To H epha es tio n
dau ghter o f Oxya rtes t h e B a ctri an
h e g av e D rype tis an oth er daught er of D ari u s a n d hi s
n w
ife s si st er 3 for h e wis hed H epha es tion s children
ow
T o Crat er u s h e g ave
n
to b e rs t c o u si n s t o h is o w
Am astrin e da ughter of Oxyar te s th e br ot h er o f D arius ;
to Perdiccas th e da ugh te r of Atropat e s v icero y o f
M edia ; to Ptol e m y th e con den tial body guard an d
E u m en es the royal s ecretary the dau gh ters o f Artab az u s
To
t o the form er Artac a m a an d to th e latter Ar ton is
Nearch us h e g ave th e daugh ter of B ars i n e an d M en tor ;
to S ele ucu s th e dau gh ter o f Spi ta m e n es th e B actrian
Like w
i se t o the res t o f hi s C o m p an ion s h e gave the
to th e
choi cest dau gh ters o f t h e P ersi an s an d M e de s
The w e ddi n g s were cel eb rated a fter
n u m b er o f e igh ty
the Persian m an n er sea ts b ei n g p l a ced i n a row for
the b ri de gr o o m s 3 an d after th e b an qu et th e b rides
on

ly

so ,

Cf Curti us , x 5
Sh e w
as al s o call ed Statira
.

See D i odorus, xvii 1 07 ; Pl utarch (Alm a,

Sh e i s call ed Arsin o e by Ph otiu s
3
o m a rriages , Al exan der th u s en grafted h im self up on th e
By th ese tw
i n gs
Och us w
as of th e Ach aem en i d
o lin es o f an tebe den t Persi an
tw
as n o t of th at fam il y ;
fam il y, but D ariu s Co dom an n u s , fath er of Statira , w
3

h e b egan a n ewli n eage About th e

outd oin g even th e previ ou s Persian
Gro te
xii p 5 3 9
4
See p 2 42
.

ween in g regal state

over

ki

n gs, see

P ylarchus

Alexan der,
apu d Athen aeu m ,
of

The An a ba si s

3 76

Alexa n der

in an d s eate d th em sel ves, ea ch on e n ear h er o wn

h u sb an d The b ri deg room s to ok th em b y th e right
han d an d kis sed t he m 3 th e kin g b ei n g th e rst t o b e
i
ere con du cte d in th e sam e
i
dd
n g s of all w
n
f
r
t
h
e
w
e
o
,
g
c am e

way
Thi s ap pea re d th e m os t p op u l ar thi n g whi ch
Al exan der ev er di d 3 an d i t p rove d hi s a ffe cti o n for his
C om pan i on s E ach m an took his own b ri de an d led her
itho ut excep ti on Al exan der b esto wed
aw
a y 3 an d o n all w
dowries 1
H e a l so o rdere d t h at th e n a m es o f all the
h o h ad m arri e d an y of th e Asiati c
o th er M ace d on i a n s w
in
wom en s ho u l d b e regi stere d Th ey were over
n u m b er 3
an d
to th e se Al exa n der m ade p resen t s o n
a c co u n t o f th eir w
e ddi n g s
.

CHAPTE R V

SoLD I E Rs RE WARDE D

THE

HE

wt h o u gh t i t a

pp ortu n ity

li qui date
th e d eb ts of all th e so l di er s wh o h ad i n c urred th em 2 3
an d for thi s p u rp ose h e o rdered t h at a r egi ster s h o ul d b e
e d i n o rde r th at t h ey
m a de o f h o w m u ch ea ch m an o w
At rst o n ly a fewre gi stered
m igh t receive th e m on ey
t heir n am es fe ar in g that thi s wa s b e i n g in s ti tu te d as a
t e st by Al exan de r to di scov er whi ch of th e s ol diers fo u n d
th e ir pay in suffi cien t fo r their e xp en s e s an d whi ch of
W hen
th e m were extrava gan t i n th e ir m o de o f li vi n g
h e wa s i n form e d th a t m ost o f th e m were n o t r e gi sterin g
h o h a d b o rrowe d m on ey on
thei r n am es b u t th at th ose w
b on ds were con cealin g the fa c t h e rep ro a c h ed th em for
Fo r h e s ai d t ha t it wa s n ot righ t
th eir di stru st o f h i m
e ither t h at th e kin g s h ou l d deal o th e rw
i se th an sin cerely
n o

fa v o u rab l e

to

Cf Aeli an
.

( Vari a

H i stori c ,

viii

copi ou s accou n t of

brated m arri age feast is given in Athen aeu s ,

9
Cf Curti us , x 8
.

p 53 8
.

thi s

cel e

The Soldiers Rew

arded

3 77

with his s ubj ects or that an y o f tho s e r u l ed by him

s h ou l d thin k that h e w
o u l d de a l o th erw
ise than sin cerely
wi th th em
Accordin gly h e h ad tab les pl aced i n the
cam p w
ith m on ey u p on t h em 3 an d h e ap poin ted m en to
m an age th e di stri b u ti o n o f it
H e o rdered the deb ts of
all w
h o sho we d a m on ey b o n d t o b e liq u i dat e d wi tho u t
th e deb to r s n am e s b ei n g an y l on g er re gi stere d
Go n s e
qu en tly th e m en b eli eved t hat Al exan der was dealin g
ith th em 3 an d th e fact that th ey were n o t
si n cerely w
kn own was a grea ter pl easu re to th em than the fa ct th at
th ey c ea se d t o be i n d eb t
Thi s p resen tati on to th e
arm y i s s ai d to h ave am o u n te d t o
He
tal en t s 1
al so g ave
p resen ts t o p artic ula r i n di vi du al s a cc ordin g
a s each m an w
a s h el d i n h o n o u r fo r hi s m eri t or v a l ou r
i f h e h a d b ec o m e con sp i c u o u s in c ri ses o f dan g er
Th o se wh o were di s tin gu i sh ed fo r th ei r p erso n al gal
lan try h e cro wn e d wi th go l den ch ap l ets rst Peu
cestas
the m an wh o h a d he l d the shi e l d ov er him ;
s econ d
L eon n atu s wh o al s o h ad h el d his shi el d o ver
hi m an d m oreo v e r h a d i n c u r re d dan g ers i n In di a an d
won a vi ctory in Ora 2 For h e h a d p osted hi m self wi th
the forc es l e ft with him a gai n st th e Oritian s a n d th e
who were tryin g t o effect a
tri b es livi n g n ear th e m
i n b attl e
H e al so
revo lu tion
an d h a d con q u er e d t h e m
Ora with g rea t
seem e d to h ave m an ag ed o t h er affa ir s i n
n e d N e ar ch u s for
su ccess
I n a ddition t o t h e se h e c ro w
his su cc essfu l v oy a g e r ou n d th e coas t from th e la n d o f
the In dian s thr o u gh th e Gr ea t Sea 3 fo r thi s o f cer h a d
B es i des th ese three h e crown e d
n ow arrive d a t S u sa
On esicritu s th e p il o t o f t h e royal shi p ; as well a s
Hephaestio n an d th e rest of th e co n den ti al b o dy
guards
,

About

( xvii
2

Justi n ,
Plutarch (Alex ,
.

Cf Curti us ( ix
.

xii

11,

Cur ti us (x

Arri an (vi 22)

.

with

Arri an ; bu t D i odorus
8 ) say
talen ts

agrees

su pra.

The An a ba si s

3 78

f Alexa n der

CHAP TE R VI
AN ARM Y

or

ASIATI CS TRA IN E D

UND E R

D I sCI PLIN E

TH E

MACE D ONIAN

y s from th e n ewly b u il t citi e s an d th e r es t of

th e t err itory s u b du e d i n war ca m e t o him
b r i n gi n g with
th e m yo u th s j u s t g ro win g i n to m an h oo d t o t h e n u m b er
of
all o f t h e s am e a e
wh om Al exan der call ed
g
E pigon i (su ccessors) 1 The y were accou tre d with Mace
do n i en arm s an d exerci s ed i n m ilitary di sci p lin e a ft er
th e M ac e do n ian sy ste m
The arrival o f th ese i s sai d t o
h ave vex ed th e Macedon ian s wh o th ough t tha t Al ex
an der w
a s c on triv i n g e ve ry m e an s in h i s p o w
er to free
hi m self fro m his p re vio u s n eed of t h eir servi ce s For
th e sam e r eason al so th e sight o f his M e di an d res s wa s
n o s m all c au se o f di ssa ti s fa c ti on to th em ; an d t h e w
ed
din gs c el eb rat e d in the Per si an fa sh i on were disp leasm g
t o m os t o f th e m
e v en
i n cl u din g s om e o f th o se wh o
m arr i e d al th ou gh t h e y h a d b e en gr ea tly h on ou re d b
y th e
kin g p ut ti n g hi m s el f on th e sam e l evel wi th th e m in the
m arriag e c er em o n y
Th ey wer e o ffen ded at Peu ces tas
th e v i cer oy o f Per s i s on acco un t o f his P er si an izi n g b o th
i n dress an d i n Sp eech b ecau se th e kin g wa s d eligh ted
b y hi s a do p ti n g th e Asi a ti c cu st o m s
They were dis
gu sted that th e B a ctri an S o gdian i an Ar a ch o tian Za
r an gi an
Arian an d Par thian h ors em en as well a s
th e P ersian h or se m e n c alle d th e E vaca e w
e re di s tr ib u te d
am o n g th e s qu a dr on s o f t he C o m
p an i on c a valry ; as
m an y o f th e m
a t l eas t a s w
er e s een t o ex c el in re u ta
p
ti o n n e n es s o f statu r e o r an y o ther go o d qu ali ty 3 an d
tha t a fth cava lry divi si on was adde d to th e s e tr o op s
n o t com p o se d en tirely o f fo reig n er s 3 b u t th e w
hole b o dy
o f cava lry
a s i n crease d i n n u m b er an d m en w
er e p i ck ed
TH E

v cer o

'

Th e E pigon i , or Afterhorn ,
th e rst w
ar again st Th ebes

in

were th e

son s of

th e

s even ch i efs

wh o fell

See H erodotus, Pin dar, soph ocl es, etc

Naviga ti on

the Tigri s

3 79

from the foreign ers an d p u t i n to it

CO ph en , s on o f
Artabaz us, Hydarn es and Ar tib oles, s on s of Maz aeus,
Sisin es an d Phradasm en es, s on s o f Ph rataph ern e s, vi ceroy
o f Parthi a an d Hyr can i a, H i s tan e s, s on of Ox ar tes an d
y

brother of Al exan der s wi fe, Ro xan e, as well as Au tob ares

an d hi s b ro th er M ithr o b a e u s w
e re p i ck ed o u t an d en
rolled am on g th e fo o t
gu ard in a ddition to th e Mace
don ian o f cers
Ov er th ese H ystasp es the B actrian was
placed a s c om m an der ; an d Mac edo n ian spears were
.

in stead of th e b arb arian j av elin s whic h

h ad thon gs atta ched to t h e m 1
All thi s o ffen de d the
Macedon i an s who t hou gh t th at Alexan der was becom in g
alto geth er Asi ati c i n
hi s i dea s an d was h ol din g the
Macedon i an s t h em se lve s a s well as thei r custom s in a
p osition of con tem p t 2
given

to th em

CHAP TE R VI I

NAVI GATI ON O F TH E TI GRE s

ALEXANDER n ow or de re d H eph a esti on to l ead th e m ain
b ody of the in fan try as far as the P e rsi an Sea while h e
him self his eet h avin g sail ed up in to the lan d of
S u sian a em b ark ed with th e s hi el d b earin g gu ards an d
the b o dy gu ar d o f in fan try ; an d h av i n g al s o pu t o n
b oard a few of th e cava lry C o m p an ion s h e sailed down
W h en he was n ear the
the river Bula cu s t o t h e sea 3
.

'

"

For this m esan cu lon see G ell i u s ( Noct es Atti cae ,

1 , 9 ; E uripi de s (Phoen i ssae , 1 1 41 ; An drom a che,
36

was

Poly bius ,
Alcip hron ,

x.

this tim e th at H arp alu s, vi ceroy of Babylon , h avin g

squan dered a great deal o f th e treasure com m i tted to hi s ch arge, becam e
i th
frigh ten ed at th e return of Al exan der, an d ed to Greece w
See D i odoru s, xvii 1 08
m ercen ary tr o op s
talen ts an d
3 Th e E ul aeu s i s n o wcall ed
After j oin i n g th e Cop rates i t
ara Su
was call ed Pasitigris It form erly di sch arged itself in to the Persian
Gulf, but n owin to th e Sh at sl Arab , as th e un i te d stream of th e E uphrates
Cf Pli n y,
In D an vi ii 2 , 1 6 , i t i s called Ulai
an d Tigri s i s n owcall ed
3

It

at

vi

2 6, 3 1 3 xxxi 21
.

The An a basi s

3 80

Alexa n der

p lace wh ere the river di schar ge s itsel f in to the deep he

l eft th ere m ost of his ship s in clu di n g those w hich were
i n n ee d of rep ai r an d wi th th o se e sp ec ially a dap ted for
,

ilin g h e coasted al on g o u t o f th e riv er E ulaeus

The re st of
t hrou g h th e sea to th e m o uth o f th e Tigres
th e shi p s were con v eye d d own th e E ul a e u s as far as the
th e Tigre s i n to th e
c an al whi ch h as b een
cu t from
E ulae us an d by thi s m ean s the y were b r ou gh t in to the
Tigres
O f th e riv ers E u phrat es an d Tigres whi ch
th e
m
en close S yri a b et w
een
when c e als o its n am e i s
1
th e gres o w s i n a
call e d by th e n ati ve s Mesopo tam ia
whi ch it
m u ch l ow
er ch an n e l th an th e E uph rate s fr o m
recei ve
s m an y can al s ; an d a fter takin g u p m an y tribu
tari es an d its waters b e in g swe ll e d b y t he m i t fall s in to
It i s a large riv er an d can b e cro sed
th e Persian S aa z
8
in asm u ch as n on e
on foot n owh ere a s far as i ts m ou th
For
o f i ts w
ater i s u se d u p b y i rrigati on o f th e co u n try
th e lan d th ro ugh whi ch i t ows i s m ore el evated th an its
water an d it i s n o t dr awn o in to can al s or in to an other
river b u t rather rece i ve s th e m i n to its elf
It is n owhere
p ossible to irrigate the l an d from it Bu t t he E uphrates
ows in an el evated c h an n el an d i s everywh ere on a
l evel w ith the l an d t hrou gh whi c h i t p asses Man y
can al s h ave b een m ad e fr om i t som e o f whi ch are al way s
k ep t owi n g an d fro m whi ch th e in habitan ts on b oth
ban ks sup ply th em se l ves with wa ter ; oth ers the p eople
m ak e on l y w h en re qu i si te to irrigate th e lan d w
h en t hey
are in n ee d of w
dro u ght 4 For thi s cdun try
ater fr o m
i s u sual ly free from rai n
The c o n s e q u en ce is that th e
fast

sa

'

'

Th e Gree s an d Rom an s som etim es spea of Mesop otam ia as a part

of Syri a, an d at oth er ti m es th ey call it a p art of Assyri a
Th e Hebrew
an d n ative n am e of thi s coun try w
as Aram Nah araim , or
Syria of the

o rivers
tw
9 T e Ti ri s n owfall s in to th e E u hrates
h
g
p
3 0 f Arri an iii
7 . supra ; Curti us, iv 3 7
,
0 f. Stra bo, xvi 1 ; H erodotus , i 1 93 ; Am m i an us , xxiv 3 , 1 4.
1

The Macedon ian s Oen ded

at

Alexan der

3 81

last has on l y a sm all vol u m e of water

whic h disapp ears in to a m arsh Alexan der sailed ov er
th e sea rou n d th e sh or e of the Persian Gul f lyi n g
b et ween the rivers E ulaeus an d Tigres 3 an d th en ce he
sailed u p th e latter r iver a s far as th e cam p w
h ere
Heph aestion h ad s ettl ed wi th all his forc es Then ce he
1
s ail e d again to Op i s a cit y s i tu at e d on that ri ver
In
his voyage u p h e des tro ye d th e weirs whi ch exi ste d in
th e river an d th u s m ad e th e stream qui t e l evel
Th ese
weirs had b een con structed by the Persian s to prev en t
an
y en em y havin g a s u p eri or n av al force fro m sa ili n g
u p fro m th e sea in to th eir coun try Th e P ersi an s had
had recour se to th es e c on tri van ces b ecau se t hey were n ot
n a uti cal
p eop le ; an d thu s by m akin g an un b rok en
3
s ucces si on o f w eirs t h ey h ad ren dered the v oyag e u p the
B ut Al exan der sai d
Tigres a m atter of i m p ossi bili ty
h o are
that s u ch d e vice s w ere un b eco m in g to m en w
b attl e ; an d therefore he con si dered thi s
vi ctori ou s i n
un s uitable for hi m ; an d by easily
m ean s
of safety
dem o li shin g th e lab ori ou s work of th e Per si an s h e
prove d in fact that what they tho ught a protecti on was
un worthy of the n am e
Eup hrates

at

C HAP TE R VIII
THE

WHEN

MACEDONIANS OFFE NDED

AT

ALEXANDER

Opi s, h e coll ected th e Macedo n i an s

th e
an d an n o un ce d th at h e in t e n ded t o d i schar ge fro m
h o were u sel ess for m ilitary s ervi ce e ither
arm y th ose w
from age or from b e in g m a i m ed in the li m b s ; an d h e
n a b ode s
He
sai d h e w ou l d s en d t h em b a ck t o th eir ow
he

arr ved a t

i th th e Ph y scus,
Probably thi s ci ty stood at th e j un ction of th e Tigri s w
H erodotu s , i 1 8 9 S tra bo,
4,
or Odom eh
See Xen oph on (An a b
( xvi 1 ) says th at Alexan der m ade th e Tigri s n avigable up to Opi s
1

The An a basis

3 82

f Alexan der

p rom i s ed to give th ose wh o wen t b ack as m uch a s

wou ld m ak e them sp ecial obj ects of en vy to those at
h om e a n d arou se in the o th er Macedon i an s the wi sh t o

a so

lab ou rs Al exan der s ai d thi s

n o d o u b t for th e p urp ose o f p l e as i n g th e Mac edon i an s
b u t o n th e c on trary t hey w e re n ot with o u t r eas o n
hich he delivered thin kin g
o ffen de d b y th e s p eec h w
an d dee m e d t o b e
t hat n o wth ey w
ere desp i s e d b y him
quite u s ele ss for m ilitary s erv i ce In deed th r o u ghou t
th e wh ol e of thi s exp edi ti o n the y h ad b een o ffen de d at
m an y o th e r thin g s
for his a d op ti on of the Per s i an dress
th er eb y e xhi b itin g hi s con tem p t for thei r op i n i o n cau se d
th e m g ri e f a s did also his a cc o u tri n g th e fore ign sol di ers
called Ep igon i i n t he M a c e do n ian s tyl e an d th e m ix i n g
of th e alien
h orsem en a m o n g th e ran k s of th e Com
p an ion s . Th erefore they coul d n ot rem ai n sil en t an d
con tr o l th em selves b u t u r g e d him to di sm i ss all o f t h e m
fro m hi s arm y ; an d th ey a dvi sed hi m to p ro sec u te the
war in com pan y wi th hi s father deri din g Am m o n b y thi s
re m ark
Wh en Al exan der heard thi s (for at that tim e
h e wa s m ore h asty in t em per th an h eretofor e an d n o
lon ger a s of old in du lgen t to the Macedon ian s from
havin g a reti n u e of for eign atten dan ts ) l eap in g down
fro m
th e p l atform
w ith hi s of cers aro un d him he
o rdered th e m ost con sp i cu o u s of th e m en w
h o h ad tri ed
to st i r u p th e m ul ti tu de to s e di ti on to b e arreste d
He
hi m se lf p oin t ed ou t with his han d to th e shi eld b earin g
gu ards t hos e whom th ey were to arrest to th e n u m b er of
thi rt een ; an d h e or dere d th ese to b e l ed aw
ay to execu
l
i
n
W hen th e rest stricken with terror b ecam e s ilen t
to
h e m o u n te d the p latform an d sp ok e as follow s
h are sim ilar dan gers

an

Cf

au th ors

before

u s ti n

(xii

pu t th e pun i shm

B i odom
en t of

(xvii

th e ri n gleaders

Curti us
after

(x

1 0,

Th ese

the sp eech i n stead of

Alexan der

Sp eech

3 83

CH AP TER IX
ALEXANDE R s S PE ECH
TH E s p eech whi ch I am ab o u t t o deliver will n o t b e
for th e p urp os e o f checki n g yo u r s tar t h om ewar d fo r s o
far as I am c on c ern ed yo u may dep art wh erever o u
y
wi sh ; b ut b ecau se I w i sh yo u to k n owwhat kin d of m en
yo u we re origin ally an d h ow y o u h ave b een tran sfo rm e d
s i n ce
In th e rst p l ac e as
yo u c am e i n t o o u r servi c e
i s r ea son ab l e I s h all b egi n m y s p eech from m
y fa th er
Philip For h e fou n d yo u vagab on ds a n d destitu te o f
m ean s m o st of
y ou c l a d i n hi des fe edin g a fe wsh eep u p
th e m o u n tai n s i des for th e pr ot ec ti o n of w
hich y ou had
to ght wi th s m all su cc es s a gai n st Illyri an s Trib allian s
1
an d t h e b o rder Thr a ci an s
In stead of the hides h e gave
yo u clo ak s to wear an d fro m t h e m oun tai n s he l e d y o u
do wn i n to th e p l ai n s an d m a de you cap abl e o f ghti n g
th e n eighb ou r in g b arb ar i a n s s o th at yo u w ere n o l o n g er
com
p ell e d t o p res er ve yo u r se lv es by tru stin g rath e r to
the i n acces sibl e s tr on gho l ds tha n t o you r o w
n va l o ur
H e m ade y ou co l o n i s ts o f c i ti es whi ch h e adorn e d wi th
u s e fu l law
b ein g slaves a n d
s an d c u st o m s ; an d from
s u bj ects h e m a d e
you ru l ers o ver th ose v ery b arb arian s
by wh o m you y o u r selv e s a s we ll as y o ur p rop ert y were
He al so
previ o u sly li abl e t o b e p l u n d ered an d rava ge d
a dde d th e
greater p ar t of Thra ce t o Mace don i a an d
b y seizi n g th e m ost co n v en i en t ly si tu a t ed p l aces on th e
s ea co as t h e s p read ab u n dan c e o ver th e l an d from
co m
m erce
o r ki n g o f th e m i n es a s ec ur e
an d m ade th e w
e m p lo y m e n t 9
He m ade you r ulers over th e Th essali an s
.

Th racian s

m ean

m oun ta i ne ers

H ell en e s,

warri ors

D ori an s , h i gh
See D on al ds on

an d Aeo lian s , m ixed m en

Ion i an s, coas t m en
(NewCra tylus, sect
2
Th e gold an d sil ver m in es at M oun t Pan gaeon n ear Phi lipp i brough t
talen ts ( Dioderus , xvi
Philip a yearly reven u e of m ore th an
H erodo tus (v 1 7 ) says th at th e silver m i n e s at M ou n t Dysorum brou ght
a tal en t every day to Al exan der, fath er of Am yn ta s

lan d ere

The An a ba s is of Alexan der

3 84

l
m
r
t
a
f
ea
an d
n
h
rm
e
r
ly
b
ee
i
n
o
l
r
o f W om
ou h ad fo
g
y
b y hu m b lin g th e n ati on o f th e Ph oci an s h e ren dere d
th e aven u e in to Greec e b road an d ea sy for you i n stead
2
d
d
i
f

u
l
The Ath en i an s an d
c t
o f b ein g n arr o w an
Th eb an s who were a l ways lyi n g i n wai t t o attack
Mace don ia h e hu m b l ed t o su ch a degree I al so then
3
r en deri n g him
m
p
er son al aid in th e cam paig n
tha t
y

in stead of p ayin g t rib ute t o th e fo rm er an d b ein g

5
h
a
ss
a
l
s
t
e
l
a
t
t
er
th o s e S tate s in th ei r tu rn pro cu r e
v
to
H e p en etrated
secu ri ty t o t h e m s elve s b y o ur a ssi stan ce
i n to th e Pel op on n ese an d after r eg ul atin g i ts a ffa irs
was p ub li cly declared com m an der in chief of a ll th e res t
a ddin g
o f Greece i n th e exp e diti on again st th e P er si an
thi s glo ry n o t m or e t o hi m se lf t h an to th e com m on
wealth of th e Mac e do n ian s The se wer e th e advan tag es
whi ch accru ed to yo u from m y fath er Philip ; gr eat in
d e ed if l o o k e d a t b y th em s el ves b u t s m a ll if co m p ared
with th ose yo u have ob t ai n e d from m e For th ou gh I
in her ited from m y fath er on ly a few gold an d silver
go bl ets an d t h ere we re n ot e ven six ty t al en ts in th e
t reasu ry an d t ho u gh I fou n d m y s el f c harg e d wi th a d eb t
in g b y Phili p 6 an d I was ob liged m yself
o f 5 00 t al en ts o w
t o b orro w 8 00 tal en t s i n a ddi ti o n to th e s e I star te d fro m
th e c ou n try whi ch co ul d n o t d ecen tly su pp ort y o u an d
fo rthwith la i d o p en t o yo u t he p a ss ag e of t he H e ll e sp on t
t ho u gh a t th at ti m e th e P ersian s he l d th e sov ereign ty
o f th e se a
H avin g overp owere d th e viceroys o f D arius
,

I Phi lipp i c , 45
.

osth en i c express ion

Thi s i s a D em
3 46

H e h ere

refers
.

too
5

See D e F a ls a L ega ti on e, 92 ;

an

to h i s

wn

p art i n th e
Plutarch (Alex
o

See D i odoras , xvi 8 6

4 Thi s fact i s attest ed b
y D em
5

vi ctory of

Ch aeron ea,

n o

336

o sth en es

(D e H a l on eso

Th e Th eban s u n der Pel opid as settled th e affairs o f M acedon i a,

you n g Philip to Th eb es as a h ost age , B C 3 6 8
Cf Plu tarch (Alex
About
C urti us , x 1 0

an

Alexan der s Sp eech

3 85

l y I added to yo u r e m p i re the w h ole of

l
n ia
th e wh ol e o f Aeoli s b o th Phryg
ias 3 an d Lydi a
I too k Miletus by s i ege All the o th er places I
min e d b
y v olu n tary su rre n der an d I gran ted you the
i vilege o f app rop ri atin g th e wea l th fo un d in th em
The
ch es o f E gy p t an d Cyr e n e
which I acqu ired with
1 t gh ti n g a b at tl e
h ave com e to you C oele S yri a
al e stin e an d M e s o p o tam ia ar e y ou r p ro p erty
B abyl on
actra an d S u sa ar e y o urs
Th e weal th of th e Ly di an s
l o t r eas ures o f th e P e r sian s
an d th e ri ch es o f th e
1 di an s are yo u r s
an d s o i s th e Ex tern al Sea
Y ou are
icero ys y ou are gen eral s yo u are ca p tain s
What then
av e I r es erved to m ys elf a ft er all t h es e la
b o urs except
3
1 i s p ur l e rob e an d t hi s di a de m ?
I have approp ri ated
p
othin
g m yself n or can an y on e p o i n t ou t m y t reasu re s
xcept t h es e p o s sessi on s o f y o u r s o r th e thi n gs w
hi ch I
m
gu ardin g on yo ur b eh alf 4 In div i dually h owever
hav e n o m otive to guar d th e m si n c e I feed on the
am e far e a s
you do an d I t ak e on ly th e sam e a m ou n t
f s l eep
Nay I d o n ot thin k th at m y fare i s as go od
s th a t o f th ose am o n g
y ou wh o li ve l uxuri ou s ly ; an d I
:n o w t hat I often s it u
p a t n ight to watch for you t hat
ou m a
y b e a bl e t o s leep
itli

cav a r

'

"

I m u i s th e H ebrew

am e

for th e Gree

wi th ou t th e v o wel p oin ts
els appear
on e o f th ese vow

avan

I doves,

In th e Persi an
See Aesch ylu s

Persae, 1 7 8 ,

L arger Ph rygi a form ed th e w

estern p art of the great cen tral table l an d
f Asi a Min or
Sm all er Ph rygi a was al so call ed H ell esp on tin e Ph rygi a,
2

See S tra bo, xii 8

i t l ay n ear th e Hell espon t
3 A
hich wen t roun d the ti ara o f th e
h i te, w
ith w
blu e b an d w
or ed w
'
ersian
in gs
4
Cf Am m i a n us , xxv 4 , 1 5 :
(Julia n u s) id al i quoties prae di can s,
l exan drum Magn um , ubi h aberet th esauros in terrogatum , ap u d am icos
ecau se

en evo le resp on

diese

f Alexan der

The An a basi s

3 86

CH AP TE R X

S PEE CH (con tin u ed )

B UT som e on e m ay s ay th a t whil e y ou en dured toil an d
fatigu e I h ave acqu ire d th ese t hi n g s a s y ou r l eader
without m yself sharin g the t oil an d fatigu e But who
h o kn o ws tha t h e ha s en dured greater
i s th ere of yo u w
hoever
toil for m e than I ha ve fo r h im ? C o m e n ow"w
an d
of
y ou h as w o un ds l et hi m s tri p an d s h ow th em
I will sh o w m i n e i n t urn ; fo r th ere i s n o part of m y
b o dy in fron t at an y rate re m ain in g fre e fro m w o u n ds ;
n or i s th ere an
y kin d o f weap on u sed eit h er for cl ose
hi ch
c om b at or fo r hu rli n g at t he en e m y th e traces o f w
I do n ot b ear on m y p erson For I hav e b een wo un ded
with th e sword in cl o se gh t I hav e b een sh ot w ith
an d I h ave b een s tru ck w
ith m i ssiles p roj ected
arrow
s
from en gi n es o f war an d tho u gh o ften ti m es I h ave b een
hit w ith st on es an d b ol ts o f woo d fo r th e sak e o f y our
lives yo ur gl ory an d you r wealth I a m still l eadi n g you
as con qu erors Ov er all th e lan d an d s e a all river s m o u n
I h av e c elebrated y ou r weddin g s wi th
t ain s an d p lai n s
m
n
an d th e chil dren o f m an y o f you w ill b e aki n
y ow
Mor eov er I h av e liqu i da ted th e d eb ts
t o m y children
o f all th ose w
h o ha d in c urr e d t hem wi tho ut i n quirin g
too cl o sely for wha t p u rp o se th e y wer e con tracted t hou gh
yo u r eceive s u ch high p ay an d ca rry o ff so m u ch b ooty
when ever th ere i s b oot y to b e g ot after a s ie g e Most
n s th e e tern al m em orial s o f you r
o f y ou h ave gol den cr o w
m e
v al o ur an d of th e h o n o u r y o u r ece iv e from
Who
ith a gl ori ou s en d an d
ever h a s b een kill e d h a s m et w
h as b een hon ou red wi th a sp l en d id buri al
Braz en
1
stat ues of m o st o f th e s l ain h av e b e en erected at h o m e
an d th eir p ar en ts ar e h el d i n h on our b ei n g releas ed from
all p u bli c ser vi ce an d fro m t ax ati on
Bu t n o on e of you
ALEXAND s s

'

Cf Arri an , i 1 6
.

su p ra .

Alexan d er s Sp eech

3 87

b een kill ed in igh t u n der m y l eadershi p An d

n ow I w
as i n t e n di n g to s en d b ack th o s e o f
yo u wh o are
u n t for s er vi ce o b j e ct s o f e n vy t o th os e a
t hom e ; b ut
si n ce
Go b ac k
you a ll wi s h to dep ar t de par t all o f y ou
an d re p ort a t h o m e th at y o u r ki n g Al exan der th e co n
l
u ero r o f the P e r s i an s M e d e s
B
i
a
c
a
d
a
c
i
an
n
t
r
s
an
s
S
q
;
th e m an who has s u bj u g ate d the Uxian s Ara ch otian s
an d D ran
gian s ; wh o h a s a l s o ac qu i re d th e r u l e o f th e
Parthi an s Ch orasm ian s an d Hyrcan ian s as far as the
C asp ian Sea ; who h as m arch ed over the C au ca su s
th rou gh th e C a sp i an Ga tes ; wh o has c r oss ed th e ri ve rs
Oxu s an d Tan ai s a n d th e In du s b es i de s whi ch h a s n ever
b een crosse d by an y on e el se e xc ep t D i on y su s ; w
ho has
al so cr osse d th e
Hyda sp es Ace si u s s an d Hydrao tes
ho wo u l d h av e cro sse d th e H yp hasi s i f yo u h a d
an d w
n o t sh ru n k b ac k w
i th al ar m ; wh o has p en etrated i n to
th e Great Sea b y b o th th e m o u th s o f th e In du s w
h o ha s
m ar ch e d th r o ugh th e d e se rt of Ga dro sia
wh ere n o on e
eve r b efore m ar ch e d w
i th an arm y ; wh o on hi s r ou te
ac qu i re d
p osse s s io n o f C arm an i a an d th e lan d of t h e
Ori tian s in a d di ti o n t o hi s o th e r con q u e s ts h is e et
h av in g in th e m ean ti m e already sa ile d rou n d th e coast
o f th e s ea w
hich e xten ds fro m I n dia t o Persi are po rt
that wh en you re t urn ed to S us a yo u d e se r te d him an d
wen t away han din g him ov er to the protecti on o f co n
q u ered foreign ers Perhap s thi s rep or t o f yo urs will b e
b oth gl ori o u s t o yo u i n th e eyes o f m en an d devo u t fo r

1
D ep ar t
so oth in th e eye s o f th e g o ds

h as

e ver

CH AP TE R XI
RE CONCI LIATION

HAVING t hu s

pl atform
It i s

an

p ok en
en

sup p o sed

o rigin ated

BE TWEE N

ALEXAND E R

te r e d

HIS

ARM Y

l eap e d do wn q u ickly from the

th e p al a ce wh er e h e p a i d n o a tten
,

x
on es

n ati on

AND

he

th at th e Sa

from thi s

e.

Sacasun a,

son s

the Saca e,

The An a basi s

3 88

f Alexa n der

io n to th e decoration of h is p erson n o r was an y of hi s

C o m p an ion s ad m itte d to see hi m
No t e ve n on t h e
a d m i tte d t o an au di en ce ;
m orro ww
a s an y o n e o f th em
b u t o n th e third day h e s u m m on e d t h e s el ect P ers ian s
wi thi n an d a m on g them he distri b ut ed the com m an ds
h om
o f th e b r ig ades an d m ade th e ru l e t h at on ly th os e w
1
h e ha d p rocl ai m ed h i s ki n s m en ,
sh o u l d h ave t h e h on ou r
ith a ki s s 2 B ut th e Macedo n ian s wh o
o f s al u ti n g him w
h eard the s p eech were t ho ro u ghly a s to n i s h ed at the m o
m en t a n d rem ai n e d th e re i n s il e n ce n ear th e p latfo rm
n or w
h en he reti red did an y o f th e m a ccom pan y th e ki n g
e xce t
h i s p erso n a l C o m pan i on s a n d th e co n de n tia l
p
b o dy g uards
Th o u gh t h ey rem ai n ed m os t o f t h em h a d
n o thi n g t o d o o r sa ; an d
y
y e t t h e y were u n willi n g t o
r eti re
B u t wh en th e n ews was re po rt ed to t h e m a b o u t
t h e P e rs i an s an d M e des th at th e m ili tary co m m a n ds we re
b ei n g give n t o P ersi a n s th at t he foreign so l di er s were
b ei n g s el ected an d divi ded i n to co m pan i e s t h a t a P ers i an
f oo tgu ar d P ersi an fo ot Co m p an i o n s a P ersian r e gim en t
ith s ilver shie lds 3 as we ll as the cav al ry C om
o f m en w
p an i o n s an d a n o ther r oya l r egim en t o f cav al ry di s ti n ct
fro m the se were b ei n g c all e d b y M ace do n ian n am es t h ey
were n o l on ger ab le to res trai n th e m sel ves 3 b u t ru n n i n g
in a b o dy to th e p al a ce th ey cast th eir weap on s th ere
i n fron t of th e g ates a s a s ig n o f su ppli ca ti on t o th e
kin g S tan din g i n fro n t o f th e gates t hey sh ou t e d b e
seechi n
g to b e allowe d t o en ter an d sayi n g th at th ey
were willin g to su rren der the m en wh o h ad b een th e i n
s tiga tors o f th e di st u rb an ce o n th at occasi on an d those w
ho
t

'

At th e Persian

c ourt ,

ki n sm

an

was a title best o wed by th e ki n g

as

Curtius say s th ey w
ere 1 5 ,0 00 in n um b er
Cf D i od orus ,
xvi 5 0 ; Xen oph on ( C yrop a edi a , i 4, 2 7
ii 2 ,
2
As to thi s Persian cu stom , see Xen oph on ( Agesz laus , v 4 ; Cyrop a ed i a
i 4,

m ar

of

h on our

'

Cf

xxxvii

Justi

40 ; Poly bi us ,

Plutarch
v.

7 9 , 4:

(E um en es

C urti us ,

viii

17

L i vy

Recon ci l ia tion between Aleaa n der

an

d his Ar m y

3 89

de cl ared th ey woul d
n ot
from th e g at es e i th er day or n ight, un l e ss
Al exan der w ou l d t ak e som e p ity u po n th e m
Wh en he
was in form ed o f this, h e cam e o u t without delay ; an d
s eei n g th em
lyin g o n th e grou n d in h u m bl e guis e, and
h earin g m ost of t hem lam en tin g with lo ud voi ce, tears
began to ow a lso fro m hi s o wn eyes He m ade an
effor t to say s o m e thin g t o t h e m , b u t th ey con tin u ed th eir
l
m
r
t
n
t
r
a
t
i
e
n
o
a
t
e
e
e
s
At l en g t h on e of t hem , Gallin es
i p u
byn am e, a m an co n s p i c u o u s b o th for hi s a ge an d b e
c au s e h e w
as cap ta in o f th e C o m
p an i on c aval ry , sp ok e a s
had

b egun
reti re

the

c am o u r

Th ey

a so

foll ow
s

kin g what g ri eves the M acedon i an s i s

th at t ho u ha st a lre a dy m a de s o m e of th e P ers i ans
kin sm en to thysel f an d t h at Persian s are called Alex
an der s kin sm e n
an d h av e th e h o n o ur of saluti n g t h ee
wi th a ki ss ; wh er eas n on e of the Macedon ian s h ave

Th en Al exan der i n ter

as yet en j oy ed t hi s h on o u r
ru tin
Bu t all o f yo u w i th o ut excep ti on
p g him sai d
I con si der m y kin sm en an d so fro m thi s ti m e I s hall

call yo u
When h e ha d sai d thi s Gallin es advan ced
an d saluted him
with a ki ss an d so did all th ose w
ho
wi sh ed to sal ute him The n they to ok u p th eir weap on s
s h o u ti n g a n d si n gin g a son g
an d re tu rn e d to th e ca m p
After thi s Al exan der offered
of th an k sgivin g t o Ap o ll o
sacri ce to th e
go ds t o wh o m i t was his custom to
hi ch h e hi m
sacri ce an d ga v e a p u b lic b an quet o v er w
s el f p resi de d w
ith the Macedon ia n s s ittin g aro u n d hi m
th e Persian s ; after whom cam e t he
an d n ext t o t h e m
m en of the o th e r n a ti o n s
hon ou re d for th eir p erson al
ran k or fo r s o m e m erito rio u s a
c ti o n
Th e kin g an d his
guests drewwi n e f rom th e s am e b owl an d p o ured out
t he s am e lib ati on s b o th th e Gr eci an p rop h ets an d th e
H e p rayed for
Magian s com m e n cin g t h e cerem on y
,

En suer hm

/ owes
t
ne

Cf

iar opw
u
)

'

wes

apa

Th e

m ore u su al con stru cti on

Herodotus , i x 4 5
.

(hm

apere
'

woul d be htn dpovv

avour es ;

iii

51

(hurdpee

f Alexan der

The An a ba si s

3 90

h er bles si n gs an d esp ecially th at harm on y an d co m

t he M a ce don ian s
e en
m u n i ty o f r u l e m igh t e xi s t b et w
a n d Pe rs i an s
Th e c o m m o n acc ou n t is t hat tho s e wh o
in n u m b er that al l
t ook p art i n thi s b an q u et were
an d after i t s an g a s o n g
o f t he m
u re d ou t o n e li ba ti o n
o
p
1
of th an k s gi v in g t o Ap oll o
ot

CH APTE R XII
T E N T HO U SAND M ACEDONI AN s

D I SPUTE S

TH E N those
on

a cco un

of t h e

o f a ge

S E NT HO ME

AN TIrATE H

B E TWE EN

W I T H C RATE RUS

AN D

OLY MPIAS

Mace don i an s wh o were u n t for service

en t b a ck o f
or an y o th e r m isfor tu n e w
,

To
wn accord to th e n u m b er o f ab ou t
th ese Al exan de r gav e t he p ay n o t o n ly fo r th e ti m e whi ch
h a d alrea dy el aps e d b u t al so fo r t h at whi ch th ey
wou l d s pen d i n r etu rn in g hom e H e a l so gave t o ea ch
2
If an y o f th em h ad
m an a tal en t i n a d diti o n t o h i s
a
p y
chil dr en b
y Asiati c wi v es h e o rdere d th em t o leave th em
b ehin d with hi m l es t th ey sh ou l d i n tro du c e i n to Mac e
don i a a c au se o f di s cor d taki n g with th e m chil dren b y
fo reign wo m en wh o were o f a di ffe ren t r ace fro m the
chil dren w
h o m th ey h a d le ft b ehin d at h om e b orn o f
Macedon ian m oth ers He prom ised t o tak e ca re th at th ey
s hou l d b e b rou gh t u
p a s Ma ce d o n i an s educatin g them
n ot o n ly in
g en eral m a tters b u t al so in the art of war
H e al so u n d ertoo k to l ea d th e m in to M ac e do n i a wh en
th e y arrive d at m an h oo d an d han d th em o ver t o their
Th e se u n c erta i n an d ob sc ure pr o m i se s were m ade
fa th ers
t o th e m a s th e y we re d e p ar ti n g ; an d h e tho u ght h e was
givin g a m ost i n dub i tab le p roof of th e frien dshi p an d
t h e ir

Th e p aean w
as
after a b an u et, as
1

(Sym p osi um
3

ii

About 240

s un

we

g,

n ot

see

o n ly

from

before

an

thi s p assage

after

an

battl e , b u t

d from

al s o

Xen oph on

D i sp u tes between An tip ater

an

d Olym p i a s

3 91

ffecti on h e h a d fo r th em b y se n din g wi th th e m , as their

g uardi an an d th e l eade r of th e exp e di ti on , Cra terus, th e

wh om he val u ed e q ually
with him s elf 1 Th en h avi n g sal u te d them all he wi th
t ears di s m i s s e d th e m lik e wi se weep i n g fro m hi s p resen c e
He o rdere d C rate r a s 2 t o l ea d th ese m en b ack an d wh e n
h e h a d d o n e so to tak e u p on hi m sel f th e g overn m en t o f
Macedon i a Thra ce an d Th essa ly an d t o p reside o ver th e
free do m o f t h e Gree k s
H e al so or dere d An tipa ter to
b rin g t o him th e Mac edon i a n s o f m an ly age a s s u cc esso rs
t o th ose wh o wer e b ein g sen t b a c k
H e d esp at ch e d
Poly sperch on al s o wi th Crate ru s as hi s seco n d in co m
m an d so t h at if an
y m i sh ap b e fell C ratera s o n th e m ar ch
(for he was s en di n g hi m back on accou n t of th e weakn ess
o f his h eal th ) t h ose w
h o were go i n g m igh t n ot b e i n n ee d
3
r
o f a gen e a l
A s ecr et r ep o r t wa s al so g o in g ab o u t th at
Al exan d er was n o w over co m e by hi s m o th er s a ccu satio n s
of An ti ater an d th at h e w
i sh ed t o r em ove hi m from
p
Macedon ia 4 Thi s r e port wa s c urren t am on g th o s e wh o
tho ught th a t r oy al a c ti o n s a r e m o re wo rthy o f h o n o u r i n
p rop o rti on to th ei r s ec recy an d wh o were i n clin e d to
i m pu t e wh at is wo r th y of b eli ef to a b ad m o ti v e ra th er
m o st

m an

fai thfu l t o hi m
.

an

Li terally

from Pl utarch

wi th hi s
( E um

Wn

h ea d,

an

H om

th at Crat eru s

en es ,

eri c expres si on

was

Macedon ian s b ecau se h e opp o sed Al exan ders

We l earn

i th th e
great favou ri te w
Asi ati c i n n ovati on s
See
a

D
i
l
x
an der ,
od oru s, xvii 1 1 4 Kpdr ep ou av y ap
A
e
(
elua t duh o a o th a , H c
r a 6% Lh a h a v8pom
/Ja wr lw

2 Th e
ith th e dati ve , i s i n i m itati on of H om er
Cf i
u se of Keh ei
eww

al so

Pl u tarch

'

'

2 6, 3

su pra

h en Al exan der di ed, Crateru s

h om D io doru s ( xviii 4) th at w
H e h ad w
i th hi m
h ad go t n o farth er th an Ci li ci a on h i s r eturn ourn ey
hi ch were p ro e cts for b u ildin g
ri tten in s tru cti on s , am on g w
a p ap er o f w

We learn

fl eet in Ph oen i ci a an d th e a d acen t coun tri es for con veyin g

est ern n a ti on s as
exp edi ti on agai n s t th e Carth a gin i an s an d th e o th er w
im

an

an

m en se

th e pill ars o f H ercu l es for th e erecti on o f m a gn icen t tem pl es, an d

for th e tran sportation of p eople from E u rop e in to Asia an d from Asia in to

E urope Al exan der s gen eral s put th ese pro ects aside, as t oo vast for an y

far

as

on e
1

bu t Al exan der hi m
Cf Curti us , x 3 1
.

self

f Alexan der

The An a ba si s

3 92

which
th ey were l e d b y app earan ces an d t h ei r o wn d ep rav i ty
Bu t pr ob ab ly thi s s en din g fo r An ti pa ter wa s n o t design ed
for h is di sh on ou r b u t rath er t o p rev en t an y u n p l easan t
con se qu en c e s to An ti p at er an d Oly m p ias fr om th e ir qu arrel
whi ch h e m igh t n o t hi m self b e ab le to rec tify For th ey
were in c es s an tly wri tin g t o Al exan der the fo rm er sayin g
th at th e arro gan ce
an d m e ddl eso m e n es s o f
acerb i ty
Olym p i a s wa s ex cee din gly u n b e co m i n g t o th e kin g s
m o ther ; i n so m u ch th at Al exan d er w
a s rela t e d to h av e
i n g r em ar k i n r eferen ce to th e r eports
u s e d th e foll ow
whi ch he receiv ed ab ou t hi s m o th er
th a t sh e wa s exa ct
in g fro m hi m a h eavy h ou s e ren t fo r t h e t en m on th s 1
Th e q u e en wro t e that An ti p ater wa s ov e rween in gly i n s o
l en t in his p r eten s ion s an d in th e servi ce o f his c ourt
n o l o n g er rem e m b erin g th e o n e w
h o h a d ap p o i n te d him
b u t cl ai m i n g t o Win an d h o l d th e rst r an k 2 a m on g
t h e Ma ce do n i an s an d Gr e ek s
Thes e sl an dero u s rep o rts
i th Alex
ab o u t An ti pater a p p ea r ed t o hav e m or e w
e igh t w
an der sin ce t h ey w
er e m o r e for m i dab l e i n r e gar d to th e
H owev er n o ov ert act o r word of t he kin g
r e ga l dign ity
was rep orted from whi ch an y on e co u l d in fer th at An ti
p a t er wa s i n an y way l es s i n favo u r wi th him th an
th an to

i b u te

attr

it to th e

re a

on e

co u r se

to

,
,

b efore

3
.

Th e Gree

th ey tal

ed of

s rec on ed

ten

m on

th s

g to th e lun ar m on th s , an d th erefore
i n stead of n i n e a s th e p eri o d of gest ati on
Cf
accordi n

M en an der ( F laci an ,
63 ; Ari stoph an es ( T hesm op h
Pl au tu s ( Gi s tell , i 3 , 1 5 ) Teren ce ( Adelp hi , ii i 4 ,
fragm en t
2
H om er (I li a d, 23 ,
F or thi s exp ression , cf D i on C assi us , xlii 5 7
1 0 , 2 ; H erodotus , viii 1 04
P ausan i as ,
3
hi ch p rob abl y con
H ere th ere i s a gap i n th e m an u scrip ts of Arrie n , w

H erod o tus ,

vi .

tai n ed

an

accoun

th e treasu res

of

com m

th e

igh t of H arp alu s

itted to hi s

b etw
een H ep h aestion

an

d E um

care, an

en es

th e

al s o a

v i cero y o f

descrip ti on

See Phot i us ( codex

Babyl on
of

wi th

th e di spute

The Am

a z on s

3 93

CHAP TE R XIII

NI SAE AN PLAIN A TH E AMAZO Ns

TH E

i d th at Heph a es tion m u ch again st his will yi el ded

t o thi s argu m en t a n d wa s re con cil e d t o E um en e s w
ho on
hi s p art Wi sh e d t o settl e th e di sp u te 1
I n thi s j o u rn ey 2
Al exan de r i s sai d t o h a ve s een the p l ai n whi ch wa s
dev o te d t o th e ro yal m ares
H ero dotu s says that th e
p lain i t self wa s n a m e d N i sa ean an d t h a t th e m are s Were
3
call ed Ni s a ean
; a d di n g t h at i n O l d en t im es th e re were
o f t h e s e h o r s es
B u t a t thi s t i m e Al exan der
fo un d n o t m an y ab ove
for m ost o f th em h a d b een
carr i e d off b
Th e y s ay th at Atro pa tes t h e
y ro bb er s
vi cer oy of M e di a ga ve hi m a h un dre d w
om e n
sayin g th at
they wer e o f th e r ace o f Am az on s }
Th ese h ad b e en
e u i pp e d w
ith the ar m s of m ale h orsem en excep t th at
q
they carri e d ax e s in st ea d o f s pe ars an d targ ets i n s t ea d o f
shi el ds
Th e y al so s ay th at they h ad th e right b re ast
sm all er th an th e l eft an d th a t th ey exp ose d it in b a ttl e
Al exan der di s m i ssed t h e m fro m t h e arm y th at n o a ttem p t
t o vi ola te th e m m igh t b e m a de b y th e Ma ce do n ian s o r
IT is

sa

Cf Plu tarch (E u m
.

en es ,

e see from th e n ext ch ap ter

Op i s to Media , as w
3
Cf H erod otu s
1 0 6 ; vii
S tra bo , xi 7 an d 1 4 ; D i eder xvii
lin son say s : Wi th H erodotu s ,
1 1 0 ; Am m ia n us , xxiii 6
Sir Hen r y Raw
who was m ost im p erfectly ac u ain ted wi th th e geography of M e di a ,
2

Th e

m arch

was from

th e

Kh o assa
r

m en

an

descripti on

tran sferri n g t o th at p rovin

d all l at er wri ter s ei th er co pi e d or

Strab o

we

erro r o f

al on e

escap ed

h as

recogn i se

from

th e Nis ea (Nes a)

ce

con fo u n

ded hi s

of

state

In h i s
th e gen eral con fu sion
ah , Ali sh tar,
in g pl ain s o f h aw
.

th e great graz

Huru , Silakh u r, B u rb uru d , Jap ala

tin u ou s l in e from

ori gin ated

h i ch th u s stretch in
d F eridu n , w
o th er al o n g th e s ou th ern fron ti ers

an

p oin t to an

of M edia
Al exan der p robably vi si ted th e western m ost of th ese p astu re s
whi ch stretch from Behi stu n to I sp ah an alon g th e m oun tai n ran ge
ri ters for di a pr ae dvac
Th e form di a pr a y va t i s u sed o n l y b y th e l ater w
4
Cf Str a bo , xi 5 D i odorus , xv ii 7 7 ; Cu rti us , vi 1 9 ; Jus ti n , xii 3 ;
Aeschylu s (E um en i des ,
Arri e n , i v 1 5 ; H om er (I li a d , ii i
a con

on e

H ippocrates ( D e Aere, Aqui s , et L aci e, p

The An a ba si s

3 94
b arb ari an

an

d he

Alexan der

th em

o rder e d

to

y wo rd

carr

t o th ei r

qu een th at h e was com in g to her in or der t o p ro create

1
B u t th i s s tory h as b een recorded
c hil dren b
h
er
y
n ei th er b
y Ari sto b u l u s n o r Pto l em y n o r an y o th er wri ter
wh o i s a tru s tworthy a uthori ty on s u ch m atters I do
n o t e v en thi n k tha t th e race of Am az o n s w
a s s u rviv in g at
t hat ti m e ; fo r b efor e Ale xan der s tim e th ey were n o t
2
m en ti on e d e v en b y Xe n o p h o n
who m en ti on s th e Phasi
an s C o l chi an s an d all th e o th er b arb ari c ra ces w
hi ch t he
Greek s cam e u pon when th ey sta rte d from Trapez us o r
b efo re th e y m arch ed do wn t o Trap e z u s
Th ey wo u l d cer
t ai n ly h ave fa ll e n in wi th th e A m a z o n s if th ey were s till
i n e xi s ten ce
H owever i t doe s n ot seem to m e cre dible
tha t thi s ra ce o f wo m en was al tog et h er c titi ou s b ecau se
it h as b een celeb rat e d b y so m an y fam ou s p oets
Fo r
th e g en e
ral a c co u n t i s th at H era cles m ar che d a gai n s t
t h e m an d b ro ugh t th e gi r dle of their qu een Hipp oly t e
i n to Greece 3 The Athen i an s also u n der Th eseu s were
th e rst t o co n q u er an d r epu l s e th e s e wo m en as th ey were
4
a dvan ci n g i n t o E u ro e
an d th e b at tl e o f th e Ath en i an s
p
5
an d Am a z o n s ha s b een
n
n
pai ted b y M i co n o less than
tha t o f th e Ath en i an s an d P er si an s
H erodotu s al so has
fre q u e n tly wr i tten ab o u t th ese wo m en 6
an d
s o h ave
t h e Ath en i an writ e rs w
ho have hon ou red the m en who
They hav e m en
p eri sh ed i n war wi th fun eral o rati on s
.

1
2

queen

Th e

Th i s i s

An a basi s

( iv

a m

(iv

is

call ed

i s ta

e,

4,

Th alestri s by D i odoru s an d C u rtiu s

for Xen oph on does m en tion t h e Am az on s i n th e
F or Trap ez u s an d th e Ph asi an s see hi s An a ba si s

8 , 22 ; v 6 ,
See D i od orus , i v 1 6

Th i s

was o n e of th e twel ve labours of Hercules

See Plu tarch ( Theseus ,

5
Th e B attle of th e Am az on s
was a celebrated p ain tin g i n the
Sto a Poecile at Ath en s , execu ted by M i co n , son of Ph an i ch u s , a con tem
460
Cf Ari stoph an es (I/ysi stra ta ,
porary of Polygn o tu s about

Loo at th e Am az on s w
h om M icon p ain ted on h orsebac gh tin g w
i th

th e m en
See al so P a us a n i as (i 1 5 ; viii
6
Cf H erod otus , i v 1 1 0 1 1 7 ; i x 2 7
.

D ea th

Hep ha es tion

3 95

p loit of the Ath en i an s agai n st the Am az o s

as o n e o f th ei r s p eci al glori es 1
I f therefore Atrop ates
e d an
sh ow
y e questri an wo m en t o Al exan der I thin k h e
m ust h av e s h o w
n hi m s o m e o th e r foreign wom en train e d
i n hor sem an shi p an d equi pp e d wi t h th e arm s whi ch were
tion e d th e

ex

id

to b e th ose

sa

of

the A m

z
az o n s
.

CHAP TE R XIV
D EATH
IN

or

E cb atan a Al exan der

H EPH AE STI ON

o ffer ed sacr

i ce accordin g to his
c us to m
fo r goo d fort un e an d h e c el e brat ed a gy m n as ti c
an d m u s ica l co n te st
He a lso h eld d rin kin g p ar t ies with
his C om p an i on s At thi s tim e Heph aestion fell s i c k ;
an d th e y s a
y th at th e st a d i um was full of p eop le o n t he
seven th d a
y o f his fever fo r o n th at day th er e wa s a
gym n as ti c con test for b oys When Al exan der was in
form ed th at H eph aes tion was in a criti cal state h e wen t
t o hi m wi th out del ay b u t fo u n d him n o lo n g e r a li v e 3
D ifferen t a u th ors h av e given d i fferen t acco u n ts o f Al ex
an de r s g ri e f on this o c c a s i o n ; b u t th ey a gree i n
t hi s
that hi s gri e f wa s great
As to what was do n e in h on o u r
of Heph ae stion
th ey m a k e diver se st at em en ts j u st as
eac h w
ill or en vy t owar ds
riter w
as a c t uat e d b y go o d w
him or even towards Alexa n der hi m sel f
Of the au t ho rs
who have m ade th ese reckless statem en ts som e se em to
h ate ver Al exan der sai d o r did
m e to h ave th o ught th at w
,

'

See Isocrates

( Pan egy cus

L ysi as

'

( Orati o

Fun ebm

'

s,

n ear

th e

S tra bo ( xi 5 ) declin ed t o beli eve i n th e existen ce of th e Am az on s

uJi u s C aesar sp o e of th em as h avi n g on ce
altogeth er
ever, even
How
See Su eton i u s ( Life of Ju li us C aesa r,
ruled over a large p art of Asi a
2

D ion ysi us Peri egetes, p 1 1 0 , deri ves th e n am e

rea

ar
b
d
6
b
t
I
a
l
Aaa gve s exaxoam
Am az on es from d , n ot, an d s aga, b ley
zrcmrper
Ola w
); n dga cs dhhd Kpa a t
p/Leva c Thi s is n ot th e usua l
E ustathi u s ,

on

'

'

deri vati o n
3

of

th e

Ci Plut arch
.

word

( Alex

7 2)

D i odorus

( xvii

The An a basi s

3 96

f Alexa n der

g ri ef for th e m an who wa s the

n h on o ur ;
cl eares t t o hi m i n th e w
o rl d r e do u n ds t o h is o w
wh ereas other s seem to have thou gh t that it rath er ten ded
t o hi s di s g rac e a s b ei n g con d uc t u n b eco m i n g t o an y ki n g
S o m e say th at h e lay p ros
an d es e ci ally t o Al exan der
p
t rat e o n hi s c o m p an i on s b o dy for th e grea ter p ar t o f that
day b ewailin g hi m an d refu s i n g t o de part from h im un til
h e wa s forcib ly carri e d a way b y hi s C o m pan ion s
O th ers
th at h e lay u p o n th e b o dy th e who l e day an d night
O th er s ag ain s ay th a t h e h an ged th e phy s i ci an Gl au ci a s
1
for h avi n g i n di screetly giv en t he m ed ici n e
whil e others
a f r m th a t h e
b ei n g a s pectator o f th e g am es n egl ecte d
Tha t Al exan der
H e phaes tio n who was ll ed with wi n e
s h o ul d h ave ou t o ff h i s h a i r in
h o n o u r o f th e dead m an
I d o n o t thi n k i m prob ab le b oth for o th er r eason s an d
a d esir e to i m i tate Ac hill e s w
h om from
e s peci ally fro m
h i s b oyho o d he h a d an am b i ti on t o r i v a l 2 Oth er s a l so
sa
y that Al exan d er hi m s elf a t o n e t i m e dro ve the ch ari ot
hic h the b o dy wa s b orn e ; b u t thi s stat em en t I b y
on w
n o m ean s b eli ev e
O th ers a gain a f rm th at h e o rde red
th e shr in e o f As cl ep i u s i n E cb atan a t o b e ra z e d t o th e
grou n d whi ch was an a ct of barbari sm an d by n o m ean s
i n h ar m on y wi th Al exan der s g en era l b eh av i o u r b u t
r ath e r i n accorda n ce w
i th th e arro gan ce of Xerxes i n his
d eali n gs wi th th e dei ty wh o i s s aid t o h ave l et fe tters
3
do wn i n to th e H e ll e s p on t in o rder to p u n i s h i t forsooth
B u t th e foll o win g s ta t e m en t whi ch h a s b een re corde d
does n o t se em t o m e en ti rely b eyon d the r an g e of p ro b a
b ility th at wh en Al exan der wa s m archi n g to B ab yl on
h e was m et on th e r oa d b y m an y em b assie s fr o m G reece
am on g w
hi c h were s om e E pidau rian en voys wh o ob tain ed
h o w h is

to

ex c ess v e

2
3

Plu tarch

m a es

See H om

er

thi s statem en t
( I li a d , xxiii 1 41 , 1 5 2)
.

Se e H erod otus

H erod

vi

98

(vii

See D on aldson

Xerxes

Arr i an (i
m ean s

NewCra tyl us ,

th e ven era ble

secti on s

ki n g

1 61 , 47 9

Cf

Hon ou rs Pa i d to Hep haestion

from hi m th eir

3 97

quests 1 H e als o g ave th em an offeri n g

to be con ve yed to Ascl ep ius a ddin g t hi s re m ar k
Al
though Asc le p ius h as n ot t reat ed m e fai rly i n n ot savin g
the life of m y C o m p an i on wh om I v al u e d e qu ally with
3
m
It h as b een state d b y m o st wri ters
y o wn h ea d
that h e or de re d h on o urs t o b e al w
ay s p ai d to He haestion
p
as a h ero
an d som e sa
y tha t h e even sen t m en to Am
m on s t em p le to ask the
go d i f i t were all o wabl e t o offer
s ac ri ce t o H e haes ti on a s a
p
g o d ; b u t Am m on rep lie d
that i t w
a s n ot al l o w
a bl e
All th e au tho ri ti e s h owe ver
ag ree as to th e foll ow
i n g facts tha t u n t il th e thi rd day

after Heph a es tion s death Al exan der n ei th er ta ste d fo o d

n or p ai d an y a tten ti on t o his p er so n al app earan c e b u t la
y
on t h e gro un d ei th er b e w
ailin g or silen tly m our n in g ;
that he al so or dere d a fu n era l p yre to b e p r epare d for
him in B ab yl on at the exp en se of
t al en t s ; som e
3
sa
s till g reater c o st
a
t
a
th at a d ecre e wa s p u bli sh e d
y
through o u t all the b arb arian t erritory for th e o b s ervan c e
of a pu blic m o u rn i n g
Man y o f Alexan der s C o m p an ion s
dedicated them s elves an d t he ir a rm s t o t he dea d H ephaes
tion in order to sh o w th eir r es p ect to him
an d th e rst
to be gin th e art i ce was E u m e n e s w hom we a s h ort ti m e
5
a o m en ti on e d a s h avi n g b een a t v ari an c e w
i
h
t
h
i
m
g
This he did th at A l exan der m igh t n o t t hi n k h e was
pleased a t H ephaestion s death Al exan der did n ot
app oin t an
y o n e el se to b e co m m an der o f th e C o m p an i on
cavalry in t h e
p lace o f H eph a es ti on so t ha t th e n am e of
t hat gen era l m ight n ot p er i s h fr om th e b riga de
b ut t h a t
di vi si on of c av a lry was st ill c alle d Heph a es ti on s an d t h e
re

E pi dau ru s in Ar goli s
of Aesculapius

was celebrated as th e chi ef

s eat of

the

worship

Thi s is an
3
E ual to
D iodorus ( xvii
4
Cf Aelian
( Alex 7 2, 7 5

q
.

eri c expressi on

E um

en es,

n ote

P elop i d a s ,
'

with

Arri an

See p 3 92 ,
.

m ean in

g m yself
Plutarch (Alex 7 2 ) agree s
talen t s
1 1 5) an d Justi n ( xii 1 2 ) say
D io dorus ( xvii 1 1 4,
( Va n ia H istori a ,

H om

Plutarch

an der
f Alew

The An a basi s

3 98

g ure m ade from H ephaes tion wen t in fron t o f it He

a l so r esol ve d t o c eleb rate a gy m n a s ti c an d m u s ical c o n
t est m u ch m o re m a gn i c en t than a n y o f th e p re cedi n g
b o th i n th e m u l ti tu d e o f c om p e tit ors an d in th e a m o un t
it
F or h e p rovi d ed
o f m on e y e xpen de d u po n
c o m pe ti tors in all ; an d i t i s sai d t h a t t h ese m en a sho rt
t i m e aft e r al s o c o m p eted in th e gam e s h el d at Al exan de r s
n fun er al
ow
.

CHAP TE R XV

C O SSAEANS E M BASSIE S FRO M D ISTANT

NATI ONS
TH E m ou rn i n g wa s p ro l on g ed for m a n y da ys ; an d as he
was n o wb egin n i n g to recall him self fr om it u n der su ch
hi s C o m p an i on s h a d l ess di f cu lty in
c ir cu m s tan c es
Th en a t l en gt h h e m a de an
t o a cti o n
r ou s i n g him
1
a rlik e race b or
a gai n st t h e C o ssaean s
a w
e x edi ti o n
p
They are m o u n
d eri n g 6n th e t erritory o f t h e Uxi an s
t ain eer s i n h ab i tin g s tron g p os it io n s i n sep ara te villages
W h e n ever a for c e a ppro a che d th em th ey were in t he
h ab it of retirin g t o th e s u m m its o f th ei r m ou n tai n s
fo u n d i t
a b o dy o r s epara tely a s e ach m a n
e i th er i n
p ra c tica b l e ; a n d thu s t h ey es cap ed m akin g i t di ffi cu lt
for thos e wh o atta c ked t h e m wi th th ei r forces t o c om e
n ear t h e m
After the e n em y s de par tu re th ey u s e d to
tu rn th e m s elv es a gai n t o m arau di n g b y whi ch o ccu pati on
B u t Al e xan der s u b d u ed
t h e y s u ppor te d th em s e l ve s
th i s ra ce th o u gh h e m a rch ed agai n st th e m
i n th e
win ter ; for n eith er win ter n or ru ggedn e s s o f grou n d
S UBJUGATI ON

or T H E

Su si an a, w
hi ch th e
Persian i n gs n ever subdued , b u t purch ased th e ui et of th e i n h abi tan ts
by p ayi n g th em tribu te
It i s su pposed to b e th e Cu sh of th e Ol d Testa
m en t
D i od orus ( xvii 1 1 1 ) says th at Al exan der com pleted hi s con u est
o f th e C o ssaean s i n forty day s
Plutarch (Alex 7 2) s ays h e call ed th e
m assacre of th e Co ssaean s hi s o fferin g to th e m an es o f H e h aesti on
p
1

Co ssaea

was

di strict

th e

on

n orth - east

of

E m ba ss ies

was

D is ta n t Na ti on s

fr om

3 99

i m p edi m en t e i th er to hi m or to Ptol em y son of

Lagu s wh o l ed a p art o f th e arm y in th e c am p aign
a gain s t
t hem
Th u s n o m ili t ary en terp ri se whi ch
Al exan der u n dertoo k was e v er u n s u c c es sfu l
As h e wa s
m ar chi n g b ack t o B ab yl o n
h e was m et b y e m b a ssi es
from th e Lib yan s wh o co n g rat u l at e d him an d cro wn e d
him as con qu e ro r o f th e ki n g do m o f Asi a 1
From I taly
al s o cam e Bru ttian s
L u c an ian s a n d Tyrr h en i an s 2 as
for th e sam e p u rp ose
en v oy s
Th e Ca r tha gi n i an s are
3
sai d t o h av e sen t an em b assy t o h im at th i s t i m e
an d it
i s al so a sserted t h at e n vo y s c am e t o r eq u es t his fri en dshi p
from th e E thi op ia n s th e S cythi a n s o f E uro pe th e Ga u l s
h o se n am es were h eard an d th eir
an d I b eri an s n at i on s w
a ccou trem e n t s seen th en for th e r s t t i m e b y G ree k s an d
Ma cedon ian s Th ey are al so s ai d to h ave en tr u s te d t o
Al exan der th e d u ty o f s ettli n g th eir di sp u te s wi th each
Th en i n de ed it was e sp e ci ally evi den t b o th to
o th er
hi m self an d t o th ose ab o u t hi m that he was lor d o f all
the lan d an d se a 4
O f th e m en wh o h av e wri tten the
hi story of Al exan der Ari stu s an d Ascl epia des alon e say
that th e Rom an s al so s en t an e m b as s y t o hi m an d tha t
when h e m et th eir e m b a ssy h e pre di cted s o m e thin g of
the fu tu r e p o wer o f R o m e ob servin g b o th t h e a tti re o f
to
the m en th e i r l ov e o f l ab o u r an d t h ei r devo ti o n
freedom
At th e s am e ti m e h e m ade u rg en t i n q u iri es
Th i s i n ci den t I hav e
ab ou t th ei r p o li ti cal c on s ti tu ti on
r ecor de d n ei th er a s c e r tain ly au th e n ti c n o r a s a lto g eth er
i n credibl e ; b u t n on e o f th e R om an writer s hav e m a de
an

'

13 ,
u sti n ,
3 7 , 3 8 ; P li n y , xxii 4
3 Th
e Rom an s c all e d t h ese p eopl e E tru scan s
3
usti n (xxi 6 ) sa s th at th e C arth agi n i an s sen t H am ilcar t o l earn
y
Al exan der s real design s again st th em , u n der th e preten ce of b ein g an
1

Cf I rts y ,

exil e offerin
4

g hi s servi ces
Cf D i odoru s , xvii 1 1 3
.

Nei th er hi s wor n or
Ari sta s was a m an o f Sal am i s i n Cyp ru s
Ari stus i s m en ti on ed by Athen aeus (x 1 0)
th at of Asclepi ades i s e xtan t
5

an

d Stra bo (lib

The An a basis

40 0
an

m en

ti on

Alexan der ;

Al exan der s

Alexan der

thi s em b assy h avin g b een despatched to

h o h a v e wri tten an acco un t of
n or o f th ose w
Of

i h er Ptol em y son o f Lagu s

With these a uth or s I am
o r Ar is t o bu l u s m e n tion ed it
gen era lly in clin ed to a gree N or does it seem lik ely tha t
hi ch wa s at that ti m e rem arkabl e
t he Rom an rep u bli c w
fo r it s lo v e of lib erty wo u l d s en d an em bas s y to a
ay from th ei r
foreig n kin g e sp ecially to a p l ace so far a w
lan d wh en th ey were n ot com p elled to do so by
n
ow
fear o r an y h op e of a dvan tag e b ein g p osses s ed a s th ey
were b eyon d an y oth er p eop le by hatred to the very
i

act on s,

has

e t

n am

e an

d esp ots

ra ce of

EXPLORATION

l
.

CHAPTE R XVI

OE T H E

CASPI AN TII E CHALDAEAN S OOTH

.

SA E R S

AFTE R thi s, Al exan der s en t H e racli des, son o f Argaeu s,

in to Hyrcan ia in c om m a n d o f a com pan y of shi p wrights,
with o rders to cu t ti m b er from th e Hyrcan i an m oun tain s
i th i t to con struct a n u m b er of shi p s of war, s om e
an d w
witho u t deck s an d o thers with deck s after the Grecian
fa shi on o f shi p b uildi n g EB For h e wa s v ery desir o u s of
di s c ov erin g w ith wh at s e a th e o n e call ed the Hyrcan i an or
C a spian u n ites ; wh ether it co m m un i cates wi th the water
of th e E uxi n e Sea, o r w
h eth er th e Gr eat Sea com es right
ro un d from
th e E ast ern Sea, whi c h i s n ear In dia an d
ows u p i n to the Hyrcan ian G ul f ; ust a s h e h ad
di sco v ere d th at th e Pers ian Se a, whi ch was call ed th e
Re d Sea, i s really a gu lf o f the G reat S ea rs For the
-

kn

L i vy (ix 1 8 ) says h e does

.

wAlexan der by report

Th ese

con stratas
3

are

wh at

thi n

k th

e con t em

p orary Rom

an s even

Hirtius ( B ell Alex 1 1 )

See p 1 55 , n ote 6
.

n ot

call s

n aves

ap ertas et

The Cha ldaea n Soothsa yers

40 l

so rces of

th e C asp ian Sea h ad n o t et b e en di scove re d

u
y
altho ugh m an y n a ti on s d w
el l ar ou n d i t
an d n av igab le
rivers di s ch arg e th e i r w
a t er s i n to i t
From B actri a th e
Oxu s th e larg es t o f As i ati c ri v ers th o s e o f In di a
excepte d
di s ch arg es it s el f i n t o thi s sea 1 an d thro u gh
2
c
t
a
h
o
w
s
t
e
J
a
x
ar
t
S y hi
es
Th e g en eral a cco un t i s tha t
the Araxes a lso whi ch o ws from Arm en i a fall s i n to th e
3
These are th e l arg e st ; b u t m an y o th ers o w
s am e s ea
in to th e se whil e o th e rs a gain dis charge th e m selves
directly i n to thi s sea
S om e o f th ese were kn o wn to
those wh o vi si te d th es e n ati on s with Al exan de r ; oth e rs
ar e situ at ed to w
ar ds th e fa rth er si de o f th e g u l f
as i t
see m s
in th e co u n try o f th e N om a di c S cythian s a
di stri ct whi c h is q u i t e u n k n o w
n
When Al exan der h a d crosse d th e r i ver Tigres with h is
arm y a n d w
h e was m e t b y th e
a s m archin g t o B ab yl on
Chal daean p hilosop hers 4 wh o h avin g led him a way from
hi s C om p an i o n s b es ou gh t hi m to su sp en d hi s m arch t o
that c ity
F or th ey sai d that an ora cu l ar decl ara ti o n h a d
b een m ade t o th em b y th e go d B el u s th at his en tran c e
in to B ab ylon at th at ti m e wou l d n o t b e for his good
Bu t h e an swere d t heir s p eech wi th a lin e fro m the p oe t
H e the b es t p roph e t i s th a t
Euripides t o thi s e ffe c t
0 kin g do
guesses
B u t sa id th e Ch al daean s
ar d s t h e w
es t
n ot at an
rate en t er th e c ity l o oki n g t o w
y
,

S tra bo (xi 7 ) say s th at Ari stobul u s declared th e

See p 1 99 , n ote 1
Oxus to b e th e l argest ri ver wh ich h e h ad seen excep t th ose in In d i a
1
Th e Oxu s an d axartes really owi n to th e Sea o f
See p 1 98 , n ote 3
Aral , or th e Pal us Oxi an a , whi ch was rst n oti ced by Am m i a n us M a rcelli n us
ever, m en ti on s it a s a
Pt ol em y , h ow
( xxiii 6 , 59 in th e 4th cen tu ry A D
1

'

sm all
3

la

e , an

n ot as

Th e Araxes ,

or

Caspi an Sea
It i s
n am e i s Ch ab or 2
(
.

Th i s

of

th ese

th e C yru s,
i z il Oz an ,
o wcall ed

Kin gs

oin s

xvii

or
or

Pon tem

C f P li n y , vi 1 8
o ur , an d fall s i n to th e

ri vers

Its H ebrew
Yell owRiver
i n di gn atu s Araxes (Vergil ,
.

D r Paley

'

s n ote
See Aeschy l u s (Prom et heu s ,
th e Ch al daean s , see Ci cero ( D e D i d , i 1 ) an d B i od (ii 2 9
It i s
i s a verse from on e o f th e l ost tragedies of E uripides

Aen ei d, viii
As to

th e recip i en t

Ara s ,
n

The An a basis

4 02
n or
rat

leadin g

he r

di d

go

th e

ight

Alexa n der

i g

advan c n

d t o wards
b e ea s y fo r

ro u n

out

tu rn

n ot

ar m

to

in th at directi on ; b ut

But thi s
th e e a st
hi m , on a cco u n t O f th e
.

gr ou n d ; for th e deity was l eadin g him

t o th e pl a ce wh er e en t eri n g h e wa s do om e d soon t o die
An d p erhaps it wa s b ett er fo r him to b e tak en off in th e
th e affecti on
as
of
very a cm e o f hi s gl ory a s w
ell
en t er tai n e d for him
b y m en b efo re an y of th e v i cissi
Prob ab ly th is was the
tu des n atural to m an b efell him
r eas o n
S ol on advi sed C r o esu s t o l ook at th e en d Of a
l on g life an d n o t b e fore p ron o u n ce an y m an h appy 1
Y ea i n deed Hep ha es ti o n s death ha d b een n o sm all
ou l d r ather
m i s for tun e t o Al ex an d e r ; an d I t hin k h e w
have departe d b efore it o c cu rred th an h av e b e en alive to
experi en ce it ; n o l es s th an A chi ll e s a s it seem s to m e
wou l d rath er h ave di ed b efor e Patro cl u s th an hav e b een
th e av en g er o f hi s death
di f c u l ty

of

th e

CHAP TER XVII

TH E AD VI C E

O E TH E

CHALD E E s R EJE OT ED

Chal daean s were tryi n g

t o p reven t hi s en tran ce i n t o B ab yl on a t that ti m e wi th
to th e ir o wn a dvan ta ge than to the
rath er
re feren c e
For in t h e m i ddl e o f th e city
d ecl arati on O f th e oracl e
2
a s th e t e m
l
e o f B el u s
an
e di ce
o f th e B ab yl o n i a n s w
p
hi ch
siz e c on s tru ct ed of b a k e d b ri ck s w
v ery g re at i n
BUT h e h a d

i i

a su sp c o n

that th e

al so

qu oted

i n h an c
o p tim um

sen

b y Ci cero ( D e D i vi n
t en ti am

qu idam

Graecus vul garis

h un c p erhi beb o

ben e qu i con ji ci et , vatem

H erodot us (i 3 2) Plu tarch (Solon ,

v ersus

See

E st

H erodotus (i 1 8 1 ) gives a description of thi s

See p - 1 7 1 , n ote 3
h i ch h e says existed i n hi s tim e
S trabo (xvi 1 ) agr ee s w
ith
t em ple, w
H e also says
Arrien th at i t was said to h ave b een destroyed b y Xerxes
m en in clearin g aw
ay th e ru bbi sh of th e
th at Alexan der em p l oyed
Professor Sayce an d oth ers add u ce th i s pa ssage of Arrian to prove
ruin s
h en h e says h e h ad seen th e
th at H erodotu s i s n ot to be tru sted even w
hi ch h e describ es
Th e w
ords o f H ero dotu s are s
pl aces an d thi n gs w
2

Advi ce

the Cha ldees Rej ected

4 03

l were cem en ted togeth er with b i tu m en Thi s tem pl e had

b e en ra z ed to th e gro u n d by Xerxe s wh en he r et urn ed
fro m Greec e ; a s we re al so all the o t h er s a c red b u il di n gs
O f th e
B ab yl on ia n s
S o m e say th at Al exan der had
form ed th e r esoluti o n t o reb u il d it u p o n th e for m er
fo un dati on s ; an d for thi s r ea s on h e o rdered th e B ab y
lon ian s to c arry a way t h e m ou n d
Oth ers say th at h e
in ten de d to b uild a still lar g er on e th an t hat whi ch
form erly exi s te d 1 B u t after h is departu re th e m en wh o
ha d b e en en tru s te d wi th the work p rosec u te d i t wi th o u t
an
y v igour so th at b e det erm in ed t o e m p l o y t h e wh ol e o f
his arm y in co m p l eti n g it
A great q u an tity o f lan d a s
well as gol d had be en de di cate d to t h e g o d B elu s by th e
Assyrian ki n g s an d i n O lden t im es th e tem pl e was k ep t
in rep ai r an d s ac ri c es were O ffered to th e go d
Bu t a t
that ti m e th e Ch al daean s we re appro p ri at i n g th e pro
perty of th e go d si n ce n othin g exi sted up on whi ch th e
rev en u es c o u l d b e e xp e n de d
Al exan der s u sp ecte d that
th ey di d n o t wi s h him t o en ter Bab l n fo r thi s r ea so n
for fear th at i n a s ho rt t i m e th e t em p l e wo u l d b e
n i sh ed an d th e y sh ou l d b e depriv ed O f th e gain s
An d y e t ac co rdin g t o
accru in g
from
th e m o n ey
illin g to yi el d t o th ei r p ersu as i on s
Ari stob ul u s h e was w
so far at l eas t a s t o ch an g e the di r ecti on o f h i s en try
in to the c ity For thi s p urp ose on th e rst day h e
th e n ext
en cam p e d n e ar th e r iv er E up h rat es ; an d on
day he m ar ch ed al o n g th e b an k k eep i n g th e r i ver o n

'

69 , m ean i n g, n ot th at h e h ad hi m self seen th e tem p l e, bu t

th at i t exi sted ti l l hi s ti m e
In ch ap 1 83 h e expressly states th a t h e di d
n ot see o th er thi n gs w
h i ch h e i s describin g, b u t th at h e deri ved h i s in fo r
en ty years of age w
h en
m ation from th e C h al da ean s
H e was ab o ut tw
Xerxes was assassin ated It m u st n ot be forgotten th at Strabo an d
Th e veracity of
Arri en lived ve or six h u n dred years after Xerxes
Strab o i s n ever dou b ted ; yet i n hi s de scrip ti on of B abylon thi s au th or
ere still i n exi sten ce,
sp ea s of th e w
all s an d h an gin g garden s as if th ey w

6%

7 01 7 0

in

though n ot expressly sayi n g

1
1 6 supra
Cf Arri an ,
.

so

The An a basi s

4 04

Alexan der

igh t han d wi th the i n ten ti on o f passi n g b eyon d the

p art of th e ci ty tu rn ed to wards the west an d there
wheelin g r oun d to l ead his ar m y towards th e ea st Bu t
o n acc o u n t of th e di f c ul ty o f th e gro u n d h e cou l d n o t
i th hi s arm y in thi s directi on b ecau se if a m an
m ar ch w
wh o is en terin g th e city from th e west h ere chan ges his
di recti on ea stward h e c om es u pon grou n d cov ered with
Thu s p ar tly b y hi s o w
n w
ill an d
m a r sh es an d s ho al s
il
l
h
d
i
s o b e y ed th e
ar tly ag ain s t h i s w
e
g od
p
hi s

"

CHAPTER XVIII

P RED I CTI ONS OE ALE XAN D ER s D E ATH

MOREOVE R Ari stobu lu s h as recor ded the followin g story
of
Al exan der s
on e
Ap oll o doru s th e Am phip oli tan
Com pan i on s was g en eral Of th e arm y whi ch th e kin g
l eft wi th M az aeu s the v i ceroy of Babyl on l When he
j o in ed h i s forces with th e kin g s on th e r etu rn O f the
latter fr om In di a an d O b s erved th at h e wa s sev erely
h
o h ad b een
p
l
a ced o ver the
u n i shi n g th e vi cero y s w
p
h e s en t t o h is b ro th er Peithagoras
sev e ral co un tri es
hi m
to di vin e
hi s s afety
For
ab o u t
an d a sk e d
Pei th agora s wa s a div i n er wh o d eriv ed his k n owl edge
th e i n s p ecti on o f th e i n war d p arts
o f th e fu tu r e from
Thi s m an sen t b a ck t o Ap ollo doru s in
o f an i m al s
qu irin g O f wh om he was so esp ecially a frai d as to wish
The l atter w
The kin g
t o con su l t di vi n ati o n
ro te b a ck :

Peithagora s ther efo re i n th e

him self an d Heph aestion
r st p l ace O ffered sacri ce w i th referen ce to Hephaestion
Bu t a s th ere wa s n o lo b e vi sib l e u p on th e liv er o f t he
2
t
m
h e stat ed thi s fac t in a l etter which b e
cr
a
v
c
ici l i i
sa
seal e d an d sen t to hi s b ro th e r fro m B ab yl on to E cb atan a
a s n o re aso n a t all t o b e afrai d
e xplain i n g th at th ere w

1
9

See Arri a s ,

16

su pra

Cf Ph i l ostratu s (L ife
.

f Ap ollon i us

viii .

7,

P redicti on s

f Alem a n der s

D ea th

4 05

Heph aes tio n , for i n a s h ort tim e h e wou l d b e o u t

O f th ei r w
a
An d Ari stob ul u s says th at Ap ollo dor u s
y
re cei ve d t hi s e i s tl e o n ly on e d a
p
y b efore H eph a estio n
of

di ed

Then Peith ag o ra s

Alexan der,

ga i n

ice

O ffered sa cr

in

r es

p ect

d t he

liver of th e v i ctim con sulted i n

re s p ect t o him w
as al s o de s ti tu te O f a l ob e
H e th erefore
wrote to Ap oll o doru s to th e sam e pu rp ort ab ou t Al ex
an der
as
ab o u t
H eph aestion
Ap ollo dor u s did n o t
con ceal th e in fo rm a ti o n sen t t o hi m
b u t t o l d Al exan der
in order th e m ore t o sh o w his g o o d wi ll t o th e ki n g
if he u rg ed him t o b e o n hi s g uard l es t so m e dan g er
m ight b efall hi m a t t h at ti m e
An d Aristob u l u s say s that
th e kin g co m m en de d A p oll o do r u s an d w
h en h e e n tered
Babyl on he ask ed Peithagora s wh at sign h e h ad m et
with to in du ce him t o wr i te t hu s t o his b ro th er H e
sai d th at th e liv er o f the v i c t i m
sacr i ce d for him
was
witho ut a lo b e W hen Al exan der ask e d wha t t he sign
p orten ded h e sai d that it wa s a v ery di sas trou s o n e
The kin g wa s s o far from b ei n g an gry wi th hi m that h e
i th gr eat er re sp ect for telli n g hi m th e
even tr ea ted him w
Aris to b u l u s s ay s th at h e
tru th wi th o u t a n y d i s g u i se
him self h eard thi s s tory from Peith agoras ; an d adds
th at th e sa m e m an a c te d a s d i vin e r fo r Pe rdicc a s an d
a fterw
ar ds
for An tig o n u s an d tha t the s am e s ig n
occurred for b o th
I t was v eri ed b y fa ct for Perdiccas
l ost his life lea din g an arm y agai n st Ptol e m y 1 an d
An tig on u s was killed in th e b attl e fou gh t b y h i m at
2
s
Al s o co n cern
Ip su s agai n st S eleu cu s an d Lysim achu
in g Calan u s th e In di an p hil oso p h er th e fo ll owi n g story
has b een reco r de d
When he was g oi n g to th e fun era l
a lu ta ti o n t o all his ot h er
s
y
r
g
ar
t
i
n
g
e
t
o
d
i
e
h
e
a
e
t
h
e
v
p
p
com p an i o n s ; b u t h e refu se d t o app r oach Alexan der t o
to

an

'

Perdicoe s

Di odorus ,
3

kill

was

xviii

36

ed

by hi s

wn

troop s

at

M em ph i s ,

3 21

as fou ght
Th e battle Of Ip sus w

3 01

See Pl utarch ( D em etri us,

See,

The An a basi s

40 6

A lexan der

gi ve him th e salutat ion sayin g h e woul d m eet him at

B abylon an d there salute him
At t he t i m e i n de ed this
ith n e gl ect ; b u t aft erwards when
rem ark w
a s treated w
Al exan der h ad die d at B abylon it cam e to th e recollection
o f t h o se w
ho had h eard i t an d th e y th ou ght forsooth
th at it w
as a divi n e i n tim ati on of Al exa n der s approach
,

in g

en

CHAPTE R XIX

E m BAssIEs

FRO M

G RE E CE

FLEET

AR AB IA

Eon

PRE PARED

INVADING

was en terin g B abylon h e wa s m et b y em b assies

as
th e Gree ks ; b u t for wha t p u rp os e each e m b assy w

As h e
from

i n dee d it seem s
p robab le tha t m ost of them cam e to crown an d eulo gize
hi m on a cc ou n t of hi s v ictori es e s p ecially the In di an
o n es a s w
ell a s t o say th at th e Gre ek s r ej oi ce d at his
It i s sai d that h e g reeted these
safe re tu rn fro m In di a
m en w
i th th e right h an d an d after p ayin g the m s ui table
h on ou r s en t th em back H e also gave the am b assadors
p erm i ssi on t o tak e wi th t h em all the statu es of m en an d
i m ages of go ds an d the o th er votive O fferin gs which
Xerxes had c arri e d o ff from
Greece to B abylon
Pasarg adae S usa o r an y o th er pl ace in Asi a I n thi s
way i t i s said that th e braz en statu es of H arm odiu s an d
Arist o gei ton 2 as w ell as th e m on u m en t of th e Celcaean
Artem i s were c arri e d b ack t o Ath en s 3
Ari sto bul u s say s that h e fo un d at B abylon the e et with
N earchu s which had sailed from th e Persian Sea u p the
ri ver E u p hra te s ; an d an o th er w hi ch h ad b e en co n v ey e d
s en

t ha s

n ot

b ee n

r ecorde d

To

m e

'

D i od orus

( xvii 1 1 3 )

th at

bassies cam e from the Carth a

gin i an s, Liby-Ph o en i cian s , Gree s, M acedon ian s. Ill yri an s , Th racian s.
1 Cf
an d G au ls
Arri an ,
1 6 supra
1 Th e n am e Ath n
e s i s sai d to h ave been derived from th e w
orshi p of
Ath en a
See E u ri pides (I on ,
xpva oMyxov IIaM ddos Ketch )
Attica is dr um ) or dim m 7 5, th e prom on tor l an d "
n m
y
.

s ays

em

'

Prep a ra tion s

or

I n va dw
n
g Ar a bi a

407

'

Ph oen i ci a c o n sis tin g o f t wo Ph oen i cian q uin que

rem es th ree quadri rem es t w
el ve t ri re m es an d thirty tria
co u tore
The s e h ad b een tak en t o p ieces an d con veye d
t o the ri ver E up hrate s fro m Ph o en i ci a t o the ci ty o f
Thapsacu s
Th ere th ey w ere j o i n e d togeth er again an d
sail ed do wn to B ab yl on
T h e s am e wri t er s ay s th at h e
cut dow
n th e cyp resse s i n B ab ylo n i a an d wi th t h em built
an oth er eet ; for in
t h e lan d o f the As syrian s these
trees al on e are a b u n dan t b u t o f th e ot her t hin gs n ecos
sary for shi p b u ildi n g t hi s c ou n try a ffords n o s upply
A m ul tit ude of p urp le sh ers an d o t her s ea farin g m en
cam e t o hi m from Ph oe n ic ia an d t h e r est o f the s ea b oard
t o ser ve a s crew
s for th e s h i s a n d p erform
th e o ther
p
servi ces o n b o ard
N ear B a b ylon h e m ade a h arbour by
excavati on
large en ou gh t o a fford an ch orage t o
ship s of w
an d a dj o in i n g t h e h a rb o ur h e m a de doc k
ar
yards Miccal us th e Claz o m e n ian 1 was desp at ch ed to
Ph oen icia an d Syria with 5 00 tal en ts 2 to en li st som e
m en
h o were exp eri en ced i n
an d t o p urch a se o th ers w
n auti cal affair s
Fo r Al exan der d esig n ed to col on iz e t he
sea b oard n ear th e P e rs ia n G u lf a s w
ell a s the i slan ds i n
that sea
Fo r h e t ho u ght t h a t thi s lan d wou l d b ecom e
n o less p rosp erou s t h an Ph oen i ci a
He m ade th e se pre
paration s of t he ee t t o a tta c k t h e m ai n b o dy o f the
Arab s} un der the p r e text that t he y were the o n ly b ar
barian s of t hi s re gion wh o h a d n o t sen t an em b assy t o
him or don e an y thi n g e l s e b eco m in g t h eir p o siti on an d
s how
i n g res p ect to hi m
B u t th e tr ut h w
as a s i t seem s
to m e t h at Al exan d er w
as in sati ab ly a m b i ti o u s of ac uir
q
i n g fresh terri tory 4
from

'

Claz om en ae w
a s an Io n ian ci ty o n th e Gulf o f Sm yrn a, celebrated as
I t i s n owcall ed Keli sm an
th e birthplace o f An axagoras
2
3
i lder
Ab out
Th e H eb rewn am e for Ar abi a i s Arab (w

l
h
e
E
ou
n
t
r
ast c
n ess) . In Gen xxv 6 i t i s cal e d t
y, an d in Gen

E
f
t
h
e
as
t
xxix 1 th e
L an d of th e Son s o
Cf Arr ian , v 2 6 vii 1 an d 1 5 supra
1

The An a ba sis

40 8

Alexan der

CHAP TER XX
D E SC RI PTI ON
TH E
for m

er

on

A RABIA

V Y

O AGE o r

NEARCH US

p ort is, that h e h ea rd th at th e Arab s

two g o ds, Uran u s an d D i on y s u s 1 t h e

re

c om m o n

v e n erate d

or

ly

b eca u se h e i s

i ib le

v s

an

co n

tain

in

him

l f the
whi ch

se

h eaven ly l u m in ari es especially the sun from

em an ates th e gre ates t an d m ost e v i den t b en et to all
t hin g s h u m an
an d th e latter on a cco u n t o f th e fam e h e
b y hi s expe di ti on i n to I n dia
Th erefore h e
a c q u ire d
t h o u gh t hi m self q u i te wo r thy t o b e co n si der e d b y th e
Arab s a s a thi rd go d s in ce h e h a d p erform e d dee ds b y
n o m e an s in feri o r to th ose of D i on y s u s
I f th en he
cou l d c o n q u er th e Arab s h e i n ten de d t o g ran t t h e m
th e
p rivil eg e of co n du cti n g th eir go v ern m en t a cco rdi n g to
th ei r o wn c u stom s a s he h a d alr ea dy d on e t o th e In dian s
The fe r tili ty o f th e lan d was a s ecr et in du c em en t t o hi m
t o i n vade i t ; b ec au se h e h ear d th at th e p eop l e ob tai n ed
c a ssia fr o m
th e lak es an d m yrrh an d fran ki n cen s e fro m
th e trees
th at cin n am o n was c u t fro m t he s hr ub s an d
t hat t he m ea do ws p ro d u ce sp ik e n ar d W i th o u t an y c u lti va
t io n 2 As t o th e siz e o f th e c oun try h e w
as in form e d th at
th e seab o ar d of Arab i a wa s n o t l es s i n ex ten t th an th at o f
I n dia that n ear i t lie m an y i slan ds that in all parts o f
th e co un try there we re harb o u r s s u f ci en tly c o m m o di o us
t o p ro vi de an ch orage fo r hi s eet an d t hat it su ppli e d
s i tes fo r fou n din g ci ti es w
hich wou ld b eco m e o uri shin g
He Wa s al so in fo rm ed th at th ere wer e two i slan ds in th e
s ea facin g th e m ou th o f th e E u h rates th e r s t o f w
hi ch
p
was n ot far fro m th e p la ce wh ere th e waters of that ri ver
a re disch arge d i n to th e sea
b ei n g ab o u t 1 2 0 sta des 3
,

Cf H erodo t us , ii i 8
.

Cf H erodotus ,

40, 86 ;

H i st
3

Ab out 1 7

il es

1 1 0 1 1 2 ; Stra bo, xvi

-

4 ; Pli n y

(Na t

D es crip ti on

di stan t from

th e

f Ara bi a

409

h ore an d th e river s m o uth Thi s i s

th e s m all er o f th e two an d was den sely co ve re d with
every ki n d o f ti m b er
In i t was al so a t em p l e o f Arte
m i s aro u n d w
hich th e in h abi tan ts th em selves sp en t th eir
lives Th e i sl an d wa s devo te d t o th e u se of wild go ats
an d s tag s w
hi ch were allo we d t o ran ge at l arge as b ei n g
dedicat ed t o Art em i s
I t was u n lawfu l t o chase th em
un less an y on e wi sh ed t o offer sac rice to the goddess ;
an d for t hi s
p u rp o se al on e i t wa s l awfu l t o ch as e th em
Ari stob u l u s says t h at Al exan d er o rdere d thi s i sl an d to
b e calle d I caru s after the i s lan d s o n am e d i n th e Ae g ean
Sea 1 o n whi ch as th e rep o rt g o es Icarus s on o f D a e
dalus fell wh en th e wa x by whi ch th e wi n g s h a d b een
fa sten e d t o him
m e l te d
F or h e di d n ot y n ear th e
a cco r din g t o hi s fath er s i n j un cti on s
earth
b u t sen se
l essly yi n g far aloft he all owed t he su n to soften an d
loosen th e wax I caru s left h i s n am e to th e i slan d an d
th e se a th e form er b ei n g c all e d Icaru s a n d th e la tt er the
Icari an The o ther i sl an d was sai d to b e di stan t from
t he m o u th of the E u p hra t es ab o u t a d ay an d n ight s
voya ge fo r a s hi
Its n am e
p ru n n i n g b efo r e t h e b ree z e
was Tylu s 2 it wa s lar ge an d m o st of i t n eith er ru gged
n or w oo dy
b u t su i tab l e fo r p ro du cin g c u l ti vate d frui ts
S om e of thi s in form ation
an d all thi n g s i n d u e sea s o n
was i m parted t o Al exan der by Archias wh o was sen t
with a tria con tor to in v es tigate th e cou rs e o f th e co ast
in g v oya g e t o Arab ia an d wh o wen t as far a s th e i sl an d
An dr o
of Tyl u s b u t du rs t n o t p as s b eyo n d th at p oi n t
3
sth en es
was de s p a tch e d with an oth er t riacon to r an d
H
er o n o f
i
s ail e d t o a
ar t o f th e p en in s u l a of Ara bia
p

On e

of

est of Sam
th e Sp orades , w
2 , 2 ) an d Ovi d ( Fas ti , i v

wcall ed Nik aria

os , n o

Ci H orace
.

iv
3 C ll ed T r us b
It i s n ow called Bahr ein , an d i s
a
y Stra bo (xvi
y
celebrated for p earl sh eries
3
A fragm en t o f th e wor of An drosth en es descriptive of h is voyage i s
preserved by Athen a eus ( iii p

( Cam

k
.

An a ba s is

41 0

So li th e

p ilot al so received

Alexa nder

t ri acon t o r from

Al exan der

d a dvan ced farthest o f t h o se who m h e desp atc he d t o

thi s r egi on ; for h e ha d r e ceive d i n s tr u cti on s to sail
hole Arabi an p en in su la a s far a s the Arab ia n
rou n d th e w
G ulf n ear E gyp t over a gain s t Heroopolis l Al tho u gh h e
an

coa s te d a on

th e

co

un try

th e

of

Arab s to

great

dis

go as far as h e was ordered b u t re

t urn i n g t o Al exan der he repo rt ed t h at th e siz e of th e
p en i n su la was m arvellou s, b ein g on ly a li ttle sm aller
than th e c o un try o f th e In di a n s, an d its extrem i ty p ro
tan ce, he du rst

n ot

Nearch u s in deed i n his

j ected far in t o the G
In dia ha d s e en t hi s stret chin g ou t a li ttl e
v oyag e fr om
b efore h e tur n e d aside in t o the Persi an G ulf an d h e wa s
Th e p il ot On esi c ri
al m o st i n du ced to cross o ver t o i t
t us t hou ght they o ught to ha ve go n e t hith er b u t Near
c h u s say s th at h e him sel f p r ev en ted it
s o that after
s ailin g right ro un d th e P er s i an Gu lf h e m igh t b e a b l e to
gi ve a rep ort to Alexan der tha t h e had accom p li she d th e
hi ch he had s en t hi m
Fo r Ne arch u s sai d
v oy a g e on w
h e ha d n ot b een d esp at ch e d t o n avigat e the Great Sea
b u t t o exp l ore the lan d b o rd erin g o n t h e sea t o n d o ut
what m e n in h ab i t it t o dis co ver t he harb ou rs an d ri vers
i n i t t o a scertain the c u s to m s o f the p eop le an d t o see
if a n y o f th e c o un try was fe rtil e an d if a
n
y was s t eril e
T hi s wa s th e reason why Al exa n der s n aval exp edi ti on
retu r n e d i n safety ; for if i t h a d s ail e d b eyo n d t he d e serts
o ul d n o t h ave r et u rn ed i n
o f Ar ab i a i t w
safe ty
Thi s
i s s ai d als o to h ave b een t he r eas on w
hy Hiero n t urn ed
3
b ack
r eat

Sea

1
3

Probably Ram ses

Its ruin s are at Abu- esh eh
Pro bably th e p ro ection n owcall ed Bas al -Had
Cf Arri an ( In di ca ,
.

D escr ip tion

the E up hra tes

an d

CHAPTE R XXI
D E SCRI PTION

O F TH E

the Pa lla cop a s

411

EUPH RATE S AND TH E

were b ein g buil t for

PALLACOPAS

WH ILE the tri re m es

him an d th e
harb our n ear B abylon was b e i n g excavated Ale xan der
sail ed fro m
B ab ylon down th e E u p hrates t o what was
calle d th e rive r Pallaco as w
hic h is di s tan t fro m B abylo n
p
abo u t 8 0 0 sta des 1
Thi s Pallacopa s i s n o t a ri ver ri si n g
fro m sp ri n g s b u t a can al c u t fro m the E up h rates
For
that riv er ow i n g from th e Arm en i an m oun tai n s 2 pro
ceeds w i thi n i ts b an k s in th e s ea s o n o f w
in ter becau se i ts
water i s s can ty ; b u t when th e sp ri n g b egin s to m ake i ts
a p earan c e an d esp eci ally j u s t b efore t h e s um m er s o ls t ice
p
it p ou rs al on g wi th m ighty s tre am an d ov er ows its b an k s
in to t he Assyrian coun try 3 For a t that season th e sn o w
upon th e Arm en i an m o un tai n s m elts an d s wells i t s wa ter
t o a g reat deg ree ; an d a s i ts s tream ow s high a bove
t he l ev e l of the co un try it wo u ld ow o ve r t he lan d if
so m e o n e h ad n ot furn i s h e d i t w
i th an o u tlet al on g th e
Palla copa s an d t urn ed i t asi d e i n to the m ars hes a n d
pool s which b egin n i n g fr om t hi s can al exten d as far as
th e co un try con tig uo u s to Ara b ia
Th en ce i t sp reads
o u t far an d w i d e in to a s h allo wl ak e fro m w
hi ch i t falls
in to the s ea by m an y i n vi si ble m on th s After the sn o w
ha s m el te d ab ou t th e ti m e of the setti n g of the Pleia
b u t n on e
des the E up h rates o ws wit h a s m all str eam
the l es s th e gr eater p a rt o f it di s cha rg es i tsel f i n t o t h e
po ols alon g th e Pallacopas Un l ess therefore so m e o n e
,

'

'

Abou t eo m n es
This can al fell i n to th e Persian Gulf at Teredon
No trace o f it n owrem ai n s
2
Th e H ebrewn am e for Arm en i a i s Ararat ( 2 Kin gs xi x 3 7 ; 19 3
xxxvii 3 8 ; Jet Ii
3
Th e coun try call ed Assyri a by th e Gree s i s call ed Assh ur (l evel ) in
in gdom i s
Hebrew In Gen x 1 1 th e foun dati on of th e Assyri an
He w
ascribed to Nim rod ; for th e vers e o ugh t to be tran sl ated :
en t

h
r
H en ce i n Micah v 6 , Assyri a i s
n
o
A
s
u
s
forth from th at lan d i t
I

call ed

th e

l an d of Nim

ro d.

The An a ba sis

41 2

Alexa
n der

gain so tha t th e water

i thin th e ban ks an d carri e d do wn
m igh t b e tu r n e d b ack w
th e ch an n el o f the r i ver it wo ul d h ave dr ai n ed th e
Eu phrates in to i tself an d con sequen tly the Assyri an
Bu t th e o u tl et o f
at er e d b y i t
co u n try w
ou l d n ot b e w
as dam m e d u
th e E u ph ra tes i n to th e Pallacopa s w
p by
t he vi ceroy o f B ab yl on i a w i th gre at lab o ur (al th ou gh i t
was an easy m atter to con struct th e ou tlet) b ecau se the
g rou n d i n thi s r egion i s sli m y an d m ost of i t m u d s o
at er of the r i ver i t
th at wh en it h a s o n ce recei ve d th e w
B u t m o re th an
i s n o t easy t o t u rn i t b ack
As
er e e n g age d i n t hi s l a b ou r eve n u n til th e t hir d
syr i an s w
m o n th
W hen Alexan der was i n for m ed of thi s h e was
in du ced to con fer a b en e t u p on the lan d of Assyria
H e deter m i n ed to shu t u p the o u tlet wh ere th e s trea m
of
the E u ph ra te s wa s tu rn e d i n to th e Pa llacop a s
When h e h ad a dvan ced abo u t thi rty stades th e earth
a
p peare d t o be so m ewh a t ro cky s o th at if i t we re c u t
t hro u gh an d a j un ction m a de w
i th the ol d c an al alon g
t h e Pall aco pas on accou n t o f th e h ar dn ess o f th e so il i t
wo u l d n ot all ow th e water t o p ercolate an d there wou l d
b e n o di f c u l ty i n t u rn i n g i t b a ck a t th e ap poi n ted
For t hi s p u rp ose h e sail e d to th e Palla co pas
sea s on
an d th en con ti n u e d h i s voy a ge d o w
n t h at c an al i n to th e
p ool s t owards th e c oun try of th e Arab s There s eein g
a ce rtai n
a dm i r ab l e s i te
h e fo un de d a ci ty u pon i t an d
fortie d it
In it he s ettl ed a s m an y of t he Grec ian
m er cen ar ie s a s vo l u n teer e d t o r e m ai n
an d su ch a s w ere
u n t for m ilitary ser vi ce b
y reaso n o f age or wou n ds
h ad dam

m ed u p

th e Pallacopas

CHAPTER XXII
AN O ME N

or

ALEXAN DE R s Arrn oacn m

D E ATH

H AVING thu s p rove d the falsity o f th e proph ecy of th e

Chaldaean s by n ot h a vin g exp erien ced an y un pl easan t
,

An Om

f Alea an der s

en

for tu n e in

D ea th

41 3

B abylon 1 as th ey h ad predi cted b ut h avin g

m arch e d o u t o f th at c i ty w
ith ou t su fferin g an y m ish ap
h e grewcon den t in spi ri t an d s ail e d a gai n thr ou gh th e
m ars h es h avin g Bab yl o n on h i s l e ft h an d
H ere a part
o f hi s ee t l os t i t s w
a
y i n th e n arro w b ran ches of th e
river thr o ugh w
an t o f a
p ilo t u n t il h e sen t a m an t o
p il ot it an d l ead i t b ack i n to th e ch an n el o f th e riv er
Th e foll owin g story i s t o l d
Mo s t of th e t o m b s o f the
Assyrian kin gs h ad b een b u ilt am o n g th e p ool s an d
2
m ar shes
W h en Alexan der wa s sailin g throu gh these
m arsh es an d as th e s tor y g o e s w
as hi m self s te erin g th e
trirem e a stron g g u s t o f wi n d fe ll u po n hi s b ro a d
brim m ed Mace don i an hat an d th e llet whi ch en cir cl e d
it
Th e h at b ein g h eavy fell i n to th e water ; b u t th e
llet b ein g carrie d alon g b y th e win d wa s cau ght b y on e
o f the ree ds g ro w
in g n ear th e tom b of on e of th e an cien t
3
n
Thi s i n ci den t i ts el f was an o m en o f what wa s
s
ki g
ab ou t to o cc ur an d so w
as th e fa ct th a t o n e o f the sa ilo r s 4
sw
am off to w
ar ds th e ll e t an d sn at ch e d it from th e r ee d
Bu t h e di d n o t c arry i t in h is h an ds b ec au se it wo u l d
have b een wetted while h e was swi m m i n g ; he therefore
n h ea d an d th u s con v ey e d i t to th e
put it rou n d h is o w
kin g
M ost of th e b io graph ers o f Alexan der say that
,

'

Th e Hebrew

n am e

i s B ab el ,

for B abyl on

e.

Bab B el ,
-

cou rt

In Jer xxv 2 6 ; Ii 41 , i t i s
Bel : p orta vel au l a , ci vi tas B eli ( Wi n er)
e d by
erom e, explain
h i ch Jew
i sh com m en tators , follow
call ed Sh esh ach , w
by th e C an on Atb ash , t e after th e al ph abet pu t in an i n verted order
h i ch i s th e Hebrewn am e of
Accordin g to thi s rul e th e word Babel , w
li n son , h ow
Si r H en ry Raw
ev er,
Babylon , woul d b e w
ritten Sh esh ach
.

says

it

word

was th e n am

of a

h as b een fou n d

god

am o n

after

wh om

ci ty

th e

was n am

g th e Assyri an in scripti on s

ed ; an

represen

d th e

tin g

deit
9

E
l he

form sat
3
4

p assive set ti ng s . i s

p erfect

quivalen t

to th e E p ic

an

d Ion ic

a c.

xeua t
,

Ion ic pro se
sub voce rl s
.

See p 2 6 8 . n ote 4
way Thi s p osition of r i g i s an i m i tati on of th e usage i n
u
See L i ddell a n d Scot t ,
Cf H erod i 8 5 ; 1 639 r i s Hepa w
2 6 , 4 ; vi 9 , 3 vi i 3 , 4 ; 22 , 5 ; 24, 2
Cf Arri e n ,
.

41 4
th e

ki n g

p resen

wi th

te d him

dere d h is
p ro ph ets h a d dir e cte d him
b es afe whi ch h a d worn the

z eal

an

d t h en

f Alexa n der

The An a basi s

or

t al en t

h ead

a s a re

to b e
'

ward

cu t

o ff

fo r hi s
as

th e

t o p e r m i t that h e a d to
H owever, Aris
r oyal ll et
n ot

ys that th e m an r eceiv ed a tal en t ; b u t after

war ds al s o received a scou rgin g for p lacin g th e l let
r o u n d hi s h ea d
The s am e au th or say s th at it wa s on e
o f th e Ph oen i ci an
sail o rs w
h o fetch e d th e llet for
Al exan der ; b u t th e re are s o m e who s ay it was S el eu cu s
an d th a t thi s w
a s an om e n to Al exan der o f his deat h an d
t o S el eu cu s o f his g reat ki n gdo m
Fo r th a t of all thos e
wh o su cceeded to th e so vereign ty after Alexan der
S eleu cu s b ecam e the greatest kin g was th e m o st kin gly
i n m in d an d ru l e d ov er th e great es t exten t of l an d aft er
Al exan der hi m sel f d o es n o t seem to m e to a dm it o f
qu estion 1
t ob u l u s

sa

CH AP TE R XXIII
THE ARMY RE CRUITED

O M TH E P E R SIAN S H E PH AE STI ON S

FR

M E MO R Y

W H EN

he

H ON OU EE D

B ab ylon h e fo un d that Peu cesta s

h a d arriv ed from
P ersi s b rin gin g with h im
P ersi an s as well a s m an y C ossaean s an d Tap u rian s
b ecau se th es e ra ce s were r epor te d t o b e th e m ost warlik e
o f those b o r der i n g on P er si s
Philoxen u s al s o cam e t o
him
b ri n gi n g an arm y from C aria
Men an der w th
an o th er fro m Ly di a an d M e n i das w
i th th e cavalry whi ch
h a d b een p u t u n d er hi s com m an d At th e sa m e ti m e
arrive d e m b a ssi e s fro m
Greece th e m em b ers of whi ch
with crown s u pon their o n h eads approach e d Al exan der
an d cro w
n ed him w
ith golden crown s a s if forso o th th ey
c am e t o hi m as s p eci al e n vo y s de u te d.t o
p
pay him di vi n e
r etu rn e

d to

C f Arm
.

an v

13

sup ra

9
.

Cf Arri a n ,
.

6 ; iv 1 8
.

Hep ha es tion s Mem

hon o urs ;

an

d his

en

'

was

or

n ot

y H o n ou red
far

of
f

415

Th en h e

com

P ersian s fo r th e ir great z eal to war ds h im

whi ch was sh o wn b y their ob edie n c e to Peucestas in all
thi n gs an d Pe u c e sta s hi m s el f for th e p ru den ce whi ch
he had di spl ay e d i n r u li n g th em
H e di s trib u te d t h es e
foreign sol di er s am o n g th e M ace do n i an ran k s in th e fo l
l owin g way Each co m pan y was led b y a Maced on ian
decu ri on an d n ext t o h im wa s a Ma cedon i an r ecei v i n g
do ub le pay fo r di stin gu i sh e d v alo u r an d th en cam e o n e
who received t en s taters 1 wh o wa s so n a m e d from the
pay h e r ecei v e d b ei n g l ess th a n that r ecei v e d b y the
m an
W ith do ub le pay b u t m o r e th an th at o f t h e m en
who were s ervin g a s s o l di er s withou t h o l din g a p ositi on
o f h on o u r
Ne xt to th ese cam e twel v e P ers ian s an d
last in th e c o m pan y an oth er Macedon i an who al so re
ceive d th e p ay of t en staters
so th at i n each com pan y
there were twe l v e Pers ian s an d fo ur Ma cedon i an s, three
h om re ceive d high er p ay an d th e fou rth was in
of w
The Maced n i an s were arm ed
com m an d of th e com
an y
o
p
in th eir h ere di tar y m an n er ; b u t o f th e Persi an s so m e
were arch er s while oth ers h ad j avelin s fu rn i sh e d with
3
At thi s tim e Al exan der
stra s b
p
y whi c h th ey were h eld
i th hi s
often
r evi e w
e d hi s e et h a d m an y sh am gh t s w
trir em es an d qu a dr i rem es i n th e riv er an d c on t e sts b o th
for rowers an d p il o ts th e wi n n er s r ec ei vin g c ro wn s
Nowarriv ed th e sp eci al en v oys wh o m h e had d es patch e d
ful fo r h i m to h o n o u r
t o Am m o n to i n q u ire h o wi t was law
as
Heph aestio n
Th ey t ol d h im that Am m on sai d it w
lawfu l to offe r sa crice to him as t o a h ero Rej oici n g at
t he res p on se o f t h e o ra c l e h e p ai d r e s p ect t o him a s a
hero from tha t t i m e
H e al s o desp atch ed a l etter t o
Cleo m en es wh o was a b a d m an an d h a d co m m i tted m an y
m en

ded th e

Th e M acedon i an

Cf Arri an
.

stater

( Tacti cs , 1 2 ,

Cf Arri en , p 3 7 9 ,
.

was worth

n ote

about

1 33

6d

The An a ba sis

41 6
a cts o f

in justi ce

For

hi m fo r his fri en dshi p t o

h en dea d
r ecoll ecti on of hi m e ven w

b l am

y o wn p ar t I do n ot
Heph aestio n an d for h is

E gypt 1

in

Alexan der

b ut

do b l am

him

letter com m an ded Cleo

m en es to p re ar e ch ap el s fo r the h er o H ephae sti on in the
p
E gypti an Al exan dria on e in the ci ty i tself an d an other
h ere th e t ower is situated
i n th e i sl an d of Pharo s w
The ch ap el s were to b e exce e din gly larg e an d to b e
The l ette r al so directed th at
b u ilt at lavi sh exp en se
Cleom en es sh ou l d t ak e c ar e th at H epha estio n s n am e
s h o u l d b e atta ch e d t o th e m ; an d m o reover th at hi s
i th
n am e s h o u l d b e en g rave d o n all th e legal docu m en ts w
whi ch th e m erchan ts en tered i n t o b argain s with each
3
o th er
Thes e thi n gs I can n o t b lam e excep t th a t h e
m ade so m u c h a do ab o u t m atter s o f trii n g m om en t

Bu t th e foll owin g I m u s t b l am e s everely :

If I n d
s ai d th e l ette r
th e te m pl es an d ch ap el s o f th e h e ro
H epha estion in E gyp t well co m p l eted I will n o t on ly
p ar do n y ou an y c rim es you m ay hav e c o m m i tte d in t h e
p as t b u t in th e fu t ure yo u sh a ll s u ff er n o u n p leas an t
tr eatm e n t fr o m m e h o weve r gre a t m ay b e th e cr i m e s you

h av e com m itted
I can n ot co m m en d thi s m essa ge sen t
fro m a great ki n g t o a m an wh o wa s r u li n g a l arge
as a
c ou n try an d m a n y p eo pl e esp eci ally a s th e m an w
wic ked o n e 4
fo r

m an

h er

a c ts

ot

F o r th e

We

in th e sp eech of D em osth en es agai n st D ion ysiodoru s

en e s an d hi s p arti san s en ri ch e d th em selves b y m on op oli z in g

read

th at Cleom

from E gyp t
Cf Arri an ,
5 su p ra
Thi s i slan d i s m en ti on ed by H om er ( Odyssey , i v
Al exan der
co n stru cted a m o l e s even stade s l on g from th e coast t o th e i sl an d , th u s

th e

exp ortati o n of corn

form in g th e tw
o h arb ours of Al exan dria
See S tra bo, xvii 1
Th e
i sl an d i s chi e y fam ou s for th e lofty tower bui l t up on i t by Ptol em y
Phil adelph u s , for a li gh th ou se
C f C aesar (D e B ella Ci vi li ,
.

Am m i an us , xxii 1 6
3 C o n sul t L u ci an
.

( Ca lum n i a s

n on

tem ere creden du m

17

After Al exan der s death Cl eom en e s was executed by Ptol em y,

receive d E gypt as hi s sh are of th e great i n g s dom i n i on s

4

wh o

Alexan der Seiz ed

wi th

Fever

41 7

CHAP TE R XXI V

AN OTH ER OM E N

"

or

ALE XAND ER

D EATH

BUT Al exan der s o wn en d wa s n ow n e ar

Aris to bul u s
s ay s tha t th e foll ow
in g oc c urre n ce was a p rogn osticati on
.

what wa s ab ou t t o happ en H e was di s trib u tin g th e

arm y w
hich cam e with Peu ces tas from P ersi a an d that
whi ch cam e with Philoxen u s an d Men an der from th e sea l
am on g th e Ma ce do n i an
li n es an d b ecom i n g thirsty h e
r etire d fr o m hi s sea t a n d thu s l eft th e r o ya l t h ron e e m
pty
On each si de o f th e t hro n e wer e cou ch es wi th s ilv er feet
u p on
whi ch hi s p er s on al Co m p an ion s were sittin g A
certai n
m an
o f o b scu r e con diti on
(som e say that h e wa s
even o n e o f th e m e n k ep t u n der g u ar d w
i tho ut b e in g in
ch ain s)
s e ei n g th e th r on e an d th e co u ch es e m
pty an d
th e e un u ch s s tan di n g ro un d th e thron e ( fo r th e Co m
h en
pan i on s al s o rose u p fro m th ei r s eat s with t he ki n g w
he reti re d) walke d t h ro ugh th e lin e o f e u n u ch s a s cen de d
the thron e a n d s at d own u p on it Accor di n g t o a
Persi an law th ey did n o t m ake h im r i se fro m th e th ron e
b ut ren t their garm en ts an d b eat th eir b rea sts an d faces
as i f on acco u n t of a g rea t ev il
When Alexan der wa s i n for m e d of t hi s h e ordered the
m an w
h o h a d sat u p o n hi s thron e to b e p ut t o th e to rtur e
with the v iew o f di scoverin g whether h e had don e thi s
Bu t th e
a ccordin g t o a
pl an c on certed b y a c on sp i ra cy
m an con fe sse d n othi n g exc e
p t that it cam e i n to his m in d
at th e tim e t o a c t t h u s
E ven m o re for thi s r eason the
divin ers expl a i n ed that thi s occ u rr en ce b o d ed n o g o o d to
him
A fe wdays after t hi s a ft er o fferin g to the g o ds th e
cus tom ary s a cri ce s fo r g o o d s u cces s an d ce rta in o th ers
h e was feas tin g with
al so fo r th e p ur p o s e o f divin ati on
of

L e th e M edi terra n e an

D i odorus (xvii 1 1 6)

d Plutarch (Alena , 7 3

Th e l atter
pri so n er
Messen i an
.

an

say s

hi s

n am e

was

say

th at h e

Di on ysiu s ,

an

was a boun d

d th at h e

was

f Alexan der

The An a basi s

41 8

was

drin ki n g far in to th e n igh t 1 H e is

al so sai d t o h av e di s tribu te d th e sacri ci al vi cti m s as w ell
a s a qu an ti ty o f w i n e to th e ar m y th ro ugh ou t th e c om
There are s om e wh o hav e recor ded
pan ies an d c en t u ries
th at h e wi s h e d to retire after th e dri n kin g p arty t o hi s
b ed ch am b er 3 b u t M ediu s, a t t hat t im e th e m o st in u
h is fri en ds,

an

C om pan ion s m et hi m an d b egged him

j oin a p arty of r evellers at h is resi den ce sayin g that
revel wo ul d b e a p l easan t on e
en

tial

of

th e

to

the

CHAPTE R XXV
ALEXANDER SE I z E D WITH

F E VE R

THE Royal D iar y gi ves th e fo llo win g accou n t, to the

e ffe ct that h e r e vell e d an d dran k a t th e d w
elli n g of
M edin a ; th en ro s e u p, to ok a b ath , an d slep t ; th en

gain supp ed at the h ou se of Medius an d a gain dran k

t ill far in to th e n igh t
Af ter reti rin g fro m th e drin ki n g
p arty h e too k a b ath ; after which h e to o k a little food
an d sl e pt th ere
He
b e ca use h e al ready fe lt fev eri sh
was carri ed ou t u p on a co u ch t o the sacrices in order
th at he m ight o ffer t h e m a ccordin g t o hi s daily cust om
After p erform in g th e sacred ri te s h e lay do wn in th e
b an qu etin g h all un til d u s k
I n the m ean ti m e h e g ave
in struction s t o the of cers ab o ut the exp editi on an d
v oyage
or de ri n g th o se w
h o were g oi n g on fo ot to b e
rea dy on th e fo ur th da
h
o w
e re go i n g to
an d those w
y
sail w
i th hi m t o b e ready to sail on th e fth day From
a

Pl utarch
7 5 ) an d J ustin
1 3 ) say th at h e gave a b an uet
to Nearchus th e adm iral , an d th at , as h e w
as in vi ted
as leavi n g it , h e w
to th e revel by M edi u s th e Th essalian
Cf D i odorus, xvii 1 1 7
3
We learn from Athen aeu s (x p 43 4 B) th at thi s Court Journ al was
ept by th e ro yal secretar , E u m en es, afterw
ards so fam ou s , an d by th e
y
h i storian , D i odo tus o f E rythrae
As to th e last days of Al exan der, cf
Plutarch ( Alan , 7 6 ,
.

Alexan ders D ea th

p lace

thi s

wh e

re

he

he

was

carr ed

p on

41 9

the c o u ch to th e

r ver,

bark ed in a b oat an d sail ed across the ri ver

p ark There he a gai n took a b ath an d wen t to

t o th e

em

rest.

On th e foll owin g day he to ok an o th er b ath an d offered

the c u sto m ary sacri c es
H e t h en en t ered a tes ter b ed,
lay do wn , an d c ha tted wi t h Mediu s
He al so o rdere d
his o f cers to m e et h im at d ayb reak
Havi n g d on e thi s
he ate a li ttl e s u pp er an d wa s ag ai n con veyed i n t o th e
t ester b ed
Th e fever n o wrag ed th e wh ol e n igh t wi thout
.

da y h e t oo k a b ath ; after whi ch

he o ffered sacrice, an d g ave or ders t o Nearchus a n d th e
o th er o cers t h at th e v oya g e sh o ul d b e gin o n th e thi rd
Th e n ext day h e b a the d a gai n a n d o ffered th e
day

i n term issi on

Th e

n ext

p rescribed sacri ces

he did

Afte r

p erform i n g th e s acre d rites

y et c ease to su ffer from th e fever

thi s, h e s u m m on ed th e o f c ers an d

n ot

din g

No twith

gav e the m
in structi on s to h ave all thi n g s ready for th e s tar tin g of
the eet
In th e even i n g h e t o ok a bat h after w hi ch h e
was very ill The n ext day he was tran sferred to the
h ou se n ear the s wi m m in g b ath wher e h e offered the
p rescri b e d sacrices Tho u gh h e was n owvery dan ger
ously ill
h e s u m m on e d th e m o s t r esp on sibl e o f hi s
fresh i n stru cti o n s a b ou t th e
of cers an d gave th em
voyag e
On th e fo llo win g day h e wa s wi th di f cu lty
carri e d ou t t o th e s acri ces whi ch h e o ffered ; an d n on e
i cers a b ou t the v oy a ge
the less gav e oth er orders to th e o
The n ext day tho u gh h e was n o wvery ill h e o ffere d th e
prescrib ed sacrices
He n o w gave orders that the
1
h
a
gen eral s sh oul d r em ai n in atten dan ce in t e h ll an d
that th e colon el s an d c ap tai n s sh o ul d re m ai n b efore th e
gates But b ei n g n ow altogeth er in a dan gerou s state
stan

Cf Curti us, ix 2 3 : Mos erat p ri n cipibu s

corp ori s excubare an te p raetorium , quotien s
ci di sset
1

am

i corum

et

cu stodi bus

adversa regi valetudo

in

he

f Alexa n der

The An a ba si s

4 20

was

yed

c on ve

fro m

p ark i n to th e p ala ce

th e

When

kn e wt h em i n deed b u t
D uri n g
o rd b ei n g sp eechl e ss
c ou l d n o l on ger u tter a w
the e n su i n g n igh t an d day an d the n ext n ight an d day
h e was in a v ery high fev er
of cer s en

h is

tere d th e

ro o m

he

C H A P T E R XX V I
ALE XAN D E R s D EATH

S U CH is the accoun t gi ven i n the Royal D iary I n addi

ti on t o thi s it s tates t hat th e sol di ers wer e very desi ro u s
hile
o f se ein g him 3 so m e in o r der to see him o n ce m or e w
as
a s a r ep or t t h a t h e w
s till alive 3 o th er s b e cau se th er e w
a s b ei n g con ceal e d
alr ea dy d ea d i m agin e d th at hi s death w
b y th e co n den tial b o dy g uard s as I for m y p art s u pp os e
Mos t of them throu gh grief an d affe cti on for th eir ki n g
I t i s sa i d t h at wh en hi s
forc ed their way i n t o see h i m
h e was u n a bl e to sp eak ; ye t h e
s ol dier s p a s s e d by hi m
greeted each o f t he m wi th h is righ t han d rais in g his
h ead with dii cul ty an d m aki n g a sign with his eyes
The Royal D iary also says t h at Peith on Att alu s D em o
h
ell a s Cleo m en es M en i da s an d
n
an d Pe u c es tas a s w
o
p
S el eu cu s sl ep t i n th e t em p le of S erapis 1 an d ask ed th e
go d wheth er it wo ul d b e b etter an d m o re de s irab l e for
Al exan der to b e c arri ed i n to hi s t e m p l e in order as a
A vo ice i ssu ed fro m th e
su p pli an t t o b e cu re d by hi m
go d sayin g that h e was n o t t o b e c arr i ed i n to th e te m p l e
b ut that i t wo u l d b e b etter for h im to rem ai n where h e
was Thi s an s wer was rep orted by th e C om pan io n s an d
s oon
after Ale xan der di e d as if fo r so oth thi s w
ere n o w
.

Serapi s, or m ore correctly Se rap i s , was an E gyp ti an deity , w

h o se
worshi p was in troduced in to Greece i n th e tim e of th e Ptolem i es His
worship was in troduced i n to Rom e , wi th th at of Isis , i n t h e tim e of
S tra bo ( xvii 1 ) gives an accoun t of h i s cu ltu s in th e celebrated
Sull a
Th e Serap eum at Al exan dria , w
t em pl e at Can obu s
hi ch con tain e d th e
1

fam

ous

library , i s described by Am m i an us ,

xxi i

16

Ru m
th e

our

be tter thin g

tha t Alexa n der

wa s

Poison ed

42 1

Nei the r Aristob u l u s n or P tol em y has

gi ven an a cco u n t differin g m u ch from th e p rece din g
S o m e a uth ors howeve r h ave r el ated th at his C om pan ion s
a sk e d hi m
t o w h o m h e l eft hi s ki n g dom ; an d t h at h e
r e p li e d
To th e b es t 1 O th ers s ay tha t in a ddi ti o n
t o thi s r em ark h e t o l d th e m th a t h e s a wth er e wo ul d b e
a g rea t fu n eral co n tes t h el d i n hi s h o n o ur
.

CH AP TE R XXVII

R UMO U R THAT ALE XAND E R WAs

P OI SONE D
I AM aware that m an y o ther p arti cu lars have b een related
by hi s to ri an s con cern i n g Al exan der s dea t h an d esp ecia lly
tha t p oi son wa s s e n t for him b y An ti pa ter fro m th e
effec ts of w
hich he die d 3 It i s al so asserted th a t th e
p oison wa s p rocu red for An tip ater b y Ari stotle who was

n ow afrai d o f Al exan d er o n
It
a c c ou n t o f Cal li sth en e s
i s sai d t o h ave b een c o n veyed b y Ca ssan der the son o f
An ti p ater 5 s o m e r eco rdin g t h at h e con vey ed i t i n th e
hoof o f a m u le an d th at his yo u n ger b ro th er I olla s gave
it t o th e kin g 6 Fo r thi s m an wa s th e roy al c u p b ea rer
.

L e th e
.

m ost vali an t

Cf Curti us , x 1 4 ;
er
To decide wh o was to su cceed to his p ow
D i odorus , xvi i 1 1 7 ; Jus ti n , xi i 1 5
3
Plutarch
Cf Curti us , x 3 1 D i odorus , xvii 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 ; us ti n , xii 1 3
'
A
l
e
x
an
d
er
s b ein g p oi son ed ,
id
b
o
u
t
i
n
w
a
s
sa
a
n
o
t
h
g
(Alex , 77 ) a sserts th at
h
en Olym p i as, th e en em y of An tip ater, set th e
u n til si x
f
t
r
w
e
r
s
a
e
a
,
y
ch arge a oa t

1
See Arr i a n , iv 1 0 sup ra
5
He pu t
i n g of M acedon i a an d Greece
ards
Cassan de r was afterw
Olym pi as , Roxa n a , an d h er son Ale xan der Aegu s to d eath , a n d b ri bed
Polysp erch on to p u t B arsin e an d h er son H ercul es to death . H e di e d of
2 97
dropsy ,
5
Th e
Cf Pausa n i a s , xvi ii 4 ; Cu r ti us, x 3 1 ; Plu tarch (Alex ,

i t was obtain ed from

ater of Styx
th e w
i
s
o
n
h
e
o
t
an ci en ts call ed
,
p
hich th e river Styx too i ts
Non acri s i n th e n orth o f Arcadia , n ear w
n
i fu it , u t n on aere ,
usti n (xi i 1 4) says : C u u s v en en i ta ta v s
o ri gin
n on ferro , n on t esta co n ti n eretu r, n ec ali ter ferri n isi in u n gul a e ui
1'

f Alexan der

The An a basi s

422

ha ve recei ved som e affron t from

O ther s have
Alexan der a short t im e b efore his d eath
s tat ed t hat M edius b ei n g a l ov e r of I olla s t o ok p ar t in
the dee d ; for h e i t was wh o i n du ce d the kin g t o h ol d the
r evel Th ey s ay that Al exan der was seiz e d with an acute
paroxys m of pain over th e win e cup on feelin g whi ch he
retired f om the drin kin g b ou t l On e writer h as n ot
h en Alexan der per
e ven b e en a sh am e d to r eco rd that w
as u n likely to s u rvi ve h e w
as g oin g ou t to
c eived h e w
throwh im sel f in t o the ri ve r E u ph rat es so th at h e m igh t
di appear from m en s sigh t an d l eave am on g th e m en of
after tim e s a m or e rm ly roo te d op in ion th at he o w e d hi s
birth to a go d an d had dep arte d to the go ds But a s h e
was goin g o u t he di d n ot es cape the n otice of his wife
Roxan a wh o res tra in ed hi m
from carryin g out his
design Wh ereu p on h e u ttere d l am en t ation s s ayin g that
sh e forso oth en v ie d him
th e com pl et e gl o r y o f b ei n g
tho ught the offspri n g of th e god: Th ese s tatem en t s I
have r ecor ded rath er tha t I m ay n o t seem to b e ig n oran t
that th ey ha v e b een m ade th an b ecau s e I c on si de r t h em
w orthy of cre den ce or even o f n arrat ion
an

happ en e d

d he

to

XXVIII

CHAPTE R

C HARACTE R or ALE XAND ER

ALE XAND E R die d i n the h un dre d an d fou rt een th Olym p iad
.

p otueri t
repertas,
.

Pli y
n

(H ist Na t

li am

n eq ue a

ull am

xxx 5 3
.

m e teri am

sa s :

Un

gul

as

tan tum

q u ae n on p errodere tur
dro m a n o An ti ater

m ularum
a ven en o

p
Stygis aqu ae, cu m id dan dum Al exan
witterst,
dign um m em oria est, m a n a Ari stoteli s i n fam ia exoogitatum
D i od orus (xvii 1 1 7 ) states th at after dri n in
freely, Al exan der
ed th e con ten ts of a lar e o blet , c all ed th e cup of Heracles, an d
sw
allow
was im m ediately sei z ed with violen t pai n Thi s statem en t, h owever, is
I seem s from th e last in j un cti on of Cal an us ,
con tradi cte d by Plutarch
th e In dian phi losoph er, that i t w
as con si dered th e righ t thi n
to drin k to
in toxi cation at th e fun eral of a fri en d
See l utarch ( Alan ,

g g

k g

Ap ology for Alexan ders E rrors

in th e

r hon sh ip

H e ge si a s

of

a c

Ath en s

at

423

Accor di n g to

1
.

live d thi rty two ye ars

an d h ad r eac he d th e e igh th m
on th of h is th i r ty th i rd
year He ha d re ig n e d t wel ve years an d the se eigh t
m on ths 2
H e was v ery h an d som e in p ers on an d m u ch
devo te d to exertion v ery a ctiv e i n m i n d v ery h er oic in
c ou rag e
very t en aciou s o f h o n o u r excee din gly fon d of
i n currin g dan g er an d stric tly ob servan t o f his d ty t o
t he g o ds
In re gar d t o th e p l easu re s o f th e b o dy h e h a d
p e fect s el f con trol an d o f th o s e o f th e m in d p rai se wa s
the on ly o n e o f w
h i ch h e wa s i n sa tia ble
H e was v ery
cl e ver in r eco g n i s i n g w
ha t wa s n ecess ary t o b e do n e
e v en w
h en it wa s s t ill a m att er u n o t i ced by o th ers ; an d
very su ccess fu l in con j ect ri g fro m th e ob se v ti o n of
facts what wa s lik ely t o o cc ur
In m arsh allin g arm in g
a d r uli n g an a m y h e w
a s ex c ee d i n gly skil fu l
an d v er y
re n o w
n e d fo r r o u s in g th e co u rag e of hi s s ol di e rs lli n
g
them wi th h o p es o f s u cces s an d di s p elli n g th ei r fe a r i n
the m i ds t of dan g e r by h i s o wn fr eedo m from fear
th e

s tatem en

Ari st o b u l u s, h e

of

Th er efo re

v en wh a t

th e

g reatest b ol dn e ss

t he

s ar t o f

h is

se cret

h e did

wi th

H e was al so v ery c lever i n g ett in g

ies an d sn at ch in g from them th eir
.

ly fores tallin g th em b efore an y on e

even feared w
as ab ou t t o h app en
H e wa s like wi se
h at w
very steadfast i n keep in g th e agree m en t s an d set tl em en ts
wh ich h e m a de a s well s v ery secure from b ein g
en tra pp e d by d ece i v er s
Fin ally h e was v ery sparin g in
th e e xp en di t ure o f m on e y fo r th e g ra ti c atio n of hi s o w
n
pl easu re s b u t h e was e xc eedin gly b oun tiful i n sp en din g
it fo r th e b en e t of h is a sso c ia t es
a d an

ta

ges by

e n em

h e h ad to d o i n

s ecr e t

Jun e , 3 2 3

Pt l y t k th

i t in

o em

oo

Mem phi s

Curti us ,

x.

31

e em

b alm ed body of Al xa d
oved i t a few yea s aft

but rem
Cf As i an
.

( Vari a H i stori a

Egypt

placed

er

to

er

to A exan dria

64 ;

an

See

The An a basi s

4 24

Al x

CHAP TE R XXIX
Ap oLos v
THAT Al exan der
'

co n

ALRXANDE R

FO R

h o u l d h av e

qu i ckn ess of tem p

sh o u l d ha ve b een i n du ce d to

th e

Per sian

er

h s to

m on arc

im

an

E RROR S

itted

com m

du c t fro m

th a t h e

der

e an

or

m o dera e

in h is

e rr or s

fro m

com

wrath 1
,

p or t h i m
d e gr e e ,

an

l f lik e

se

do

n ot

an d
i n k rem arkable if we fairly co n
y
h is u n in terru p ted career o f g o o d fo rt u n e ; lik e wise tha t
kin g s h ave n o associates in ple asure who ai m at th eir
b es t in terests bu t tha t they will al ways have associates
u rgi n g th em
However I am certain that
t o d o wr o n g
Alexan der wa s th e o n ly o n e o f th e an ci en t kin g s w
ho
from n obility o f char cter re p en ted of th e e rro rs which
he h ad co m m itted
Th e m aj ori ty o f m en ev en if they
h av e b ec o m e con sc io u s th at th ey h av e co m m itted an
err or m ak e the m i st ak e o f th in k in g th at th ey c an con ce al
th e ir s in by de fen din g th eir e rr or a s if it h ad b e en a j u s t
acti o n
B t it s eem s t o m e th at th e on ly cu re fo r s in is
for th e s in n er t o c on fe s s it an d to b e vi s ibly r ep en tan t
i n re g ard to i t
Thu s th e su ffer in g will n ot app ea
al to g eth e r i n tol era bl e t o th o s e w
h o h ave u n derg on e n
p leasan t treatm en t if th e p er son wh o in ict ed it con fes ses
t ha t h e ha s a c te d di sho n ou ra bly ; an d thi s g o od h0 p e for
th e fu tu e i s l eft to th e m an h im s elf th at h e wi ll n ev er
again com m it a s im ilar s in if h e is s een t o b e v exe d at
h is fo rm er errors
I do n o t th in k th at e ven his t racin g
hi s origin to a go d wa s a g re at e rro r o n Al ex an der s p art
if it was
o t p erh ap s m e rely a d e vi ce t o i n du ce hi s
s id er b o th hi s

th

out

s ub e c ts ~t o sh o

Cf D i odorus ,
.

j uven i

xvii

Cf Cur ti us , x 1 8
.

w h im

s t in

luta

rch

re resen tin

in tan to

tan ti s

regs

adm

( Alex
h im

lf

se

pi get

re

6567 -713

2 8)

ut

bus

re

seem

j usto

m a or cu

pido

sup erbam

its

at

th e sam e m otiv e to Al exan der in

son of Z eu s
L i vy ( i x 1 8 ) sa s : Referre
m u tati on em
vesti s et desiderates h um i

attri utes

to be th e

to

7 0 6 uea vla xov.

Glori ae lau di sq ue,

i tten da

N or do es h e

ver en ce 3

E ulogy

Alexa n der

42 5

less ren o wn ed kin g th an M in os Aeacu s

or Rha da m an th u s t o w
h om n o in s ol en c e i s att ib te d by
th e m e n o f o l d b e c au se th ey t ra ce d th ei r o rigin to Z e s
Nor d o es h e s ee m at all i n feri o r t o Th eseu s o r Io n th e
form e b e in g th e r ep u t e d s on of P o sei don an d th e l a tte r
of Ap oll o
H is a do p tio n o f th e Pers i an m o de o f dres s in g
al so see m s t o m e to h a v e b e en a p o li ti cal de vi ce i n re g r d
to the for e ign ers th at t he ki n g m ig h t n o t a pp ear
altoge th er an ali en t o th e m
an d i
r e g ar d to th e M ac e
don ian s to s h o wth em th at h e h a d a ref ge fr o m th ei r
ra shn ess o f t e m p er an d in sol e ce
For th i s r ea so n I
thin k be m ixe d the Persian royal gu a ds who ca rie d
golden appl es a t th e en d of th eir sp ears am on g th e ran k s
an d th e P er s i an
p eers 2 with th e
of th e Ma ce don i an s
Mace don ian b ody g uar ds A ris tob u lu s al s o a sserts that
Al exan der u s ed t o h ave l on g dri n kin g p arti es n ot fo r
the p u rpos e o f e n j o yi n g the win e a s h e wa s n o t a g rea t
win e drin k er b u t in o r der t o exh ibit hi s sociality an d
3
n
s
fri en dly feelin g t o h i s C o m p an i o

m e

to h a ve b een

CHAP TE R XXX
E U L O GY

WHOEVER

ther efor e

let hi m do
m

bu s ;

et

fo ede

van i tatem

p assage

v.

p roach es Alexan der

as a

'

b a d m an ,
b efore hi s

b u t l et hi m rs t n o t on ly b rin g
a cti o n s d e s ervi n g r e p r oa ch , b u t al so

su

em en

in

re

vi cti s

adu lati on es , eti am

tium

ALEXAND E R

so

i n d all his

acen

or

ppli

ci a , et

ti en dae

s tir

i n ter

pi s

19
1 7

L i vy , ix

M acedon ibus

vi n u m

C on su

See

a so

p l

g ath e r

raves , n edu m

vi cto ri

icorum et
h o e of th e i n terestin
t th e w
19 ;
Aeli an ( Va n ia H i stori a ,
et o u a , caede s am

1 2 ; ix

1 1 su ra
Cf H erodotus , vii 41 Arri an ,
2
vii 5 , 8 5 ) sa s th at th e Persian
e
di
a
o
a
C
r
e n o h on
,
( y p
Hon our , or eers , s en t th eir tim e a ou t th e C ourt
3
Cf Arri an , iv 1 4 su ra ; J us ti n , i x 8 ; Athem eus , x
xii
As ian Vari a H i stori c , ii i 23 i x 3
1

p
.

E q ls i
ua

43 4

B;

f Alexan der

The An a basi s

426

in to on e v iew all his deeds of ev ery kin d Then in deed

h o h e i s h im sel f an d what ki n d of fortun e
l et him r e ect w
h o t hat m an was
h e h as exp er ien ce d an d th en con si der w
wh om h e r eproaches as b ad an d to wh at a h eigh t of
h um an su c c ess h e att ain e d b ecom in g wi th ou t an y disp u te
kin g of b oth c on tin en ts 1 an d reach in g every place by his
fam e ; whil e h e him self wh o r ep roa ch es h im i s of sm all er
accoun t
sp en d in g h is l ab o ur o n p etty o bj ec t s whi ch
h owever h e does n ot su cceed in effectin g p etty a s they
as at tha t t im e n o
are
For m y o w
n p art I th i k th er e w
race of m en n o city n o r e ven a si gle in di vidual to wh om
For
Alexan der s n am e an d fam e h ad n o t p en etrate d
thi s r eason it s eem s t o m e th at a h e o tot ally u n lik e an y
ith ou t the
oth er h um an b ein g c o u l d n ot h ave b e en b or n w
An d thi s i s sai d to h av e b een
agen cy of th e d eity
r evealed afterAl exan der s death by th e oracul ar resp on ses
by the v isi on s wh ich presen ted th em selves to var iou s
p eople an d b y th e dream s wh ich were seen by differen t
in dividu als I t i s also sh own by the h on ou r p ai d to him
by m en up to the prese t t im e an d by the recollect i on
which is st ill h eld of h i m a s m ore th an hum an E ven at
t he pres en t t i m e after s o lon g an i n terval o th er o racu l ar
resp on ses in hi s h on our h ave b een r eceived by th e n ati on
o f the Macedon i an s
I n relat in g th e hi st o ry of Al exan
d er s a chi evem en ts th ere ar e so m e th in g s wh i ch I h ave
b een com p elled t o cen su re ; b u t I a m n ot ash am ed to
a dm i re Al exan de r h im se lf
Th ose a ction s I hav e b ran ded
a s b a d b oth from a r egar d t o m
n ve ra ci ty an d at
y ow
th e sam e t im e for th e b en e t o f m an kin d 2
For thi s
.

d Asi a Arri an re c on ed Li bya ,or Afri ca, as a art of

3 0 ; v 26 ;
1
See
Asia
9 Dr
Arrien i s i n thi s w
eon h ard
ch m itz sa s
or on e of th e m ost
hi ch h e i s raised
riters of hi s tim e, a o ve w
exce en t w
h i s sim i ci t
reat as hi s m eri ts th u s are as an hi stori an
an d hi s un i assed j u d m en t
,
h i s exce l en ce a s an hi stori ca cri ti c
th e are yet sur assed
Hi s
orth
An a asi s is ased u on th e m ost tru s tw
h i stori an s am on th e con
uro e an

ll

y
b

by

b
G

by

pl

E u logy

Alexan der

42 7

reason I th in k t h at I u n dert ook th e t ask

hi story n o t w i t h ou t the d iv in e in sp irat i on

of

Wri t i n g th i s

T H E E ND

on

T H E HI STORY

or

ALE XAND E R s D E ED s

Ar i stob ulu s , w
h ch two h e
um en es of Cardi a , Nearch us of
, D i odotus of E rythr ae ,
Crete , an d M egasth en es ; an d hi s soun d j u d m en t as to w
h o d eserve d
credit, j u stly led him to rej ect su ch auth ors as 0 n esi cri tus ,Calli sth en es, an d
No on e at all acq u ain ted with th i s w
oth ers
or
of Arrian s can refus e
his ass en t to th e o pin ion of h o tiu s (p 7 3 ; com p
uci an , Alex ,
th at
Arrian was th e b est am on th e n u m erou s h i stori an s of Al exan der
On e
or , i n dep en den t of th ose alr eady m en tio n ed,
o f th e reat m eri ts of th e w
hi ch he d escri b es all m ili tary
i th w
is th e cl earn es s an d distin ctn ess w
in u p o f th e arm ies for b attl e , an d
m ovem en ts an d op erati on s , th e draw
I n all th ese resp ects th e An a b a si s i s
th e con duct o f b attles an d si e es
s th at h e
a m a sterly produ cti on , an d Arrien sh o w
hi m self posses sed a
led e of m ilitary affairs H e sel dom in troduc es
th orou h practi cal n ow
s a p rofoun d
n ow
h erever h e does h e sh ow
led e of m an
speech es , bu t w
an d th e sp eech of Al exan der to h i s reb elli ous sol di ers , an d th e reply of
ell as som e oth er sp eech es, are m asterly sp ecim en s o f orat o ry
Coen u s, as w
hi ch i s n ot n ecessary to m a e hi s n arrativ e clear
very thin , m oreover, w

p
ed
chiey foll ow

tem

orari es of

Al exan der,

su ch

as

Pto

em

is

lly

carefu

k
g

avoi ded.

See

i th

D i cti on ary

Greek

an d

R om

an

Bi o

I ND E X OF PROPER NAM E S

( The n u m bers refer

Abastan i an s , 3 40
Abb ot , 2 5 8
Abdalon ym u s, 1 1 6
Ab dera, 3 7
Abi an cythi an s, 2 05
Abi ch t 2 1 3 , 2 7 6 , 2 8 3
Abi sares , 2 5 7 , 2 64, 2 7 9, 2 98
.

3 15
A ouki r, 1 42
Ahras s , 3 3 0 3 3 4
Abulites, 1 7 2 , 1 7 3 , 3 7 4
A ydu s, 3 7
A ssin i a, 2 7 2
Acsin s , 2 7 1 , 2 7 4 , 2 98 3 00 ,
3 1 5 3 2 5 , 3 3 6 , 3 3 9
3 41 ,
3 87
Ach aean s , ort of, 3 7
Ach aem en ids , 3 7 5
Achi es, 3 8 , 3 9, 1 3 9, 3 23 ,
40 2
Achilleu s , 1 50
Ach m eth a , 1 7 9
Acro o i s of Ath en s , 49 , 1 7 3
Acro o i s of ardi s , 5 0
Acuphi s , 2 66 2 6 8
Ada, 65 , 6 6
Addaeus , 63 , 6 4
Adm etus , 1 3 1 13 3
Adon i s , 1 1 6
Adrais taean s, 3 0 1
Aeacus , 226 , 42 5
Aeacidae, 1 3 8
Ae ae, 3 6
Ae ean Sea , 1 1 0 , 40 8
Ae in a , 3 3 4
Ae os otam i , 3 1 , 5 7
Ae
tu s, 27 6 , 3 1 8
Aeo i s an d Aeo i an s, 53 , 7 1 ,
3 83 , 3 85
Aeschi n es , 9 1 ,
Aesch y u s , 1 49 , 2 69, 3 3 8

3 01 ,

3 96 ,

et

Al ci as , 7 7
Al cm n a , 1 1 7 , 1 45
Al i an P ain , 8 9
A exan der I , 3 3 , 3 8 3
A exan der th e Great , p a ssi m
A exan der Aegu s, 242 , 4 2 1
A exan der, son o f Aeropu s , 2 7 , 5 1 ,
68
A exan der th e pir ote, 1 5 2
A exan dr i a , 1 4 1 , 1 42 , 1 43 ,
2 1 0 , 2 47 , 2 66 , 3 40 , 3 5 1 , 41 6 ,
42 0 , 42 3
A in da , 66
A es, 1 2 5
Am i n i c ates, 9 1
Am astri n e, 3 7 5
Am ath s , 1 2 9
3 95
Am a z on s , 2 3 4 , 3 93
Am bracia , 1 1 9
Am m i an u s , 8 0 , 1 0 6 , 2 03 , 2 2 9 , 2 7 0 ,
2 7 1 , 3 8 5 , 40 1
Am m in asp es , 1 8 5
.

l
l
l
l

l
l

l
lp

1 8 6,

g
g
g
g p
gyp

Ah asueru s, 3 64
Aith i op s , 2 7 2
Alan i 2 , 4
Alb an i an s , 1 55 , 1 6 1 , 1 64
Alb i on , 1 2 5
Alcotas , 2 46 , 2 5 5 , 2 5 6 , 2 8 3

3 08 ,
3 7 4,

p l
pl

passi m

ll

g
g
g
g
g

b
by

Aes cul api u s 8 8 3 97

Aeto li an s , 2 6 , 3 4
Af h an i stan , 1 55 , 1 9 1
Afri ca , 1 0 8 , 2 0 3 , 3 0 9
Agall assa , 3 24
A am em n on 3 7
A ath o , 44 , 1 6 4
A en or, 1 3 3
Ag sil aii s , 1 1 0
A i s III , 1 09, 1 1 0, 1 7 3
A i s th e Ar ive , 22 3
Agri an i an s, 1 1 , 1 8 , 1 9, 2 1 , 2 3

to the p ages

429

The An a ba si s

43 0

1 44 1 48 , 223 , 3 20 , 3 47 ,
3 82 , 3 97 , 4 1 5
Am phi ara s , 8 9
Am phil ochi an s , 1 1 9
Am h i och u s , 8 9
Am h i on , 3 0
Am hi o i s , 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 3 7 , 98 , 1 0 7
Am ph itri t , 3 2 0
Am h oteru s, 7 0 , 1 44 , 1 50
Am yn tas of M acedon , 1 9 , 66
Am yn ta s , son of An tioch u s, 5 1 , 69,
90, 91 , 1 0 7 , 1 09
Am yn tas , son of An drom en es , 2 9 ,
,
43 , 50 , 5 9 , 1 62 , 1 7 3 , 1 7 4 , 1 7 7 ,
1 8 8 , 1 90 , 1 9 2 , 1 9 5
Am yn tas , son of Arrh ab aeu s , 40 ,
4 3 4 5 , 5 9 , 7 4 , 95
Am yn ta s, son of Nicola s , 23 7 , 2 3 8 ,
2 47
Am yn tas th e h e an , 2 5
An axagora , 40 7
2 26
An axarch u s, 222
An axi pp u s, 1 9 1 , 1 92
An chi alu s , 8 7 , 8 8
An c ra , 8 4
An droc es, 1 2 9
1 62 , 1 92 ,
An drom ach u s ,
2 1 0, 2 1 3 2 1 5
An dron i cu s , 1 8 9 , 1 91
An dr o sth en e s , 409
An i ctu s , 1 3 4
An taeu s , 1 45
An tal cidas, 7 9, 80
An t eas , 3 63
An th em s, 9 8
An tib lu s , 1 82
An ticl es , 2 3 0
An ti gn es , 2 91 , 3 44
An ti gon , 1 93
An ti 6u n s, 7 6 , 8 8 , 3 05 , 40 5
An ti L i b i n u s , 1 2 5 , 1 5 6, 3 0 8
An tioch u s, 97 , 1 49 , 26 3
An ti ater, 2 6 , 3 6 , 43 , 8 1 , 1 02 , 1 05 ,
1 0 9 , 1 48 , 1 6 2 , 1 7 3 , 2 3 1 , 3 9 1 ,
3 92 , 42 1
An ti ater, son of Ascl epiodorus,
23 0
An tiph il us , 1 05
An ton in u s Pius , 2
263 , 3 1 0
Aorn u s , 1 99 , 2 5 8
A e es , 48 , 53 , 8 8
Aph rices, 2 7 9
A is, 1 42
A ol o , 1 48 , 1 96 , 204 , 3 8 9 , 3 90 , 425
A o odorus , 1 7 1 , 404, 405

Am

m cm ,

p l
p
p pl

T b

f Alem om derX
Apoll on i a 40 98

Ap oll on ides , 1 44
A o on iu s , 1 49
A o on i us Rh odi u s, 5 6 , 3 46
Ap ollop h an es , 3 5 1 , 3 60
Ara , 40 7
Ara i a an d Ara ian s , 1 3 5 , 1 40 , 1 49,
1 7 2 , 3 08 , 3 09 , 3 69, 407 41 2
Ara i an
u f, 41 0
Arabi ti an s, 3 5 0
Arabi u s River, 3 49 , 3 5 0
Ara ch oti a an d Arach oti an s , 1 5 5 ,
1 6 1 , 1 8 3 , 1 97 , 2 7 5 , 2 8 3 , 3 41 ,
3 44, 3 60 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 7
Aradus , 1 08 , 1 1 1
Ara Se a, 1 98 , 1 99, 202 , 2 3 4, 2 7 4 ,
40 1
Aram , 8 7 , 1 07 , 1 5 6 , 3 8 0
Ararat , 41 1
Aratu s, 8 8
Araxes, 1 7 7 , 401
Arb l a, 1 3 , 98 , 1 5 6
171, 3 3 4
Arb pale s, 48
Arcadi a an d Arcadi an s, 3 2 , 3 4,
.

p ll
p ll

b
b

G l

42 1
Arch el aii s , 3 6 , 1 7 3
Archi as , 40 9
.

1 99

Arcon n su s , 65
Arei a an d Arei an s, 1 5 5 , 1 91 1 93 ,
1 9 7 , 200 , 2 1 6 , 3 61 , 3 7 8
Areiu s iver, 2 1 6
Ar s, 45
Ar tes , 1 64 , 1 6 6, 1 6 7
Arti s , 46
Ar o s an d Ar i ves , 5 1 , 5 8 , 8 9, 2 1 7 ,
.

p ll

p
p l
p ll

Ari aces , 1 5 6
Ariaspi an s, 1 96
Arigaeum , 2 5 1
Arim m as , 1 5 2
Ariobarz an es, 1 5 5 , 1 7 6 , 1 77 , 1 7 8 ,
.

1 89
Arisb , 40
Ari stan der, 3 6 , 7 0 , 1 2 1 , 1 3 7 ,
1 5 4, 1 7 0 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 2 , 2 3 5
Ari sto , 97 , 1 62, 1 64 , 1 65
Ari stobl us, 3 , 6 , 8 3 , 8 5 , 1 01 ,
1 45 , 1 46 , 1 48 , 1 60 , 1 93 ,
1 98 , 202 , 2 0 9, 2 1 4 , 2 2 0 ,
2 3 1 , 2 3 2 , 2 7 7 , 28 1 , 2 97 ,
3 44 , 3 48 , 3 5 1 , 3 52 , 3 6 3 ,
3 66 , 3 7 5 , 3 94 , 400 , 404,
40 6 , 40 9 , 41 4 , 41 7 , 42 1 ,
425 , 42 7
Ari stogeiton , 1 7 3 , 2 24, 406
.

1 43

1 05 ,
1 97 ,
23 0 ,
3 3 4,
3 65 ,
405 ,
423 ,

In dea:

Pr op er Nam

Ari stom des , 1 0 7

Ari ston i cu s 1 43 , 1 44, 23 6, 2 3 7
Aristo n oii s 3 63
Ari si r an es, 1 2 1 , 1 5 2 , 1 7 0 , 23 1 ,
.

ggf

43 1

es .

Aspen dus. 7 1 7 3
Assac n i an s, 249, 25 3
.

254 , 2 63

2 8
As sao n us, 2 56, 2 63
As sagtes, 2 5 9
Assh u r, 41 1
Ass ri a an d Assyrian s, 8 7 , 8 9 9 1 ,
1 5 4, 1 5 6, 1 7 2 , 3 8 0 , 4 07 , 41 1
41 3
Astes , 248
At as h , 41 3
Ath a i ah , 5 8
Ath arri as , 64
Ath a 3 8 , 49, 8 9 , 1 04, 1 48 , 247 ,
o
Ath en aeus, 409
Ath en s an d the Ath en i an s, 1 , 8 , 9,
3 7,
7 9,
91 , 10 5 ,
1 2 0,
1 7 8 , 224, 2 27 , 2 3 2 , 3 8 4, 3 94,
4 06
Ati z yes , 69 . 1 03
At a s ou n tain s, 3 09, 3 69
Atrop ates , 1 5 5, 2 3 9 , 3 65 , 3 7 4, 3 7 5 ,
3 93 , 3 95
Atta us , 98 ,
1 95 ,
246, 2 50, 2 5 2, 2 5 6 , 2 8 4, 3 44,
420
Attica , 2 7 , 406
Attin as , 2 3 7
Attoc , 2 7 9
Atr i a, 1 54, 1 5 6
An dac a 2 5 0
Aure i us , 2
Austan es , 246 , 247
Au tari atian s , 1 9
Au tobares. 3 7 9
Au tophradates , 7 9, 80 , 1 0 91 1 1 ,
1 1 7 , 1 24, 1 43 , 1 8 9, 1 90 , 2 3 9
Aven , 1 41
Avi en u s , 1 1 8 , 3 69
Avon , 1 41
Axen os, 1 5 , 203 , 3 1 3
Az em il cu s, 1 1 7 , 1 3 3
Az ov Sea, 2 02 , 2 7 4
Az z ah , 1 3 6
.

Aristo ph on , 1 8 5
Aris to tle , 8 1 8 6 8 , 8 1 , 1 25 , 2 23 ,
.

2 3 2 , 2 7 1 , 3 08 , 421
Aris tu s , 3 , 3 99
Arm en ia. an d Arm en i an s , 1 07 , 1 5 3 ,
1 5 5 , 1 5 6 , 1 61 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 1 , 2 7 3 ,
40 1 , 41 1
Arrh ab aeus 6 8
Arrh yb as, 1 49
2 0 , 2 8 , 40 ,
5 , 9,
Arrian , 1
44, 4 9, 98 , 1 0 1 , 1 02 , 1 1 9 , 1 62 ,
1 68 , 1 7 9 , 202 , 2 03 , 2 44, 2 5 8 ,
2 65 , 2 6 7 , 268 , 2 7 0 , 2 7 3 , 2 7 6 ,
2 7 7 , 2 8 5 , 3 04, 3 46, 3 55, 3 7 0 ,
3 92 , 3 94 , 3 99, 425 , 42 6
Arsaces, 3 1 5
Arsam as , 40 , 85 , 1 03 , 1 8 9, 1 93 , 20 0 ,
21 6
Arses, 1 1 2 , 1 1 3
Arsim as, 1 1 2
Arsin o , 3 7 5
Arsites , 40 , 4 1 , 48 , 50
Arta , 1 1 9
1 99, 23 4
Artab az u s,
2 3 7 , 242 , 3 7 5
Artacam a , 3 7 5
Ar taco an a , 1 92 , 1 93
Ar taxerxe s, 3 9, 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 , 1 92 , 2 24,
2 2 7 , 2 7 1 , 3 64
Ar tm i s , 5 2 , 53 , 406 , 409
Artem isi a , 66
Artem i siu m , 3 3 4
Arti bBI s , 3 7 9
Ar ton i s , 3 7 5
Arvad, 1 1 1
Asan der, 5 1 , 88 , 2 1 7
Ascan i a. a e 7 6
Ascl piadae , 3 3 3
Asc iade s , 3 , 3 99
Aacl piod m s, 1 48 , 1 5 2 , 1 7 1 , 2 1 7 ,
23 0
As cl p ius , 8 8 , 3 3 3 , 3 96
Asia, 3 7 , 3 8 , 49, 5 8 , 66, 91 , 93 , 1 06 ,
1 1 2 , 1 1 4, 1 5 5, 1 5 6, 1 58 , 1 7 8 ,
1 92 , 1 97 , 200 , 2 03 , 205 , 21 0 ,
23 4, 2 42 , 2 43 , 2 7 0 2 7 2 , 2 7 4 ,
2 7 6 , 3 0 9 , 3 69 , 40 6, 42 6
Asi a Mi n or, 5 3 , 5 9, 7 6. 7 9, 1 08 ,
1 5 1 , 2 7 3 , 2 7 5 , 2 7 6 , 3 08
AsPasi an s , 2 49 2 5 1
.

Lk

lp

l M

B aa , 1 1 7 , 1 7 1
B a e , 41 3
Ba
on , 94, 1 5 3 , 1 7 1 , 1 7 2 , 22 4,
3 7 2 , 3 8 5 . 3 96 4 2 0
B ab y on i an s, 1 55 , 1 5 6 , 1 61 , 1 7 1 ,
02
acch us, 2 2 1 , 2 68 , 3 62
.

bl
byl

The An a basi s

43 2

B
B
B
B

acch

ylides

39
actra , 1 8 7 , 1 9 2 , 1 96, 1 99 , 20 2 ,
20 6 , 2 3 3 , 246 , 24 7 , 3 1 2 , 3 85
1 55 , 1 83 , 2 1 5 , 2 3 6 , 2 47 ,
actria
2 8 4 , 3 08 , 3 1 9 , 40 1
actri an s , 1 55 , 1 61 , 1 6 5 , 1 7 0 , 1 8 3 ,
1 92 , 1 98 , 1 99 , 20 6 , 23 4 , 2 3 5 ,
2 3 7 , 23 8 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 7
B aetica, 1 1 8
B a ao, 23 8
Bagi stan es , 1 8 2 , 1 83
B agoas, 1 1 3 , 3 67
B ah rei n , 409
Bal acrus , 7 6 , 1 04, 1 49, 1 64, 1 65 ,
.

10
a
, 1 87
B ardyli s , 1 8
B arsa n tes , 1 5 5 , 1 83 , 1 8 5 , 1 93
B arsin , 1 8 6 , 2 42 ,
Bary axes, 3 65
B arz an es , 21 6
Ba ti s , 1 3 5 1 3 9
B az ira , 2 56 , 25 7 , 25 9
iver , 3 0 6
eas
B egh ram , 1 9 7
h em esh , 1 41
ei th
Bel ooch i stan , 1 5 5 , 1 96 , 3 5 0 , 3 5 4
B lu s, 1 7 1 , 1 7 2 , 401 , 40 2 , 41 3
B erdes , 2 05
B eroea , 1 5 1
1 8 5 , 1 91 202 , 2 0 6 ,
B ssu s , 1 55 , 1 8 2
2 1 6 , 2 1 7 , 2 63 , 3 3 4
Bi an or , 1 07
Bi st an e s, 1 1 3 , 1 80
Bi th n ia , 7 7 , 1 0 8
Bith n i an hr aci an s, 7 7
Boetarch s, 28
B oe tia , 2 6 , 3 0
Bo spbru s , 2 7 7
Botti aea , 1 3 , 98
Bou p ares , 1 55
B rach m a n s , 3 2 7 , 3 43
Bran chi dae , 1 48 , 2 0 4
Bri so , 1 63
Bri tain , 3 7 0
Brom iu s, 2 68
n e, 1 44
ro w
Bruttian s , 1 5 2 , 3 99
B baces , 1 03
B cph al a , 2 96 , 3 1 6
Bcph al as , 2 8 8 ,
B m du s, 1 56 , 3 3 4
B usiri s , 1 45
Byblus , 1 1 5
an

B
B

'

C a di z , 1 0 8 , 1 1 8 , 2 0 3 , 3 09
C adm ea, 2 5 , 2 7 , 3 0 , 3 3
Cadm u s , 1 1 7
Cad si an s , 1 5 5 , 1 6 1 , 1 8 0
C aesar , 1 23 , 2 7 8 , 3 03 , 3 95
C ai cu s , 27 5 , 27 6
3 7 4, 405 , 422
Calan u s , 1 49 , 3 7 2
5 1 , 69 , 8 4
Ca as, 41 ,
C all ati s , 3 54
C allicrati da s, 1 90
C allin es, 3 8 9
Ca i o i s , 8 8
Calli sth n es , 95 , 1 01 , 1 02 , 1 46 ,
23 2 , 247 , 421 , 427
1 48 , 2 2 2
Cam yses, 1 40 , 1 41 , 2 2 6, 3 64
C an obu s, 1 42 , 42 0
C a h t or, 1 1 0
Ca ado cia a n d Ca a doci an s , 2 ,
48 , 8 4, 1 5 6 , 1 6 1 , 3 05 , 3 08
Caran u s , 1 5 1 , 1 97 , 2 1 0 ,
21 7
C arch don , 3 1 3 , 3 7 0
Cardac s 95
Cardi a , 3 05
C arduchi , 1 5 4, 1 7 2
C ari a an d C ari an s , 5 8 , 6 5 , 66 , 7 6 ,
8 8 , 1 5 5 , 1 61 ,
3 08 , 3 1 8 ,
.

ll p l

B lk
B lkh
a

f Alexan der
Cabu l 2 47

y
y

p
pp

pp

41 4
Garim , 1 8 6
C arm an i a , 3 44, 3 60 3 64, 3 8 7
C arth a e , 1 08 , 1 1 6 , 1 3 3 , 3 09 , 3 1 3 ,
3 7 0 , 3 91 , 3 99 , 40 6
Ca sdi m , 1 7 2
C as i an G ate s, 1 7 9 , 1 8 2 , 3 08 , 3 8 7
Cas i an Sea, 1 5 5 , 1 6 1 , 1 8 7 , 1 99 ,
20 2 , 2 3 4 , 23 6 , 2 7 4 , 3 8 7 , 400, 40 1
C assan der , 1 9 , 7 6 , 8 8 , 1 62 , 2 42,
42 1
C astor, 2 1 9
C atan es , 2 46 , 2 47
Cath aean s , 3 01
C ath ai a , 3 1 9
C atu u s , 1 98
Cau casu s , 1 97 1 99, 202 , 23 4 , 2 47 ,
2 66 2 7 5 , 2 8 4 , 3 08 , 3 8 7
C aun u s, 8 8
Cai ster, 2 7 5 , 2 7 6, 3 09
.

p
p

ll

l
l

Ce aen ae, 7 6
C o ts , 1 4, 1 8
Cn aan , 1 07 , 1 08
C eram i cu s , 1 7 3
Cercin i ti s a e , 3 7
Cr th , 1 1 0
Ceth , 1 0 9
.

Lk

I n dex

P rop er N am

Ch a bor , 401
Ch aboras , 1 7 2
Ch aeron ea , 8 , 1 44 3 8 4
Ch a cedon i an s , 1 91
C h a ci s , 81
Ch a daeans , 1 7 2 , 401 4 0 3 , 41 2
Ch an dra u t a, 2 7 5
Ch ares , 3 5 , 3 8 , 1 02 , 1 2 5 , 1 44
Ch aric os , 2 3 1
Ch ari d m u s , 3 5
Ch em i , 3 1 8
Ch en a , 2 98
Chi d dekel , 1 53
Chios , 7 8 , 1 0 9, 1 43 , 1 44
Ch oasp es , 1 7 2
Ch oe s, 2 49
Ch orasm i an s , 2 3 4, 2 7 3 , 3 8 7
Ch ori n s, 2 44 24 6
Chr si u s, 8 8
Ci cero , 8 1 , 8 4 , 1 04 , 2 3 2 , 3 68 , 401
Ci i ci a , 8 5 , 8 7 , 8 8 , 91 , 1 04 , 1 5 3 ,
1 7 3 , 1 8 6 , 1 97 , 2 7 3 , 3 9 1
Cilici an G ates , 8 4
Cill ta , 3 47
Cim n , 7 2
Citi um , 1 0 9
Ci tti m , 1 0 9
Claz om n a e, 407
O ean der , 6 7 , 7 5 , 1 25 , 1 6 3 , 1 94 ,
3 61
C earch u s, 3 9 , 1 02 1 5 2 , 1 91 , 22 7
Cl eom n es, 1 49 , 41 5 , 41 6 , 42 0
O en , 22 4
C eo atra , 1 5 1 , 1 5 2
Cleoph i s, 2 5 6
Cli tarch u s , 3 3 5
C i tu s, son of B ardyli s , 1 8 2 5
C i tus , son of D rop i das , 4 7 , 1 62 ,
2 2 1 , 23 2 , 23 3 ,
1 8 1 , 1 95 , 21 8
2 3 5 , 2 3 7 , 2 48
Cn i du s , 8 8
ri a , 1 1 0 , 1 5 6 , 1 5 8 , 1 6 1 , 3 08 ,
Coel
3 85
Coen u s , 24 , 43 , 6 7 , 7 7 , 95 , 1 3 1 ,
1 3 3 , 1 6 2 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 7 , 1 8 2 , 1 90 ,
23 9 , 2 5 0 , 2 5 6 , 2 57 ,
2 3 6
23 5
2 5 9 , 28 0 , 2 8 4 2 9 1 , 2 99 , 3 00
3 1 4 , 3 1 8 , 42 7
3 1 1
Coeran u s, 1 5 1 , 1 64
Co ch i an s , 2 3 4 , 3 94
Col n a e 40
Com edae M oun tai n s , 2 0 2
Com an i on s , 2 3 , et p ass im
C6n 6 n , 2 2 4
Caph aeu s , 2 59
.

l
l
l

g p

y pp

l
l p

l
l

Sy

es

43 3

C ph n , 1 1 4, 1 8 9 , 3 7 9
C oph n
iver, 2 47 , 2 65
C or , 1 1 8
C orin th , 9 , 49 , 7 9, 1 1 0 , 3 3 4.
C oru s , 5 3
0 6 5 , 8 8 , 1 0 9, 1 44, 3 3 3
Co ssaean s 3 98 , 4 1 4
Cra teas , 3 63
Cratru s , 4 3 , 44 , 95 , 1 2 6 , 1 62 , 1 7 5
1 7 7 , 1 8 3 , 1 8 8 , 1 93 , 2 06 2 09 ,
23 9 , 2 46 , 247 , 2 5 0 ,
2 5 1 , 2 5 3 , 2 5 9, 2 8 3 , 28 4, 28 9 .
2 93 , 2 97 , 3 0 0 , 3 1 9 , 3 2 1 , 3 22 ,
3 24, 3 3 7 , 3 41
3 44 , 3 61 , 3 7 5
3 91
Cr t a n d Cretan s ,
1 08 , 1 1 0
Creth eus , 3 5 4
Cri to d m u s , 3 3 3
Cro esu s, 402
C tesi as , 3 , 2 7 1
Cun axa , 94 , 1 0 2 , 1 6 5
C uriu m , 1 29
C urtiu s , 7 7 , 8 5 , 96 , 1 0 2 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 6 ,
1 3 9,
203 , 2 04, 2 1 9, 2 3 2 ,
2 41 7 2 5 8 , 3 3 3 , 3 3 5 , 3 58 , 3 6 1 ,
41 9, 424
C a sh , 2 7 2 , 3 98
Ci bl , 2 7 5
C c ades , 8 0, 1 08
C dn us , 8 5
Cym e, 7 1
C n a, 1 9
Cyp rus an d C ri an s , 55 , 1 08 , 1 09 ,
1 2 0 , 1 25
1 2 9, 1 3 2 , 1 50 , 3 1 8
Gyr n ,
Cyreseh ata , 2 0 7
Cyrop oli s, 20 6 , 2 08 , 2 0 9
d er, 8 4, 1 7 8 , 1 96 , 2 0 7 ,
Cyru s th e
20 8 , 22 7 , 23 6 , 2 7 2 , 3 55 , 3 6 4 ,
3 67 , 3 69
Cyru s th e Yo un er , 3 9 , 7 1 , 7 6 ,
8 5 , 8 7 , 1 02
o f, 8 4
C rus , cam
Cyth n u s , 8 1

yl
y

yp

El

D aan s, 1 6 1 , 1 98 , 1 99, 2 8 4
D aci an s , 1 4
D a ed a u s , 409
D ah ae , 1 6 1
D am ascu s , 1 03 , 1 04 , 1 1 4 , 242
D am m asek , 1 03
D an dam i s , 3 7 1 , 3 7 2
D an i e , 1 7 2 , 3 07
an u e , 1 2 , 1 5 , 2 7 0
.

l
b

l"

The An a ba si s

43 4

4 1 , 48 , 5 3 , 5 9 , 6 9, 7 9 , 8 0 ,
90 1 1 4, 1 2 0 , 1 3 4, 1 3 5 , 1 40 ,
1 5 2 1 7 1 , 1 7 9 1 8 7 , 2 0 1 , 21 1 ,
2 2 0 , 22 7 , 2 43 , 2 7 7 , 3 3 4 , 3 64 ,
3 75

ari u s ,

D a scjrl ium , 50
D atam es , 80 , 8 1
D at aph ern es , 2 00 2 02
D av id , 1 1 0 , 1 8 6
D i m ach u s, 2 7 3
D ei n arch u s , 1 1 3
D e ta , 2 7 0 , 3 40 , 3 43
D e phi , 22 8
D m ades, 3 4
D m aratu s, 47
D m triu s, 7 6 , 99 1 62 , 1 96 , 2 2 8 ,
28 4, 2 9 1 , 3 00 ,
3 28 ,
2 5 6,
335
D m 5ph 6 n , 420
1 50
D m o sth n s , 3 5 , 91 ,
1 7 5 , 3 8 4, 4 1 6
Di i , 1 0
D in dym n , 2 7 5
D i n ocrates , 1 43
Di od ru s, 28 , 3 7 , 41 , 44 , 4 8 , 6 1 ,
64, 1 02 , 1 1 6, 204, 3 7 9 , 3 91 ,
422 , 42 4
Di5 d5 tu s, 3 , 41 8 , 42 7
D i o en es , 7 9 , 90 , 3 7 1
D i n Ca ssiu s, 1
Di on ysi od ru s ,
i on ysi u s of H a i carn assu s , 5 9 ,
1 3 9, 285
Di on i su s , 1 1 7 , 2 1 8 , 22 1 2 2 5 , 265
2 69 , 3 1 0 , 3 21 , 3 3 8 ,
40 8
io h an tu s, 1 5 0
Di oscuri , 2 1 8
D i otim u s, 3 5
D iu m , 48
n i e er, 2 7 0
D ol oaspi s , 1 48
D om i ti an , 2
D on , 202 , 2 03 , 2 7 4
on a dso n
3 61 , 3 8 3 , 3 96
ori an s , 2 7 3
D oxare us, 2 7 9
D ran gi an a an d D ran gi an s , 1 8 3 ,
1 93 , 1 96 , 23 9, 3 41 , 3 8 7
D rap saca , 1 99
D r0 p i des 1 90
D r den , 1 7 9
D ryp etis , 3 7 5
D yrta , 2 63
D ys rum , M oun t, 3 8 3
'

l
l

D p

D
D

Alexan der

E t S 3 09 400
E bata 1 7 9 1 8 1 2 1 7 3 1 2
3 96
1 09
Egypt d Egypti
ea ,

as ern

n a,

3 95

an s,

an

118,
1 58 , 1 93 ,
3 17, 3 18,
,

1 2 0 , 1 3 5 , 1 40 1 49 ,
2 66 27 1 , 2 7 6 , 3 08 ,
3 85 4 1 0 , 41 6 , 42 3
E l ae s 3 7
am , 3 64
E ean s , 3 4 . 7 7
E l ep h an tin , 1 44
eu si s , 1 7 3
E l eu th rae , 2 7
E li m i tis , 2 6
E lym ai s, 3 64
E m b ol im a , 2 5 9
n
an d , 1 0 8
n ya iu s , 4 5 , 2 8 2
E n yl u s , 1 1 6 , 1 24
E ordaea, 2 6 , 3 63
E ordai cu s iver 2 0
E p am in n das , 3 2
E p ardu s i ver , 21 6
E p h su s , 5 1
53
h i a te s , 3 5 , 64
E phi p pus , 1 49
E pi ct tus , 1 , 2
E p idau rian s , 3 9 7
E pign i , 3 7 8 , 3 8 2
E pi m n es, 2 3 0 , 23 1
E p im n i d s , 1 1 0
E p i rus , 1 9 , 1 1 9
E p ocillu s , 1 8 0 , 2 1 6 , 23 9
E rartosth n es , 3 , 2 69 , 2 7 3 , 2 7 4
E ri g n
iver, 2 0
E ri gyi u s, 1 5 1 , 1 63 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 8 . 1 8 9,
1 97
E rythj a , 1 1 9
E rythra e , 1 48
thi opi an s , 2 7 2 , 3 1 7 , 3 69 , 3 99
tru scan s, 1 8 6 , 3 99
E tym an der, 1 96 , 2 1 6
E u aspl a iver, 2 5 0
u oea , 7 8 , 8 1 , 1 08 1 8 1 , 3 3 4
E u dan m i , 1 7 3
E u dem us , 3 60
E u ergtae ,
E u gn stu s, 1 49
E u l aeus iv er , 1 0 7 , 3 7 9 3 8 0 , 3 8 1
E um n es , 3 , 43 , 3 05 , 3 7 5 , 3 92 , 3 97 ,
41 8 , 42 7
u h rate s , 7 1 , 91 , 1 0 7 , 1 3 4, 1 5 1 ,
1 53 , 1 5 6 , 2 7 4 , 2 7 5 , 2 7 7 , 3 47 ,
3 69 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 1 , 403 , 406, 408 ,
4 1 1 , 41 2 ,
-

El

El

E gl
E l

Ep l

E b

E p

In dex

E ripi d
E ip
E p

es ,

2 05 ,

G
G

E
E l

Sea , 1 1 9, 2 7 0 , 2 7 3 , 2 7 4 , 27 5 ,
3 0 9, 3 1 5 , 3 1 7 , 3 1 8 , 3 47 - 3 49,
3 7 7 , 3 85 , 3 8 7 , 400 , 4 1 0
reci an Sea , 1 3 4 , 2 66
reece , 8 1 , 8 8 , 9 3 , 1 08 ,
1 42 , 1 48 , 1 7 3 , 1 8 9, 2 3 4, 3 91,
3 94 , 3 96 , 406 , 41 4, 420
ree s , p assi m
Gron ovi u s , 2 63
Gr o te, 9, 1 6, 96 , 1 03 , 1 62 , 3 7 5
G raean s , 249 , 25 3
Graeu s i ver, 2 53

E y

43 5

es .

Great

40 1 , 406
ur
us, 8 1
uro e, 1 4 , 3 8 . 1 1 9 202
,
, 203
2 7 0 . 2 7 6 , 3 7 0 , 3 9 4 , 426
E u rybtas , 2 9
ury looh u s , 23 1
u rydi c , 1 5 1
E u rym d n , 7 2
ur sth eu s , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9 , 2 24
E u sbius , 1 09
E u stathi u s , 4 , 3 95
E u th ycl es , 1 1 4, 1 1 5
u xin e Sea , 4, 1 5 , 7 7 , 94 ,
2 69 , 3 1 3 , 3 7 0 , 4 0 0
E vacae , 3 7 8
vi us , 2 6 8
wa d, 1 49
u

Prop er Nam

H adri a n , 1 , 2
H aem u s , 10 , 1 1
H ali carn as su s, 5 9 6 5 , 6 9, 8 8 , 1 09 ,
1 1 0 , 1 86
H alys , 8 4
H am il car 3 99
H am ley , 1 46
H an n i b al , 2 8 6
H an n o , 3 09
Hardi n e , 2 80
H arm diu s , 1 7 3 , 224 , 4 0 6
Harp alu s , 1 5 1 , 1 52 , 1 8 1 , 3 7 9, 3 92
H eb ra s , 3 7
H e cataeus , 1 1 8 , 2 7 5 , 2 7 6
H ecatom n u s, 6 5
H ector, 1 3 9
H egel och u s , 42 , 8 0, 1 43 , 1 44, 1 62
H e em on , 2 96
H g si a s , 1 3 9 , 423
H g si stra
tu s , 5 3
H liop oli s, 1 41
H ellan i cu s , 62
H ellen es, 3 08 , 3 8 3
Hell espon t , 3 6 , 3 8 , 2 3 4, 2 7 7 , 3 0 7 ,
3 84 , 3 96
H eordaean s , see E orda ea
Hph aesti on , 3 8 , 8 5 , 1 05 , 1 06, 1 40 ,
1 6 9, 1 95 , 2 2 8 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 6 , 248 ,
2 49 , 2 5 9 , 2 64 , 2 69 , 2 8 4, 3 00 ,
.

3 64
Fron tin u s , 3 58
tah , 1 41 , 1 42
ars,

Gadeira, 203 , 3 69
G adrosi a, 1 96 , 3 5 0 3 63 , 3 7 4 , 3 8 7
a atia 8 4
an es, 1 41 , 2 7 0, 2 7 1 , 2 7 4 , 2 7 6,
28 1 , 3 09 , 3 1 7
au am e a , 1 5 6, 3 3 4
au s, 1 4 84 , 3 99 , 40 6
G az a, 1 1 0 , 1 3 5 1 40 , 206, 2 0 7
Ge a ,
G e o, 3 9
G eo r i a , 1 5 5
G eraestu s , 7 8
Gerostratus 1 1 1 , 1 2 4
Geryii n s , 11 8 , 1 1 9
Gesen iu s , 1 1 7
etae, 1 4 1 7
Gi on , 2 1 7
i ra tar
traits of, 1 1 8 , 2 0 3 , 3 03
Gi z eh , 1 41
au cias , 1 9 2 5 , 1 62 , 3 96
Gl aucipp u s 55
a u cu s , 1 7 1
Glaugan i ei a n s, 2 97
Glau si an s , 2 97
Gordi um , 7 6 , 7 7 , 8 2
ordi us , 8 2
ordyaean s , 1 5 4
or ias , 23 5 , 2 48 , 2 8 4
o r on s , 1 4 5
ou h , 28 0
ra i os , 3 08
ran i cu s , 4 1 49 , 1 50 , 2 20 , 3 3 4
.

Gl
G g

G g
G l

b l
l

bb
Gb l

Gl

Gl

G
G
G
G
G
G
G

g
g
g
k

3 1 5 , 3 1 9 , 3 21 , 3 2 2 ,
3 44 , 3 45 , 3 48 , 3 50
3 64 , 3 7 5 , 3 7 7 , 3 7 9 ,
3 92 , 3 9 5 4 39 7, 3 98 ,
41 5 , 41 6
H ra , 1 1 9

3 2 4,
3 52 ,
3 81 ,
40 2 ,

3 3 6,
3 63 ,
3 91 ,
404,

H era cles ,
42 1

s on

Heracl es

or

of

Al exan der, 2 42 ,

H ercul es 1 7 , 3 8 , 8 9 ,

1 04 , 1 1 7 1 1 9 , 1 2 1 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 4,
1 45 , 1 5 0, 2 1 7 , 22 4 22 7 , 2 5 8 ,
263 , 2 69 , 3 1 0 , 3 20 , 3 94
H ra c m , 3 61 , 3 62

The An a bas i s

43 6

H eraclides, 13 , 1 62 , 1 91 , 400
H ercul es, illars of, 1 1 8 , 2 03

3 09,

3 91
H erm olaii s , 23 0 , 23 2
H erm tu s , 40
H erm u s, 5 0 , 2 7 5 , 2 7 6
H r5 d6tu s, 1 4, 1 5 , 5 8 , 5 9 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 8 ,
1 41 , 1 7 0 , 2 02 , 2 1 8 , 2 2 6, 2 40 ,
2 44, 2 7 0 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 4 2 77 , 2 8 6 ,
3 1 7 , 3 5 8 , 3 89, 3 92 3 94 , 402 ,
41 3
H rom n es , 68
H r6 5p 61i s , 149 , 41 0
H ropyth us, 5 2
H rostratus , 5 2
H sychi us, 95
H i dri eus , 65 , 66
Hi ero , 3 9 , 409 , 41 0
Him a a as , 2 7 1
Hin du Koosh , 1 97 , 202 , 2 63
Hi n du stan , 26 3
Hi arch us , 22 4
Hi pp i es, 1 09, 22 4
H i p ocrates , 8 8
Hi pp oli t , 3 94
H irtiu s , 400
H i stan es , 3 7 9
H o du , 2 63
H om a , 2 65
H om er, 3 9, 45 , 5 6,
1 41 ,
1 67 , 1 7 5 , 205 , 21 8 , 2 60 , 2 7 6 ,
2 8 5 , 28 6 , 29 1 , 3 0 9, 3 1 8 , 3 3 1 ,
3 91 , 41 6
H um o dt, 108
H darn es , 3 7 9
Hy dasp es , 2 7 0 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 4, 2 7 9 2 8 8 ,
2 9 3 , 2 97 , 3 08 , 3 1 6 3 24 , 3 3 9 ,
3 7 4, 3 8 7
Hydra tes , 2 7 1 , 2 7 4, 3 00, 3 0 1 , 3 08 ,
3 1 5 , 3 2 4, 3 26 , 3 2 8 , 3 3 6, 3 3 9,
3 87
.

l y

pp

b l

f Alexan der
Ia pygia Cap e 3 7 0

I assia n s, 5 8
Iaz ygi an s , 1 4
eria n s , 1 1 8 , 1 1 9, 8 99
carian Sea , 40 9
Icar us Is e, 40 9
I ch thyphagi , 3 54, 3 6 3
I daean
oun tai n s , 40 , 5 0
I iu m , 3 7 , 3 8
I ri a an d I
ri an s , 9 , 1 9 , 9 3 , 3 1 0 ,
3 8 3 , 406
In di a , 44, 247 , 2 58 3 49 , 3 5 5 , 3 60 ,
400 , 406, 408
In dica , th e, 3 , 2 7 3 , 2 7 7 , 3 43
In dian s, 1 5 5 , 1 56 , 1 6 1 , 1 64 , 1 67
1 68 , 1 93 , 1 97 , 1 99 , 23 4 , 248
3 49 , 3 7 0- 3 7 3 , 3 8 5
In di an
u f , 3 09
In du s , 1 5 6 , 1 93 , 248 , 258 2 8 1 , 3 08 ,
3 1 7- 3 20 , 3 3 9- 3 45 , 3 64 , 3 69,
3 7 4, 3 8 7
Iol aii s , 2 7
I oll as , 421
Ian , 3 08 , 3 8 5 , 425
I on i an
u f, 1 8
I on i a an d Ion ian s , 40 , 5 3 , 5 4, 1 8 6 ,
3 0 7 , 8 63 , 3 8 5
Iphi crates , 66 , 1 1 5 , 1 40
I su s , 5 3 , 7 6 , 405
si s , 142 , 42 0
I sm en i as , 224
I s ocrates , 3 95
ssu s , 90 1 04 , 1 40 , 1 5 7 , 2 43 ,
Ister, 1 2- 1 7 , 27 0 , 2 7 6 , 2 7 7
I st hm u s , 3 3 4, 3 7 1
Ita , 1 5 2 , 3 99
Ivi ca , 1 08
.

Ib
I

l
M

l
lly

lly
.

G l

G l

''

ly

H yp arn a , 67
Hyp aspis ts , 2 1, et p assim
Hyp eri des, 3 5
Hyph asi s, 24, 2 7 1 , 2 7 4, 3 0 6 ,
3 09 , 3 1 5 , 3 3 9 , 3 7 4 , 3 8 7
H rcan i a an d Hyrcan ian s,
1 61 , 18 1 , 1 8 5 , 1 8 7 , 1 8 8 ,
1 99, 2 7 4, 2 97 , 3 08 , 3 0 9,
l
3 8 7 , 400
Hyrcam a n Sea , 202 , 2 7 4, 3 08 ,

m
Hysta sp es , 3 7 9
.

3 08 ,

1 55 ,
1 91 ,
3 61 ,

Iacch u s , 1 1 8 , 2 68

J
J

3 07 , 3 85
axartes, 1 98 , 2 02 , 247 , 2 7 4, 401
e l al ab ad , 2 65
Je u m , 2 7 0
Jerom e , 1 09 , 41 3
Jeru s a em , 1 3 5
Jose h us, 1 , 91 , 1 0 9 , 1 24
J u i an , 8 5 , 1 03 , 1 06, 3 8 5
Ju liop oli s, 7 6
Ju i ter Am m an , 1 44
Ju s ti ce, 2 22
Ju sti n , 9 , 3 1 , 103 , 42 1
Javan

3 09 ,

Kern , 2 7 6

Kh

1 5 5 , 1 91
Krii ger, 99, 1 43 , 1 8 8 , 244, 2 5 7 , 2 63 ,
2 6 8 , 2 78 , 28 1 , 2 8 3 , 3 1 9, 3 5 6
oras an

I n dex

L bd
L d

Prop er N a m

118
ace aem on i an s , 9 2 6 3 2 49 1 1 3
,
,
,
,
,
1 1 5 . 1 20 . 1 5 0 , 1 7 3 , 1 9 0 , 22 7
,
27 2
a de, 5 4 , 5 6 , 5 7
ah o re , 2 8 0 , 3 01
ai us , 1 1 8
am
sacu s , 40
Lan garu s , 1 9 , 2 0
Lan i c , 2 2 1
a5m edon , 1 5 1
e an on ,1 0 8 ,
1 2 5 , 1 56 , 3 08
L en aeus 2 68
eon , 1 1 9
L e5n n atus , 1 05 , 1 49 , 228 , 2 45 , 249 ,
2 5 2 , 2 5 3 , 3 3 0 3 3 4, 3 45 , 3 48 ,
3 5 1 , 3 63 , 3 7 7
L e tychi des, 5 4
e
os , 7 8 , 1 0 8 , 143 , 1 44
eu ctra , 3 2
Leug , 98
i er, 2 68
i a 1 44, 1 45 , 1 49 , 2 03 ,
3 1 3 , 3 69 3 99, 42 6
Li
h oen i ci an s , 40 6
idde an d cott , 1 2 7 , 2 7 8
iv , 1 67 , 2 1 0 , 2 5 3 , 3 49 , 400 , 424
u im
1 44
L can ian s, 1 5 2 , 3 99
L ci an 4 6 , 41 6 , 42 7
ucu l u s , 7 1
L ud , 1 8 6
aeus , 2 68
ci an s, 67 , 6 8 , 8 0 , 1 25 ,
ycia an d
1 5 1 , 3 08
yci das , 1 48
Lycom des, 7 9
ycur us , 3 5
ycu s iver , 1 5 4 , 1 6 9
ydi a an d L dian s, 40 , 50 , 5 1 , 1 52 ,
1 8 6 3 08 , 3 8 5 , 4 1 4
Lygin u s , 1 2
s an der, 5 7
san i as , 1 2
si as , 3 95
ysim ach u s, 5 3 , 7 6 , 28 5 , 3 0 5 , 3 63 ,
3 7 3 , 40 5
u s , 48
si
a

acu s ,

L
L
L
L p

L
Lb
L

L b
L
Lb
L by

by P
L ll
L y
Lb
-

L l
Ly
L
Ly
L
L g
L
R
L
y
.

Ly
Ly
Ly
L
Ly pp

M acedon ia , 8 , 9 13 1 8 48 49 , 66 ,
,

7 7 9 8 , 1 1 2 , 1 2 5 , 1 62 ,
23 9 , 2 5 3 , 3 08 , 3 1 0 , 3 44 , 3 8 3
3 91 , 40 5
acedon ian s , p a ssi m

M adai , 2 3 9
M aean der , 5 7 , 2 7 5 2 7 6
M aeotis , a e , 202 , 2 03
M agarsu s , 8 9
.

Lk

M agi

2 7 4 , 3 70

3 66 , 3 67 , 3 8 9
M a n esi a, 5 8 , 1 65
M ah abu n n M oun t, 2 5 8 , 2 5 9
a ea , 7 8
Malli an s , 3 0 1 , 3 2 2 , 3 24
3 3 5, 3 3 8 ,
339
M a u s, 8 9 , 1 2 5
M an dan i s , 3 7 1
M an tin a , 3 2
M aracan da, 2 02 ,
2 1 5 , 23 5 ,
23 6
M arath u s , 1 1 1 , 1 1 5
M arcom an n i , l 4
M ardian s , 1 61 , 1 64 , 2 97
M are tis , a e , 1 42
M ariam n , 1 1 1
M ari an , a e, 1 42
M ari tz a , 3 7
M arm ari an s , 6 7
arm ari ca , 1 45
M ar n a , 3 7
ars , 45
M arti a , 1 1 8
M assa e , 2 5 4 2 5 6 , 2 59
M assag t a e , 2 , 4 , 2 3 6 23 8
M au s lu s , 65
M avaces , 1 5 5
M az aces , 1 40 , 1 41 , 1 8 5
M az aeu s , 1 5 2 , 1 5 6 , 1 68 , 1 7 1 , 23 9,
3 7 9 , 404
M az aru s , 1 7 3
M edi a an d
edes , 9 1 , 1 2 5 , 1 5 5 ,
1 6 1 , 1 7 1 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 0 , 1 92 , 1 94 ,
2 3 9 , 2 7 2 , 2 7 3 , 3 08 , 3 6 5 , 3 7 4 ,
3 87 , 3 93
editerran ean , 2 7 5 , 2 7 6 , 3 1 8 , 3 69 ,
41 7
M di u s , 41 8 422
M egal 5p 51i s , 1 7 3
M egareu s , 1 44
e ari s , 1 5 2
M ega sth n es, 3 , 4 , 2 7 3 , 2 7 4, 3 5 5 ,
3 7 2 , 42 7
M l am n i das , 2 1 6
M l a s iver , 3 7
1 62
M elager , 1 7 , 44, 5 9, 6 7
2 3 8 , 2 48 , 28 4, 3 44
Melkarth , 1 1 7
M o s, 3 2
M em n n , 41 , 46 , 5 1 , 5 9 , 64, 7 8 , 7 9,
242

M l

ll

Lk
Lk

M
.

Mg

es .

The An a bas is

43 8

Me ph i s
m

1 41 , 142 ,

42 3
M en an der , 1 0 9 , 1 24, 1 5 2 , 41 4, 41 7
M en edem u s , 21 0 , 21 5
M en elaii s , 27 6
Mn s, 1 04, 1 41 , 1 7 3 , 1 8 1 , 21 7
Men i das , 1 48 , 1 64, 1 6 5 , 1 69, 1 94,
2 3 9 , 41 4 , 420
en i s cus , 1 1 2
M en n , 1 1 0 , 1 97
Men oetus , 3 8
Mn oph , 1 41
M en tor, 5 1 , 3 7 5
M er s , 2 95
eros
ou n tain , 2 6 6 , 2 6 8
M eso otam i a , 1 5 3 , 1 5 6 , 1 61 , 1 7 2 ,
3 08 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 5
M ete u s , 48
Meth ym n a , 7 8 , 1 43
Mi ccalu s , 40 7
Mi can , 3 94
i das , 82
i etu s an d
i esi an s , 53 5 8 , 1 49 ,
2 04 , 2 7 5 , 3 5 4 , 3 8 5
i as , 6 7
i n s , 1 1 0 , 2 24 , 425
M ith raustes , 1 5 6
Mithridates , 47 , 48
Mith ri n es , 50 , 1 7 1
Mithrobaeu s , 3 7 9
Mith rob uz an es , 48
i t en e, 7 8 , 7 9, 8 0 , 1 44
Mitsraim , 2 7 6
M oeri s, 3 44
Moerocles , 3 5
Mon im u s , 1 90
Mo oltan , 3 25
M o h , 41
u ses , 3 6
Mu sican u s, 3 41 3 43
M ycal , 5 4 57 , 2 7 3
Mycn ae , 1 1 8
asa , 5 9 , 6 1
n dus , 5 9 , 60 , 88
ri an drus , 90 , 92
Mysia , 27 5
.

ll

M
Ml

Ml

M ly
M

f Alexa n der

Nech o , 1 08 , 3 09
Ne ro on t , 8 1
Nei los , 1 41
Neiloxn u s , 1 97
Neo to em u s , 3 8 , 61 , 1 3 8 , 22 6
Ne os , 3 05
Nereid s ,
3 20
Nervi i, 6 1
Nessu s Biver , 1 0
Nicaea , 2 47 , 2 96 , 3 1 6
Ni can r, 1 6 , 43 , 54 , 5 6 , 95 , 1 6 2 ,
1 8 4, 1 92 , 247 , 2 59
Ni ci as 5 1
Ni com di a , 1 , 2
Ni c6 p61i s , 2
Ni costratus , 1 04
Ni e , 2 4 , 1 40 , 1 41 , 1 44 , 1 49 1 5 0 ,
2 03 , 2 7 0 , 2 7 6 , 3 1 7 , 3 1 8
Nim r od, 41 1
Ni ph ates 40 , 48
Ni saean P ain , 3 7 3 , 3 9 3
Nom a d Li an s , or Nu m idi an s ,
203 , 3 69
Non acri s 4 2 1
No h , 1 4 1
Nysa , 2 65 268 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 9

g p

p l
p

'

by
.

M yl

Myl
My
My

c an , 3 2 0
O ch u s , 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 6 , 3 7 5
Ocon d ob ates, 1 5 5
O dry si an s, 1 64
O edi us , 1 1 8
O m i as , 8 , 6 8 , 1 5 1 , 1 52 , 223 , 3 1 8 ,
3 91 , 3 92 , 4 2 1
O m are s , 48
Om bri on , 1 49
O m ph i s , 2 47
O n , 1 41
On ch stu s, 2 6
On esi cri tu s, 3 1 9 , 3 65 , 3 7 7 41 0 ,
42 7
On orn as , 1 90
Q pi s , 3 8 1
O ra 2 5 6 2 5 9 3 5 1 , 3 55 , 3 6 3 , 3 7 7
O rb el u s
ou n tain , 1 0
Orch om n u s, 3 4
Orde n es , 3 61
Q resti s, 3 63
O ri ti an s , 3 5 0
3 5 2 , 3 77 , 3 8 7
Orm u z d , 2 43
O robati s , 2 5 9
Oron tes , 1 5 6
Oron to b ate s , 6 4, 6 6, 88
Or h eu s , 3 6
Orxin es , 3 6 5 , 3 6 7
.

p
ly p

Nab arz an es , 1 8 2 , 1 8 5 , 1 8 8
Nau crati s , 1 49
Nan taca, 1 99, 23 9
Nearchu s , 3 , 4, 1 5 1 , 2 1 7 , 2 63 , 2 7 3 ,
3 1 9 , 3 2 4 , 3 3 6 , 3 3 7 , 3 48 , 3 49
3 6 3 , 3 64, 3 7 2 , 3 7 4 , 3 7 5
3 7 7 , 40 6, 41 0 , 4 1 8 , 41 9 , 42 7
Ne u ch adn ez z ar, 1 1 7
.

,
,

I n dex

Pr op er N a m

Oscin e, 1 2
Ossadi an s , 3 40
Otan es, 1 5 5
O vi d , 1 5 , 41 , 2 3 4
O xa th re s, 1 5 5 , 1 8 0 , 3 7 4
O xi an a a u s , 40 1
o dates , 1 8 2 , 2 3 9
O xu s , 1 99 2 00 , 2 02 , 2 3 4 , 2 3 5 , 2 4 7 ,
2 7 4 , 3 5 8 , 3 8 7 , 401
Oxyartes , 1 99 , 2 3 9 245 3 40 , 3 4 1
3 75 , 3 79
Oxycan u s , 3 42
O xy draci an s , 3 0 1 , 3 22 , 3 3 3 , 3 3 8
Oz in es , 3 61
.

Pl

Paddan Aram , 1 5 6 , 3 08
ectica, 3 7
aeon i an s , 1 8 , 43 , 45 , 93 , 97 , 1 5 4
1 63 , 1 65
Pal aetyr u s , 1 1 9 , 1 22
a esti n e , 1 1 0 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 6 , 3 8 5
Pallac5 p a s i ver , 41 1 , 41 2
am
h y i a , 6 7 , 7 1 , 1 97 , 2 7 3 , 3 0 8
Pan d6 si a , 1 5 2
Pan egoru s , 40
Pan gaean Moun tai n , 3 7 , 3 83
Pa n tale5 n , 1 48
Pan tordan u s , 98
Pa h a on i a an d
a h a on i an s ,
84 , 3 0 5 , 3 08
Paraetacae , 1 8 0 , 244 , 2 46
Paraet5 n i um , 1 45
Paralu s , 1 2 5 , 1 50
Parap am i sad ae , 24 7 , 2 6 9 , 2 83 , 3 40 ,
3 58
Parap am i su s , 1 9 7 , 2 7 0 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 3
aras , 3 64
Parava ea , 2 6
43 , 5 0 , 5 3 , 54 ,
arm en i o , 1 2 , 3 7 , 41
6 7 , 69 , 7 0 , 7 6 , 8 4 , 8 6 , 8 7 , 95 ,
9 6 , 1 04 , 1 06 , 1 1 4 , 1 3 5 , 1 5 7 1 5 9 ,
1 63 , 1 68 , 1 69 , 1 7 6 , 1 7 8 , 1 8 1 ,
1 94 1 96 , 2 3 2 , 3 6 1
ar on , 1 7 1
Parth i a an d
arthi an s , 1 55 , 1 6 1 ,
1 6 8 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 2 , 1 8 5 , 1 91 , 1 97 ,
21 6, 2 73 , 3 6 1 , 3 78 , 3 8 7
asar ad ae , 1 7 8 , 3 6 4 3 6 9 , 3 7 2 , 406
Pasi crates , 1 2 9
Pasi ti gri s , 1 7 4 , 3 7 9

ata a an d Pat ali an s , 3 43 3 45 , 3 48 ,

3 49
atara , 6 7
Patr cl us , 3 8 , 40 2
au , St , 1 1 0
-

P
P

Pl
R
P p l

p lg

Pp lg

P
P

P l
P
P l

es

43 9

Pau s an i as , 8 , 5 1 , 68 , 2 1 7
Pausippu s , 1 90
Peith ag5 ras , 404 , 40 5
Peith n son of So si cles , 23 6 , 2 3 7
Pei t h on , son of A en or , 23 6 , 3 2 4
3 2 8 , 3 41 , 3 43 , 3 44 , 3 48 , 42 0
Peith o n , son of Crateas , 2 3 6 , 3 6 3
Pe a on , 5 2
Pel esh eth an d Peli sh ti m , 1 3 5
Peli n a , 2 6
Peli um , 20
Pe a , 8 , 2 0 , 1 48 , 3 63
Pelopi das , 224 , 3 8 4
Pe o on n esu s , 9 , 5 1 , 6 7 , 8 1 , 96 , 1 2 5 ,
1 50 , 3 1 0 , 3 8 4
Pl si um , 1 40 , 1 4 1 , 1 48
P n ei u s , 2 1 6
P rath , 1 0 7
Perc te , 40
Perdi ccas , 1 7 , 2 0 , 2 4 , 2 8 , 2 9 , 43 , 5 9 ,
61 , 95 , 1 62 , 1 7 6 , 23 5 , 2 44 , 2 48 ,
2 59 , 2 64 , 2 8 4 , 2 8 5 , 3 0 2 , 3 2 5 ,
3 2 6 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 0 , 3 3 3 , 3 40 , 3 63 ,
3 7 5 , 405
er a an d Perga an s , 7 0
73
eri n th us , 1 1 2
Perip ol u s , 1 2 5
eri
us , th e , 4
Peroedas , 98
Pers p iili s, 1 7 8 , 1 7 9 , 1 95 , 3 6 7 , 3 69
Perseu s , 1 45 , 2 3 0
ersian
ates , 1 7 6
ersi an Sea o r G u f, 3 09 , 3 47 , 3 64,
3 6 9 , 3 7 9 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 1 , 400 , 406 ,
41 0
ersi an s , 42 5 8 , e t p a ssi m
Persi s , 1 55 , 1 7 3 , 1 7 4 ,
1 8 5,
3 68 , 3 7 2 , 3 7 8 , 4 1 4
3 08 , 3 63
eti n es , 40 , 48
Peti si s , 1 48
Peu c , 1 2 , 2 7 0
Peucel a , 2 48
Peu cel a ti s , 2 48 , 2 5 9
Peu cestas , 1 49, 3 3 0
3 3 5 , 3 6 3 , 3 67 ,
3 68 , 3 7 7 , 3 7 8 , 41 4 , 4 1 5 , 4 1 7 ,
42 0
Ph arasm an es , 23 4
Ph ari sm an e s , 3 6 1
Pharn ab az us , 7 9
8 1 , 1 09, 1 40 1 44 ,
1 89
Ph arn aces , 48
Ph arn uc h e s , 2 1 0 , 21 3 , 2 1 4
Ph aros , 1 42 , 4 1 6
Ph arsa i an s , 1 63
Ph ase i s , 68 , 7 0
.

l g

ll

l p

'

P g
P
P pl

'

P
P

The An a ba si s

4 10

Ph a sian s, 3 94
Ph ilm on , 8 8
Phili , 2 59
hi i of
acedon , 6- 9 , 1 8 , 2 0 , 2 1 ,
3 6 , 68 , 1 1 2 ,
24,
21 9, 22 9 , 3 0 5 , 3 8 3 , 3 8 4
h i i , son of Am yn t as , 43
a ch e tas , 1 7 ,
hi i , s o n of
2 9 8 , 3 1 9 , 3 2 1 , 3 24 , 3 3 9 , 3 40 ,
3 60
Ph i i , s on o f Men el aii s, 44 , 1 63 ,
1 92
h i i , th e Ph si ci an , 8 5 , 8 6
Ph ili
i, 1 0, 1 2
Ph i i stin es , 1 1 0 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 6
Phi ot as, son of Carsis , 2 3 0
Phil tas , son o f Parm en i o , 1 2 , 1 3 ,
21 , 24, 43 , 57 , 6 2 , 8 6 , 8 9 , 1 62 ,
1 77 1 93 1 96 , 2 00 , 2 24 , 23 2 ,
252
Philoxn u s, 1 5 1 , 1 7 2 , 4 14 , 41 7
Ph i sin u s, 1 44
Ph oci an s , 3 0 , 3 8 4
Ph ci cm , 3 5
Ph oen ici a an d h o en i ci an s , 5 5 , 81 ,
90 , 1 0 7 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 6 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 0 ,
1 2 5 1 27 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 6 , 1 40 , 1 50 ,
1 5 1 , 1 5 3 , 1 5 8 , 1 7 3 , 3 08 , 3 09 ,
3 1 8 , 3 5 2 , 3 5 9, 3 91 , 40 6 , 407 ,
41 4
Ph ti u s , 1 , 4 , 2 7 1 , 3 92 , 42 7
Ph radasm en es , 3 7 9
Ph rasaor tes, 1 7 8 , 3 64
Phr at aph ern es , 1 55 , 1 88 , 1 97 , 2 1 6 ,
23 9 , 2 98 , 3 6 2 , 3 7 9
h r i a , 40 , 44 , 48 , 6 5 , 67 7 3 , 7 6 ,
7 7 , 8 2 , 1 05 , 1 8 6 , 3 0 8 , 3 8 5
ieri s , 3 6
Pi m pram a , 3 0 1
Pin at a , 6 7
Pin arus , 92 , 95 , 1 04
Pi n dar , 3 4 , 3 9 , 1 7 7 3 0 9 , 3 3 4
i s idi a an d Pi sidi an s , 6 7 , 6 8 , 7 3
75
Pi x daru s , 66
ataeae an d P ataean s , 3 0 , 3 2 , 1 3 8
P ato , 1 8 1 , 28 6
au tus , 1 08
ei ades , 3 49 , 41 1
i n , 2 7 1 , 27 2 , 2 7 7 , 3 1 3 , 3 40 , 3 49 ,
3 69 , 42 2
u tarch , 3 , 6 , 27 , 3 3 3 5 , 3 7 ,
92 , 94 , 1 06, 1 3 7 , 268 , 3 0 5 , 3 5 8 ,
3 7 2 , 3 96 , 41 7 , 41 8 , 42 1 , 424
Pn y tag6ras , 1 2 6 , 1 29
.

p
P lp

P lp
P lp

lp

P lp
l
l

pp

P yg
P

Pl
l
Pl
Pl
Pl y
Pl

Alexa n der

Pl
P ly
P lybi

1 48 , 1 49 , 1 95
o aen u s , 3 5 8
u s , 95 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 2 , 2 03 , 23 1 ,
o
2 3 9 , 3 46 , 3 64
Poly d m as , 1 94
Polydect s , 1 45
Po deu ces or Po ux, 2 1 9
Pol y d rus , 1 1 8
Poly eu ctu s , 3 5
Poly sperch n , 1 04, 1 62 , 22 8 , 23 5 ,
2 42 , 2 46 , 253 , 2 8 3 , 3 2 4 , 3 91 ,
o em o ,

ly

ll

421
Polytim etu s , 21 3 , 2 1 6
Pom p ei op oli s , 88
Pom e , 1 1 5
Porti can us , 3 42
Poru s , 2 80 3 0 6 , 3 1 5 , 3 1 8
Poseid n , 3 8 , 1 45 , 3 20 , 3 47 , 42 5
Practiu s iver, 40
Prasi as, a e , 3 7
Pri am , 3 8
Pri a u s , 40
Pro xe s , 1 97
Prom eth eu s , 269
Pro on ti s , 23 4
Proteas , 8 1 , 1 25 .
Protsil au s , 3 7
Protom ach u s , 97
to em
th e e o ra h er, 20 3 , 40 1
Pto em , son of L agu s , 3 , 6 , 1 3 ,
24 , 2 8 , 7 6 , 8 8 , 1 02 ,
1 46 , 1 48 , 1 5 1 , 1 7 5 , 1 93 , 1 94 ,
1 96 , 2 00 20 2 , 209 , 220 , :23 1 ,
2 3 2 , 23 5 , 245 , 2 49 253 , 2 60 ,
2 6 1 , 2 7 7 , 2 88 , 2 97 , 2 99 , 3 04 ,
3 05 , 3 1 4 , 3 1 9 , 3 24 , 3 3 2 3 3 7 ,
3 6 3 , 3 7 3 , 3 7 5 , 3 94 , 3 99 , 405 ,
41 6 , 42 1 , 423 , 42 7
Pto em , son of hi i , 4 5
Pto em , s on of
e eucu s , 66 , 77 ,
1 00 , 1 0 4
to em , 63 65 , 8 8 , 95 , 1 7 7 , 2 1 6
Pto em
Phi a de h us , 4 1 6
Pu n a , 249 ,
Pr a , 3 5 5
Pu rally , 3 49
dn a , 2 3 0
Pi ram u s , 8 9
P rrh u s of
irus , 1 9
Pyth ag5 ras , 3 1 7
Pyth o dem u s , 8
.

py

R
Lk

G g p
.

P l y
l

P lp

l y
l y

l y
j b

lp

Py

Ep
.

Q u adi

14

aam ses ,

Sl

P l y

1 49 , 4 1 0

In dex

Prop er Nam

Rai , 1 8 2
Ras al H ad , 41 0
Ravi , 3 00
awin son , 8 7 , 3 93 , 4 1 3
aw
s on , 1 46
Red Sea , 1 5 5 , 1 61 , 3 09 , 400
en o , 2 7 7
Rh a , 2 03
h adam an th u s , 42 5
Rh agae, 1 8 2
Rh am b aci a, 3 5 1
R h a , 1 7 3
Rheom ith re s , 4 0 , 1 03
hi n e , 1 41 , 2 7 7
h o de s , 94 , 1 2 5 , 3 3 5
Rh oesace s , 4 7
h on e , 1 5 3 , 2 8 6
i ch ard I , 1 3 6
om e an d
om an s , 1 , 2 , 1 49 , 2 3 0 ,
2 77 , 2 7 8 , 3 7 0 , 3 99 , 400 , 42 0
oxan a , 2 42 , 243 , 3 40 , 3 7 5 , 42 1 ,
422
um our, 3 3 3
.

R l
R
R
R

R
R
R
R
R
R
R

Sab aces , 1 03 , 1 40
Sabictas , 8 4
Sacesin i an s , 1 55 , 1 61
acian s , 1 55 , 1 6 1 , 3 8 7
Sagalassu s , 7 4
Sal am in i a , 1 2 5 , 1 5 0
a am i s, 1 02 , 1 50 , 3 3 4 , 3 99
a m aci s , 65
Salm us , 3 63
am arcan d , 202
am ari a , 9 1 , 1 5 0 , 3 6 4
.

S
S

S
Sb

ah , 1 44
Siw
Sm erdi s , 3 64
m
rn a , 2 7 5 , 407
och i , 8 9
Secrates , 40 , 43 , 45
oc , 23 9 241
o di an
o di an i an s , 1 55 ;
o di an a an d
1 99 206 , 2 1 5 , 23 5 240 , 2 8 4
3 78
o di an s , 3 41
90 , 1 0 4, 1 25 , 41 0
o i , 8 8
o om on , 1 07

S y
S

S
S
S
S p
S p
S
S l
S
S

p l

Sl
Sl

S
S
S
S

Sy

S gl

Sy

S
S b ll

3 42
sam os , 5 7 , 2 7 3
am oth race, 2 3 0
an a at , 9 1
San dracotu s , 2 7 3 , 2 7 5
San gaeu s, 2 48
an a a , 3 01 3 0 6
San gari us iver , 7 7
ardan a a u s , 8 7
ardi n i a, 1 08
ardi s , 50 , 5 1 , 6 7 , 1 7 1
arm ati an s , 1 4
Serra , 1 1 7
Satibarz an es , 1 5 5 , 1 91 1 93
Satraces , 21 2
atra es , 247
Sau r m atia n s , l 4
Saxon e s , 3 8 7
ch m ieder , 2 96
ch m itz , 42 6

us,

Sg

S
S
S am b

2 63
Sci n e , 3 2
c th i a an d c thi an s , 1 5 , 1 55 , 1 61 ,
1 6 4 , 1 6 5 , 1 8 0 , 1 92 , 1 9 6 , 2 0 2 ,
2 05 2 1 4, 22 7 , 2 3 3 , 23 4 , 23 7 ,
2 3 8 , 2 7 2 , 2 7 3 , 284 , 3 08 , 3 09 ,
3 7 0 , 3 99 , 40 1
e eu ci dae, 28 5
e eucu s , 5 3 , 7 6 , 1 0 7 , 2 7 3 , 2 8 5 , 2 9 1 ,
3 7 5 , 405 , 4 1 4, 42 0
Sel gi an s, 7 4
Sm l , 1 1 7
em i ram i s, 66 , 3 55
eneca , 1 1 8 , 23 2
en n ach eri , 1 40
era i s , 42 0
eri h us , 1 45
esta s , 3 7
h a m an eser, 1 1 6 , 1 1 7 , 1 2 1
h at el Ara ,
3 79
h esh ach , 41 3
Sh ich or, 1 4 1
h u sh an , 1 7 2
i i , 3 24
Sib yrtiu s , 2 7 5 , 3 60
i ci , 1 08 , 3 7 0
ide, 7 1
idon , 1 08 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 6 , 1 24 1 2 7
Sigeum , 3 8
i on , 1 1 1
Sigri um , 7 8
Si m m i as , 1 62 , 1 67 1 95
Si n , 1 40
in dh u , 2 6 3
Sin di m an a , 3 42 , 3 43
Si n p e an d Sin op ean s , 1 90 , 3 7 1
Sin ten is , 2 09 , 2 2 0 , 2 57 , 3 61
Si ph n u s , 8 1 , 1 09
Si sicottus , 2 63 , 2 98
Si si n s , 69 , 3 7 9
Si sygam bi s , 1 05 , 1 67 1 7 5
Sitacen i an s , 1 5 6 , 1 61
Sital ces , 7 5 , 8 7 , 98 , 1 64, 1 94, 3 61

S ly
S
S

S l
S l

4 41

S cin de

es

1 97

S g
S g

S g
S l
S l

R k

S g

G G

The An a ba si s

442

S5 15 n , 402
Sopeith es , 3 1 9
Sopoli s; 1 3 , 1 62 , 2 3 9
S stratu s , 23 0
ain , 1 08 , 1 1 8
arta , 3 2 , 3 9
Sphin es , 3 7 2
Spitaces , 2 94
Sp itam en es , 1 99 2 02 , 209 , 2 1 3
2 3 6 2 3 9, 3 7 5
Spith ridates , 40 , 47 , 48 , 5 1
Sp rad s, 88 , 409
St am en es , 23 9
Stasan or, 2 00 , 21 6 , 2 3 9 , 3 61 ,
3 64
Statira , 48 , 1 3 5 , 2 42 , 243
Stiboeti s , 1 8 8
tra o , 1 5 , 5 5 , 7 8 , 1 08 , 1 3 9 ,
202 , 2 69 , 2 7 4 , 3 1 9, 3 5 6 ,
3 93 , 3 95 , 40 2 , 4 20
trato , 1 1 1 , 1 1 6

T
T

'

21 5

3 62 ,

1 41 ,
3 71 ,

37

P l

Sy
Sy

Sy

T
T

T
T b

T b
.

Stym ph aea, 2 6
t x, 42 1
au in u s , 3 69
u eton i u s
u a, 42 0
Sun ium , 3 3 4
3 7 4,
usa, 1 7 1
3 7 7 3 8 5 , 3 8 7 , 406
Susia , 1 91
u si an i an s , 1 5 5 , 1 6 1 ,
usi an a an d
1 7 3 , 1 7 4 , 3 08 , 3 6 3 , 3 64 , 3 7 9 ,
3 98
Sutledj , 3 3 9
Syen n si s, 8 5
Sylli um , 7 2
ri a Palaestin , 1 3 5
ri an s , 8 7 , 9 1 , 1 40 , 1 5 2 ,
ri a an d
1 5 6 , 1 7 3 , 2 85 , 3 08 , 3 8 0 , 40 7
yrian ates , 8 7 , 8 9 , 91 , 94
Syrm u s , 1 2 , 1 7
Syrph ax, 5 2

Sy
S
S ll
S

m on

S
St y

T
T
T
T

p l

ly

3 8 3 , 3 91
h oas , 3 5 3 , 3 60
hrace an d
hraci an s, 9 1 2 , 1 5 ,
44, 5 3 ,
7 1 , 7 5 , 8 7 , 93 ,
98 , 1 08 , 1 1 2 , 1 48 , 1 6 4, 2 98 ,
3 1 0, 3 40 , 3 8 3 , 3 9 1 , 406
Thriam bu s, 3 62
h ucydi des , 1 2 , 45 , 55 , 99, 295 ,
335
Th ym cm das, 8 0 , 1 07
Ti b arn es , 1 1 8
i res , 1 07 , 1 53 , 1 5 4 , 1 5 6 , 2 7 4,
2 7 7 , 3 47 , 3 64, 3 69 , 3 8 0 , 3 8 1 ,
40 1
im aeu s, 1 5 3 , 223
T im agen es, 3 3 5
Tim an der, 63
Tim ol aii s, 25
Ti ph sach , 1 07
i r n s, 3 1 0
Tiryn thi us , 3 1 0
Ti ssaph ern es , 1 9 1
.

T
T

Ta

citu s ,

110
T aen aru m , 1 1 0
en ai s, 1 98 , 2 02 , 203 , 205 , 209- 2 1 1 ,
2 7 4 , 3 08 , 3 8 7
Tap uri a an d Tap urian s , 1 55 , 1 6 1 ,
1 8 7 , 1 8 8 , 23 9 , 41 4
aren tin es , 1 5 2
arshish , 1 1 8
arsus , 85 , 8 7 , 8 9 , 90
Tartessu s , 1 1 8
22 , 2 5
Taulan ti an s, 1 9
Tauri scu s , 1 5 1
.

T
T
T

S b

Tlp

2 8 7 , 2 91
au ru s , 8 5 , 1 5 1 , 1 9 7 . 2 7 3 2 7 5
axi a , 2 7 0 , 2 7 9 , 2 8 0 , 3 7 1
Taxil es, 247 , 248 , 2 7 0 , 2 79 , 2 8 0,
2 94, 2 98 , 3 60 , 3 7 2
Tel el Ke i r, 1 46
e e hu s; 3 5 4
Telm i ssu s, 3 6 , 6 7 , 82
em en u s, 2 1 7
e, 2 1 6
em
T n dus , 8 0, 8 1 , 1 43
en n es , 1 1 6
Teredon , 41 1
Teri ol tes , 3 41
Term ssu s , 7 3 7 5
Th al estri s, 3 94
h am m u z , 1 1 6
Th ap sacus , 7 1 , 1 07 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 2 , 406
h ara , 1 8 3
h e an s , 25 3 4 , 1 1 5 ,
h e es an d
2 2 1 , 2 65 , 3 1 0 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 4
Th eo dectes , 68
Th e5 cri tus , 2 42
h eo hrastus , 2 3 2
h et a, 8 8 , 1 98
h erm o y ae, 2 6
h ero , 3 9
Th ersippu s, 1 1 2
h eseus , 3 94, 42 5
Th e ssal i scu s , 1 1 4 , 1 1 5
h essa
h essa i an s , 2 6 , 43 ,
an d
67 , 68 , 69 , 7 7 , 8 7 , 9 6 , 97 , 1 0 1 ,
1 63 , 1 6 9, 1 7 6 , 1 80 , 2 00 , 3 1 0 ,

Tauron

Sp
Sp

f Alexan der

Tg

T y

I n dex
Tl p ol m us , 1 8 5 , 3 60
Tm lu s , Mou n t, 2 65
o it , 1 8 2
Trall s , 5 2 , 6 5

P rop er Na m

Win er

Xan thippus, 5 4
an th u s , 67
Xath ri an s , 3 40
Xen oph n , 1 , 3 9 , 42 , 8 4, 93

T rebi

z on

d,

pol i s , 1 0 7 , 1 0 8

96 , 99 , 1 02 ,
22 7 , 2 44 , 3 94 , 42 5
Xerx s 3 7 1 02 1 7 1 ,
22 7 I 2 7 7 , 3 34, 3 96 , 403

22 6 ,
,

40 6

T
T b l
Tyl
l
Ty
Ty

Yam Su ph , 1 5 5
Y en i a e , tra its
Yeor , 1 41
-

kl S

of,

2 77

1 69
Za b ,
Z adracarta , 1 8 8 , 1 91
Zaran gaean s, 1 93 , 3 44, 3 6 1 , 3 7 8
23 6
Z aria spa ,
Z elei a , 41 , 5 0
Z eri aspes , 3 61
Z eus , 3 6 , 3 8 .
, 5 1 , 82 , 8 9
2 66 ,
1 48 , 2 1 9 , 22 2 ,
.

Ul ai , 3 7 9
Uran u s , 40 8
Uxian s , 1 5 5 , 1 6 1 , 1 7 4, 1 7 5 ,
3 8 7 , 3 98
.

gl

Ver i , 5 4, 1 6 7 , 1 8 6 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 8 , 401
Vi te iu s , 7 1

ll

Ty

94 ,
2 24 2 25 ,

Tro ez n , 5 9
ro , 3 3 2
Tsidon , 1 1 6
s or , 1 1 7
u a , 1 19
u s I s an d , 40 9
n d areus , 2 1 9
re , 1 08 , 1 09 , 1 1 6
1 50 ,
Tyri asp es , 247 , 2 98 , 3 40
rrh en ian s , 3 99

T y

Triballi an s , 9
1 7 , 3 1 0 , 3 83
ri

41 3

443

T b

es

Butler

a Tan n er,

Z iobeti s , 1 88
Z oroaster , 3 67

The Sel wood Pri n ti n g

Work s

From e

an d Lon don .