Giaotrinhtutuonghochiminh 1 4445

MGT.
0000001542
IO DC V AO TO
D N H CHO SINH V I N I HC, CAO NG K H I KHNG CHUYN

N G N H MC - LNN, T T N G H CH M I N H
(Ti bn c sa cha, b sung)
; & QTKD
4
N H X U T B N C H N H TR Q u c G I A
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
G I O
T U
H
T R N H
T N G
C H
M I N H
B GIO DC V O
TO
T TNG
H CH MINH
DNH CHO SINH VIN I HC, CAO NG KHI KHNG CHUYN
N G N H M C - LNIN, T U T N G H CH M I N H
(Ti bn c sa c h a , b sung)
N H X U T B N C H N H TR Q U C G I A - s T H T
H Ni - 2011
B A N CH O B I N S O N C H N G T R N H ,
G I O TRNH C C MN L L U N CHNH TR
- PGS. TS. NGUYN VIT THNG - Tng Ch bin
- G S . T S K H . BNH T I N L O N G
- PGS. T S . T R N T H H
- TS. PHAN MNH TIN
- TS. NGUYN TIN HONG
- T h S . V T H A N H BNH - Tng Th k
B A N BIN S O N
GIO TRNH T T N G H C H MINH
PGS. TS. P H M N G C A N H
(Ch
bin)
TP TH TC GI
- PGS.TS. P H M N G C A N H
- GS.TS. M C H Q U A N G T H N G
- GS.TS. N G U Y N N G C c
- PGS.TS. V Q U A N G H I N
- T S . L VN THNH
CH DN CA NH XUT BN
D i s ch o ca Trung ng, t n m 2004, B Gio dc v

o to p h i hp v i N h xut bn C h n h tr quc gia - S tht
xut b n b gio trnh d n g trong cc trng i hc v cao n g
trong c nc g m 5 b m n : T r i hc Mc - Lnin, K i n h t chnh
tr Mc - Lnin, Ch Igha x h i khoa hc, Lch s ng Cng
sn V i t Nam, T tng H Ch Minh. B gio trnh g p phn
quan trng i v i n h i m v gio dc l lun chnh tr cho hc
sinh, sinh vin - i n g t thc tr ca nc nh, o to ngun
n h n lc, tin h n h thng l i s nghip i m i t nc.
Trc thc t i n m i ca s n g h i p gio dc v o to,
q u n t r i t n g l i v i m i c n g tc t tng, l l u n ca
n g v ch t r n g ci cch c n g tc ging dy, hc tp bc i
hc v cao n g n i chung, n g y 18-9-2008, B t r n g B G i o
dc v o to ban h n h c h n g t r n h m i v t chc b i n
son, p h i h p v i N h x u t b n C h n h tr quc gia - S t h t
x u t b n b gio t r n h cc m n hc l l u n c h n h tr d n h cho
sinh v i n i hc, cao n g k h i k h n g c h u y n n g n h M c L n i n , t t n g H C h M i n h do PGS. TS. N g u y n V i t T h n g
l m T n g C h bin, g m ba m n :
- Gio bnh Nhng nguyn l c bn ca ch ngha Mc - Ln t
- Gio binh
T tng H
ChMi.
- Gio tnh Ekng li cch mng ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam.

5
Gio
trnh
T tng
H Chi Minh
do t p t h cc n h
khoa hc, g i n g vin c k i n h n g h i m ca m t s hc v i n ,

t r n g i hc b i n son, PGS. TS. Phm Ngc A n h ch b i n
p n g y u cu ca thc t i n ging dy v hc t p ca hc
sinh, sinh v i n .
Sau m t t h i gian thc h i n tip thu nhng g p xc n g
ca cc t r n g i hc, cao n g , ca i ng ging vin l lun
chnh tr v ca cc n h khoa hc; tip thu tinh thn Ngh quyt
i h i X I ca n g Cng sn V i t Nam, N h xut bn Chnh tr
quc gia - S tht p h i h p v i Ban Ch o v tp t h tc gi
sa cha, b sung Gio trnh T tng H Ch
Minh.
Xin t r n t r n g g i i t h i u v i b n c.
Thng 6 nm 2011
N H XUT BN C H N H TR QUC G I A . s THT
L I NI U
T h c h i n cc N g h q u y t ca n g C n g sn V i t N a m ,
n h t l N g h q u y t T r u n g n g 5 khoa X v c n g tc t
t n g , l l u n v b o c h trc y u cu m i , n g y 18-9-2008,
B G i o dc
v o to ban
hnh Quyt inh
5 2 / 2 0 0 8 / Q - B G D T ban h n h C h n g t r n h m n hc T
t n g H C h M i n h d n h cho sinh v i n k h i k h n g c h u y n
n g n h Mc - Lnin, t tng H Ch M i n h v p h i hp v i
N h x u t b n C h n h tr q u c gia - S tht x u t b n
trnh
T tng
H Ch Minh
Gio
d n h cho sinh v i n cc t r n g
i hc, cao n g k h i k h n g c h u y n n g n h M c - L n i n , t
tng H Ch Minh.
T r o n g q u t r n h b i n s o n , t p t h tc g i k tha
n h n g n i d u n g ca Gio
trnh
T tng
H Ch
Minh
ca H i n g T r u n g n g ch o b i n son g i o t r n h quc
gia cc b m n khoa hc M c - L n i n , t t n g H C h M i n h
v g i o t r n h ca B G i o dc v o to t chc b i n son.
T p t h tc g i n h n c g p ca n h i u t p t h , n h
H c v i n C h n h tr - H n h c h n h quc gia H C h M i n h ,
Ban T u y n g i o T r u n g ng... v c n h n cc n h khoa hc,
ca i n g ging v i n cc hc v i n , t r n g i hc,
n g trong c nc, c b i t l ca PGS. TS. T H u y
cao
Ra,
GS. TS. P h n g H u P h , GS. N g u y n c Bnh, GS. TS.

L H u Ngha, GS. TS. L H u Tng, GS. n g X u n K ,
7
GS. T r n T h n h , GS. TS. H o n g C h Bo, PGS. TS. Bi n h

Phong, PGS. TS. N g u y n B L i n h , PGS. TS. L V n Tch,
PGS. TS. Trnh T n g , PGS. TS. N g n g T r i , TS. T r n V n H i
Sau m t t h i g i a n thc h i n , t i p t h u n h n g g p x c
n g c a c c t r u n g i hc, cao n g , ca i n g g i n g
v i n l l u n c h n h tr, ca cc n h k h o a hc; t i p t h u tinh
t h n N g h q u y t i h i X I ca n g C n g s n V i t N a m ,
Ban C h o v t p t h t c g i t i n h n h sa cha, b
s u n g g i o t r n h . T u y n h i n , o n h n g h n c h k h c h quan
v c h q u a n n n v n c n n h n g n i d u n g c n t i p tc c
b s u n g v sa i , c h n g t i r t m o n g n h n c n h i u
g p l n t i b n sau g i o t r n h c h o n chnh h n .
T h g p x i n g i v B G i o dc v o to ( V G i o
dc i hc), 49 i C V i t , H N i .
B GIO DC V O TO
CHNG
M U
I TNG, PHNG P H P NGHIN

V NGHA HC TP
cu
MN
T T N G H CH MINH
I- I TNG NGHIN cu
1 Khi nim t tng v t tng H Ch Minh

a) Khi nim
tng
T t n g l s p h n n h h i n thc t r o n g thc, l b i u
h i n q u a n h ca con n g i v i t h g i i c h u n g q u a n h .
T r o n g t h u t n g " t t n g H C h M i n h " , k h i n i m "t
t n g " c ngha t m k h i q u t t r i t hc. " T t n g "
y k h n g p h i d n g v i ngha t i n h t h n - t t n g , thc
t t n g ca m t c n h n , m t c n g n g , m v i ngha l
m t h thng nhng quan i m , quan n i m , l u n i m
c xy d n g trn m t nn tng trit hc ( t h gii quan v
p h n g p h p l u n ) n h t q u n , i b i u cho c h , n g u y n
v n g ca m t g i a i cp, m t d n tc, c h n h t h n h t r n
c s t h c t i n n h t n h v tr l i c h o h o t n g thc
t i n , c i t o h i n thc.
9
K h i n i m "t t n g " lin q u a n trc t i p n k h i n i m

"nh t t n g " . M t n g i x n g n g l n h t t n g , theo
V.I.Lnin, k h i n g i b i t g i i q u y t trc n g i k h c t t
c n h n g v i c h n h tr - s c h lc, cc v n v t chc,
v n h n g y u t v t cht ca p h o n g t r o k h n g p h i m t
cch t p h t .
b) Khi nim t tng H Ch Minh
Q u t r n h n h n thc ca n g ta v t t n g H C h M i n h
i t t h p n cao, t n h n g v n c t h n h t h n g
h o n chnh.
i h i i b i u t o n q u c l n t h V I I ( t h n g 6-1991)
n h d u m t c t m c q u a n t r n g t r o n g n h n thc ca n g
v t t n g H C h M i n h . n g ta k h n g n h : n g l y
c h ngha M c - L n i n v t t n g H C h M i n h l m n n
t n g t t n g , k i m c h n a m cho h n h n g . V n k i n ca i
h i n h ngha: "t t n g H C h M i n h c h n h l k t q u s
v n d n g s n g to c h ngha M c - L n i n t r o n g i u k i n c
t h ca n c ta, v t r o n g thc t t t n g H C h M i n h
tr t h n h m t t i sn tnh t h n q u b u ca n g v ca c
d n tc" .
1
K' t sau i h i i b i u t o n q u c l n t h V I I c a
ng, c n g tc n g h i n cu t t n g H Ch M i n h
tin h n h n g h i m tc v t c nhng kt qu quan
1. ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin i hi di biu ton

ln th VU, Nxb. S tht, H Ni, 1991, tr.l 27.
quc
10
t r n g . N h n g k t q u n g h i n c u c u n g c p l u n c
k h o a hc c sc t h u y t p h c i h i i b i u t o n
q u c l n t h IX ca n g ( t h n g 4-2001) v i h i i
b i u t o n q u c l n t h X I ca n g ( t h n g 1-2011) x c
n h k h ton d i n v c h thng n h n g v n ct y u
thuc n i h m k h i n i m t t n g H C h M i n h . "T
t n g H C h M i n h l m t h t h n g q u a n i m t o n d i n
v s u sc v n h n g v n c b n ca c c h m n g V i t
N a m , k t q u ca s v n d n g \ p h t t r i n s n g t o c h
n g h a M c - L n i n v o i u k i n c t h c a n c ta, k
t h a v p h t t r i n c c g i tr t r u y n t h n g t t p
ca
d n t c , t i p t h u t i n h hoa v n hoa n h n l o i ; l t i sn
t i n h t h n v c n g t o l n v q u g i ca n g v d n tc
ta, m i m i soi n g cho s n g h i p c c h m n g ca n h n
d n ta g i n h t h n g l i " .
1
T r o n g n h ngha n y , n g ta l m r c :
Mt
l, b n c h t c c h m n g , k h o a h c v n i d u n g
c a t t n g H C h M i n h : l h t h n g q u a n i m t o n
d i n v s u sc v n h n g v n c b n ca c c h m n g V i t
N a m , p h n n h n h n g v n c tnh q u y l u t ca cch
m n g V i t N a m ; t t n g H C h M i n h c n g v i c h ngha
M c - L n i n l n n t n g t t n g , k i m c h n a m h n h n g
ca n g v d n tc V i t N a m .
Hai l, ngun gc t tng, l l u n ca t tng H Ch M i n h :
1. ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin i hi i biu ton quc

ln th XI, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2011, tr.88.
li
c h ngha M c - Lnin; gi tr v n h a d n tc; t i n h hoa v n

h a n h n loi.
Ba l, g i tr, ngha, sc h p d n , sc s n g l u b n ca
t t n g H C h M i n h : l ti sn tnh t h n to l n ca n g
v d n tc, m i m i soi n g cho s n g h i p c c h m n g ca
n h n d n ta g i n h t h n g l i .
Da t r n n h h n g c b n cc v n k i n i h i ca
n g C n g sn V i t N a m , cc n h khoa hc a ra n h
ngha: "T tng
H Ch M l mt
ton din v su sc v nhng

Vit Nam,
t cch mng
cch mng
x hi ch ngha;
sng
to v pht
gii phng
con
dim
vn c bn ca cch
mng
tc dn
l kt
trin ch ngha
c th nc ta, ng
tu thi i nhm
quan
dn
h thng
ch
nhn
dn
qu ca s vn
Mc - Lni
vo iu
n
dng
kin
thi l s kt tin h tin h hoa dn tc v tr
gii phng
dn tc, gii phng
giai cp
ngi' .
1
D n h ngha theo c c h n o , t t n g H C h M i n h
u c n h n n h n v i t c c h l m t h t h n g l l u n .
H i n nay, t n t i h a i p h n g t h c t i p c n h t h n g t
tng H Ch Minh.
Th nht,
t tng H Ch M i n h c nhn din n h
m t h t h n g t r i thc t n g h p , bao g m : t t n g t r i t hc;

t t n g k i n h t ; t t n g c h n h tr; t t n g q u n s; t
tng v n ha, o c v n h n vn.
. H i ng Trung ng ch o bin son gio trnh quc gia

cc b mn khoa hc Mc - Lnin, t tng H Ch Minh: Gio
h
T tng H Ch M, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H N i ,
2003, tr.19.
12
Th hai, t t n g H C h M i n h l h t h n g c c q u a n
i m v n h n g v n c b n ca c c h m n g V i t N a m , bao
g m : t t n g v v n d n tc v c c h m n g g i i p h n g
d n tc; v c h ngha x h i v con n g i ln c h ngha
x h i ; v n g C n g sn V i t N a m ; v i o n k t d n tc
v o n k t q u c t ; v d n c h , N h n c c a d n , do d n ,
v d n ; v v n h a , o c, V.V..
G i o t r n h n y v n d n g p h n g thc t i p cn t h hai
gii thiu v n g h i n cu h thng t tng H C h M i n h .
L m t h t h n g l l u n , t t n g H C h M i n h c c u
t r c l g c h c h t c h v c h t n h n ct li, l t t n g v
c l p d n tc, d n c h v c h ngha x h i ; c l p d n tc
g n l i n v i c h ngha x h i n h m g i i p h n g d n tc, g i i
p h n g giai c p v g i i p h n g con n g i .
2. i tng v nhim v ca mn hc T tng
H Ch Mnh
a) i tng
nghin
cu
i t n g n g h i n c u ca m n hc T tng H C h M i n h
bao g m h t h n g c c q u a n i m , q u a n n i m , l l u n v
c c h m n g V i t N a m t r o n g d n g c h y ca t h i i m i m
c t l i l t t n g v c l p d n tc g n l i n v i c h
n g h a x h i . C c q u a n i m c b n ca h t h n g t t n g
H C h M i n h k h n g ch c p h n n h trong cc bi ni,
b i v i t m c n c t h h i n qua q u t r n h c h o t h c
t i n c c h m n g p h o n g p h ca N g i ; c n g C n g
13
sn V i t N a m v n d n g , p h t t r i n s n g t o q u a c c g i a i
o n cch mng.
N h v y , i t n g ca m n hc T t n g H C h
M i n h k h n g c h l b n t h n h t h n g c c q u a n i m , l
l u n c t h h i n t r o n g t o n b d i sn c a H C h M i n h
m c n l q u t r n h v n n g , h i n t h c h a c c q u a n
i m , l l u n t r o n g t h c t i n c c h m n g V i t N a m .
l q u t r n h m a n g t n h q u y l u t , bao g m h a i m t t h n g
nht b i n chng: sn sinh t t n g v h i n thc h a t
t n g theo c c m c t i u c l p d n t c , d n c h , c h
n g h a x h i , g i i p h n g d n tc, g i i p h n g g i a i c p , g i i
p h n g con n g i .
b) Nhim v nghin cu
T r n c s i t n g n g h i n c u , m n h c T t n g
H C h M i n h c n h i m v i s u n g h i n c u l m r cc n i
u n g sau:
- C s ( k h c h q u a n v c h quan) h n h t h n h t tng
H C h M i n h , qua k h n g n h s ra i ca t t n g
H C h M i n h l m t t t y u k h c h quan v g i i p cc v n
lch s d n tc t ra;
- C c giai o n h n h thnh, p h t trin t tng H Ch M i n h ;
- N i d u n g , b n c h t cch m n g , khoa hc, c im
ca
c t quan i m trong h thng t tng H Ch M i n h ;

- V a i t r n n t n g t t n g , k i m ch nam h n h n g ca
t t n g H C h M i n h i v i cch m n g V i t N a m ;
- Q u t r n h n h n thc, v n d n g , p h t t r i n t t n g
14
H C h M i n h qua cc giai o n cch m n g ca n g v N h

n c ta;
- C c gi tr t t n g , l l u n ca H C h M i n h i v i
k h o t n g t t n g , l l u n c c h m n g t h g i i ca t h i i .
3. Mi quan h vi mn hc Nhng nguyn l c bn
c a c h ngha M c - Ln in v m n h c n g l i c c h
m n g c a n g C n g s n V i t Nam
M n hc T t n g H C h M i n h c q u a n h cht c h v i
H C h M i n h hc, cc khoa hc x h i v n h n v n , c b i t
l v i cc m n hc l l u n c h n h tr.
a) Mi quan h vi mn hc Nhng nguyn l c bn
ca ch ngha
Mc -
Lnin
C h ngha M c - L n i n l c s t h g i i q u a n , p h n g
p h p l u n , n g u n gc t t n g , l l u n t r c t i p q u y t
i n h b n c h t c c h m n g , khoa hc ca t t n g H C h
M i n h . H C h M i n h l n g i t r u n g t h n h , v n d n g v
p h t t r i n s n g t o c h n g h a M c - L n i n v o i u k i n c
t h ca c c h m n g V i t N a m . C u c i , s n g h i p ca H
C h M i n h v s n g h i p ca n g ta, ca c c h m n g V i t
Nam,
t h n g qua
t n g k t thc t i n , g p p h n
lm
p h o n g p h , b s u n g v p h t t r i n c c n g u y n l c b n
ca c h n g h a M c - L n i n .
T t n g H C h M i n h thuc h t t n g M c - L n i n ,
l s v n d n g v p h t t r i n s n g to c h ngha M c L n i n v o i u k i n thc t V i t N a m , v v y , m n
hc
15
T tng
H Ch Mth
bn ca ch ngha
v i m n hc Nhng
nguyn
c m i quan h cht ch.
Mc - Lnin
M u n n g h i n c u t t , g i n g d y v hc t p t t t t n g H
C h M i n h c n p h i n m v n g k i n thc v n h n g n g u y n l
ca c h ngha M c - L n I.
b) Mi quan h vi mn hc ng ten cch mng ca
ng Cng
sn Vit
Nam
H C h M i n h l n g i c n g sn u t i n ca
Vit
Nam; n g i s n g lp, gio dc, rn l u y n v l lnh t

ca n g C n g s n V i t N a m . B n t h n H C h M i n h l
n g i t m k i m , l a c h n c o n n g , v c h ra n g l i
c c h m n g n g n cho d n t c v l n h o s n g h i p
c c h m n g V i t N a m theo m c t i u c l p d n t c g n
l i n v i c h ngha x h i . T r o n g quan h v i m n
ng
li cch
mng
ca ng
Cng
sn
hc
Vit Nam,
t n g H C h M i n h l m t b p h n t t n g c a
ng,
n h n g v i t cch l b p h n n n tng t t n g , k i m ch
n a m h n h n g ca n g , l c s k h o a h c c n g v i c h
ngha M c - L n i n x y d n g n g l i , c h i n
lc,
sch lc cch m n g n g n . N h v y , m n hc
tng
H Ch Minh
li cch mng
gn b c h t c h v i m n h c
ca ng
Cng
sn
Vit Nam.
ng
N g h i n cu,
g i n g d y , h c t p t t n g H C h M i n h n h m t r a n g b
c s t h g i i q u a n , p h n g p h p l u n k h o a h c n m
v n g k i n thc v n g l i c c h m n g ca n g C n g
sn V i t N a m .
16
l i - PHNG P H P NGHIN c u
Vi t cch l mt mn hc c tnh c lp trong h thng
cc m n l l u n c h n h tr, T tng
H Ch M c c s
p h n g p h p l u n v cc p h n g p h p n g h i n cu ring.
1. C s phng php lun
N g h i n c u , g i n g d y , h c t p m n h c T
H
Ch M
tng
p h i t r n c s t h g i i quan, p h n g p h p
l u n k h o a hc ca c h ngha M c - L n i n v b n t h n cc
q u a n i m c gi tr p h n g p h p l u n ca H C h M i n h .
T r o n g , c c n g u y n l t r i t h c M c - Lnin v i t cch l
p h n g p h p l u n c h u n g ca c c n g n h khoa hc cn p h i
c s d n g n h m t c n g c t d u y quan trng. D i y
l m t s n g u y n tc p h n g p h p l u n trong n g h i n c u t
tng H Ch Minh.
a) Bo m s thng nht nguyn tc tinh ng v tnh
khoa
hc
N g h i n cu h tng H C h M i n h phi n g trn lp
t r n g , q u a n i m , p h n g p h p l u n c h ngha M c - L n i n
v q u a n i m , n g l i ca n g C n g sn V i t N a m ; b o
m tnh k h c h quan k h i p h n tch, l g i i v n h g i t
t n g H C h Minh,
t r n h v i c p t , c n g i u h a hoc
h i n i h a t t n g ca N g i . T n h n g v tnh khoa
hoe
t h n g n h t v i nhau t r o n g s p h n n h t r u n g thc,
k h c h q u a n t t n g H C h M i n h t r n c s l p t r n g ,
p h n g p h p u n v n h h n g c h n h tr.
:.(HTIICM
; / 7 7 .
b) Quan im
vi tht: ti
n
t h t tin v nguyn
tc l lun gn
li
n
C h n g h a M c - L n i n cho r n g , thc t i n l n g u n
gc, l n g lc ca n h n thc, l c s v l t i u c h u n
c a c h n l . T r o n g cuc i h o t n g c c h m n g ca
m n h , H C h M i n h l u n b m st thc t i n cch m n g dn
tc v t h g i i , c o i t r n g t n g k t t h c t i n n h l bin
p h p k h n g c h n n g cao n n g lc h o t n g thc t i n , m
c n l i u k i n n n g cao t r n h l l u n . n g thi,
N g i c n g c b i t coi t r n g v i c k t h p l l u n v i
thc t i n , l i n i i i v i vic lm. H C h M i n h khng
n h : T h c t i n k h n g c l l u n h n g d n t h t h n h thc
t i n m q u n g , d mc bnh ch quan; l l u n m khng
l i n h v i t h c t i n l l l u n s u n g . H C h M i n h l
n g i l u n x u t p h t t t h c t i n V i t N a m , v n d n g v
p h t t r i n s n g to c h ngha M c - L n i n v o thc tin
t n c , ra n g l i c c h m n g n g n , l n h o
n h n d n ta v t qua
m u n v n k h k h n , t h thch
ginh c nhng thng l i v vang.

V v y , n g h i n c u , h c t p t t n g H C h M i n h cn
p h i q u n t r i t q u a n i m l l u n g n l i n v i thc t i n , hc
i i v i h n h , p h i b i t v n d n g n h n g k i n thc hc
v o cuc sng, thc t i n , p h c v cho s n g h i p c c h m n g
ca t n c .
c) Quan im lch s- c th
C n g v i c h ngha d u y v t b i n c h n g , c h n g ta c n
18
v n d n g c h ngha d u y v t lch s v o vic n g h i n cu, hc

t p t t n g H C h M i n h . T r o n g n g h i n c u khoa hc, theo
V.I.Lnin, c h n g ta k h n g c q u n m i lin h lch s c n
b n , ngha l p h i xem xt m t h i n t n g n h t n h x u t
h i n t r o n g lch s n h t h n o , h i n t n g t r i qua
n h n g giai o n p h t i n ch y u n o v n g trn quan
i m ca s p h t t r i n x e m x t h i n nay n tr
t h n h n h t h n o ? N m v n g q u a n i m n y g i p c h n g ta
n h n thc c b n c h t t t n g H C h M i n h .
d) Quan im ton din v h thng
T t n g H C h M i n h l m t h t h n g q u a n i m
t o n d i n v s u sc v n h n g v n c b n ca c c h
m n g V i t N a m . M t y u c u v k h o a hc k h i n g h i n c u
t t n g H C h M i n h t r n b n h d i n tng t h hay t n g b
p h n l p h i l u n l u n q u n t r i t m i l i n h qua l i ca
cc y u t, cc n i d u n g k h c n h a u trong h thng
t n g v p h i l y h t n h n c t li l t t n g c l p ,
t do, d n ch v ch ngha x h i . V.I.Lnin tng ch
r : M u n thc s h i u c s v t t h c n p h i n h n bao
q u t v n g h i n c u t t c c c m t , t t c m i l i n h v
" q u a n h g i n t i p " ca s v t . T r o n g n g h i n c u t
t n g H C h M i n h , cn n m v n g v y h thng cc
q u a n i m ca N g i . N u t c h r i m t y u t n o
k h i h t h n g s d n n h i u sai t t n g H C h M i n h .
C h n g h n , t c h r i d c l p d n tc v i c h n g h a x h i
l xa r i t t n g H C h M i n h .
19
e) Quan im k th* v pht
trin
H C h M i n h l m t m u mc v s v n d n g v p h t trin
s n g to ch n g h a M c - Lnin v o i u k i n c t h ca Vit
N a m . N g i b sung, p h t t r i n s n g to c h ngha M c L n i n t r n n h i u l n h vc q u a n t r n g v h n h t h n h n n mt
h t h n g cc q u a n i m l l u n m i . N g h i n cu, hc tp t
t n g H C h M i n h i h i k h n g ch b i t k tha, v n dng
m c n p h i b i t p h t t r i n s n g to t t n g ca N g i
t r o n g i u k i n lch s m i , t r o n g b i c n h c t h ca t
nc v quc t.
g) Kt hp
o cch mng
nghin
cu cc tc phm
ca H Chi
vi thc
tin
chi
Minh
H C h M i n h l m t n h l l u n - thc t i n . N g i xy
d n g l l u n , v c h ra c n g l i n h , n g l i , c h t r n g cch
m n g v trc t i p t chc, l n h o thc h i n . T thc t i n ,
N g i t n g k t , b s u n g h o n chnh v p h t t r i n l l u n ,
cho n n t t n g H C h M i n h m a n g t n h c c h m n g , l u n
l u n s n g to, k h n g lc h u , g i o i u . N g h i n cu t
t n g H C h M i n h k h n g ch c n c v o c c tc p h m , bi
v i t , b i n i m cn coi t r n g h o t n g thc t i n ca N g i ,
thc t i n c c h m n g d i s t chc v l n h o ca n g
d o N g i n g u . V v y , ch c n c v o c c b i v i t , b i
n i , t c p h m ca N g i l h o n t o n c h a y . K t q u
h n h n g thc t i n , ch ngha anh h n g c c h m n g trong
chin
u v x y d n g ca n h n d n V i t N a m c h n h l l i
g i i thch r r n g gi tr khoa hc ca t t n g H C h M i n h .
20
C h n l l c t h , c c h m n g l s n g tp. S s n g to c c h
m n g ca H C h M i n h t r c h t l s s n g to v t d u y l
l u n , v c h i n lc, v n g l i c c h m n g . i u g i v a i
tr q u y t n h h n g u d n n thng l i cch m n g gii
p h n g d n tc. T t n g , l l u n c c h m n g ca H C h
M i n h g p p h n l m p h o n g p h t h m v p h t t r i n l l u n
c c h m n g ca t h i i , t r c h t l v c c h m n g g i i p h n g
d n tc. T t n g H C h M i n h ta s n g v t ra n g o i
b i n g i i q u c gia V i t N a m , n v i cc d n tc v n h n
d n lao n g t h g i i .
2. Cc phng php c th
V i ngha c h u n g n h t , p h n g p h p c h i u l c c h
t h c c p t i h i n thc, c c h thc n g h i n c u c c h i n
t n g ca t n h i n v ca x h i . P h n g p h p l h t h n g
c c n g u y n tc i u c h n h n h n thc v h o t n g c i to
t h c t i n x u t p h t t c c q u y l u t v n n g ca k h c h t h
c n h n thc.
- Gia p h n g p h p nghin cu v n i d u n g n g h i n
cu c m i lin h m t thit v chi p h i l n nhau; p h n g
p h p p h i t r n c s v n n g ca b n t h n n i d u n g ; n i
d u n g n o p h n g p h p y . V v y , n g o i c c n g u y n tc
p h n g p h p l u n chung, vi m t n i d u n g c t h cn
p h i v n d n g m t p h n g p h p n g h i n cu c t h p h
hp.
Trong , vic v n
dng phng
php
lch
( n g h i n c u s v t v h i n t n g theo q u t r n h p h t sinh,
tn ti, p h t trin) v p h n g p h p lgch (nghin
cu
21
m t c c h t n g q u t n h m tm ra c c i b n c h t v n c
c a s v t , h i n t n g v k h i q u t t h n h l l u n ) l h t
sc
cn thit trong n g h i n cu, ging dy, hc tp t
tng H Ch Minh.
- V n d n g p h n g p h p l i n n g n h t r o n g n g h i n cu
t t n g H C h M i n h . L m t n h k h o a h c , n h t t n g ,
H C h M i n h t h h i n t t n g ca m n h n h m t h
t h n g , bao q u t n h i u l m h v c : t t n g t r i t hc, t t n g
k i n h t , t t n g c h n h tr, t t n g q u n s, t t n g v n
h a , t t n g o c..., t r o n g m i l n h v c l i c t h tm
t h y n h n g h t h n g n h . T r c m t i t n g n g h i n cu
a d n g v phong p h n h i u m t n h v y th k h n g mt
l n h v c n o c n n g lc bao q u t h t a ra m t
bc t r a n h t n g t h v t t n g H C h M i n h . V t h , cn
t h i t p h i p d n g c c p h n g p h p l i n n g n h k h a hc
x h i n h n v n , l l u n c h n h tr n g h i n c u h t h n g
t t n g H C h M i n h , c n g n h m i t c p h m l l u n
r i n g b i t ca N g i .
- n g h i n c u t t n g H C h M i n h t c t r n h
7
k h o a h c n g y m t cao h n c n p h i i m i v h i n i
h a c c p h n g p h p n g h i n c u c t h , t r n c s k h n g
n g n g p h t trin, h o n thin v l l u n v p h n g p h p
l u n khoa hc n i c h u n g . T r o n g n g h i n c u h t h n g t
t n g H C h M i n h h i n nay, c c p h n g p h p c
th
t h n g c p d n g c h i u q u l: p h n tch, t n g h p , so
s n h , i c h i u , t h n g k trc l n g , v n b n hc, i u tra
i n , p h n g v n n h n c h n g lch s, V.V.. M i p h n g
22
p h p k h i v n d n g v o n g h i n c u t t n g H C h M i n h c
n h n g c i m v t ra cc y u c u k h c n h a u . V i c v n
d n g c c p h n g p h p v k t h p cc p h n g p h p c t h
p h i c n c v o n i d u n g n g h i n cu.
HI- NGHA CA VIC HC TP MN HC

I V I SINH VIN
i vi sinh vin, ngi tr thc tng lai ca nc nh,
v i c h c t p t t n g H C h M i n h c ngha c b i t q u a n
t r n g , n h t l t r o n g t h i k y m n h c n g n g h i p h a , h i n
i h a t n c g n v i p h t t r i n k i n h t t r i thc, h i n h p
quc t.
1. Nng cao nng lc t duy l lun v phng php
cng tc
T t n g H C h M i n h soi n g cho n g v n h n d n
V i t N a m t r n con n g thc h i n m c tiu: d n g i u , n c
m a n h , d n ch, c n g b n g , v n m i n h . T h n g qua v i c l m r
v t r u y n t h n i d u n g h t h n g q u a n i m l l u n ca H
C h M i n h v n h n g v n c b n ca c c h m n g V i t N a m
l m cho sinh v i n n n g cao n h n thc v v a i t r , v tr ca
t t n g H C h M i n h i v i i sng c c h m n g V i t
N a m - l m cho t t n g ca N g i n g y c n g g i v a i t r c h
a o trong i sng t i n h t h n ca t h h t r n c ta.
T h n g qua hc t p , n g h i n c u t t n g H C h M i n h
b i d n g , c n g c cho sinh v i n , thanh n i n l p t r n g ,
uuan i m c c h m n g ; k i n n h m c t i u c l p d n tc
23
g n l i n v i c h n g h a x h i ; t c h cc, c h n g u t r a n h
p h p h n n h n g q u a n i m sai tri, bo v c h ngha M c Lnin, t tng H Ch Minh, n g l i , ch trng, chnh
s c h , p h p l u t ca n g v N h n c ta; b i t v n d n g t
t n g H C h M i n h v o g i i q u y t c c v n t ra trong
cuc sng.
2, Bi dng phm cht o c cch mng v rn
l u y n b n lnh c h n h tr
T t n g H C h M i n h gio dc o c, t cch, phm
c h t c c h m n g cho c n b , n g v i n v t o n d n b i t sng
h p o l, y u c i t t , ci t h i n , g h t ci c , c i x u . H c tp
t t n g H C h M i n h g i p n n g cao l n g t h o v N g i ,
v n g C n g sn, v T q u c V i t N a m , t n g u y n "Sng,
c h i n u , lao n g v hc t p theo g n g Bc H v i " .
T r n c s k i n thc c hc, sinh v i n v n d n g v o
cuc sng, t u d n g , r n l u y n b n t h n , h o n t h n h t t chc
trch ca m n h , n g g p t h i t thc v h i u q u cho s
n g h i p c c h m n g theo con n g m C h tch H C h M i n h
v n g ta la chn.
24
CHNG
C s,
Q U TRNH HNH THNH
V PHT TRIN T TNG H CH MINH
I- C S HNH THNH T TNG H CH MINH

1. C s khch quan
a) Bi cnh tch s hnh thnh ttung H Ch Minh
- Bi cnh
k
lch s
Vit Nam
cui
th k XIX
th
XX
H C h M i n h s i n h ra v l n l n t r o n g h o n c n h t
nc v t h gii c n h i u bin ng.

Trong nc, chnh q u y n triu N g u y n tng bc
k h u t p h c t r c cuc x m lc ca t b n P h p , l n l t k
k t c c h i p c u h n g , t h a n h n n n b o h ca thc
d n P h p t r n t o n ci V i t N a m .
C h o n c u i t h k X I X , c c cuc k h i ngha v t r a n g
d i k h u h i u "Cn v n g " d o c c s p h u , v n t h n l n h
o c u i c n g t h t b i . H t t n g p h o n g k i n t ra l i
t h i trc cc n h i m v lch s.
C c cuc k h a i t h c t h u c a ca thc d n P h p k h i n
cho x h i n c ta c s b i n c h u y n v p h n h a , g i a i c p
25
c n g n h n , t n g l p t i u t sn v t sn bt u x u t h i n
to ra n h n g t i n b n t r o n g cho p h o n g t r o y u n c g i i
p h n g d n tc V i t N a m u t h k X X .
C n g v o t h i i m lch s , cc "tn th", "tn v n " , "tn
bo" v n h n g n h h n g ca t r o l u ci cch N h t Bn,
T r u n g Q u c t r n v o V i t N a m , p h o n g t r o y u n c ca
n h n d n ta c h u y n d n sang x u h n g d n c h t sn.
P h t h u y t r u y n t h n g y u n c ca d n tc, cc s p h u
N h o hc c t t n g t i n b , thc t h i , tiu b i u n h :
Phan B i C h u , Phan C h u T r i n h c g n g t chc v v n
n g cuc u tranh y u n c c h n g P h p theo m c tiu v
p h n g p h p m i . Song, c h t r n g c u n g o i v i n , d n g
bo lc k h i p h c c l p ca Phan B i C h u t h t bi.
C h t r n g " P h p c u t i n b " , k h a i t h n g d n tr, n n g
cao d n k h t r n c s m l n l n
tnh
chuyn gii
p h n g . . . ca Phan C h u T r i n h c n g k h n g t h n h c n g . C n
con n g k h i ngha ca n g i anh h n g H o n g
Hoa
T h m th v n m a n g n n g "ct c c h p h o n g k i n " , c h a p h i l
l i t h o t r r n g , h n g i n g n . Phong
ca nhn
con ng
dn ta mun
ginh
o cu
thng li phi
nc
i theo
mt
mi.
- Bi cnh thi
T r o n g k h i con t h u y n V i t N a m c n l n h n h c h a r
b b n p h i i t i , v i c cu n c n h t r o n g m t i " k h n g
c n g ra" th lch s t h g i i t r o n g giai o n n y c n g
a n g c n h n g b i n c h u y n to l n .
C h ngha t b n t giai o n c n h tranh t do c h u y n
sang giai o n c q u y n x c l p q u y n t h n g
cua
26
c h n g t r n p h m v i t o n t h g i i . C h ngha q u c tr
t h n h k t h c h u n g ca cc d n tc thuc a.
C m t thc t lch s l t r o n g q u t r n h x m lc v
t h n g tr ca c h ngha thc d n t i c c n c c h u , c h u
P h i v k h u v c M L a t i n h , s b c l t p h o n g k i n trc kia
v n c d u y tr v bao t r m l n n l s b c l t t b n c h
n g h a . B n c n h cc giai c p c b n t r c kia, x u t h i n
t h m c c giai cp, t n g l p x h i m i , trong c giai cp
c n g n h n v giai cp t sn.
T cuc u tranh si n i ca c n g n h n cc n c t b n
c h ngha v o c u i t h k X I X , u t h k XX d n n
m t cao t r o m i ca c c h m n g t h gii v i n h cao l
C c h m n g T h n g M i N g a n m 1917. C h n h cuc c c h
m n g v i n y l m "thc t n h cc d n tc c h u ".
C c h m n g T h n g M i Nga l t n h n c t sn,
t h i t l p C h n h q u y n X v i t , m ra m t t h i k m i t r o n g
lch s loi n g i .
C u c cch m n g v s n n c Nga t h n h c n g n u
m t t m g n g s n g v s g i i p h n g cc d n tc b p bc,
" m ra t r c m t h t h i i c c h m n g c h n g q u c , t h i
i g i i p h n g d n tc" .
1
V i t h n g l i ca C c h m n g T h n g M i , n h i u d n tc
v n l thuc a ca q u c N g a c t do,
h n g q u y n d n tc t q u y t , h n h t h n h n n cc q u c gia
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H N i

2002, t.8, tr.562. Sau y, nhng trch dn trong H Ch Mi Ton
tp u c trch t b sch H Ch Minh Ton tp (gm 12 tp)
do Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia n hnh n m 2002.
27
c l p v d n n s ra i ca L i n b a n g C n g h a x h i
c h ngha X v i t (1922).
T sau C c h m n g T h n g M i N g a , v i s ra i ca
Quc t C n g sn ( t h n g 3-1919), p h o n g t r o c n g n h n
t r o n g c c n c t b n c h ngha p h n g T y v p h o n g t r o
g i i p h n g d n tc c c n c t h u c a p h n g n g c n g
c q u a n h m t t h i t v i n h a u h n o n g cuc u t r a n h
c h n g k t h c h u n g l c h ngha quc.
b) Nhng tin t tng - l lun
- Gi tr truyn
thng
tt dp ca dn tc Vit
Nam
Lch s d n g n c v g i n c l u i h n h t h n h
n n n h n g gi tr t r u y n t h n g h t sc c sc v cao q u
ca d n tc V i t N a m , tr t h n h t i n t t n g , l l u n
x u t p h t h n h t h n h t t n g H C h M i n h . l t r u y n
t h n g y u n c , k i n c n g , b t k h u t , l tnh t h n t n g
t h n t n g i, l n g n h n ngha, thc c k t c n g n g , l
ch v n l n v t qua m i k h k h n , t h t h c h , l tai t h n g
m i n h , ti s n g to, q u t r n g h i n ti, k h i m t n t i p t h u
tnh
hoa v n h a n h n l o i l m g i u cho v n h a d n tc...

T r o n g n h n g g i tr , c h ngha y u n c
truyn
t h n g l t t n g , t n h c m cao q u , t h i n g l i n g n h t , l c i
n g u n ca tr t u s n g t o v l n g d n g c m ca n g i V i t
N a m , c n g l c h u n m c o c c b n ca d n tc.
C h n h sc m n h ca c h n g h a y u n c t h c g i c
N g u y n T t T h n h q u y t c h ra i tm n g c u n c ,
t m k i m n h n g g h u ch cho c u c u t r a n h g i i p h n g
d n tc.
C h ngha y u n c s b i n t h n h lc l n g v t c h t
28
t h c s k h i n n s u v o t i m thc, v o c h v h n h n g
ca m i con n g i . C h n h t thc t i n , H C h M i n h
c k t c h n l: " D n ta c m t l n g n n g n n y u n c .
l m t t r u y n t h n g q u b u ca ta. T x a n nay, m i k h i
T q u c b x m l n g , t h t i n h t h n y l i si n i , n k t t h n h
m t l n s n g v c n g m n h m , to l n , n l t qua m i s
n g u y h i m , k h k h n , n n h n c h m t t c l b n n c v
c p nc" .
1
- Th hoa vn ha nhn
loi
K t h p cc gi tr t r u y n t h n g ca v n h a p h n g
n g v i c c t h n h t u h i n i ca v n m i n h p h n g T y c h n h l n t c sc t r o n g q u t r n h h n h t h n h t t n g ,
n h n cch v v n h a H C h M i n h .
i v i v n ha p h n g n g , c n g v i nhng h i u bit
u y n b c v H n h c , H C h M i n h b i t c h t lc l y n h n g g
tnh
t y n h t t r o n g c c hc t h u y t t r i t hc, hoc t r o n g t
t n g ca L o T , M c T , Q u n T... N g i t i p t h u n h n g
m t tch cc ca N h o g i o . D l c c trit l hnh
tng
nhp
th, hn h
o, gip
x h i bih
tr, ha mc,
thn dng
tnh;
hiu
ng,
i, l c v n g v m t
ha dng,
l trit l nhn
cao vn ha l gio,
to ra un
sinh;
tu
thng
hc. N g i d n l i ca V . I . L n i n : "Ch c n h n g n g i
cch m n g chn chnh m i thu hi c n h n g h i u bit q u

b u ca c c i t r c l i " .
2
V Pht gio, H C h M i n h tip thu v chu nh h n g

s u sc c c t t n g v tha, t b i b c i , c u k h c u n n ,
, 2. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.6, tr.171,46.

29
t h n g n g i n h t h t h n g t h n ; l n p s n g c o c,
t r o n g sch, g i n d , c h m lo l m v i c t h i n ; l tnh t h n b n h
n g , d n c h , c h n g p h n b i t n g cp; l v i c cao lao
n g , chng l i bing "nht n h t bt tc, n h t n h t bt
thc"; l c h t r n g sng k h n g xa l n h v i c i m g n b
v i d n , v i n c , tch cc t h a m gia v o cuc u t r a n h ca
n h n d n c h n g k t h d n tc... n k h i t r t h n h n g i
m c x t , H C h M i n h l i t i p tc tm h i u c h n g h a T a m d n
ca T n T r u n g S n v t h y t r o n g " n h n g i u t h c h h p
v i i u k i n ca n c ta".
C n g v i n h n g t t n g trit hc p h n g
ng,
H Ch M i n h cn tip thu n n v n ha d n ch v cch m n g

p h n g Ty. N g i sm l m quen v i v n h a P h p , t m h i u
c c cuc c c h m n g P h p v M . N g i t r c t i p c v
t i p t h u cc t t n g v t do, b n h n g , b c i qua c c tc
p h m ca cc n h K h a i s n g n h V o n t e (Voltae),
Rtx
(Rousso), M n g t t x k i ( M o n t s q u i e u ) . N g i t i p t h u
cc
g i tr c a b n Tuyn
ca
ngn
nhn
quyn
v dn quyn
i c c h m n g P h p , c c g i tr v q u y n s n g , q u y n t
d o , q u y n m u c u h n h p h c ca Tuyn
ngn
c lp
M n m 1776.
Ni tm li, trn h n h trnh cu nc, H Ch M i n h
t b i t l m g i u t r t u c a m n h b n g v n t r t u ca
t h i i , n g v Ty, va t i p thu, va g n lc t t m
cao t r i t h c n h n l o i m s u y n g h , l a c h n , k t h a v
i mi, v n dng v p h t trin.
- Ch ngha
Mc - Ln
C h ngha M c - L n i n l c s t h g i i q u a n v p h n g
p h p l u n ca t t n g H C h M i n h .
V i c t i p t h u c h ngha M c - L n i n H C h M i n h d i n
ra t r n n n t n g ca n h n g t r i thc v n h a t i n h t y c
c h t lc, h p t h v m t v n c h n h tr, v n h i u b i t p h o n g
p h , c tch l y qua thc t i n h o t n g u t r a n h v m c
t i u c u n c v g i i p h n g d n tc.
B n l n h t r t u n n g cao k h n n g t d u y
lp, t ch v sng to N g i khi v n d n g nhng

n g u y n l c c h m n g c a t h i i v o i u k i n c t h
ca V i t N a m .
Q u t r n h c n g d i n ra m t c c h t n h i n , c h n
t h n h v g i n d. i u n y c H C h M i n h ct ngha
t r o n g b i Co n
ng
dn
ti n
ch ngha
Lnin:
"Lc
b y g i , t i n g h C c h m n g T h n g M i c h l theo
cm
tnh
t n h i n . . . T i k n h y u L n i n v L n i n l m t
n g i y u nc v i gii p h n g n g b o mnh... Ti
t h a m gia n g X h i P h p c h n g qua l v c c " n g b "
y - ( h i t i g i c c n g c h c a ti n h t h ) - t
n g tnh v i t i , v i c u c u t r a n h ca c c d n t c b p
bc. C n n h n g l g , c n g o n l g , c h n g h a x h i
v c h n g h a c n g s n l g , t h t i c h a h i u " ' .
Q u trnh
t i p n h n c h ngha M c - L n i n H C h
M i n h t h c c h t "l c h n g n g c h i n t h n g b i t bao
kh
k h n v i s la c h n v n g chc, t r n h c n h n g sai l m
d n t i n g ct" .
2
T h c t i n t r o n g g n 10 n m i tm n g c u
nc,
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.10, tr.126.

2. H Ch Minh, Notre camarade. Introdution historique de
Charles Fournioau Editions sociales, Paris, 1970, tr.28.
31
n h t l sau k h i c S tho ln th nhi

v vn dn tc v vn thuc
nhng
lun
cng
a ca V . I . L n i n (1920),
N g u y n i Q u c "cm n g , p h n k h i , s n g t , tin
tng... v u i m n g n p h t khc..." v
tm
thy
con
n g g i i p h n g d n tc. N h v y , c h n h L u n c n g ca
V.I.Lnin n n g cao n h n thc ca H C h M i n h v con
n g g i i p h n g d n tc. N p h h p v p n g n h n g
tnh c m , suy ngh, h o i b o c p t l u , nay a n g tr
t h n h h i n thc. N g i v i t : "Lc u , c h n h l c h ngha
y u n c , c h c h a p h i c h ngha c n g s n a ti tin
theo L n i n , tn theo Q u c t t h ba" .
1
T n h n g n h n thc ban u v c h ngha Lnin,

H C h M i n h t i n d n ti n h n g n h n t h c "l tnh", tr
l i n g h i n c u c h ngha M c s u sc h n , r i t i p t h u hc
t h u y t ca c c n g m t c c h c c h n lc, k h n g r p k h u n
m y m c , k h n g sao c h p g i o i u . N g i t i p t h u l l u n
M c - L n i n theo p h n g p h p m c x t , n m l y ci tnh t h n ,
ci b n cht. N g i v n
d n g lp trng, quan im,
p h n g p h p b i n c h n g ca c h ngha M c - L n i n g i i
q u y t n h n g v n thc t i n ca c c h m n g V i t N a m , c h
k h n g i tm n h n g k t l u n c s n t r o n g s c h v .
T h gii quan v p h n g p h p l u n M c - Lnin
g i p H C h M i n h t n g k t k i n t h c v k i n h n g h i m thc
t i n tm ra con n g c u n c : " t r o n g c u c u tranh,
v a n g h i n c u l l u n M c - L n i n , v a l m c n g t c thc
t, d n d n ti h i u c r n g ch c ch ngha x h i , ch
ngha c n g sn m i g i i p h n g c c c d n tc b p bc
, H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.10, tr.128.

32
v n h n g n g i lao n g t r n t h g i i " ; "By g i

1
hc
t h u y t n h i u , c h ngha n h i u , n h n g c h ngha c h n c h n h
n h t , chc c h n n h t , c c h m n h n h t l c h ngha L n i n " ;
2
" C h n h l d o c g n g v n d n g n h n g l i d y ca L n i n ,
n h n g v n d n g m t cch s n g to, p h h p v i thc t
V i t N a m n g y nay, m c h n g ti c h i n u v g i n h
c t h n g l i to l n " .
3
2. Nhn t ch quan
- Kh nng
t duy
v tr tu H Ch
N h n g n m t h n g h o t n g t r o n g n c v b n ba k h p
t h g i i hc t p , n g h i n c u , H C h M i n h
khng
n g n g q u a n s t , n h n x t thc t i n , l m p h o n g p h t h m s
h i u b i t ca m n h , n g t h i h n h t h n h n h n g c s q u a n
trng to d n g n n n h n g t h n h c n g trong lh vc hot
n g l l u n c a N g i v sau.
Cc nh yu nc tin bi v cng thi v i H Ch M i n h
tuy c n g c n h n g quan st, n h n g h c h a n h n thy,
h o c n h n thc c h a n g v s thay i ca d n tc v t h i
i . Trong q u trnh tm n g cu nc, H Ch M i n h
k h m p h c c q u y l u t v n n g x h i , i s n g v n h a v
cuc u t r a n h ca c c d n tc t r o n g h o n c n h c t h
k h i q u t t h n h l l u n , e m l l u n c h o h o t n g t h c
t i n v c k i m n g h i m t r o n g t h c t i n . N h v o con
n g n h n thc c h n l n h v y m l l u n ca H C h M i n h
m a n g g i tr k h c h q u a n , c c h m n g v k h o a h c .
1. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t i o , tr.128.

3 H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t i 2, tr.476.
.(rmncM
33
- Phm
cht o c v nng lc hot ng
thc
tin
M c t i u u t r a n h g i i p h n g d n tc, s t c n g
m n h m ca t h i i v s n h n t h c n g n v t h i i
t o i u k i n H C h M i n h h o t n g c h i u q u cho
d n tc v n h n l o i .
C c i u l n h v o n h n c c h , p h m c h t v ti
n n g tr t u s i u v i t ca H C h M i n h .
P h m cht, ti n n g c b i u h i n t r c h t t
d u y c l p , t c h , s n g to, c n g v i u c p h p h n tnh
t n g , s n g s u t t r o n g v i c n h n xt, n h g i c c s v t , s
vic chung quanh.
P h m cht, ti n n g c n g c b i u h i n b n lnh
k i n n h , l u n tn v o n h n d n ; k h i m t n , b n h d , ham
hc h i ; n h y b n v i ci m i , c p h n g p h p b i n chng,
c u c thc t i n . C h n h v t h ; H C h M i n h k h m p h
ra l l u n c c h m n g t h u c a t r o n g t h i i m i , t r n c s
x y d n g m t h t h n g q u a n i m t o n d i n , s u sc v
s n g to v c c h m n g V i t N a m , k i n t r c h n l v n h ra
cc quyt sch n g n , s n g to a cch m n g n
thng li.
P h m c h t c n h n ca H C h M i n h c n b i u h i n s
k h c n g hc t p c h i m l n h n h cao t r i thc n h n l o i , l
t m h n ca m t n h y u n c c h n c h n h , m t c h i n s cng
sn n h i t t h n h c c h m n g , m t t r i tm y u n c t h n g
d n , sn s n g c h u n g h y sinh v c l p , t do ca T
quc, h n h p h c ca n g b o .
T m l i , t t n g H C h M i n h l sn p h m tng ha
ca n h n g i u k i n k h c h q u a n v c h q u a n , ca t r u y n
t h n g v n h a d n tc v t i n h hoa v n h a n h n l o i . T
34
t h c t i n d n tc v t h i i c H C h M i n h t n g k t ,
c h u y n h a sc so, tnh t v i m t p h n g p h p khoa hc,
b i n c h n g , t tng
Vit Nam
hin
H Ch Minh
tr thnh
tng
i.
li- QU TRNH HNH THNH V PHT TRIN

T T N G H CH M I N H
1. Thi k trc nm 1911: Hnh thnh t tng yu
nc v ch hng cu nc
H C h M i n h ( l c n h t n l N g u y n Sinh C u n g , sau i
l N g u y n T t T h n h ) s i n h n g y 19-5-1890, t r o n g m t gia
n h n h nho y u nc, gn g i v i n h n dn. C P h bng
N g u y n Sinh sc, t h n s i n h ca N g i , l m t n h n h o c p
t i n , c l n g y u n c , t h n g d n s u sc. T m g n g lao
n g c n c , c h k i n c n g v t qua g i a n k h t
c m c t i u , c b i t l t t n g thn
dn, l y d n l m
h u t h u n cho c c c i c c h c h n h t r - x h i ca c P h b n g
c n h h n g s u sc i v i q u t r n h h n h t h n h n h n
c c h ca N g u y n T t T h n h .
Sau n y , n h n g k i n thc hc c t n g i cha, n h n g
t t n g m i ca t h i i c H C h M i n h n n g ln
t h n h t t n g c t li t r o n g n g l i c h n h tr ca m n h .
C u c s n g ca n g i m - b H o n g T h L o a n - c n g n h
h n g n t t n g , tnh c m ca N g u y n Sinh C u n g v
c t n h n h n h u , m a n g , sng chan h a v i m i n g i .
C n p h i k t i m i q u a n h v t c n g qua l i g i a
ba c h e m N g u y n T h T h a n h ( N g u y n T h B c h L i n ) ,
35
N g u y n Sinh K h i m ( N g u y n T t t ) v N g u y n Sinh Cung

(Nguyn Tt Thnh) v lng yu nc, t h n g ni.
N g h T n h l v n g t v a g i u t r u y n t h n g v n ha,
v a g i u t r u y n t h n g lao n g , u t r a n h c h n g n g o i xm.
N i y sn sinh ra b i t bao a n h h n g n i t i n g t r o n g lch
s V i t N a m n h M a i T h c Loan, N g u y n B i u , n g Dung,
cc lnh t y u nc thi cn i n h Phan n h Phng,
Phan B i C h u . . . , n h n g l i t s t r o n g t h i k c h n g thc d n
P h p ngay t r n m n h t K i m L i n n h V n g T h c M u ,
N g u y n Sinh Q u y n . . .
T t h u t h i u t h i , N g u y n T t T h n h t n mt
c h n g k i n cuc s n g n g h o k h , b p bc, b c l t n
c n g cc ca n g b o m i n h . K h i v o H u , A n h l i t n mt
n h n t h y t i c ca t h c d n P h p v t h i n h n ca
b n p h o n g k i n N a m t r i u . T h m v o l n h n g b i hc
t h t b i ca cc n h y u n c t i n b i v n g t h i . T t c
t h i t h c A n h ra i t m m t c o n n g m i c u d n ,
c u n c . Q u h n g , gia n h , t r u y n t h n g d n tc...
c h u n b cho A n h n h i u i u . Q u h n g , t n c cng
t n i m t i n l n A n h t r n b c n g t m n t r o lu
m i ca t h i i .
P h t h u y t r u y n t h n g y u n c b t k h u t ca d n tc,
t r u y n t h n g t t p ca gia n h , q u h n g , v i s n h y
c m c b i t v c h n h tr, H C h M i n h s m n h n ra h n
c h ca n h n g n g i i t r c . N g i n h n ra r n g k h n g
t h c u n c theo con n g ca P h a n B i C h u , Phan C h u
Trinh, H o n g Hoa Thm... N g i t chi ng D u khng
p h i v h i u b n c h t ca q u c N h t , m ch c m thy
r n g : k h n g t h da v o n c n g o i g i i p h n g T quc.
36
" i u m C h tch H C h M i n h s m n h n t h c c v n
d n N g i i n g h n g l: n g u n gc n h n g a u k h v
p bc d n tc l n g a y t i " c h n h quc", n c q u c
a n g t h n g tr d n tc m n h " .
1
C n g v i vic p h p h n h n h n g cu v i n N h t Bn
c h n g k h c g "a h ca trc, rc beo ca sau", t t n g
" P h p c u tin b " c h n g qua ch l v i c "cu xi Php
lng
thng",
N g u y n - i Q u c t n h ra cho m n h m t
h n g i m i : p h i tm h i u cho r b n c h t ca n h n g t
T d o , B n h n g , Bc i ca n c C n g h a P h p , p h i i ra
n c n g o i , x e m n c P h p v c c n c k h c . Sau k h i x e m
x t h l m t h n o , s t r v g i p n g b o m n h .
2
2. Thi k 1911 - 1920: Tim thy con ng cu nc,

gii p h n g dn tc
N m 1911, N g u y n T t T h n h r i T q u c sang p h n g
Ty tm n g cu nc.
V i c H C h M i n h ra n c n g o i x u t p h t t t h c d n
tc, t h o i b o c u n c . Q u a c u c h n h t r n h n n h i u
n c t h u c a, p h t h u c , t b n , q u c , N g i x c
n g t r c c n h k h cc, b p bc ca n h n g n g i d n lao
\. Nguyn Khnh Ton: "Ch tch H Ch M i n h t ch ngha

y u nc chn chnh n ch ngha cng sn khoa hc" (Xem: Tm
hiu mt s vn tron g t tng ca Ch tch H Ch
Minh,
Nxb. S tht, H N i , 1982, tr.14).

2. Xem Hc v i n C h n h tr quc gia H Ch M i n h - V i n H
Ch M i n h : H Ch Minh - Bin nin tiu s, Nxb. Chnh tr quc
gia, H N i , 2006, t i , tr.40-41.
37
n g . N g i n h n t h y u n h n d n c n g m o n g mun
t h o t k h i c h p bc, b c l t .
N h n h n g b i h c t b u i t h i u n i n v l tng
" b n b u l a n h e m " v " n m c h u h p l m m t nh",
N g u y n T t T h n h k h n g c h a u v i n i a u c a d n tc
m n h , N g i c n x t xa t r c n i a u v o n g n c a cc dn
tc k h c . T l n g y u t h n g n g b o m n h , H C h Minh
c n g n g c m v i n h n g n g i c n g c n h n g t r n t o n th
g i i . N g i n y s i n h thc v s c n t h i t p h i on
k t n h n g n g i b p bc u t r a n h cho n g u y n v n g v
q u y n l i c h u n g . C t h x e m y l b i u h i n u t i n ca
thc v s o n k t q u c t gia cc d n tc t h u c a nhm
t h o t k h i c h t h n g tr ca c h ngha quc.
V i l n g y u n c n n g n n , H C h M i n h k i n tr
c h u n g m i k h k h n , g i a n k h . N g i c h xem xt
t n h h n h c c n c , s u y n g h v n h n g i u m t t h y tai
n g h e , h n g h i h c t p , t h a m gia c c c u c d i n t h u y t ca
n h i u n h c h n h t r v t r i t h c . N m 1919,
thay mt
n h n g n g i V i t N a m y u n c t i P h p , N g u y n i Quc
g i Bn yu sch ca nhn
dn An Nam t i H i n g h i Vocy,
i C h n h p h P h p t h a n h n c c q u y n t d o , d n ch
v b n h n g c a n h n d n V i t N a m . B n y u s c h
v c h t r n t i c c a t h c d n P h p , l m cho n h n d n t h
g i i v n h n d n P h p p h i c h t i t n h h n h V i t Nam
v ng Dng.
C u c h n h t r n h qua n m c h u b n b i n k h n g ch
h n h t h n h H C h M i n h tnh c m v thc o n k t gia
c c d n tc b p bc, m c n r n l u y n N g i tr t h n h mt
n g i c n g n h n c y p h m cht, t t n g , t m l ca
38
g i a i c p v sn. T h c t i n t r o n g g n l o n m i tm n g
c u n c , n h t l k h i c S tho ln th nht nhng
cng
v vn dn tc v vn thuc
n g t r n b o VHumanit,
lun
a ca V.I.Lnin
s ra n g y 16 v 17-7-1920,
N g i "cm n g , p h n k h i , s n g t , t i n tng... v u i
m n g n p h t khc..." .
1
L u n c n g ca V . I . L n i n g i i p cho N g u y n i
Q u c c o n n g g i n h c l p cho d n tc v t do
cho
n g b o , p n g n h n g t n h c m , suy n g h , h o i b o c
p b y l u nay N g i . " L u n c n g v n h n g v n
d n tc v t h u c a i v i N g i n h m t n h s n g k
d i u n n g cao v
h t t t c n h n g h i u b i t v t n h c m
cch m n g m N g i hng nung nu" .

2
V i c b i u q u y t t n t h n h t a m Q u c t (Quc t n i ) ,
t h a m gia t h n h l p n g C n g sn P h p ( t h n g 12-1920), t r
t h n h n g i c n g sn V i t N a m u t i n , n h d u b c
chuyn bin v cht trong t t n g N g u y n i Quc, t ch
ngha y u n c n v i c h n g h a L n i n , t g i c n g d n tc
n g i c n g giai c p , t n g i y u n c t r t h n h n g i
c n g sn.
Vic xc nh con n g n g n g i i p h n g d n
tc l c n g lao to l n u t i n ca H C h M i n h , t r o n g thc
t> N g i " g n p h o n g t r o c c h m n g V i t N a m v i p h o n g
1. Hc v i n Chnh tr quc gia H Ch M i n h - Vin H Ch

Minh: H Ch Minh - Bin nin tiu s, Nxb. C h n h tr quc gia, H
N i , 2006, t i , tr.98,99.
2. Trng Chinh: Ch tch H Ch M - S nghip
gng sng i i, Nxb. S tht, H N i , 1980, t r . l l .
v i
39
t r o c n g n h n q u c t , a n h n d n ta i theo c o n ng
m c h n h N g i t r i qua, t c h ngha y u n c n ch
ngha M c - L n i n . l con n g g i i p h n g d u y n h t m
C c h m n g T h n g M i Nga m ra cho n h n d n lao
n g v t t c cc d n tc b p bc t r n t o n t h g i i " ' .
3. Thi k 1921 - 1930: Hnh thnh c bn t tng v
c c h m n g V i t Nam
T r o n g giai o n t n m 1921 n n m 1930, N g u y n i
Q u c c n h n g h o t n g thc t i n v h o t n g l l u n ht
sc p h o n g p h , si n i t r n a b n n c P h p (1921-1923),
Lin X (1923-1924), T r u n g Q u c (1924-1927), T h i Lan (192
1929). T r o n g k h o n g t h i gian n y , t t n g H C h M i n h v
c c h m n g V i t N a m h n h t h n h v c b n .
N g i v i t n h i u b i b o t c o c h ngha thc d n ,
c p n m i q u a n h m t t h i t gia c c h m n g thuc a v
c c h m n g v sn c h n h q u c , k h n g i n h c c h m n g gii
p h n g d n tc thuc a l m t b p h n ca c c h m n g v
sn t h g i i .
C c tc p h m ca N g u y n i Q u c n h Bn n ch
thc dn Php (1925), ng
u tin ca ng (Chnh
Chng
trnh
tm
cch mnh
cng
(1927), Cng
Inh
vn tt, Sch lc vn tt,
tt) (1930) v n h i u b i v i t k h c ca
N g i t r o n g giai o n n y l s p h t t r i n v t i p tc hon
1. L Dun: Di l c v vang ca ng, v c lp, t do, vi

ch ngha x hi, tin ln gin h nhng thng li mi, Nxb. S tht,
H N i , 1970, tr.10.
40
t h i n t t n g c c h m n g v g i i p h n g d n tc. N h n g t c
p h m c tnh c h t l l u n n i t r n cha n g n h n g n i
d u n g c n b n sau y :
- B n c h t ca c h ngha thc d n l " n c p " v " g i t
n g i " . V v y , c h ngha thc d n l k t h c h u n g c a c c
d n t c t h u c a, ca g i a i c p c n g n h n v n h n d n lao
ng ton t h gii.
- C c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc t r o n g t h i i m i
p h i i t h e o c o n n g c c h m n g v s n v l m t b
p h n ca cch m n g v sn t h gii. Gii p h n g d n tc
p h i g n l i n v i g i i p h n g n h n d n lao n g ,
gii
p h n g giai cp cng n h n .
- C c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc t h u c a v c c h
m n g v sn chnh quc c m i quan h k h n g kht v i
nhau, n h n g k h n g p h thuc v o nhau. Cch m n g gii
p h n g d n tc c t h b n g n v g i n h t h n g l i t r c c c h
m n g v s n c h n h quc. y , N g u y n i Q u c m u n
n h n m n h v a i t r tch cc, c h n g ca c c d n tc t h u c
a t r o n g c u c u t r a n h g i i p h n g k h i c h p bc, b c l t
ca c h n g h a thc d n .
- C c h m n g t h u c a t r c h t l m t c u c " d n tc
c c h m n h " , n h u i b n n g o i x m , g i n h c l p , t do.
- m t n c n n g n g h i p lc h u , n n g d n l lc
l n g n g o n h t trong x h i , b quc, phong kin
b c l t n n g n . V v y , c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc m u n
g i n h c t h n g l i c n p h i t h u p h c , li c u n c n n g
d n i theo, c n x y d n g k h i c n g n n g l i n m i n h l m
n g l c cho c c h m n g . n g t h i , c n p h i t h u h t , t p
41
h p r n g r i c c g i a i t n g x h i k h c v o t r n t u y n du
tranh c h u n g ca d n tc.
- C c h m n g m u n t h n h c n g t r c h t c n p h i c
n g l n h o . n g p h i theo c h n g h a M c - Lnin v
p h i c m t i n g c n b s n s n g h y s i n h , c h i n u v l
t n g ca n g , v l i ch v s t n v o n g ca d n tc, v l
t n g g i i p h n g giai cp c n g n h n v n h n l o i .
- C c h m n g l s n g h i p c a q u n c h n g n h n dn
c h k h n g p h i v i c ca m t v i n g i . V v y , c n phi
t p h p , g i c n g v t n g b c t c h c q u n c h n g u
t r a n h t t h p l n cao. y l q u a n i m c b n u tin
ca N g u y n i Q u c v n g h t h u t v n n g q u n c h n g v
tin h n h u tranh cch mng.
N h n g q u a n i m c c h m n g t r n y ca N g u y n i
Q u c t r o n g n h n g n m 20 ca t h k X X c g i i thiu
t r o n g cc tc p h m ca N g i , c n g c c ti l i u m c x t khc,
theo n h n g n g d y b m t c t r u y n v trong nc,
n v i cc t n g l p n h n d n V i t N a m , t o ra m t xung lc
m i , m t c h t m e n kch t h c h , t h c y p h o n g t r o d n tc
p h t t r i n theo x u h n g m i ca t h i i .
4. Thi k 1930 - 1945: Vt qua th thch, kin tr gi
vng lp trng c c h mng
V o c u i n h n g n m 20 u n h n g n m 30 ca t h
k X X , Q u c t C n g sn b c h i p h i n n g b i khuynh
h n g "t". K h u y n h h n g n y trc t i p tc n g vo
p h o n g t r o c c h m n g V i t N a m . B i u h i n r n h t l nhng
q u y t n h c a ra n g H i n g h l n t h n h t Ban
C h p h n h T r u n g n g l m t h i ca n g h p t n g y 14
42
n n g y 31-10-1930, t i H n g c n g ( T r u n g Quc) theo s

c h o ca Q u c t C n g sn. H i n g h cho r n g , H i n g h
h p n h t c c t chc c n g sn u n m 1930 v c h a n h n
t h c n g n n t t n n g sai v q u y t n h i t n n g
t h n h n g C n g sn n g D n g ; ch t r c h v p h p h n
n g l i ca N g u y n i Q u c a ra o n g Chnh
vn tt v Sch lc vn tt phm
rt "nguy him",
nhng
cng
sai lm ch
tr
v "ch lo n v i c p h n , m q u n m t l i
ch giai c p t r a n h u " . D o , Ban C h p h n h T r u n g n g

ra n g h q u y t " t h t i u C h n h c n g , S c h lc ca
n g " v p h i da v o cc n g h q u y t ca Q u c t C n g sn,
c h n h s c h v k h o c h ca n g " l m c n b n m chnh n
n i b , l m cho n g B n s v c h h a " . . .
1
T r n c s xc n h c h n h x c con n g c n p h i i ca
cch m n g V i t N a m , N g u y n i Q u c k i n tr bo v q u a n
i m ca m i n h v v n d n tc v v n giai cp, v cch
m n g g i i p h n g d n tc thuc a v c c h m n g v sn, chng
l i n h n g b i u h i n "t" k h u y n h v b i t p h i t r o n g n g .
T h c t i n c h n g m i n h q u a n i m ca N g i l n g .
T h n g 7-1935, i h i V I I Q u c t C n g s n p h p h n
k h u y n h h n g "t" t r o n g p h o n g t r o c n g sn q u c t , c h
t r n g m r n g m t t r n d n tc t h n g n h t v h a b n h ,
c h n g c h ngha p h t x t . i v i c c n c t h u c a v p h
t h u c , i h i V I I b c b l u n i m "t" k h u y n h t r c y
v c h t r n g l m "cch m n g c n g n n g " , t h n h l p " c h n h
p h Xvit"... S c h u y n h n g u t r a n h ca Q u c t C n g
Xem ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin ng Ton
tp,
Nxb. Chinh tr quc gia, H Ni^ 1998, t.2, tr.108-113.

43
sn c h n g t q u a n i m ca N g u y n i Q u c v cch
m n g V i t N a m , v m t t r n d n tc t h n g n h t , v vic tp
u n g m i n h n v o c h n g c h ngha q u c l h o n ton
n g n . T r n q u a n i m , n m 1936, n g ta ra
c h n h s c h m i , p h p h n n h n g b i u h i n "t" k h u y n h , c
c, b i t p h i trc y .
N h v y , sau q u t r n h thc h n h c c h m n g , c xt vi
thc t i n , v n p h n h a k t h , t r a n h t h n g minh...
tr l i v i Chnh
cng
vn tt, Sch
lc
vn tt ca
N g u y n i Q u c . c n g l c s n g ta chuyn
h n g u tranh o n g t h i k 1936-1939, t h n h l p M t ton
n h n d n p h n n g D n g ( t t h n g 3-1938 i thnh
M t t r n d n c h n g D n g ) v t n m 1939 t v n
g i i p h n g d n tc l n h n g u .
Trc k h i v n c , n g t h i g i a n c n h o t n g nc
n g o i , l n h t N g u y n i Q u c v n l u n l u n theo d i tnh
h n h t r o n g n c , k p t h i c n h n g ch o c c h mng
V i t N a m t i p tc t i n ln. N g i v i t t m i m xc nh
n g l i , c h t r n g cho c c h m n g n g D n g trong
t h i k 1936-1939'. K h i t n h h n h t h g i i c n h n g bin
n g m i , N g i c h n g n g h Q u c t C n g sn cho
v n c h o t n g . N g i y u c u " n g t i sng q u lu
trong tnh t r n g k h n g h o t n g v g i n g n h l sng
b n canh, b n n g o i ca n g " .
2
1. Xem Hc vin Chnh tr quc gia H Ch M i n h - Vin H

Ch Minh: H Ch Minh - Bin nin tiu s, Nxb. Chnh tr quc
gia, H N i , 2006, t.2, tr.91.
2. Sd, t.2, tr.70.
44
c Quc t Cng sn chp thun, N g u y n i Quc

t Mtxcva v Trung
Q u c ( t h n g 10-1938). T i y ,
N g i c n h n g q u a n i m c h o s t h p g i cho c c
n g c h l n h o t r o n g n c . N g y 28-1-1941, sai! 30 n m
h o t n g nc n g o i , N g u y n i Quc tr v T quc.
T i H i n g h T r u n g n g l n t h t m ( t n g y 10 n n g y
19-5-1941) h p t i P c B (Cao Bng) d i s c h tr ca
N g u y n i Q u c , Ban C h p h n h T r u n g n g n g C n g
sn n g D n g h o n chnh vic chuyn h n g chin
lc ca cch m n g V i t N a m .
N h n g q u a n i m v n g l i n g n , s n g t o theo
t t n g H C h M i n h c a ra v t h n g qua t r o n g H i
n g h n y c ngha q u y t n h c h i u h n g p h t t r i n ca
c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc n c ta, d n n t h n g l i
ca C c h m n g T h n g T m n m 1945.
T r o n g b n Tuyn
ngn
c lp n g y 2-9-1945, k h a i sinh
nc Vit N a m D n ch Cng ha, H Ch M i n h nhn

m a n h c c q u y n c b n ca c c d n tc t r n t h g i i , t r o n g
c V i t N a m . B n T u y n n g n n u r : " T t c c c d n tc
t r n t h g i i u s i n h ra b n h n g , d n tc n o c n g c
q u y n s n g , q u y n s u n g s n g v q u y n t do'", " N c V i t
N a m c quyn h n g t do v c lp, v s tht thnh
m t n c t d o c l p . T o n t h d n tc V i t N a m
quyt
e m t t c tnh t h n v lc l n g , tnh m n g v ca c i
g i v n g q u y n t do, c l p y" .
2
Tuyn
ln
ngn
c lp l m t v n k i n lch s c g i tr to
t r o n g c lp,
t do gn
vi phng
hng
pht
2. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.3, tr.555,557.

45
trin ln ch ngha
xh/
t t n g c h n h tr c t li, v n
c H C h M i n h p h c t h o l n u toong C n g l n h ca
n g n m 1930, nay tr t h n h h i n t h c c c h m n g , n g
t h i tr t h n h c h n l ca s n g h i p u t r a n h g i i p h n g
d n tc, x y d n g x h i m i ca d n tc ta.
T h n g l i ca C c h m n g T h n g T m n m 1945 v i s ra
i ca n c V i t N a m D n c h C n g h a l t h n g l i ca ch
ngha M c - L n i n c v n d n g , p h t t r i n s t n g v i h o n
cnh V i t N a m , l t h n g l i ca t t n g c l p d n tc gn
l i n v i c h ngha x h i ca H C h M i n h .
5. Thi k 1945 - 1969: T tng H Ch Minh tip tc
pht trin, hon thin
M i g i n h c c h n h q u y n c h a c bao l u th
thc d n P h p q u a y l i x m l c n c ta. N g y 23-91945, c h n g n p sau q u n i A n h g y h n N a m B.
m i n Bc, h n 20 v n q u n T n g k o v o h n g thc h i n
m m u t i u d i t n g ta, b p c h t n c V i t N a m D n c h
C n g h a n o n t r . n g c t n h t h " n g n c n t r e o si
tc" ca d n t c , H C h M i n h c h o l i c o n t h u y n c c h
m n g V i t N a m v t qua t h c g h n h h i m t r , t i b b n
thng li. V i n i , N g i ch t r n g cng c chnh
q u y n non tr, y li gic i , gic d t , khc p h c n n
ti c h n h t h i u h t . v i n g o i , N g i v n d n g sch
lc k h n k h o , m m d o t h m b n , b t t h , " d b t b i n ,
n g v n b i n " , t r a n h t h t h i g i a n c h u n b t h v lc
cho k h n g c h i n l u d i . C h n h n h , n g y 19-12-1946,
v i t t h s n s n g v l n g t i n st v o c u c k h n g
chin trng k, gian k h n h n g n h t n h thng l i ,
46
H C h M i n h p h t n g cuc k h n g c h i n t o n quc
c h n g thc d n P h p . T y , N g i l l i n h h n ca cuc
k h n g c h i n , ra n g l i va khng
quc,
thc h i n khng
chin
chi
n ,
ton dn, ton din,
va
trng
kin
k,
t lc cnh sinh. N g i c b i t c h m lo x y d n g n g , xy
d n g i n g c n b , u t r a n h c h n g t q u a n liu, m n h
l n h , x y d n g o c c c h m n g , cn, k i m , lim, c h n h ,
c h c n g v t, p h t n g p h o n g t r o t h i u a i quc.
N m 1951, do y u c u t n g c n g s l n h o ca n g
y m n h k h n g chin n thng l i h o n ton, Trung
n g n g v C h tch H C h M i n h t r i u t p i h i i
b i u t o n q u c l n t h l i ca n g , a n g ra h o t n g
c n g k h a i v i t n n g Lao n g V i t N a m . i h i c h
t r n g t h n h lp n g ring Lo v Campuchia, kp thi
l n h o cc n h i m v cch m n g m i nc. i h i cng
t h n g qua C n g l n h v i u l m i ca n g , ra c h
t r n g , n g l i n g n , gii quyt
tt mi quan h
gia
dn tc v giai cp, n h m n g v i n t o n n g , t o n q u n ,
ton
d n ta k h n g c h i n c h n g thc d n P h p v can t h i p
M n thng li h o n ton.
N m 1954, d i s l n h o ca T r u n g n g n g v
C h tch H C h M i n h , cuc k h n g c h i n c h n g thc d n
P h p x m lc ca n h n d n ta k t t h c t h n g l i .
l t h n g l i ca s l n h o ti tnh, s n g sut ca
n g ta, n g u l C h tch H C h M i n h , t h n g l i ca
n g l i c h i n t r a n h n h n d n , t o n d n n h gic, bo v
t h n h q u ca C c h m n g T h n g T m ; l t h n g l i ca t
tng H Ch M i n h : va k h n g chin, va xy d n g c h
d n c h n h n d n , k t h p c h t c h v n g n gia hai
47
n h i m v c h n g quc v c h n g p h o n g k i n , v n d n g
s n g to n g u y n l chin tranh cch m n g ca c h n g h a
M c - L n i n v o h o n cnh c t h ca V i t N a m , k t c v
p h t t r i n k i n h n g h i m c h n g x m lc l u i ca cha n g ,
k t h p cht c h gia v i c x y d n g lc l n g c c h m n g v i
c n g tc x y d n g n g v bo m s l n h o c a n g
t r n m i m t ca cuc k h n g c h i n , v a x y d n g c h n h
q u y n d n c h n h n d n , v a g y d n g m m m n g cho c h
ngha x h i t r n t n c V i t N a m .
Sau H i p n h G i n e v n m 1954, m i n Bc h o n t o n
g i i p h n g n h n g t n c v n b chia ct b i m m u g y
c h i n , x m l c ca q u c M v b l tay sai.
n g t n c y u cu m i ca s n g h i p c c h m n g , H
Ch M i n h c n g v i Trung n g ng sm xc nh k th
c h n h ca n h n d n V i t N a m , ra cho m i m i n N a m , Bc
V i t N a m m t n h i m v c h i n lc k h c n h a u , x p cch m n g
m i n Bc v o p h m t r c c h m n g x h i c h ngha, c n cch
m n g m i n N a m thuc p h m t r c c h m n g d n tc d n c h
n h n d n ; c c h m n g x h i c h ngha m i n Bc g i v a i t r
q u y t i n h i v i s p h t t r i n ca t o n b cch m n g V i t
N a m , i v i s n g h i p i n g n h t n c n h , c n c c h m n g
m i n N a m g i v tr q u a n toong, c tc d n g q u y t n h trc
t i p n h t i v i s n g h i p g i i p h n g m i n N a m , thc h i n
h a b n h , t h n g n h t T quc, h o n t h n h n h i m , v c c h
m n g d n tc d n c h n h n d n trong c n c .
- X u t p h t t thc t i n , t r o n g s u t q u t r n h l n h o
c c h m n g n c ta, t t n g H C h M i n h v n h i u v n
t i p tc c b sung v p h t t r i n , h p t h n h m t h
48
t h n g n h n g q u a n i m l l u n v c c h m n g V i t N a m .
l: t t n g v c h ngha x h i v con n g q u
ln c h ngha x h i ; t t n g v N h n c ca d n , do
d n , v d n ; t t n g v c h i n lc v con n g i ; t t n g
v n g C n g s n v x y d n g n g v i t c c h l n g
c m q u y n , V.V..
UI- GI TR T TNG H CH MINH

1. T tng H Ch Minh soi sng con dng gii phng
v pht trin d n tc
a) Ti sn tinh thn v gi ca dn tc Vit
Nam
- T t n g H C h M i n h l sn p h m ca d n tc v t h i
i , n t r n g t n , b t d i t , l t i sn v gi ca d n tc ta.
S d n h v y l v t t n g ca N g i k h n g ch t i p
t h u , k tha n h n g g i tr, tnh hoa v n h a , t t n g "vnh
c u " ca l o i n g i , t r o n g c h y u l c h ngha M c L n i n , m c n p n g n h i u v n ca t h i i , ca s
nghip cch m n g V i t N a m v t h gii.
T n h s n g t o ca t t n g H C h M i n h c t h h i n
c h : t r u n g t h n h v i n h n g n g u y n l p h b i n ca
ch
ngha M c - L n i n , n g t h i k h i n g h i n cu, v n d n g
n h n g n g u y n l , H C h M i n h m n h d n l o i b
n h n g g k h n g t h c h h p v i i u k i n c t h ca n c ta,
d m x u t n h n g v n m i do thc t i n t ra v g i i
q u y t m t c c h l i n h h o t , khoa hc, h i u qu. v v n n y ,
C h tch H C h M i n h c n n : "L l u n k h n g p h i l
MTTTHCM
49
m t ci g c n g nhc, n y tnh s n g to; l l u n l u n lun

c n c b s u n g b n g n h n g k t l u n m i r t ra t trong
thc t i n sinh n g " .
1
T t n g H C h M i n h c k i m n g h i m trong thc
tin. N g y nay, t t n g bao g m m t h t h n g nhng
quan i m v c h i n lc, s c h lc cch m n g d n tc d n ch
n h n d n , cch m n g x h i c h ngha n c ta, v s ci bin
cch m n g i v i t h g i i , v o c, p h o n g cch, phng
p h p H C h M i n h , v vic h i n thc h a c c t t n g y trong
i sng x hi... a n g soi s n g cho c h n g ta. i u bo m
cho s t h n g l i ca cch m n g V i t N a m , b o m cho tng
lai, t i n v v a n g ca d n tc V i t N a m .
N t c sc n h t t r o n g t t n g H C h M i n h l nhng
v n c h u n g q u a n h vic gii phng
cho s pht
dn tc v nh
hng
trin ca dn tc. T t n g ca N g i g n lin
v i c h ngha M c - L n i n v thc t i n c c h m n g n c ta.

N g a y t n h n g n m 30 ca t h k X X , t r o n g
cng
vn tt, Sch lc
Chnh
vn tt, H C h M i n h xc nh
p h n g h n g c h i n lc ca c c h m n g V i t N a m l: lm
t sn d n q u y n c c h m n g v t h a c c h m n g i ti
x h i c n g sn. T t n g ca H C h M i n h v a p h n nh
q u y l u t k h c h q u a n ca s n g h i p u t r a n h g i i p h n g
t r o n g t h i i c c h m n g v sn, v a p h n n h m i quan h
k h n g k h t gia m c tiu g i i p h n g d n tc v i m c tiu
g i i p h n g giai cp v g i i p h n g con n g i .

50
b) Nn
cch mng
tn g t tng
Vit
v kim chi nam cho hnh ng
ca
Nam
T t n g H C h M i n h soi n g cho n g ta v n h n
d n ta t r n con n g thc h i n m c t i u d n g i u , n c
m n h , d n c h , c n g bng, v n m i n h .
T r o n g s u t chng n g h n m t na t h k , t t n g
H C h M i n h tr t h n h n g n c d n d t c c h m n g n c
ta i t t h n g l i n y n t h n g l i k h c .
T r o n g b i c n h ca t h g i i n g y nay, t t n g H C h
M i n h g i p c h n g ta n h n thc n g n h n g v n l n c
l i n q u a n n v i c b o v n n c l p d n tc, p h t t r i n x
h i v b o m q u y n con n g i , b i v , H C h M i n h
sut i p h n u cho v i c g i i p h n g cc d n tc, ra
l l u n v s p h t t r i n ca c c d n tc g i n h c c l p
t i n l n c h ngha x h i v l u n l u n q u a n t m n l i ch
con n g i .
T t n g H C h M i n h l n n t n g v n g chc n g ta
v c h ra n g l i c c h m n g n g n , l si ch d n
n g cho t o n n g , t o n q u n , t o n d n ta i t i t h n g l i .
T t n g H C h M i n h m i m i sng v i c h n g ta, v
t h m s u v o q u n c h n g n h n d n , c h o thc h i n c h i u
q u n h n g n h i m v i v i t h i i . Qua thc t i n c c h
m n g t t n g H C h M i n h n g y c n g ta s n g , c h i m l n h
tri tm, k h i c ca h n g t r i u , h n g t r i u con n g i .
2 T tng H Ch Minh i vi s pht trin th gii
a) Phn nh kht vng
c
thi
M c k h i q u t : " M i t h i i x h i u c n c n h n g
51
con n g i v i ca n , v n u n k h n g tm ra n h n g
n g i n h th..., n s n n ra h " .
1
H C h M i n h l n h n v t lch s v i , k h n g c h l sn
p h m ca d n tc, ca giai c p c n g n h n V i t N a m , m cn
l sn p h m ca t h i i , ca n h n l o i t i n b .
N g a y t r o n g n h n g n m 20 ca t h k X X , c n g v i qu
t r n h h n h t h n h c b n t t n g v c c h m n g V i t Nam,
H C h M i n h c n h n g c n g h i n x u t sc v l lun
mng gii phng
dn tc thuc
cch
a d i n h s n g ca ch
n g h a M c - L n i n : G i n h c l p d n tc t i n l n xy
d n g c h ngha x h i . N g i c n g c n h n g n h n thc su
sc v c o v m i q u a n h c h t c h gia v n d n tc
v v n giai c p t r o n g c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc theo
con n g c c h m n g v sn.
N g i ch r t m q u a n t r n g c b i t ca c l p d n tc
trong t i n t r n h i ln c h ngha x h i , v s t thn
vn
ng ca c n g cuc u tranh g i i p h n g ca n h n d n cc
n c thuc a v p h thuc, v m i q u a n h gia c c h mng
g i i p h n g d n tc thuc a v i t c h m n g v sn chnh
quc, v k h n n g c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc thuc a n
ra v g i n h t h n g l i trc c c h m n g v s n c h n h quc.
T n g h i n c u l l u n , p d n g v o n h n g i u k i n c
th, H Ch M i n h h n h t h n h m t h t h n g cc l u n im
c h n h xc, n g n v v n d n tc v c c h m n g gii
. C.Mc v Ph.ngghen: Ton lp, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia,

H N i , 1993,1.7, tr.88.
52
p h n g d n tc t h u c a, g p p h n l m p h o n g p h t h m
k h o t n g l l u n ca c h ngha M c - L n i n .
V i c x c i n h n g n n h n g v n c b n ca c c h
m n g V i t N a m t r o n g t t n g H C h M i n h , t r o n g c c
c c v n v c h ngha x h i v x y d n g c h ngha x h i ,
v h a b n h , h p t c , h u n g h gia c c d n tc... c gi tr to
l n v m t l l u n v a n g t r t h n h h i n thc ca n h i u
v n q u c t n g y nay.
b) Tm ra cc gii php u tranh gii phng loi ngi
C t h n i , n g g p l n n h t ca H C h M i n h i v i
t h i i l t v i c x c n h con n g c u n c n g n
cho d n tc n v i c x c n h c m t con n g c c h
m n g , m t h n g i v t i p theo l m t p h n g p h p
t h c t n h h n g t r m t r i u n g i b p bc t r o n g c c n c
t h u c a lc h u .
H C h M i n h gii quyt n g n v n "Lm cch
n o g i i p h n g c c d n tc t h u c a"; N g i x c
n h c h u n g h a q u c l k t h l n n h t c a c c d n tc
b p bc v chin t h n g c h ngha quc, cn p h i
t h c h i n " i o n k t " , " i h a h p " . y l n g g p to
l n ca H C h M i n h .
G i b ca t t n g H C h M i n h i v i t h g i i c n
ch
n g a y t r t s m , N g i n h n t h c n g s
chuyn
ca t h i i . T r n c s n m v n g c im
bi
n
thi i,
H C h M i n h hot ng k h n g m t m i gn cch
m n g V i t N a m v i cch m n g t h gii. N g i t cch
m a n g g i i p h n g d n tc t h u c a v o p h m t r c c h m n g
v sn; N g i c n g q u y t b o v v p h t t r i n q u a n d i m
53
ca V.I.Lnin v k h n n g to l n v s t c n g m n h m
ca c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc t h u c a i v i c c h
m n g v sn.
V i v i c n m b t c h n h x c xu th pht
trin c a t h i
i , H C h M i n h ra n g l i c h i n l c , s c h lc
v p h n g p h p cch m n g n g n cho s n g h i p cu
n c , g i i p h n g d n tc V i t N a m . R i c h n h t k i n h
n g h i m ca c c h m n g V i t N a m , N g i i n k h n g
n h : "... trong
thuc
thi
a nh,
i quc
vi s lnh
ca n, da vo qun
nng
dn
nc
trong
v on
h ca phong
mt
thng
trn thng
tro cch mng
x hi ch ngha
hng
mt
ngha,
nc
o ca giai cp v sn v
chng
kt
ch
mnh,
nhn
mi
nht,
dn rng
tng
nhn
ri trc ht l
lp nhn
dn
yu
ng
trc ht l ca
phe
vi s ng
tgii,
ng
dn nc
tnh
nht
li*.
N h n g t t n g t r n y ca H C h M i n h , a n g v
s m i m i l c h n l s n g n g i , g p p h n v o s k i n to v
p h t t r i n ca n h n l o i .
c) C v cc dn tc u tranh trong s nghip gii
phng
H C h Mnh
l v anh h n g d n tc v i , n g i thy
t h i n ti ca c c h m n g V i t N a m , m t n h m c x t - lnirt
li lc, n h h o t n g x u t sc ca p h o n g t r o c n g sn v
. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.9, tr.315-316.

54
c n g n h n quc t, m t c h i n s k i n c n g ca p h o n g t r o
g i i p h n g d n tc t r o n g t h k XX.
H C h M i n h l m sng l i n h n g gi tr tnh t h n ca
d n tc V i t N a m . S n g h i p c u n c ca N g i x a b
t t c n h n g t i n h c n l n n g t r n u d n tc ta t r o n g
gn m t t h k.
L n u tin t r o n g lch s V i t N a m , d i n g n c b c h
c h i n b c h t h n g H C h M i n h , n g ta l n h o n h n
d n x a b c m i h n h thc p bc, b c l t v x y d n g
c h ngha x h i t r n p h m v i c n c . S n g h i p c c h m n g
v i v p h m cht o c cao q u t h n g n h t l m m t
H Ch Minh.
T r o n g l n g n h n d n t h g i i , C h tch H C h M i n h l
b t d i t . Bn b n m c h u k h m p h c v coi H C h M i n h l
" l n h t ca t h g i i t h ba","... cuc c h i n u ca N g i s
l k i m ch n a m cho t t c cc d n tc a n g u tranh, cho
t h a n h n i n v cho cc n h l n h o t r n t o n t h g i i "
( B u m i n - C h tch H i n g B t r n g n c C n g h a
A n g i r i ) ; "Cuc i C h tch H C h M i n h l n g u n c v
i v i t t c cc c h i n s u tranh cho t do" (trch i n
v n ca C h tch Ban l n h o P h o n g t r o n h n d n g i i
p h n g nggla Agxtinhnt). Tuy N g i mt n h n g
" t t n g ch o ca N g i v n m i m i c n soi s n g cuc
u tranh cho t i k h i t t c b n x m lc v b n p bc b
n h b i h o n t o n " (trch i n v n ca T n g t h n g n c
C n g h a t h n g n h t Tandania G i u l i t N i r r ) ; "Tn t u i
ca n g ch H C h M i n h s m i m i g n b v i n h n g
55
h n h n g cao c n h t v n h n g c m cao q u n h t ca
n h n l o i " (trch i n v n ca y ban t o n q u c n g C n g
sn M ) ; "Ch tch H C h M i n h n g y nay l n g i sao t r n
b u t r i ca cch m n g x h i c h ngha, ca c c d n tc
thuc a v p h thuc, a n g ch n g cho c h n g ta b n g
n h s n g ca c h ngha M c - L n i n . T r o n g s n g h i p ca
c h n g ta, n h t n h N g i s sng m i " ( R . A r i x m e n i - Tng
B t h n g C n g sn U r u g o a y ) .
1
1. Cc on trong ngoc kp u trch t cun sch: H Ch

tch trong lng nhn dn th gii, Nxb. S tht, H N i , 1979,
tr.123,126,134,141,153.
56
CHNG
li
T T N G H CH MINH V VN DN
V C C H M N G GII P H N G DN
TC
TC
I - T T N G H CH M I N H V VN DN T C
. Vn dn tc thuc a
a) Thc cht ca vn dn tc thuc a
- u tranh chng
ch ngh
thc dn, gii phng
dn
tc
H C h M i n h k h n g bn v v n d n tc n i c h u n g .
X u t p h t t n h u c u k h c h q u a n ca d n tc V i t N a m , c
i m ca t h i i , N g i d n h s q u a n t m n c c t h u c
a, v c h ra t h c c h t ca v n d n tc t h u c a l
vn
u t r a n h c h n g c h n g h a thc d n , xoa b c h t h n g tr,

p bc, b c l t ca n c n g o i , g i i p h n g d n tc, g i n h c
l p d n tc, thc h i n q u y n d n tc t q u y t , t h n h l p N h
n c d n tc c l p .
H C h M i n h v i t n h i u tc p h m n h : Tm a thc
Bnh
ng,
ngi...,
Vc thm
thuc
a,
Cng
cuc
khai
ha
dn,
git
t c o c h ngha thc d n , v c h t r n ci g i l "khai
h a v n m i n h " ca c h n g . N g i v i t : " che y s x u xa

57
ca c h b c l t g i t n g i , c h ngha t b n thc d n l u n
l u n i m trang cho ci h u y c h n g m c n t ca n b n g
n h n g c h m n g n l t n g : Bc i, Bnh n g , v.v." . " N u l i
1
h n h h n h theo k i u L i n s ca n h n g b n n g i M h n h
i v i n h n g n g i da e n l m t h n h n g v n h n o ,
t h ti k h n g c n b i t g i v i c n h n g n g i u n h n d a n h i
k h a i h a m g i t h n g l o t n h n g n g i d n c h u P h i l ci
g na" . T r o n g n h n g b i c t i u ng
2
Dng
v nhiu
b i k h c , N g i l n n m n h m c h cai tr h k h c , s
b c l t t n b o ca thc d n P h p n g D n g t r n cc
l n h v c c h n h tr, k i n h t, v n h a , g i o dc. N g i c h r s
i k h n g gia cc d n tc b p bc v i c h ngha quc
thc d n l m u t h u n c h y u t h u c a, l m u t h u n
k h n g th i u ha c.
N u n h C . M c b n n h i u v cuc u tranh c h n g ch
ngha t bn, V.I.Lnin b n n h i u v cuc u tranh chng ch
ngha quc, th H C h M i n h t p t r u n g b n v cuc u
tranh chng c h ngha thc d n . C . M c v V.I.Lnin b n n h i u
v u tranh giai cp cc n c t b n c h ngha, th H Ch
M i n h bn n h i u v u tranh g i i p h n g d n tc thuc a.
- La chn con ng
pht
trin ca dn
tc
g i i p h n g d n tc, c n x c n h m t con n g p h t
t r i n ca d n tc, v p h n g h n g p h t t r i n d n tc quy
n h n h n g y u c u v n i d u n g t r c m t ca cuc u
tranh g i n h c l p . M i p h n g h n g p h t t r i n g n l i n
v i m t h t t n g v m t giai cp n h t n h .
T thc t i n p h o n g t r o cu n c ca n g cha v lch s
, 2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t . l , tr.75, 321.

58
n h n loi, H Ch Minh k h n g nh p h n g h n g p h t trin

ca d n tc trong b i cnh t h i i m i l c h ngha x h i .
H o c h n h con n g p h t t r i n ca d n tc t h u c a
l m t v n h t sc m i m . T m t n c thuc a i ln
c h ngha x h i p h i t r i qua n h i u giai o n k h c n h a u .
T r o n g Cng
lnh chh
tr u tin ca n g C n g sn V i t
N a m , H C h M i n h v i t : " L m t sn d n q u y n c c h m n g
v t h a cch m n g i t i x h i c n g sn" . C o n n g
1
k t h p c n i d u n g d n tc, d n c h v c h ngha x h i ;
x t v thc cht c h n h l con n g c l p d n tc g n l i n
v i c h ngha x h i .
"i t i x h i c n g sn" l h n g p h t t r i n l u d i . N
q u y n h v a i tr l n h o ca n g C n g sn, o n k t m i
lc l n g d n tc, t i n h n h cc cuc c c h m n g c h n g
q u c v c h n g p h o n g k i n cho t r i t .
C o n n g p h h p v i h o n c n h lch s c t h
t h u c a. c n g l n t c o , k h c b i t v i con n g
p h t t r i n ca cc d n tc p h t t r i n ln c h ngha t b n
p h n g Ty.
b) c lp dn tc - ni dung ct li ca vn dn tc
thuc
- Cch tip cn t quyn
con
ngi
H C h M i n h h t sc ton t r n g q u y n con n g i . N g i
t m h i u v t i p n h n n h n g n h n t v q u y n con n g i
c n u trong Tuyn
ngn
c lp 1776 ca n c M ,
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.3, t r . l .

59
Tuyn
ngn nhn
v dn quyn
quyn
1791 ca C c h m n g
P h p , n h q u y n b n h n g , q u y n c sng, q u y n t do
v q u y n m u c u h n h p h c . N g i k h n g n h : " l
n h n g l p h i k h n g ai c h i ci c".
N h n g t q u y n con n g i , H C h M i n h k h i q u t
v n n g cao t h n h q u y n d n tc: "Tt c c c d n tc t r n t h
g i i u sinh ra b n h n g , d n tc n o c n g c q u y n sng,
q u y n sung s n g v q u y n t do" .
1
- Ni dung
ca c lp dn
tc
c l p , t d o l k h t v n g l n n h t ca c c d n tc
thuc a. H C h M i n h n i : "T do cho n g b o ti, c l p
cho T quc ti, y l t t c n h n g i u t i m u n ; y l tt
c n h n g i u ti h i u " .
2
N m 1919, v n d n g n g u y n tc d n tc t q u y t
c cc n g m i n h t h n g t r n trong C h i n tranh t h
g i i t h n h t l o n g t r n g t h a n h n , thay m t n h n g n g i
V i t N a m y u n c , N g u y n i Q u c g i ti H i n g h
V c x y b n Y u s c h g m t m i m , i c c q u y n t do,
d n c h cho n h n d n V i t N a m .
u n m 1930, N g u y n i Q u c s o n t h o Cng
ch
li
tr u tin ca n g , m t c n g l n h g i i p h n g d n
tc n g n v s n g to, c t t n g c t li l c l p , t do
cho d n tc.
T h n g 5^1941, H C h M i n h c h tr H i n g h l n t h t m
Ban C h p h n h T r u n g n g n g , v i t t h K
co
ng

2. Trn Dn Tin: Nhng mu chuyn v i hot ng ca
H Ch tch, Nxb. Tr - Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2005, tr.52.
60
bo, c h r : "trong lc n y quyn

hn
ht
ng
thy .
minh,
li dn tc gii phng
N g i ch o t h n h l p Vit Nam
ra b o Vit Nam
cao
c lp, tho Mi ch
lp
sch
ca Vit Minh, trong m c t i u u tin l: "C treo c l p ,

n n x y b n h q u y n " . T h n g 8-1945, H C h M i n h c k t
c h u t r a n h cho c l p , t d o ca n h n d n ta trong c u n i
b t h : " D h y sinh t i u , d p h i t c h y c d y T r n g
S n c n g p h i k i n q u y t g i n h cho c c lp!" .
2
C c h m n g T h n g T m t h n h c n g , N g i thay m t
C h n h p h l m t h i c Tuyn
ngn
c lp, l o n g
trng
k h n g n h trc t o n t h gii:
" N c V i t N a m c q u y n h n g t do v c l p , v s
t h t t h n h m t n c t d o c l p . T o n t h d n tc V i t
N a m q u y t e m t t c tnh t h n v lc l n g , tnh m n g v
ca c i g i v n g q u y n t d o , c l p y " .
3
T r o n g q u a n n i m ca H C h M i n h , c l p d n tc p h i
l m t n n c l p t h t s, h o n t o n , g n v i hoa
bnh,
t h n g nht, t o n v n l n h t h ca t nc.
Trong cc t h v i n v n g i t i Lin h p quc v
C h n h p h c c n c v o t h i g i a n sau C c h m n g T h n g
T m , H C h M i n h trnh trng t u y n b: "Nhn d n c h n g
ti t h n h tht m o n g m u n h a bnh. N h n g n h n d n c h n g
ti c n g k i n q u y t c h i n u n c n g bo v n h n g
q u y n t h i n g l i n g n h t : t o n v n l n h t h cho T q u c v
c l p cho t n c " .
4

2. D n trong : V N g u y n Gip: Nhng chng ng lch s,
Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H N i , 1994, tr.196.
3 4. H Chi Minh: Ton tp, t.4, tr.4,496.
61
C u c k h n g c h i n t o n q u c c h n g thc d n P h p bng
n . T h h i n q u y t t m bo v c l p v c h q u y n d n tc,
H C h M i n h ra l i k u g i v a n g d i n i s n g : "Khng!
C h n g ta t h h y sinh t t c, c h n h t n h k h n g chu mt
n c , n h t n h k h n g chu l m n l " .
1
K h i q u c M i n c u n g m r n g c h i n tranh, t
q u n v i n c h i n h v p h n g t i n c h i n t r a n h h i n i vo
m i n N a m , n g t h i t i n h n h c h i n t r a n h p h h o i min
Bc v i q u y m v c n g n g y c n g c l i t , H C h Minh
n u cao c h n l l n n h t ca t h i i : "Khng
c lp, t
c g qu
hn
do' .
1
c l p d n tc, c u i c n g , p h i e m l i c m no, o m,
h a n h p h c cho m i n g i d n .
c l p , t do l mc tiu c h i n u , l n g u n sc mnh
l m n n c h i n t h n g ca d n tc V i t N a m trong t h k XX,
m t t t n g l n trong t h i i g i i p h n g d n tc. "Khng c
g q u h n c l p , t do" l k h u h i u h n h n g ca d n tc
V i t N a m , n g t h i c n g l n g u n c v cc d n tc b p bc
t r n t o n t h g i i a n g u tranh c h n g c h ngha thc dn. V
t h H C h M i n h k h n g ch l Anh
hng
gii phng
dn tc
ca V i t N a m m c n l " N g i k h i x n g cuc u tranh

g i i p h n g ca cc d n tc thuc a n g t h k XX".
c) Ch ngha yu nc chn chnh Mt ng lc ln
ca t
nc
K h i c h u y n sang giai o n c h ngha quc, cc cng

2. H'Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.12, tr.108.
1
q u c t b n p h n g T y ra sc t i n h n h c h i n tranh x m
lc t h u c a, t h i t l p c h t h n g tr ca c h ngha thc d n
v i n h n g c h n h s c h t n bo.
T n h n g n m 20 ca t h k XX, N g u y n i Quc
n h n t h y s p bc, bc l t ca c h ngha quc i v i cc
d n tc thuc a c n g n n g n t h p h n n g ca d n tc b p
bc c n g q u y t l i t . K h n g ch q u n c h n g lao n g ( c n g
n h n v n n g d n ) , m c cc giai cp v t n g l p t r n t r o n g
x h i (tiu t sn, t sn v a ch) u p h i chu n i n h c
ca n g i d n m t n c , ca m t d n tc m t c l p , t do.
C n g v i s l n n ch ngha thc d n v c v cc d n
tc thuc a v n g d y u tranh, H C h M i n h k h n g n h
v a i t r ca t i m n n g d n tc t r o n g s n g h i p t g i i p h n g .
H C h M i n h t h y r sc m a n h ca c h ngha y u n c
c h n c h n h ca c c d n tc t h u c a. l sc m a n h c h i n
u v thng l i trc bt c t h lc ngoi x m n o .
Theo H C h M i n h , " C h n h d o tnh thn. y u n c m
q u n i v n h n d n ta m y n m t r n g c h u n g t r m
n g n g h n cay, k i n q u y t n h cho tan b n thc d n c p
n c v b n V i t gian p h n q u c , k i n q u y t x y n g m t
n c V i t N a m c l p , t h n g n h t , d n c h , t do, p h
cng, m t n c Vit N a m d n ch mi" . Trong t tng
1
H C h M i n h , c h ngha y u n c c h n c h n h "l m t b
p h n ca tnh t h n quc t ', " k h c h n v i t i n h t h n "v
1
quc" ca b n quc p h n n g " .

2
2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.6, tr. 172-173,172.

63
X u t p h t t s p h n tch quan h giai c p t r o n g x hi

thuc a, t t r u y n t h n g d n tc V i t N a m , H C h M i n h
n h gi cao sc m n h ca c h ngha y u n c m
n h n g n g i c n g sn p h i n m l y v p h t h u y .
2. Mi quan h gia vn dn tc v vn giai cp
a) Vn dn tc v vn giai cp c quan h cht
vi
ch
nhau
H C h M i n h r t coi t r n g v n d n tc, cao sc
m n h ca c h ngha y u n c , n h n g N g i l u n n g trn
q u a n i m giai cp n h n thc v g i i q u y t v n dn
tc. S k t h p n h u n n h u y n v n g i a i c p v v n dn
tc ca H C h M i n h t h h i n : k h n g n h v a i t r lch s ca
giai cp c n g n h n v q u y n l n h o d u y n h t ca ng
C n g sn t r o n g q u t r n h c c h m n g V i t N a m ; c h trng
i o n k t d n tc r n g r i t r n n n t n g lin m i n h cng
n h n , n n g d n v t n g l p tr thc, d i s l n h o ca
n g ; s d n g b o lc c c h m n g ca q u n c h n g chng
l i b o lc p h n c c h m n g ca k t h ; t h i t l p c h n h quyn
n h n c ca d n , d o d n v v d n ; g n k t m c tiu c
l p d n tc v i c h ngha x h i .
b) Gii phng dn tc l vn trn ht, trc ht; c
lp dn tc gn Hn vi ch ngha x
hi
K h c v i c c con n g c u n c ca n g cha, g n c
l p d n tc v i c h ngha p h o n g k i n ( c u i t h k X I X ) ,
hoc c h ngha t b n ( u t h k X X ) , con n g cu
64
n c ca H C h M i n h l c l p d n tc g n l i n v i c h
ngha x h i .
N m 1920, n g a y k h i q u y t n h p h n g h n g
gii
p h n g v p h t t r i n d n tc theo con n g ca c c h m n g
v sn, H C h M i n h c s g n b t h n g n h t gia d n
tc v g i a i cp, d n tc v q u c t , c l p d n tc v c h
ngha x h i .
N m 1960, N g i n i : "Ch c c h ngha x h i , c h
ngha c n g sn m i g i i p h n g c c c d n tc b p bc v
n h n g n g i lao n g t r n t h g i i k h i c h n l " .
1
T tng H Ch M i n h va phn n h quy lut khch

q u a n ca s n g h i p g i i p h n g d n tc t r o n g t h i i c h
ngha q u c , v a p h n n h m i q u a n h k h n g k h t gia
m c t i u g i i p h n g d n tc v i m c t i u g i i p h n g g i a i cp
v g i i p h n g con n g i . C h c x a b t n gc t n h t r n g p
bc, b c l t ; t h i t l p m t n h n c thc s ca d n , d o d n ,
v d n m i bo m cho n g i lao n g c q u y n l m c h ,
m i thc h i n c s p h t t r i n h i h a g i a c n h n v x
h i , g i a c l p d n tc v i t d o v h n h p h c ca con
ngi. H Ch M i n h ni: "Nc c c lp m d n k h n g
c h n g hanh p h c t do, th c l p cng c h n g c
n g h a l g " . D o , sau k h i g i n h c l p , p h i t i n l n x y
2
d n g c h ngha x h i , l m cho d n g i u , n c m n h , m i
n g i c sung sng, t do.
N g i k h n g n h : "Yu T q u c , y u n h n d n p h i
g n l i n v i y u c h ngha x h i , v c t i n l n c h ngha x
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.K^tr.128.

2 H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.4, tr.56.
65
h i t h n h n d n m n h m i n g y m t n o m t h m , T quc
m i ngy mt giu mnh thm"'.
c) Gii phng dn tc to tin gii phng giai cp
H C h M i n h g i i q u y t v n d n tc theo q u a n im
giai cp, n h n g n g t h i t v n g i a i c p t r o n g v n
d n tc. G i i p h n g d n tc k h i c h t h n g tr ca c h ngha
thc d n l i u k i n g i i p h n g g i a i cp. V t h , l i ch
ca g i a i c p p h i p h c t n g l i ch ca d n tc.
T h n g 5-1941, N g i c n g v i T r u n g n g n g khng
n h : "Trong l c n y q u y n l i ca b p h n , ca giai cp
p h i t d i s sinh t , t n v o n g ca q u c gia, ca d n tc.
T r o n g lc n y n u k h n g g i i q u y t c v n d n tc gii
p h n g , k h n g i c c l p , t d o cho t o n t h d n tc,
t h c h n g n h n g t o n t h q u c gia d n tc c n c h u m i kip
n g a t r u , m q u y n l i ca b p h n , giai cp n v n nm
cng k h n g i l i c" .
2
) Gi vng c lp ca dn tc mnh, ng thi tn

trng
c lp ca cc dn tc
khc
L m t c h i n s q u c t c h n c h n h , H C h M i n h k h n g
c h u tranh cho c l p c a d n tc V i t N a m , m c n u
tranh cho c l p ca t t c c c d n tc b p bc.
N u cao tnh t h n c l p , t c h , thc h i n n g u y n tc
1. H Ch M i n h . Ton tp, t.9, tr.173.

2. ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin ng Ton tp, Nxb. Chnh
tr quc gia, H N i , 2000, t.7, tr.113.
66
v q u y n d n tc t q u y t , n h n g H C h M i n h k h n g q u n
ngha v quc t t r o n g vic n g h cc cuc u tranh g i i
p h n g d n tc t r n t h g i i . N g i n h i t l i t n g h cuc
k h n g c h i n c h n g N h t ca n h n d n T r u n g Q u c , cc cuc
k h n g c h i n c h n g thc d n P h p v c h n g quc M x m
lc ca n h n d n L o v C a m p u c h i a , ra k h u h i u :
" g i p b n l t g i p m n h " v c h t r n g p h i b n g t h n g
l i ca c c h m n g m i n c m n g g p v o t h n g l i
c h u n g ca c c h m n g t h g i i .
T t n g H C h M i n h v v n d n tc m a n g t n h
k h o a h c v c c h m n g s u sc, t h h i n s k t h p n h u n
n h u y n gia d n tc v giai c p , c h n g h a y u n c c h n
chnh
v i ch
ngha
quc
t trong
sng.
ng
nh
P h . n g g h e n t n g n i : N h n g t t n g d n tc c h n c h n h
t r o n g p h o n g t r o c n g n h n bao
g i c n g l n h n g t
t n g quc t c h n chnh.
li- T TNG H CH MINH v CCH MNG

GII P H N G DN T C
1. Tnh cht, nhim v v mc tiu ca cch mng gii
p h n g dn tc
B n g p h n g p h p lch s c t h , b m s t t h c t i n
x h i t h u c a , H C h M i n h n h n t h y s phn
giai
cp cc nc
nh
cc nc
thuc
a phng
t bn phng
ng
khng
ha
ging
Ty. C c g i a i c p t h u c
(lia c s k h c n h a u t n h i u , n h n g u c h u n g m t s
p h n m t n c , g i a h v n c s t n g n g l n : d l
67
a c h h a y n n g d n , h u c h u c h u n g s p h n l
n g i n l mt nc.
N u n h m u t h u n c h y u cc n c t b n ch
ngha p h n g T y l m u t h u n gia g i a i c p v sn v giai
c p t sn, t h mu
phng
ngha
ng l mu
thun
thun
ch yu
tron g
x hi thuc a
gia dn tc b p bc vi ch
thc dn. N q u y n h tnh c h t v n h i m v hng
u ca c c h m n g c c n c thuc a.
D i tc n g ca c c c h n h s c h k h a i t h c k i n h t, bc
l t t t h u v c p o t r u n g t , c n g v i n h n g chnh
s c h cai tr ca c h ngha quc, m i g i a i cp thuc a
c a v l n h t , t h i c h n h tr k h c n h a u , t h m ch c li
ch p h t t r i n n g c c h i u n h a u , h n h t h n h n h i u mu
t h u n a n xen n h a u , n h n g n i l n m u t h u n c b n v ch
y u l m u t h u n gia d n tc b p bc v i quc xm
lc v tay sai ca c h n g . D o v y , "Cuc u tranh giai cp
k h n g d i n ra g i n g n h p h n g T y " .
1
H C h M i n h p h n tch: x h i n g D n g , n
hay T r u n g Q u c , x t "v m t c u t r c k i n h t , k h n g ging
c c x h i p h n g T y t h i T r u n g c, c n g n h t h i cn
i , v u tranh giai cp k h n g q u y t lit n h
y " . D o m u t h u n c h y u k h c n h a u , t n h c h t cuc u
2
t r a n h c c h m n g c c n c t b n c h ngha v cc nc
t h u c a c n g k h c n h a u . N u n h c c n c t b n ch
ngha p h i t i n h n h cuc u t r a n h g i a i cp, th cc nc
, 2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t i , tr.464, 465.

68
t h u c a t r c h t l i p h i t i n h n h c u c u t r a n h g i i
p h n g d n tc.
i tng
ca cch mng
thuc a k h n g p h i l giai
c p t sn b n x , c n g k h n g p h i l g i a i cp a c h n i
c h u n g , m l c h ngha thc d n v tay sai p h n n g .
C c h m n g x h i l l t n n t h n g tr h i n c v
t h i t l p m t c h x h i m i . C c h m n g thuc a
t r c h t p h i " l t c h t h n g t r ca c h n g h a
q u c " , c h c h a p h i l c u c c c h m n g x a b s t h u ,
s bc l t ni chung.
H C h M i n h l u n p h n b i t r b n t h c d n x m lc
v i n h n d n c c n c t b n c h ngha. N g i k u g i
n h n d n cc n c p h n i chin tranh x m lc thuc
a , n g h c u c u t r a n h g i n h c l p d n tc ca n h n
dn Vit Nam.
Yu cu bc thit
ca nhn
dn cc nc
thuc
a l
c lp dn tc. T r o n g p h o n g t r o c n g s n q u c t , c q u a n
i m cho r n g " v n c b n ca c c h m n g t h u c a l
v n n n g dn" v ch trng n h n mnh v n rung
t, n h n m n h u tranh giai cp.
c c n c t h u c a , n n g d n l lc l n g n g o
n h t . T h c d n P h p t h n g tr v b c l t n h n d n V i t N a m
t h c h y u l t h n g tr v b c l t n n g d n . N n g d n l n n
n h n c h n h ca c c c h n h s c h k h a i t h c t h u c a, b c l t t
t h u v c p o t r u n g t . V t h k t h s m t ca n n g
d n l b n q u c t h c d n . N n g d n c hai y u c u : c
l p d n tc v r u n g t , n h n g h l u n t y u c u c l p
d n tc cao h n so v i y u c u r u n g t .
69
C n g v i n n g d n , t t c cc giai c p v t n g l p khc
n h a u u c n g u y n v n g c h u n g l "cu g i n g n i " ra khi
c n h "nc s i la bng". V i c c u n c l v i c c h u n g ca c
d n tc b p bc.
M u t h u n c h y u t h u c a l m u t h u n d n tc,
q u y i n h tnh cht v nhim
thuc a l gii phng
dn
T r o n g tc p h m ng
v hng
du ca cch mng
tc.
cch
mnh,
N g u y n i Quc
p h n b i t ba l o i c c h m n g : c c h m n g t sn, c c h mng
v sn v c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc; n g t h i , Ngi
n h n m a n h tnh c h t v n h i m v ca c c h m n g V i t Nam
l c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc. N g i g i i thch:
G i a i c p n n g d n l b p h n c s l n g l n n h t trong
d n tc n n g i i p h n g d n tc c h y u l g i i p h n g nng
d n . N n g d n c y u c u v r u n g t n h n g n h i m v
r u n g t c n t i n h n h t n g b c t h c h h p . K h i n h
c h t h n g tr ca c h ngha q u c , y u c u c p
n g m t p h n v r u n g t ca b n q u c v tay sai s
thuc v n n g d n . q u c v tay sai l k t h s m t ca
n n g d n , l t c h t h u c a l n g u y n v n g h n g u
ca n n g d n .
Cng lnh chnh b u tin ca n g do N g u y n i Quc.
s o n t h o , x c n h n h n g n h i m v v c h n h tr, k i n h t,
v n h a - x h i , n h n g n i l n h n g u l n h i m v
c h n g q u c g i n h c l p d n tc. T r o n g t d u y ca H
C h M i n h , g i i p h n g d n tc bao h m m t p h n gii
p h n g giai cp v g i i p h n g con n g u i .
H i n g h l n t h t m Ban C h p h n h T r u n g n g ng
( t h n g 5-1941) d o H C h M i n h c h tr k i n q u y t g i n g
70
cao n g n c g i i p h n g d n tc, n h n m n h l " n h i m v

bc t h i t nht", c h t r n g t m g c k h u h i u "cch m n g
r u n g t " v ch t i n h n h n h i m v m t mc t h c h
h p n h m p h c v cho n h i m v g i i p h n g d n tc.
T r o n g n h i u bi n i , b i v i t t h i k k h n g c h i n c h n g
thc d n P h p v quc M , H C h M i n h t i p tc n h n
m n h n h i m v g i i p h n g d n tc. T r o n g k h n g c h i n
c h n g thc d n P h p , N g i k h n g n h : " T r n g k k h n g ,
chin nht nh thng l i , thng nht, c lp nht nh
t h n h cng". Trong k h n g chin chng quc M , N g i
n u r : " T q u c ta n h t n h s t h n g n h t . n g b o N a m ,
Bc n h t n h s s u m h p m t n h " .
C c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc n h m n h c h t h n g
tr ca c h ngha thc d n , g i n h c l p d n tc v t h i t l p
c h n h q u y n ca n h n d n .
N g u y n i Q u c ra i tm n g c u n c v i c h
q u y t g i i p h n g g n g c m n l cho n g b o . N g i t i n
theo V . I . L n i n v Q u c t t h ba, v Q u c t t h ba c c h
t r n g g i i p h n g d n tc b p bc.
M c t i u c p t h i t ca c c h m n g t h u c a c h a p h i
l g i n h q u y n l i ring b i t ca m i giai cp, m l q u y n
l i c h u n g ca t o n d n tc. l n h n g m c t i u ca c h i n
lc u tranh d n tc, p h h p v i x u t h ca t h i i c c h
m n g c h n g q u c , t h i i g i i p h n g d n tc, p n g
n g u y n v n g c l p , t d o ca q u n c h n g n h n d n .
T u y n h i n , d o n h n g h n c h t r o n g n h n thc v thc
t i n ca c c h m n g t h u c a , l i chu n h h n g ca t
t n g g i o i u , "t k h u y n h " , n h n m n h m t c h i u u
t r a n h g i a i cp, H i n g h l n t h n h t Ban C h p h n h T r u n g
71
n g n g ( t h n g 10-1930) p h p h n n h n g q u a n i m
ca N g u y n i Q u c . N h n g , v i b n l n h c c h m n g kin
cng, b m s t thc tin V i t N a m , k i n q u y t chng gio
i u , t h n g 5-1941, N g u y n i Q u c c h tr H i n g h l n
t h t m Ban C h p h n h T r u n g n g n g , c h t r n g
"thay i c h i n lc", t n h n m n h u t r a n h g i a i cp
sang n h n m n h c u c u t r a n h g i i p h n g d n tc. H i
n g h k h n g i n h d t k h o t : "cuc c c h m n g n g D n g
h i n t i k h n g p h i i m t cuc c c h m n g t s n d n
q u y n , cuc c c h m n g p h i g i i q u y t h a i v n : p h n
v i n a n a , m l cuc c c h m n g c h p h i g i i q u y t
m t v n c n k p " d n tc g i i p h n g " , v y t h cuc cch
m n g n g D n g t r o n g g i a i o n h i n t i l m t cuc
c c h m n g d n tc g i i p h n g ' " . H i n g h c h t r n g t i p
tc t m g c k h u h i u "cch m n g r u n g t " , c h chia l i
c n g i n v r u n g t "tch t h u ca V i t g i a n p h n quc"
cho d n c y n g h o , tc l r u n g t a n g n m toong tay k
t h ca d n t c , c h k h n g p h i l c a g i a i c p a c h n i
c h u n g , n h m n h l i k t h ca d n tc c v c h n h tr v
k i n h t.
T h n g l i ca C c h m n g T h n g T m 1945 c n g n h
n h n g t h n g l i t r o n g 30 n m c h i n t r a n h c c h m n g V i t
N a m (1945-1975) t r c h t l t h n g l i ca n g l i cch
m n g g i i p h n g d n tc n g n v t t n g c l p , t
do ca H C h M i n h .
1. ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin ng Ton tp, Nxb. Chnh

tr quc gia, H N i , 2000, t.7, t r . l 19.
72
2. C c h m n g g i i p h n g d n t c m u n t h n g l i p h i i
theo con ng c c h m n g v sn
* g i i p h n g d n tc k h i c h t h n g tr ca t h c d n
P h p , n g cha ta s d n g n h i u con n g g n v i
n h n g k h u y n h h n g c h n h tr k h c n h a u , s n g n h n g
v kh t tng khc nhau.
T t c c c p h o n g t r o y u n c v o c u i t h k X I X ,
u t h k X X , m c d d i n ra v c n g anh d n g , v i
tnh t h n " n g i t r c n g , n g i sau n g d y " , n h n g r t
c u c u b thc d n P h p d m t r o n g b i n m u . t n c
l m v o " t n h h n h e n t i t n g n h k h n g c n g ra".
l t n h t r n g k h n g h o n g v n g l i c u n c V i t
N a m v o u t h k XX. N t ra y u c u bc t h i t p h i
tm m t c o n n g c u n c m i .
S i n h ra v l n l n t r o n g b i c n h t n c b b i n
thnh
thuc a, n h n
dn
phi chu
cnh l m
than,
H C h M i n h c c h n g k i n c c p h o n g t r o c u n c ca
ng cha. N g i n h n t h y c o n n g ca Phan B i C h u
c h n g k h c g " a h ca t r c , r c beo ca sau";
con
n g ca Phan C h u T r i n h c n g c h n g k h c g " x i n gic r

l n g t h n g " ; con n g ca H o n g H o a T h m t u y c p h n
thc t h n , n h n g v n m a n g n n g c t c c h p h o n g k i n .
C h n h v th, mc d rt k h m phc tinh thn
cu
n c ca n g cha, n h n g H C h M i n h k h n g t n t h n h
c c c o n n g ca h m q u y t t m ra i tm m t c o n
ng mi.
T r o n g k h o n g l o n m v t qua c c i d n [ . u n v i
n h n l o i c n lao a n g t r a n h u n h i u c h u lt V q u c
gia t r n t h g i i , N g u y n i Q u c k t h p tm h i u l
73
l u n v k h o s t thc t i n , n h t l ba n c t b n pht
trin: Anh, Php, M .
N g i c Tuyn
ngn
c lp ca n c M , tm hiu
thc t i n cuc c c h m n g t sn M ; c Tuyn

quyn
v nhn
quy
n
ngn
dn
ca c c h m n g P h p , t m h i u cch
m n g t sn P h p . N g i n h n thy: " C c h m n h P h p cng

n h c c h m n h M , ngha l c c h m n h t b n , c c h mnh
k h n g n n i , t i n g l c n g h a v d n ch, k thc trong th
n tc lc c n g n n g , n g o i t h n p bc thuc a"'. Bi l
, N g i k h n g i theo con n g c c h m n g t sn.
H C h M i n h t h y c C c h m n g T h n g M i Nga
k h n g c h l m t c u c c c h m n g v s n , m c n l mt
c u c c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc. N n u t m g n g
s n g v s n g h i p g i i p h n g c c d n t c t h u c a v "m
ra t r c m t h t h i i c c h m n g c h n g q u c , thi
i g i i p h n g d n tc" .
2
N g i " h o n t o n tn theo L n i n v Q u c t t h ba" bi

v V . I . L n i n v Q u c t t h ba " b n h v c cho c c d n tc
b p bc". N g i t h y t r o n g l l u n ca V . I . L n i n m t
p h n g h n g m i g i i p h n g d n tc: con n g cch
m n g v sn.
T r o n g b i Cuc khng
gii phng
chi
n ,
H Ch Minh vit:
giai cp v sn th mi gii phng
"Chc
c dn
tc;
c hai cuc g i i p h n g n y ch c t h l s n g h i p ca c h
ngha c n g sn v ca c c h m n g t h g i i " .
3

3. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t i tr.416.
74
V t qua s h n c h v t t n g ca cc s p h u v c a cc
n h c c h m n g c x u h n g t sn n g t h i , H C h M i n h
n v i hc t h u y t c c h m n g ca c h ngha M c - L n i n
v la c h n k h u y n h h n g c h n h tr v sn. N g i k h n g
n h : "Mun
ng
cu nc
v gii phng
no khc con ng
cch mng
dn tc khng
con
v sn "';"... ch c c h
ngha x h i , c h ngha c n g sn m i g i i p h n g c cc
d n tc b p bc v n h n g n g i lao n g t r n t h g i i k h i
ch n l" .
2
3. Cch mng gii phng dn tc trong thi i mi phi

do ng Cng sn lnh o
N g u y n i Q u c p h n tch: " P h m l m vic g cng
v y , b t k l n b , b t k k h d , n u k h n g ra sc t h chc
k h n g t h n h c n g . . . v i c g i i p h n g g n g c m n l cho
n g b o , cho n h n l o i " l "vic to t t " n n p h i g n g sc.
3
"Vic g k h cho m y , q u y t t m l m t h l m chc c , t

n g i l m k h n g n i , n h i u n g i n g t m h i p lc m
l m th p h i n i . i n y l m c h a x o n g t h i sau n i
theo l m t h p h i x o n g " . M u n l m c c h m n g th p h i b n
4
gan, n g c h , n g l n g v q u y t t m , " l i p h i b i t c c h
lm th l m m i chng" .
5
"Sa ci x h i c m y n g n n m l m x h i m i , y
l r t k h . N h n g b i t c c h l m , b i t n g t m h i p lc m

3 4, 5. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.2, tr.261.
75
l m t h chc l m c , t h t h k h n g k h . K h d c n g t i
m n h , m n h q u y t ch l m th l m c" .
1
N h n g m u n l m c c h m n h , "trc p h i l m cho d n
gic ng... p h i g i n g g i i l l u n v c h ngha cho d n h i u "
"Cch m n h p h i h i u p h o n g t r i u t h g i i , p h i b y s c h lc
cho dn... V y n n sc c c h m n h p h i t p trung, m u n tp
trung phi c n g cch mnh" .
3
T r o n g t c p h m ng
cch mnh,
N g i k h n g nh:
"Trc h t p h i c n g c c h m n h , t r o n g t h v n n g
v t chc d n c h n g , n g o i t h l i n lc v i d n t c b p
bc v v s n g i a i c p m i n i . n g c v n g c c h m n h
m i t h n h c n g , cng n h n g i c m li c v n g thuyn
m i chy" .
4
u n m 1930, N g i s n g l p n g C n g sn V i t Nam,
m t c h n h n g ca giai cp c n g n h n v d n tc V i t Nam,
l y c h ngha M c - L n i n " l m ct", c t chc c h t ch, k
l u t n g h i m m i n h v m t t h i t l i n lc v i q u n c h n g .
Theo H C h M i n h , ng
ca giai cp cng nhn,
tc Vit
Cng
ca nhn
sn
Vit Nam
dn lao ng
v ca
ng
dn
Nam.
K t h p l l u n M c - L n i n v n g C n g sn v i thc
tin cch m n g V i t Nam, H C h M i n h vn d n g v pht
t r i n s n g to c h ngha M c - L n i n t r n m t l o t v n v
c c h m n g 'gii p h n g d n tc, x y n g n n m t l
cch mng
gii phng
lun
dn tc. L l u n k h n g c h c
t r u y n b t r o n g p h o n g t r o c n g n h n , m c t r o n g p h o n g
1, 2. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.2, tr.267.

3,4. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.2 tr.267,267-268.
76
tro y u nc, gii quyt v n n g l i cu nc gn lin

v i s c h u n b n h n g i u k i n v t t n g c h n h tr v t
chc cho s ra i m t c h n h n g c c h m n g V i t N a m ,
s n g l p v r n l u y n n g C n g sn V i t N a m .
P h t trin s n g to hc thuyt M c - Lnin v n g
C n g sn, N g i cho r n g , n g C n g s n V i t N a m l
"ng ca g i a i c p v sn" , n g t h i l " n g ca d n tc
1
V i t N a m " . " n g ca giai c p c n g n h n v n h n d n lao

2
n g , ngha l n h n g n g i t h t h u y n , d n c y v l a o n g
tr c k i n q u y t n h t , h n g h i n h t , t r o n g sch n h t , t n
t m t n lc p h n g s T q u c v n h n d n " .
3
K h i k h n g n h n g C n g s n V i t N a m l n g ca
giai cp c n g n h n v d n tc V i t N a m , H C h M i n h
n u m t l u n i m q u a n t r n g , b s u n g t h m cho l l u n ca
ch ngha M c - L n i n v n g c n g s n , n h h n g cho
vic x y d n g n g C n g s n V i t N a m t h n h m t n g c
s g n k t c h t c h v i g i a i c p c n g n h n , v i n h n d n
lao n g v c n tc t r o n g m i t h i k c a c c h m n g
V i t N a m . M i n g i V i t N a m y u n c , d l n g v i n
hay k h n g , u t h t s c m n h n n g C n g s n V i t N a m
l ng ca Bc H , l n g c a m n h v u g i n g l
"ng ta".
H Ch M i n h xy d n g c m t n g cch m n g
tin phong, p h h p v i t h c t i n V i t N a m , g n b v i
n h n d n , v i d n tc, m t l n g m t d p h n g s T q u c ,
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t 3 , tr.10.

2,3. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.6, tr.175,184.
77
p h c v n h n d n , c n h n d n , c d n tc t h a nhn
l i t i n p h o n g ca m n h .
N g a y t k h i m i ra i , n g d o H C h M i n h s n g lp
q u y t c lc l n g v sc m n h ca t o n b giai cp
c n g n h n v c d n tc V i t N a m . l m t c im,
n g t h i l m t u i m ca n g . N h , n g a y t khi
m i ra i , n g n m n g n c l n h o d u y n h t i vi
c c h m n g V i t N a m v tr t h n h n h n t h n g u bo
m cho m i t h n g l i ca c c h m n g .
4. Lc lng ca cch mng gii phng dn tc bao
gm ton dn tc
N m 1924, H C h M i n h n g h n m t cuc khi
ngha v t r a n g t o n d n . N g i cho r n g : " c c thng
l i , m t cuc k h i ngha v trang n g D n g : - Phi c
tnh c h t m t cuc k h i ngha q u n c h n g c h k h n g phi
m t cuc n i l o n . C u c k h i ngha p h i c c h u n b
trong qun chng..." .
1
H C h M i n h n g h i m k h c p h p h n v i c l y m st c
n h n v b o n g n o n l m p h n g t h c h n h n g , "hoc
x i d n b o n g m k h n g b y c c h t chc; hoc l m cho
d n q u e n l i , m q u n tnh t c n g " . N g i k h n g nh
"cch m n h l v i c c h u n g c d n c h n g c h k h n g p h i vic
m t hai n g i " .
2
T r o n g C c h m n g T h n g T m 1945 c n g n h
hai
cuc k h n g c h i n chng thc d n P h p v quc M ,
1. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t i , tr.468-469.

2. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t. 2, tr.261-262.
78
H C h M i n h l y n h n d n l m n g u n sc m n h . Q u a n
i m " l y d n l m gc" x u y n s u t q u t r n h ch o c h i n
tranh ca N g i . " C d n l c t t c", " D t r m l n k h n g
d n c n g c h u , k h v n l n d n l i u c n g xong". K h i c n
h o t n g n c n g o i , H C h M i n h n i : " i v i ti, c u
tr l i r r n g : tr v n c , i v o q u n c h n g , thc tnh
h , t chc h , o n k t h , h u n l u y n h , a k ra u
tranh g i n h t do c l p " .
.; ,
H C h M i n h n h gi r t cao v a i t r ca q u n c h n g
n h n d n t r o n g k h i ngha v trang. N g i coi sc m n h v
i v n n g lc s n g t o v t n ca q u n c h n g l n h n t
then c h t bo m t h n g l i . N g i k h n g n h : " D n k h
manh th q u n lnh n o , s n g ng n o cng k h n g chng l i
n i " . "Phi da v o d n , d a chc v o d n th k c h k h n g
t h n o t i u d i t c " . " C h n g ta tn chc v o tnh t h n v
lc l n g ca q u n c h n g , ca d n tc".
D i c h cai tr ca c h ngha t b n P h p , t m t
x h i p h o n g k i n t h u n t y , V i t N a m b i n t h n h m t x
h i t h u c a v i n h n g t n tch p h o n g k i n n n g n . M c
d thc d n P h p c n d u y t r m t p h n q u a n h k i n h t v
g i a i c p a c h , p h o n g k i n , song k h i t h n h m t c h
t h u c a t h t t c c c m t c h n h tr, k i n h t', v n h a , x
h i v giai cp V i t N a m
u b t trong q u
c h u y n n g ca x h i . N g o i giai cp c n g n h n v
n n g d n , g i a i c p t s n d n tc v m t b p h n a c h
v a v n h mc d v n c m t h n c h t r o n g q u a n h v i
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t i , tr.192.

79
q u n c h n g lao n g , n h n g t r o n g q u a n h v i thc dn
P h p t h h c n g l n h n g n g i V i t N a m c h u n i nhc
m t n c . k h n g p h i l n h n g g i a i c p t h n g tr, m
t r i l i , h l n h n g g i a i c p b tr v c k h n n g t h a m gia
p h o n g t r o g i i p h n g d n tc.
H C h M i n h p h n tch: "... d n tc c c h m n h th chua
p h n giai cp, ngha l s, n n g , c n g , t h n g u n h t tr
chng l i cng quyn" .
1
T r o n g Cng
li
chnh
tr u
tin ca n g , N g i
x c n h lc l n g c c h m n g bao g m c d n tc: ng
p h i t p h p i b p h n giai c p c n g n h n , t p h p i b
p h n n n g d n v p h i da v o h n g d n c y n g h o , lnh
o n n g d n l m c c h m n g r u n g t ; li k o t i u t sn,
tr thc, t r u n g n n g . . . i v o phe v sn g i a i c p ; i v i p h
n n g , trung, tiu a ch v t b n A n N a m m c h a r mt
p h n cch m n g th p h i l i n g , t l u m i l m cho h
n g t r u n g l p . B p h n n o ra m t p h n c c h mng
(nh ng Lp hin) th phi n h .
2
T r o n g lc l n g t o n d n tc, H C h M i n h h t sc
n h n m n h vai tr ng
nng
dn.
lc cch mng
ca cng nhn
N g i p h n tch: cc giai cp c n g n h n v
n n g d n c s l n g n g n h t , n n c sc m n h l n
n h t . H l i b p bc b c l t n n g n n h t , n n " l n g cch
m n h c n g b n , c h c c h m n h c n g q u y t . . . c n g n n g l
tay k h n g c h n r i , n u t h u a t h c h m t m t c i k i p k h .

2. Xem H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.3, tr.3.
80
n u c t h c c t h g i i , cho n n h gan g c " . T

1
, N g i k h n g n h : c n g n n g "l gc c c h m n h " .
2
K h n g n h v a i t r n g l c c c h m n g ca c n g n h n v
n n g d n l m t v n h t sc m i m so v i n h n t h c
ca n h n g n h y u n c trc .
T r o n g k h i h t sc n h n m n h v a i t r ca c n g n h n v
n n g d n , H C h M i n h k h n g coi n h k h n n g t h a m gia s
n g h i p g i i p h n g d n tc ca c c giai c p v t n g l p k h c .
N g i c o i t i u t sn, t s n d n tc v m t b p h n g i a i c p
a c h l b n n g m i n h ca c c h m n g . N g i c h r :
"... h c t r , n h b u n n h , i n c h n h c n g b t b n p
bc, s o n g k h n g cc k h b n g c n g n n g ; ba h n g y c h l
b u b n c c h m n h ca c n g n n g t h i " .
3
5. Cch mng gii phng dn tc cn c tin hnh

ch ng, s n g to v c kh n n g ginh thng li trc
cch mng v sn chnh quc
K h i d i u n g h a t b n c h u y n sang g i a i o n c q u y n
( q u c c h ngha), n n k i n h t h n g h a p h t t r i n m a n h ,
t ra y u c u bc t h i t v t h t r n g . l n g u y n n h n
s u xa d n t i n h n g cuc c h i n t r a n h x m l c t h u c a .
Cc nc thuc a tr t h n h m t trong n h n g n g u n sng
ca c h ngha q u c .
N g u y n i Q u c k h n g n h : " t t c s i n h l c c a
ch
n g h a t b n q u c t u l y c c x t h u c a . l n i
, 2, 3. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.2, tr.266.

..(TITIICM
81
c h n g h a t b n l y n g u y n l i u cho c c n h m y ca n,
n i n u t, t i u t h h n g , m n h n c n g r m t cho o
q u n lao n g ca n , v n h t l t u y n n h n g b i n h lnh bn
x cho c c o q u n p h n c c h m n g ca n ' " . "... nc c
v sc s n g ca c o n r n c t b n c h n g h a a n g tp
t r u n g c c t h u c a " . N g i t h n g t h n p h b n h m t s
2
n g c n g s n k h n g t h y c v n q u a n t r n g .
N g i c h r : " B n v k h n n g v c c b i n p h p thc hin
c c h m n g , ra k h o c h c a c u c c h i n u s p t i , cc
n g c h A n h v P h p c n g n h c c n g c h c c ng
k h c h o n t o n b qua l u n i m cc k q u a n t r n g c
t n h c h i n l c n y . C h n h v t h , t i h t sc k u g i cc
n g ch: H y c h !"\
Trong
ngha
cuc
du
tranh
thc dn, cch mng
bit. Nhn
chng
thuc
dn cc dn tc thuc
ch
ngha
quc,
a c tm quan
trng
a c kh nng cch
ch
c
mng
to ln. Theo H C h M i n h , p h i " L m cho cc d n tc thuc

a, t t r c n nay v n c c h b i t n h a u , h i u b i t n h a u hn
v o n k t l i t c s cho m t L i n m i n h
phng
n g t n g l a i , k h i lin m i n h n y s l m t t r o n g n h n g ci
c n h ca c c h m n g v sn"*.
T i p h i n h p t h 22 i h i V Q u c t C n g sn
(1-7-1924), N g u y n i Q u c p h p h n c c n g c n g sn
P h p , A n h , H L a n , B v c c n g c n g s n c c n c c
t h u c a c h a t h i h n h c h n h s c h t h t tch cc t r o n g v n
t h u c a , t r o n g k h i g i a i c p t s n c c n c lm
, 2,3. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, L, tr. 243, 274,275.

82
t t c k m g i c c d n tc b c h n g n dch t r o n g v n g
p bc'.
T r o n g k h i y u c u Q u c t C n g sn v cc n g c n g
sn q u a n t m n c c h m n g t h u c a, H C h M i n h v n
k h n g n h cng cuc gii phng
nhn
th thc hin dc bng s n lc t gii
dn thuc a ch
phng.
V n d n g c n g thc ca C . M c : "S g i i p h n g ca g i a i
c p c n g n h n p h i l s n g h i p ca b n t h n giai c p c n g
n h n " , N g i i n l u n i m : " C n g cuc g i i p h n g a n h
2
em (tc n h n d n t h u c a - T G ) c h c t h thc h i n c
b n g s n lc ca b n t h n anh em" .
3
N g i n h g i r t cao sc m n h ca m t d n tc v n g
y c h n g q u c thc d n . N g i c h t r n g p h t h u y n
lc c h q u a n ca d n tc, t r n h t t n g b n g , t r n g c h
v o s g i p b n n g o i . T h n g 8-1945, k h i t h i c c c h
m n g xut h i n , N g i k u g i : "Ton quc n g b o h y
n g d y e m sc ta m t g i i p h n g cho ta" .
4
T r o n g k h n g c h i n c h n g thc d n P h p , N g i n i :
" K h n g c h i n t r n g k g i a n k h ng
cnh sinh.
thi li phi
lc
T r n g v o sc m n h . . . C n h i n s g i p ca
c c n c b n l q u a n t r n g , n h n g k h n g c l i , k h n g
c n g i m o n g c h n g i k h c . M t d n tc k h n g t lc
. Xem Hc vin Chnh tr quc gia H Ch Minh - V i n H

Ch Minh: H Ch Minh - Bin nin tiu S, Nxb. Chnh tr quc
gia, Ha N i , 2006, t i , tr.278-279.
2 3. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.2, tr.128.
83
c n h sinh m c n g i c h d n tc k h c g i p a t h k h n g
x n g n g c c lp" .
1
T r o n g p h o n g t r o c n g sn q u c t t n g t n t i quan
i m x e m t h n g l i ca c c h m n g t h u c a p h t h u c vo
t h n g l i ca c c h m n g v sn c h n h quc. Q u a n i m
n y v h n h t r u n g l m g i m tnh c h n g , s n g to ca
cc p h o n g t r o c c h m n g t h u c a.
Theo H C h M i n h , gia c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc
t h u c a v c c h m n g v sn c h n h q u c c m i quan h
m t t h i t v i n h a u , tc n g qua l i l n n h a u t r o n g cuc u
a n h chng
k th chung
l ch ngha
quc.
l m i
quan h bnh ng ch k h n g p h i l q u a n h l thuc, hoc

quan h chnh - ph.
N h n thc n g v a i t r , v tr c h i n l c ca c c h mng
t h u c a v sc m n h d n tc, N g u y n i Q u c cho rng
cch mng gii phng
dn tc thuc a c th ginh
thng
li n / r c c h m n g v sn c h n h q u c .
y l m t l u n i m s n g to, c g i tr l l u n v thc
t i n to l n ; m t cng h i n r t q u a n t r n g ca H C h M i n h
v o k h o t n g l l u n ca c h ngha M c - L n i n , c
t h n g l i ca p h o n g t r o c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n lc trn
t o n t h g i i t r o n g g n m t t h k qua c h n g m i n h l h o n
ton ng n.
6. Cch mng gii phng dn tc phi c tin hnh
b n g c o n n g c c h m n g b o lc
C c t h lc q u c s n g b o l c x m lc v
. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.6, tr.522.

84
t h n g tr t h u c a , n p d m a n c c p h o n g t r o y u
n c . " C h t h c d n , t b n t h n n , l m t h n h
n g b o lc ca k m n h i v i k y u r i " ' . C h a n h
b i c l c l n g v b p c h x m l c ca c h n g t h
c h a t h c t h n g l i h o n t o n . V t h , c o n n g
g i n h v g i c l p d n tc c h c t h l con n g c c h
m n g bo lc.
n h g i n g b n c h t cc k p h n n g ca b n
q u c v tay sai, H C h M i n h v c h r tnh tt yu ca bo
cch mng:
lc
"Trong cuc u tranh gian k h chng k t h
ca g i a i c p v ca d n tc, cn dng
bo lc cch
chng
ly cht quyn
li bo lc phn
bo v chih
cch mng,
ginh
mng
v
quy
n ".
Q u n t r i t q u a n i m ca c h ngha M c - L n i n , c o i s
n g h i p c c h m n g l s n g h i p ca q u n c h n g , H C h M i n h
cho r n g bo lt cch mng
l bo lc ca qun
chng.
T r o n g t h i k v n n g g i i p h n g d n tc 1940-1945,
N g i c n g v i T r u n g n g n g ch o xy d n g c s
ca b o lc c c h m n g bao g m h a i lc l n g : lc l n g
c h n h tr q u n c h n g v l c l n g v t r a n g n h n d n . Theo
s n g k i n ca N g i , M t t r n V i t M i n h c t h n h l p .
l n i tp h p , g i c n g v r n l u y n lc l n g c h n h tr
q u n c h n g , m t lc l n g c b n v g i v a i t r q u y t i n h
toong t n g k h i n g h a v t r a n g .
Hnh
chh
thc ca bo lc cch mng
tri v u
tranh
v trang,
bao gm
c u
tranh
n h n g p h i " T y tnh h n h
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t i , tr.%.

85
cu t h m q u y t i n h n h n g h n h thc u t r a n h c c h mng
t h c h h p , s d n g n g v k h o k t h p cc h n h thc u
t r a n h v t r a n g v u t r a n h c h n h tr g i n h t h n g l i cho
cch mng" .
1
T r o n g C c h m n g T h n g T m , b o lc t h h i n bng
k h i ngha v t r a n g v i lc l n g c h n h b l c h y u . l
c n g c p tan c h n h q u y n ca b n p h t x t N h t v tay
sai, g i n h c h n h q u y n v tay n h n d n .
T r o n g c h i n t r a n h c c h m n g , lc l n g v t r a n g v n
t r a n h v a n g g i v t r q u y t n h t r o n g v i c t i u d i t lc
l n g q u n s c h , l m t h t b i n h n g m m u q u n s v
c h n h tr ca c h n g . N h n g u t r a n h v t r a n g k h n g tch
b i t v i u t r a n h c h n h tr. Theo H C h M i n h , c c o n th
c c h m n g c n g p h t t r i n , q u n c h n g u tranh chnh b
c n g m a n h t h c n g c c s v n g chc t chc lc lng
v t r a n g v tin h n h u t r a n h v t r a n g .
T t n g H C h M i n h v b o lc c c h m n g k h c hn
t t n g h i u c h i n ca c c t h lc q u c x m lc. Xut
p h t t t n h y u t h n g con n g i , q u t r n g sinh m n g con
n g i / N g i l u t r a n h t h k h n n g g i n h v g i chnh
q u y n t m u . N g i t m m i c c h n g n c h n x u n g t
v trang, tn dng
bin php
ha
mi kh nng gii quyt
b,
xun g
ng
c h n g m p h n , t h n g lng,
c h p n h n n h n g n h n g b c n g u y n tc.
Vic tin
hn h
chin
tran h ch l gii php
bt buc
cui
1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.12, tr304.

86
cng.
Ch khi k h n g cn kh n n g ha hon, khi k th
n g o a n c b m g i l p t r n g thc d n , ch m u n
ginh
t h n g l i b n g q u n s th H C h M i n h m i k i n q u y t p h t
n g c h i n tranh.
T t n g b o lc c c h m n g v t t n g n h n o , h a
b n h thng n h t bin chng v i nhau. Yu t h n g
con
n g i , y u c h u n g h a b n h , t do, c n g l, tranh t h m i
kh n n g ha bnh gii quyt xung t, n h n g m t khi
k h n g t h t r n h k h i c h i n t r a n h th p h i k i n q u y t t i n
h n h c h i n t r a n h , k i n q u y t d n g b o lc c c h m n g , d n g
k h i ngha v c h i n t r a n h c c h m n g g i n h , g i v b o v
h a l n h , v c l p , t do. n h gic k h n g p h i l t i u d i t
h t lc l n g , m c h y u l n h b i c h x m lc ca
c h n g , k t h p g i n h thng l i v q u n s v i gii p h p
n g o i giao k t t h c c h i n t r a n h .
Theo H C h M i n h , t r o n g s n g h i p k h n g c h i n , k i n
q u c "lc l n g c h n h l d n " . N g i c h t r n g t i n h n h
k h i ngha t o n d n v c h i n t r a n h n h n d n .
X u t p h t t t n g q u a n lc l n g l y n h n h l n , l y
t c h n h i u , H C h M i n h k h n g c h t r n g t i n h n h k i u
c h i n tranh t h n g t h n g , c c h i n t u y n r r t , c h d a v o
lc l n g q u n i v dc t o n lc v o m t s t r n s n g m i
v i k t h , m c h t r n g p h t n g c h i n tranh n h n d n ,
d a v o lc l n g t o n d n , c lc l n g v trang l m n n g
ct u a n h ton d i n v i k th quc v i t tng
c h i n lc t i n c n g , p h n g c h m c h i n lc n h l u d i
v d a v o sc m n h l c h n h . H C h M i n h n i : " K h n g
87
d n g t o n lc ca n h n d n v m i m t n g ph,
k h n g t h n o thng li c" .
1
T o n d n k h i ngha, t o n d n n i d y l n t c sc trong
t t n g H C h M i n h v h n h thi ca b o lc cch m n g .
T r o n g c h i n tranh, " q u n s l v i c c h cht", n h n g
n g t h i p h i k t h p c h t c h v i u tranh c h n h tr.
"Thng l i q u n s e m l i t h n g l i c h n h tr, t h n g li
c h n h tr s l m cho t h n g l i q u n s t o l n h n " .
2
u tranh n g o i giao c n g l m t m t t r n c ngha

c h i n lc, c t c d n g t h m b n b t t h , p h n h a v c lp
k t h , p h t h u y y u t c h n h ngha ca cuc d u tranh gii
p h n g d n tc v bo v T q u c , t r a n h t h s n g tnh
n g h ca q u c t . H C h M i n h c h t r n g "va n h va
m " , " n h l c h y u , m l h tr"'.
u tranh k i n h t l ra sc t n g gia sn x u t , thc h n h
t i t k i m , p h t t r i n k i n h t ca ta, p h h o i k i n h t ca ch.
N g i k u g i "hu p h n g t h i u a v i t i n p h n g " , coi
" r u n g r y l c h i n t r n g , cuc c y l v k h , n h n n g l
c h i n s", "tay c y tay s n g , tay b a tay s n g , ra sc p h t
t r i n sn x u t phc v k h n g c h i n " .
C h i n tranh v m t v n h a hay t t n g so v i n h n g
mt khc cng k h n g k m quan trng.
M c c h ca c c h m n g v c h i n t r a n h c h n h ngha l

2. H Ch Mi vi cc lc lng v bang nhn dn, Nxb. Qun
i nhn dn, H N i , 1975, tr.148.
3. V Nguyn Gip (Ch bin): T tng H Ch M v con
ng cch mng Vit Nam, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni,
1997,tr.205.
88
v c l p , t d o , l m cho k h n n g t i n h n h c h i n t r a n h
n h n d n t r t h n h h i n thc, l m cho t o n d n t g i c
t h a m gia k h n g c h i n .
Trc nhng k th ln mnh, H Ch Minh ch trng
s d n g p h n g c h m c h i n lc n h l u d i .
T lc cnh sinh cng l mt phng
chm chin lc
ri
quan trng, n h m p h t h u y cao n g u n sc m a n h c h quan,

t r n h t t n g b n g t r n g ch v o s g i p d b n n g o i .
M c d r t coi t r n g s g i p quc t n h n g H C h M i n h
l u n cao sc m a n h b n b o n g , p h t h u y n m c cao n h t
m i n lc ca d n tc, cao t i n h t h n c l p , t c h .
c l p , t ch, t lc t c n g k t h p v i tranh t h
s g i p d q u c t l m t q u a n i m n h t q u n tTong t
t n g H C h M i n h . T r o n g hai cuc k h n g c h i n chng
thc d n P h p v quc M , N g i n g v i n
sc
m a n h c a t o n d n t c , n g t h i ra sc v n n g , t r a n h
t h s g i p q u c t t o l n v c h i u q u c v v t c h t
v t i n h t h n , k t h p sc m n h d n t c v i sc m n h t h i
i khng chin thng li.
KT LUN
T tng H Ch Minh v vn dn tc v cch mng
g i i p h n g d n tc c n h n g l u n i m s n g t o , c sc, c
gi tr l l u n v t h c t i n l n .
1 Lm phong ph hc thuyt Mc - Lnin v cch mng
t h u c a
- V l tun cch mng
gii phng
dn
tc
n v i c h ngha M c - L n i n , x c n h con n g c u
89
n c theo k h u y n h h n g c h n h tr v sn, n h n g c o n ng
c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc l d o H C h M i n h hoch
inh, ch k h n g p h i t n t i t trc.
H Ch M i n h k h n g t k h u n m n h trong n h n g nguyn
l c sn, k h n g r p k h u n m y m c l l u n u tranh giai
c p v o i u k i n lch s t h u c a , m c s k t h p hai
h a v n d n tc v i v n g i a i c p , g i i q u y t v n
d n tc theo q u a n i m giai c p v g i i q u y t v n giai cp
t r o n g v n d n tc, g n c l p d n tc v i p h n g hng
x h i c h ngha.
L lun cch mng
gii phng
dn tc ca H C h Minh
bao g m m t h t h n g n h n g q u a n i m s n g to, c o.
L l u n p h i t r i qua n h n g t h t h c h h t sc gay gt.
Song, thc t i n c h n g m i n h l l u n c c h m n g g i i p h n g
d n tc ca H C h M i n h l n g n .
L l u n c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc ca H C h M i n h
l m t n g g p l n v o k h o t n g l l u n c c h m n g ca
t h i i , l m p h o n g p h t h m c h ngha M c - L n i n v cch
m n g thuc a.
- V phng
php
ut hnh cch mng gii phng
dn tc
P h n g p h p t i n h n h c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc
ca H C h M i n h h t sc c o v s n g to, t h m n h u n
tnh n h n v n .
X u t p h t t i u k i n lch s c t h t h u c a, n h t l
so s n h lc l n g q u c h n h lch v k i n h t v q u n s gia
cc d n tc b p bc v c h ngha q u c , H C h M i n h
x y d n g n n l l u n v p h n g p h p k h i ngha t o n d n
v c h i n tranh n h n d n .
90
H C h M i n h s n g q u a n i m t o n d i n , b i n
c h n g p h n tch, so s n h lc l n g gia ta v ch. P h t
h u y v s d n g sc m n h t o n d n tc, da v o sc m n h
t o n d n tc t i n h n h k h i ngha v t r a n g v c h i n t r a n h
c c h m n g , k t h p c c q u y l u t ca k h i ngha v c h i n
tranh l i m c o t r o n g p h n g p h p c c h m n g g i i
p h n g d n tc ca H C h M i n h .
H C h M i n h v n d n g s n g t o v p h t t r i n hc
t h u y t ca V.I.Lnin v c c h m n g t h u c a t h n h m t h
t h n g l u n i m m i , s n g to, bao g m c n g l i c h i n
lc, s c h lc v p h n g p h p t i n h n h c c h m n g g i i
p h n g d n tc t h u c a . l m t d i sn t t n g q u n
s v gi m H C h M i n h l i cho n g v n h n d n ta.
T tng thm nhp v o phong tro cng n h n v
phong tro yu nc Vit Nam, g p phn quyt nh trong
v i c x c l p con n g c u n c m i , l m cho p h o n g t r o
y u n c V i t N a m c h u y n d n sang q u o c c h m n g
v sn.
H Ch M i n h tp h p nhng thanh nin y u nc
V i t N a m , r i t r u y n b c h ngha M c - L n i n v l l u n
c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc cho h , d n d t h i theo con
n g m c h n h N g i t r i qua: t c h ngha y u n c
n v i c h ngha M c - L n i n . S c h u y n h a t i u b i u n h t
l T n V i t c c h m n g n g , t l p t r n g t sn c h u y n
sang l p t r n g v sn.
l s c h u y n h a m a n g tnh c c h m n g , a
n g h i p g i i p h n g v p h t t r i n d n tc t i n l n theo n h
h n g x h i c h ngha.
91
2. Soi n g t h n g l i c h o c c h m n g g i i p h n g dn
t c V i t Nam
T h n g l i ca C c h m n g T h n g T m v 30 n m chin
tranh c c h m n g V i t N a m (1945-1975) c h n g m i n h tnh
t h n c l p , t c h , tnh khoa hc, tnh c c h m n g v sng
to ca t t n g H C h M i n h v con n g g i i p h n g dn
tc V i t N a m , soi n g cho dn tc V i t N a m t i n ln,
c n g n h n l o i b i n t h k X X t h n h th k gii
ngha
tr ch
thc dn t r n t o n t h g i i .
- Thng li ca Cch mng
Thng
Tm
1945
M c d c h i n lc g i i p h n g d n tc c t h hin
t r o n g Cng lnh ch tr u tin ca n g b p h nhn
t r o n g m t t h i gian d i v b thay b n g m t c h i n lc u
tranh giai cp ca
Lun
cng
chh
tr t h n g 10-1930,
n h n g n c k h n g n h t r l i t r o n g t h i k trc tip
v n n g c u n c (1939-1945), c b i t t o n g H i ngjh l n
t h t m Ban C h p h n h T r u n g n g n g ( t h n g 5-1941).
Theo l l u n g i i p h n g d n tc ca H C h M i n h ,
n g c h t r n g "thay i c h i n lc", k i n
quyt
g i n g cao n g n c g i i p h n g d n tc, t n h i m v
c h n g q u c g i n h c l p d n tc l n h n g u , g i i
q u y t v n d n tc n g k h u n k h t n g n c n g
D n g , t h h l p M t t r n V i t Minh,
ra c h t r n g
k h i ngha v trang, l n h o t o n d n tc y
mnh
c h u n b lc l n g c h n h tr v lc l n g v t r a n g , xy
d n g c n c a c c h m n g ; s d n g b o lc c c h m n g
da v o lc l n g c h n h tr v lc l n g v t r a n g ; i t
k h i ngha t n g p h n v c h i n t r a n h d u k c h cc b , g i n h
92
c h n h q u y n b phn n h i u v n g nng thn, tin ln

c h p n g t h i c, t n g k h i n g h a c n n g t h n v
t h n h t h , g i n h c h n h q u y n t r o n g c n c .
- Thng li ca 30 nm chin tranh cch mng
(1945-1975)
N m v n g t t n g c c h m n g g i i p h n g d n tc
c a H C h M i n h , c d n t c V i t N a m t i n h n h h a i
cuc k h n g chin chng c h ngha thc d n c v m i
t r o n g s u t 30 n m .
T r o n g k h n g chin c h n g thc d n P h p , q u n v d n
ta a n h d n g n g l n v i t i n h t h n " t h h y sinh t t c , c h
nht nh k h n g chu m t nc, nht nh k h n g chu l m
n l " v n i m ti " k h n g c h i n n h t n h thng l i " ; thc
h i n m i n g i d n l m t n g i l n h , m i l n g x l m t
p h o i , m i k h u p h l m t t r n a, n h gic t o n
d i n v b n g m i v k h c t r o n g tay; v a k h n g c h i n
va k i n quc, va chin u va xy dng h u p h n g
v v n n g quc t; i t chin tranh d u kch ln chin
tranh chnh quy, k t h p chin tranh d u kch v i chin
t r a n h c h n h q u y , n h c h c m t t r n c h n h d i n v
sau l n g c h n g , k t h p n h t p t r u n g v n h p h n t n ,
n h t i u d i t v n h t i u hao, t n g b c l m t h a y i so
s n h l c l n g g i a ta v c h , t i n l n g i n h t h n g l i
q u y t n h t r o n g c u c t i n c n g c h i n lc n g X u n
1953-1954 v c h i n d c h i n B i n P h , l m x o a y c h u y n
c c d i n c h i n a n h v t o c s t h c l c v q u n s cho
c u c u tranh ngoi giao t i H i ngh Ginev, k t t h c
cuc k h n g chin.
93
T r o n g c u c n g u lch s gia d n tc V i t N a m v i
q u c M x m lc, q u n v d n ta n u cao tnh thn
d m n h M v q u y t t h n g M , v i tnh t h n : " K h n g c
g q u h n c l p , t do!"; q u n t r i t t t n g c h i n lc
t i n c n g , p h n g c h m c h i n lc n h l u d i v ngh
thut ginh thng l i tng bc; va xy ng h u phng
m i n Bc, v a y m n h cuc c c h m n g d n tc d n ch
n h n d n v c h i n t r a n h c c h m n g m i n N a m ; b n g chin
lc t n g h p ca c h i n t r a n h n h n d n : s n g bo lc
c c h m n g d a v o h a i lc l n g : lc l n g c h n h tr v lc
l n g v t r a n g ; k t h p u t r a n h c h n h tr v i u tranh v
trang; i t k h i ngha t n g p h n , t i n ln l m c h i n tranh
c c h m n g ; k t h p ba m i g i p c n g : q u n s, c h n h tr v
b i n h v n ; k t h p ba v n g c h i n lc: n n g t h n r n g ni,
n n g t h n n g b n g v t h ; k t h p k h i ngha v chin
t r a n h ; k t h p n i d y v t i n c n g , t i n c n g v n i d y ; kt
h p c h i n t r a n h n h n d n a p h n g v i c h i n tranh n h n
d n ca c c b i n h o n c h lc; k t h p ba t h q u n ; k t h p
n h l n , n h v a v n h n h ; k t h p t i u d i t lc lng
c h v i b i d n g lc l n g ta, thc h i n c n g n h c n g
m n h ; l m l u n g lay c h x m lc ca q u c M , k t h p
u tranh t r n ba m t t r n : q u n s, c h n h tr v n g o i giao,
thc h i n " n h cho M c t , n h cho n g y n h o " .
N h n g t h n g l i c h i n lc ca c c h m n g V i t N a m
t r o n g t h k X X c h n g t gi tr k h o a hc v thc t i n to
l n ca t t n g H C h M i n h v c c h m n g g i i p h n g
d n tc.
94
T r o n g c n g cuc i m i h i n nay, v n d n g t t n g
H C h M i n h v v n d n tc v c c h m n g g i i p h n g
d n tc, c h n g ta p h i b i t k h i d y sc m n h ca
ch
ngha y u n c v t i n h t h n d n tc, n g u n n g lc m n h
m x y n g v bo v t n c ; n h n thc v g i i
q u y t v n d n tc t r n l p t r n g giai cp c n g n h n ;
c h m lo x y d n g k h i i o n k t d n tc, g i i q u y t t t
m i q u a n h gia cc d n tc anh e m v t r o n g c n g n g
d n tc V i t N a m .
95
CHNG
HI
T TNG H CH MINH
V CH NGHA X HI V CON
NG
Q U LN CH NGHA X HI
VIT NAM
I - T T N G H CH MINH V C H N G H A X H I
VIT NAM
1. Tnh tt yu ca ch ngha x hi Vit Nam
H C h M i n h t i p t h u , v n d n g s n g t o l l u n
M c - L n i n v s p h t t r i n t t y u ca x h i l o i n g i
theo c c h n h t h i k i n h t - x h i . H C h M i n h a ra
q u a n i m : T i n ln c h ngha x h i l b c p h t t r i n t t
y u V i t N a m sau k h i n c n h g i n h c c l p
theo con n g cch m n g v sn.
M c t i u g i i p h n g d n tc theo con n g c c h m n g
v sn m H C h M i n h la c h n cho d n tc V i t N a m l
n c n h c c l p , n h n d n c h n g cuc s n g m
no, t do, h n h p h c , tc l sau k h i g i n h c l p d n tc,
n h n d n ta s x y d n g m t x h i m i , x h i x h i c h
ngha. T r o n g lch s cn i v h i n i , s p h t t r i n ca
96
d n t c V i t N a m c t r i n g h i m qua c c cuc u
t r a n h g i n h c l p d n tc. C c cuc u t r a n h g i n h c
l p d n tc x y d n g l i m t c h p h o n g k i n ( C n
V n g ) , h o c x y d n g m t c h c n g hoa i n g h t
sn (theo h t t n g t sn) b b tc. V i i u k i n lch
s m i , c o n n g p h t t r i n ca d n tc V i t N a m l c
l p d n tc g n l i n v i c h ngha x h i . i u n y c h n h l
s la c h n n g n ca H C h M i n h v thc t c h n g
m i n h c o n n g p h t t r i n ca d n tc V i t N a m l t t
y u , d u y n h t n g , h p v i i u k i n ca V i t N a m v p h
h p v i x u t h t t y u ca t h i i . N g a y t u n h n g n m
20 ca t h k X X , k h i tin theo l l u n v c h n g h a c n g
sn k h o a h c ca c h n g h a M c - L n i n , H C h M i n h
k h n g n h r n g : "Ch c c h ngha c n g s n m i c u n h n
l o i , e m l i cho m i n g i k h n g p h n b i t c h n g tc v
n g u n gc s t d o , b n h n g , b c i , o n k t , m n o t r n
q u t , v i c l m cho m i n g i v v m i n g i , n i m v u i ,
h a b n h , h a n h p h c , n i t m l i l n n c n g h a t h g i i
c h n c h n h , x a b n h n g b i n g i i t b n c h n g h a cho n
nay c h l n h n g v c h t n g d i n g n c n n h n g n g i lao
n g t r n t h g i i h i u n h a u v y u t h n g nhau'".
2. Quan nim ca H Ch Minh v c trng bn cht
ca c h ngha x h i V i t Nam
a) Cch tip cn ca H Ch Minh v ch ngha
hi
H C h M i n h t i p c n c h ngha x h i theo q u a n i m
H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t i , tr.461.

97
M c - L n i n t l p t r n g ca m t n g i y u n c i li
con n g g i i p h n g d n tc x y d n g m t x h i mi
t t p . N g i t i p t h u q u a n i m c a n h n g n h s n g lp
c h n g h a x h i khoa h c , n g t h i c s b s u n g cch tip
c n m i v c h ngha x h i .
- H
khoa
Ch Mth
thu l lun
tip
hc ca l lun Mc - Ln
ca cng
yu
cuc gii phng
v ch
ngha
x hi
trc ht l t yu
cu tt
dn tc Vit Nam.
N g i tm
t h y t r o n g l l u n M c - L n i n s t h n g n h t b i n chng
g i a g i i p h n g d n t c , g i i p h n g x h i ( t r o n g d c gii
p h n g g i a i c p ) v g i i p h n g c o n n g i . c n g l mc
t i u c u i c n g ca c h n g h a c n g s n theo n g b n cht
ca c h n g h a M c - L n i n .
- H Ch Minh
tip cn ch ngha
in na l o c, hng
mcxt,
x hi mt
ti gi tr nhn
phng
o, nhn
vn
g i i q u y t t t q u a n h g i a c n h n v i x h i theo
q u a n i m ca C M c v P h . n g g h e n t r o n g b n Tuyn
ca ng
Cng
ngn
sn m h a i n g c n g b t h n g 2-1848: S
p h t t r i n t d o ca m i n g i l i u k i n cho s p h t trin
t d o ca t t c m i n g i .
- Bao
ngha
trm
ln
tt
c l H
Ch
Minh
tip
cn
ch
x hi t vn ha. V n h a t r o n g c h n g h a x h i
V i t N a m c q u a n h b i n c h n g v i c h n h tr, k i n h t. Qu
t r n h x y n g x h i x h i c h n g h a V i t N a m c n g l
q u t r n h x y d n g m t n n v n h a m t r o n g k t tinh, k
t h a , p h t trin
n h n g g i tr t r u y n t h n g v n h a t t p
h n g n g n n m ca d n tc V i t N a m , t i p t h u tnh hoa vn
h a t h g i i , k t h p t r u y n t h n g v i h i n i , d n tc v
quc t.
98
N h n d n V i t Nam xy dng m t x h i n h vy
t h e o q u a n i m ca H C h M i n h c n g tc l t u n theo
m t q u y l u t p h t t r i n ca d n tc V i t N a m : c l p d n
tc v c h ngha x h i g n l i n v i n h a u . c l p d n tc
l t i n , l i u k i n t i n q u y t x y d n g c h n g h a
x h i ; x y d n g t h n h c n g c h n g h a x h i l m t i u
k i n b o m v n g chc, n g t h i l m c t i u cho
l p d n tc h n g t i . H C h M i n h t h y r tnh t t y u
ca s p h t t r i n i l n c h n g h a x h i c a d n tc V i t
N a m n g a y k h i t r t h n h n g i c n g s n n m 1920
k h n g n h i u t r o n g Cng
tin
lr chnh
tr u
ca n g C n g s n V i t N a m ; k i n t r , n h t q u n b o v
v p h t t r i n quan i m n y trong sut bc n g p h t
t r i n ca c c h m n g V i t N a m t v sau, m c d con
n g p h t t r i n y t h c c h t l m t c u c c h i n
k h n g l c h n g l i n h n g g l c k , h h n g , t o ra
n h n g ci m i m , t t ti; mc d con n g y c n h i u
k h k h n , c h n g gai, phc t p .
b) c trung bn cht tng qut ca ch ngha x hi
Vit
Nam
H C h M i n h b y t q u a n n i m ca m i n h v c h ngha
x h i V i t N a m k h n g c h t r o n g m t b i v i t h a y
ng
m t cuc n i c h u y n n o m t y t n g l c , t n g n i , t y
t n g i t n g n g i c , n g i nghe m N g i d i n t
q u a n n i m ca m n h . v n l theo cc n g u y n l c b n ca
c h ngha M c - L n i n v c h ngha x h i , n h n g v i c c h
d i n t n g n n g n i v v i t ca H C h M i n h t h n h n g
v n y c h t l l u n c h n h tr p h o n g p h , p h c t p c
99
b i u t b n g n g n n g ca cuc sng/ ca n h n d n Vit

N a m , r t m c mc, d u n g d , d h i u .
- H C h M i n h c q u a n n i m t n g q u t k h i c o i c h ngha
c n g sn, c h ngha x h i n h l m t ch x hi bao gm
cc m t r t p h o n g p h , h o n chnh, t r o n g con n g i c
p h t t r i n t o n d i n , t do. T r o n g m t x h i n h i, m i
t h i t c h , c c u x h i u n h m ti m c t i u g i i p h n g
con n g i . .
- H C h M i n h d i n t q u a n n i m ca m n h v ch
ngha x h i V i t N a m t r n m t s m t n o ca n nh:
c h n h tr, k i n h t , v n h a , x h i . . . V i c c h d i n t n h t h
ca H C h M i n h v c h ngha x h i d c h n g ta k h n g nn
t u y t i h a t n g m t , hoc t c h r i n g r t n g m t ca n,
m c n t t r o n g m t t n g t h chung. C h n g h n , k h i ni
c h u y n t i l p h n g d n g i o v i n cp l i , cp n i v H i ngh
s p h m v o t h n g 7-1956, H C h M i n h cho rng: " C h ngha
x h i l l y n h m y , xe la, n g n h n g , v . v . l m ca chung.
A i l m n h i u t h n n h i u , ai l m t tiu n t, ai k h n g l m th
k h n g n , t t n h i n l t r n h n g n g i gi c, a u y u v tr
con'". K h i n h n m i * m t l n h t , H C h M i n h n u c h
s h u c n g c n g ca c h ngha x h i v p h n p h i theo
n g u y n tc c a c h ngha M c - L n i n l l m theo n n g lc,
h n g theo lao n g , c p h c l i x h i . v m t c h n h tr,
H Ch M i n h n u c h d n ch, m i n g i c pht trin
ton d i n v i tinh thn lm ch.
- H C h M i n h q u a n n i m v c h ngha x h i n c ta
b n g c c h n h n m n h l m t x h i v l i ch ca T quc,
1. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.8, tr.226.

10
ca n h n d n , l " l m sao cho d n g i u n c m n h " ' , l " l m

cho T q u c g i u m n h , n g b o s u n g s n g " , "l
nng
cao i sng
vt cht
v vn hoa ca nhn
nhm
dn" ,
2
lm cho m i n g i c n no, mc m , c sung sng,

t d o , l " n c ta c h o n t o n c l p , d n ta c h o n
t o n t d o , n g b o ai c n g c c m n o mc, ai c n g c
hc h n h ' * n h "ham m u n t t bc" m N g i t r l i c c
4
n h b o v o t h n g 1-1946.
- H C h M i n h n u c h ngha x h i V i t N a m t r o n g
thc, n g l c c a t o n d n d i s l n h o c a n g
C n g s n V i t N a m . X y (.lng m t x h i n h t h l trch
n h i m , ngha v v q u y n l i , n g lc ca t o n d n tc. Cho
n n , v i n g lc x y n g c h ngha x h i V i t N a m , sc
m n h t n g h p c s d n g v p h t h u y , l sc m n h
t o n d n tc k t h p v i sc m n h t h i i .
c t r n g b n c h t t n g q u t ca c h ngha x h i V i t
N a m , theo H C h M i n h , c n g t r n c s ca l l u n M c Lnin, ngha l t r n n h n g m t v c h n h t r , k i n h t , v n h a ,
x h i . V c t h , c h n g ta t h y H C h M i n h n h n m n h
ch y u t r n n h n g i m sau y :
+ l mt ch chnh
tr do nhn
dn lm
ch
C h ngha x h i c c h c h n h tr d n c h , n h n d n
lao n g l c h v n h n d n lao n g l m c h , N h n c l
ca d n d o d n v v d n , d a t r n k h i i o n k t t o n
d n m n n g c t l lin m i n h c n g - n n g - t r thc, d o n g
Cng sn lnh o .
1. H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.8, tr.226.
2 H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.10, tr.556.
3 4. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.4, tr.161.
loi
M i q u y n lc t r o n g x h i u t p t r u n g t r o n g tay nhn
d n . N h n d n o n k t t h n h m t k h i t h n g n h t lm
c h n c n h . N h n d n l n g i q u y t n h v n mnh
c n g n h s p h t t r i n ca t n c d i c h x h i diu
ngha. H C h M i n h coi n h n d n c v t r t i t h n g trong
m i c u t o q u y n lc. C h n g h a x h i c h n h l s nghip
ca c h n h b n t h n n h n d n , da v o sc m n h ca ton
d n a l i q u y n l i cho n h n d n .
+ Ch ngha x hi l mtch
bin cao, gn Ii vi s pht
x hi c n n kin h
bin ca khoa hc - k
tpit
thut
l x h i c m t n n k i n h t p h t t r i n d a t r n c
s n n g s u t l a o n g x h i cao, sc s n x u t l u n lun
p h t t r i n v i n n t n g p h t t r i n k h o a h c - k t h u t , ng
d n g c h i u q u n h n g t h n h t u k h o a h c - k thut
ca n h n l o i .
+ Ch ngha x hi l ch' khng
cn ngi bc lt ngi
C h n g h a x h i d c h i u n h l m t c h hon
c h n h , t n c h i m u i . T r o n g c h ngha x h i , khng
c n b c l t , p bc, b t c n g , t h c h i n c h s h u x hi
v t l i u sn x u t v t h c h i n n g u y n tc p h n p h i theo
lao n g . l m t x h i c x y n g t r n n g u y n tc
c n g b n g , h p l.
+ Ch ngha
ha, o
x hi l mt x hi pht
trin cao v vn
l m t x h i c h t h n g q u a n h x h i l n h mnh,
c n g b n g , b n h n g , k h n g c n p bc, b c l t , b t cng,
k h n g c n s i l p gia lao n g c h n tay v lao n g tr
102
c, gia t h n h t h v n n g t h n , con n g i c g i i p h n g ,
c i u kin p h t trin ton din, c s hi h a trong p h t
t r i n ca x h i v t n h i n .
C c c t r n g n u t r n l h n h thc t h h i n m t h
t h n g g i t r i va k tha c c d i sn ca q u k h , v a c
s n g to m i t r o n g q u t r n h x y d n g c h ngha x h i .
C h ngha x h i l h i n t h n n h cao c a tin t r n h t i n
h a lch s n h n l o i . H C h M i n h q u a n n i m c h ngha x
h i l s l n g h p q u y n c h t ngay t r o n g c u t r c n i t i ca
n , m t h t h n g gi tr l m n n t n g i u chnh c c q u a n h
x h i , l c l p , t do, b n h n g , d n c h , c n g b n g ,
bo m q u y n con n g i , b c i, o n k t , h u
ngh...,
trong , c n h n g gi tr t o t i n , c gi tr h t n h n . T t
c n h n g gi tr c b n n y l m c t i u c h y u ca
ch
ngha x h i . M t k h i t t c c c g i tr t c th loi
n g i s v n ti l t n g cao n h t ca c h n g h a x h i ,
l "lin h p t d o ca n h n g n g i lao n g " m C . M c ,
P h . n g g h e n d b o . , c tnh ca con n g i c
p h t t r i n y , n n g lc con n g i c p h t h u y
cao
nht, g i tr con n g i c thc h i n t o n d i n . N h n g theo

H C h M i n h , l m t q u t r n h p h n u k h k h n , gian
kh, lu di, dn dn v k h n g t h nn nng.
3. Quan im H Ch Minh v mc tiu, ng lc ca
c h ngha x h i V i t N a m
a) Mc
tiu
H C h M i n h thc c r r n g gi tr ca c h ngha
103
x h i v m t l l u n l q u a n toong, n h n g v n quan
toong h n l tm ra con n g thc h i n n h n g gi b
n y . i m then cht, c ngha p h n g , p h p l u n quan
t r n g ca H C h M i n h l ra cc m c t i u c h u n g v mc
t i u c t h x y d n g c h ngha x h i t r o n g m i giai on
c c h m n g k h c n h a u n c ta. T h n g qua q u t r n h ra
c c m c t i u , c h ngha x h i c b i u h i n v i vic
t h a m n c c n h u cu, l i ch t h i t y u ca n g i lao ng
theo cc nc thang t t h p n cao, t o ra tnh h p d n , nng
n g ca c h x h i m i .
'
>
H C h M i n h , m c t i u c h u n g c a c h n g h a x hi
v m c t i u p h n u ca N g i l m t , l c l p , t
d o cho d n tc, h a n h p h c cho n h n d n ; l l m sao
cho n c ta c h o n t o n c l p , d n ta c hon
t o n t d o , n g b o ta a i c n g c c m n , o m c , ai cng
c hc h n h .
T c c h t v n n y , theo H C h M i n h , h i u mc
t i u ca c h n g h a x h i ngha l n m b t n i d u n g ct li
c o n n g l a c h n v b n c h t thc t x h i m c h n g ta
p h n u x y d n g . T i p c n c h ngha x h i v p h n g
d i n m c t i u l m t n t t h n g g p , t h h i n p h o n g cch
v n n g l c t d u y l l u n k h i q u t ca H C h M i n h .
H C h M i n h c n h i u c c h c p m c t i u ca c h ngha
x h i . C k h i N g i tr l i m t c c h trc t i p : " M c ch
ca c h ngha x h i l g ? N i m t c c h n
h i u l: khng
ngng
nng
cao i sng
g i n v d
vt cht
tinh
104
tn ca nhn
dn, t r c h t l n h n d n lao n g " . H o c

1
" M c c h ca c h ngha x h i l k h n g n g n g n n g cao

m c s n g ca n h n d n " . C k h i N g i d i n g i i m c t i u
2
t n g q u t n y t h n h c c t i u c h c t h : "Ch ngha x h i
l l m sao cho n h n d n n , mc, n g y c n g s u n g
s n g , ai n y c i h c , m a u c thuc, gi k h n g lao
n g c t h n g h , n h n g p h o n g tc t p q u n k h n g t t
d n d n c x a b... T m l i , x h i n g y c n g t i n , v t
cht n g y c n g t n g , t i n h t h n n g y c n g t t , l c h
ngha x h i " . C k h i N g i n i m t c c h g i n t i p , k h n g
3
nhc n c h ngha x h i , n h n g x t v b n cht, c n g

c h n h l m c t i u ca c h n g h a x h i theo q u a n n i m c a
N g i . K t t h c b n Ti liu
l Di chc),
tuyt
i b mt (sau n y g i
H Ch Minh vit: "iu mong mun cui cng
ca t i l: T o n n g , t o n d n ta o n k t p h n u , x y
dng m t nc Vit N a m h a bnh, thng nht, c lp,
d n ch v g i u m n h , v g p p h n xng n g v o s
nghip cch m n g t h gii"*.
H C h M i n h q u a n n i m m c t i u cao n h t ca
ch
ngha x h i l n n g cao i s n g n h n d n . Theo N g i ,

m u n n n g cao i s n g n h n d n p h i t i n l n c h n g h a x
hi. M c t i u n n g cao i s n g t o n d n l tiu c h t n g
q u t k h n g n h v k i m n g h i m tnh cht x h i c h
ngha ca c c l l u n c h n g h a x h i v c h n h s c h t h c
2 3. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, t.10, tr.271,159,591.

4 H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.12, tr.512.
105
t i n . T r t ra k h i q u o t h h o c l c h n g h a x hi
g i h i u hoc k h n g c g t n g t h c h v i c h n g h a x h i .
C h r v n u b t m c t i u ca
c h n g h a x hi,
H C h M i n h k h n g n h t n h u v i t ca c h ngha x
h i so v i c c c h x h i t n t i t r o n g lch s, ch ra
n h i m v g i i p h n g c o n n g i m t c c h t o n d i n , theo cc
c p : t g i i p h n g d n tc, g i i p h n g giai c p , x h i i
g i i p h n g t n g c n h n con n g i , h n h t h n h c c nhn
c c h p h t t r i n t do.
N h v y , H C h M i n h x c n h c c m c tiu c
t h ca c h n g h a x h i t r n t t c c c l n h v c ca di
sng x h i .
- Mc
tiu
chnh
tr: T h e o t t n g H C h Minh,
t r o n g t h i k q u l n c h n g h a x h i , c h c h n h b
p h i d o n h n d n lao n g l m c h , N h n c ca dn,
do d n v v d n . N h n c c hai chc n n g : d n ch vi
n h n d n , c h u y n c h n h v i k t h ca n h n d n . Hai
c h c n n g d k h n g t c h r i n h a u , m l u n l u n i di
v i n h a u . Mt
mt,
H C h M i n h n h n m n h p h i pht
h u y q u y n d n c h v s i n h h o t c h n h tr c a n h n dn;
mt khc,
l i y u c u p h i c h u y n c h n h v i t h i u s phn
d n g c h n g l i l i c h c a n h n d n , c h n g l i c h x
h i c h ngha.
p h t h u y q u y n l m c h ca n h n d n , H C h M i n h
c h r con n g v b i n p h p thc h i n c c h n h thc dn
c h trc t i p , n n g cao n n g lc h o t n g ca c c t chc
c h n h t r - x h i c a q u n c h n g ; c n g c c c h n h thc d n
c h i d i n , t n g c n g h i u lc v h i u q u q u n l ca
106
c c c q u a n l p p h p , h n h p h p v t p h p , x l v p h n
n h r chc n n g c a c h n g .
- Mc tiu kih
t: Theo H C h M i n h , c h c h n h tr
ca c h ngha x h i ch c b o m v n g v n g t r n
c s m t n n k i n h t v n g m n h . N n k i n h t t n n
k i n h t x h i c h ngha v i c n g - n n g n g h i p h i n i ,
khoa hc - k t h u t t i n t i n , c c h b c l t theo c h ngha t
bn c b d n , i sng v t c h t ca n h n d n n g y c n g
c ci thin.
N n k i n h t x h i c h ngha n c ta cn p h t t r i n
t o n d i n c c n g n h , t r o n g n h n g n g n h c h y u l c n g
nghip, n n g nghip, t h n g nghip, trong "cng n g h i p
v n n g n g h i p l h a i c h n ca n n k i n h t n c n h " .
K t h p cc loi l i ch l n h t l v n c H C h i M i n h
lt q u a n t m . N g i c b i t n h n m n h : c h k h o n l
m t toong n h n g h n h thc ca s k t h p l i ch k i n h t .
- Mc tiu vn ha - x hi: T h e o H C h M i n h , v n h a
l m t m c t i u c b n ca c c h m n g x h i c h ngha.
V n h a t h h i n t r o n g m i s i n h h o t t i n h t h n ca x h i ,
l xa n n m ch, xy d n g , p h t trin gio dc, n n g
cao d n t r , x y d n g ^ p h t t r i n v n h a n g h t h u t , thc
h i n n p s n g m i , thc h n h v s i n h p h n g b n h , g i i tr
l n h m a n h , b i t r m tn d o a n , k h c p h c p h o n g tc t p
q u n lc h u .
V b n cht ca n n v n h a x h i c h ngha V i t N a m ,
N g i k h n g n h : "phi x h i c h ngha v n i d u n g " . '
c m t n n v n h a n h t h ta p h i p h t h u y v n c q u b u
ca d n tc, n g t h i hc t p v n h a t i n t i n ca t h g i i .
107
P h n g c h m x y n g n n v n h a m i l: d n tc, khoa
hc, i c h n g . H C h M i n h nhc n h p h i l m cho phong
t r o v n h a c b r n g , n g t h i p h i c b s u . T r o n g khi
p n g m t g i i tr t h k h n g c x e m n h n n g cao tri
thc ca q u n c h n g , n g t h i N g i l u n l u n nhc nh
p h i l m cho v n h a g n l i n v i lao n g sn x u t .
H C h M i n h t l n h n g u n h i m v ca c c h mng
x h i c h ngha l o to con n g i . B i l , m c tiu cao
n h t , n g lc q u y t n h n h t c n g cuc x y d n g chnh l
con n g i . T r o n g l l u n x y d n g con n g i x h i ch
ngha, H d M i n h q u a n t m trc h t m t t t n g . Ngi
cho r n g : Mun
tng
c con ngi
x hi ch ngha,
x hi ch ngha,
phi
c t
t t n g x h i c h ngha m i con
n g i l k t q u ca v i c hc t p , v n d n g , p h t t r i n ch
ngha M c - L n i n , n n g cao l n g y u n c , y u c h ngha
x h i .
H C h M i n h l u n l u n n h n m a n h n t r a u d i , rn
l u y n o c c c h m n g ; n g t h i N g i c n g r t quan
t m n m t ti n n g , l u n to i u k i n m i n g i rn
l u y n ti n n g , e m ti n n g c n g h i n cho x h i . T u y vy,
H C h M i n h l u n g n ti n n g v i o c. Theo N g i ,
"c ti m k h n g c c l hng"; d n h i n , c p h i i i
v i ti, n u k h n g c ti t h k h n g t h l m v i c c . Cng
n h v y , N g i l u n g n p h m c h t c h n h tr v i t r n h
hc v n , c h u y n m n , n g h i p v , t r o n g " c h n h tr l tinh
t h n , c h u y n m n l t h xc". H a i m t g n b t h n g nht
t r o n g m t con n g i . D o v y , t t c m i n g i u p h i lun
l u n t r a u i o c v ti n n g , va c c v a c ti, va
"hng" v a " c h u y n " .
b) ng
lc
thc h i n n h n g m c tiu , cn p h t h i n n h n g
n g lc v n h n g i u k i n bo m cho n g lc thc
s t r t h n h sc m n h t h c y c n g cuc x y d n g c h
ngha x h i , n h t l n h n g n g lc b n trong, n g u n n i
lc ca c h ngha x h i .
Theo H C h M i n h , n h n g n g lc b i u h i n cc
p h n g d i n : v t c h t v t i n h t h n ; n i sinh v n g o i sinh.
N g i k h n g n h , n g lc q u a n t r n g v q u y t n h n h t
l con n g i , l n h n d n lao n g , n n g ct l c n g - n n g tr tRc. H C h M i n h t h n g x u y n q u a n t m n l i ch
c h n h n g , t h i t t h n cua h ; n g t h i c h m lo b i d n g
sc d n . l l i ch ca n h n d n v t n g c n h n .
X e m c o n n g i l n g lc ca c h ngha x h i , h n
na l n g lc q u a n t r n g n h t , H C h M i n h n h n t h y
n g lc n y c s k t h p gia c n h n (sc m n h c th)
v i x h i (sc m n h c n g n g ) . N g i cho r n g , k h n g c
c h x h i n o coi t r n g l i ch c h n h n g ca c n h n
con n g i b n g c h x h i c h ngha. T r u y n t h n g y u
n c ca d n tc, s o n k t c n g n g , sc lao n g s n g
tao ca n h n d n - l sc m n h t n g h p t o n n n g
lc q u a n t r n g ca c h n g h a x h i .
N h n c i d i n cho c h v q u y n lc ca n h n d n
d i s l n h o ca n g , thc h i n chc n n g q u n l x
h i a s n g h i p x y d n g c h ngha x h i n t h n g l i .
N g i c b i t q u a n t m n h i u lc ca t chc, b m y ,
t n h n g h i m m i n h ca k l u t , p h p l u t , s t r o n g sch, l i m
10^
k h i t ca i n g c n b , c n g chc cc c p t t r u n g ng
t i a p h n g .
H C h M i n h r t c o i t r n g n g lc k i n h t) p h t trin
k i n h t, s n x u t , k i n h d o a n h , g i i p h n g m i n n g lc sn
x u t , l m cho m i n g i , m i n h tr n n g i u c , ch quc
l i d n , gn l i n k i n h t v i k thut, kinh t v i x h i .
C n g v i n g lc k i n h t, H C h M i n h c n g quan tm
t i v n h a , khoa hc, g i o c , coi l d n g lc tnh thn
k h n g t h t h i u ca c h ngha x h i .
T t c n h n g n h n t n g lc n u t r n l n h n g ngun
lc t i m t n g ca s p h t t r i n . L m t h n o n h n g kh
n n g , n n g lc t i m t n g t r t h n h sc m n h v khng
ngng pht trin. H Ch M i n h n h n thy s lnh o ng
n ca n g c n g h a q u y t n h i v i s p h t trin
ca c h ngha x h i . y l h t n h n t r o n g h n g lc ca
c h ngha x h i .
N g o i c c n g lc b n toong, theo H C h M i n h , phi
k t h p c v i sc m n h t h i i , t n g c n g o n kt
q u c t , c h ngha y u n c p h i g n l i n v i c h ngha
q u c t ca giai c p c n g n h n , p h i s d n g t t n h n g
t h n h q u khoa h c - k t h u t t h g i i . . .
Nt c o trong phong cch t duy
b i n chng
H C h M i n h l c h b n c n h v i c ch ra c c n g u n n g
lc p h t i n ca c h ngha x h i , N g i c n l u , cnh
b o v n g n n g a c c y u t k m h m , t r i t t i u n g u n lc
v n c ca c h n g h a x h i , l m cho c h ngha x h i t r
n n tr tr, x c n g , k h n g c sc h p d n , l c h ngha c
HO
n h n v N g i coi n l "bnh m " ra h n g l o t b n h

k h c , l t h a m , l n g p h , q u a n liu... m N g i g i l
"gic n i x m " ; l cc c n b n h chia r , b p h i , m t o n
k t , v k l u t , c h quan, b o t h , g i o i u , V.V..
G i a n i lc v n g o i lc, H C h M i n h x c n h r t r
n i lc l q u y t n h n h t , n g o i lc l r t q u a n t r n g .
C h n h v t h , N g i t h n g n u cao t i n h t h n c l p , t
c h , t lc c n h sinh l c h n h , n h n g l u n l u n c h t r n g
tranh t h s g i p , h p t c q u c t , k t h p sc m n h
d n tc v i sc m n h q u c t t o t h n h sc m n h t n g h p
x y n g t h n h c n g c h ngha x h i , t r n c s b o
m cc q u y n d n tc c b n ca V i t N a m , k h n g can
t h i p v o c n g v i c n i b ca n h a u , c h u n g s n g h a b n h
v p h t trin.
li- CON NG, BIN PHP QU

L N CH NGHA X A H I V I T N A M
. c im, nhim v ca thi k qu ln ch ngha
x h i Vit Nam
a) Thc cht, loi hnh v c im ca thi k qu
C M c , Phingghen, V . L L n i n u k h n g n h tnh t t
y u k h c h q u a n ca t h i k q u l n c h ngha x h i v
ch r v tr lch s, n h i m v c t h ca n t r o n g q u t r n h
v n n g , p h t t i n ca h n h t h i k i n h t - x h i c n g sn
c h ngha.
Theo q u a n i m ca c c n h k i n h i n ca c h ngha
111
M c - L n i n , c hai con n g q u l n c h n g h a x h i
C o n n g t h n h t l q u trc t i p l n c h ngha x h i
t n h n g n c t b n c h ngha p h t t r i n t r n h cao.
C o n n g t h h a i l q u g i n t i p l n c h ngha x h i
n h n g n c c h ngha t b n p h t t r i n c n t h p , hoc n h
V.I.Lnin cho r n g , n h n g n c c n n k i n h t lc h u , cha
t r i qua t h i k p h t t r i n ca c h ngha t b n c n g c th
i l n c h ngha x h i c t r o n g i u k i n c t h n o ,
n h t l t r o n g i u k i n n g k i u m i ca giai c p v sn
n m q u y n l n h o (tr t h n h n g c m q u y n ) v c
m t hay n h i u n c tin t i n g i p .
T r n c s v n d n g l l u n v c c h m n g k h n g
n g n g , v t h i k q u l n c h ngha x h i ca ch
ngha M c - L n i n v x u t p h t t c i m t n h h n h thc
t V i t N a m , H C h M i n h k h n g n h con ng
cch
mng
Vit Nam
l tin hnh
hon
thnh
cch mng
dn tc dn ch nhn
ch ngha
gii
phng
dn
dn,
tin
tc,
dn
ln
x hi. N h v y , q u a n n i m H C h M i n h v t h i
k q u l n c h ngha x h i V i t N a m l q u a n n i m v
m t h n h t h i q u g i n t i p c t h - q u t m t x h i
t h u c a n a p h o n g k i n , n n g n g h i p lc h u sau k h i
g i n h c c l p d n tc i l n c h ngha x h i . C h n h
n i d u n g c t h n y , H C h M i n h c t h v l m p h o n g
p h t h m l l u n M c - L n i n v t h i k q u l n c h
ngha x h i .
Theo H C h M i n h , k h i b c v o t h i k q u ln
c h ngha x h i , n c ta c c i m l n n h t l t m t
n c n n g n g h i p lc h u t i n l n c h ngha x h i k h n g
112
p h i k i n h qua giai o n p h t t r i n t b n c h ngha. c

i m n y c h i p h i c c c i m k h c , t h h i n t r o n g t t c
c c l n h v c c a i s n g x h i v l m c s n y s i n h
n h i u m u thun. Trong , H C h M i n h c bit lu
n m u t h u n c b n ca t h i k q u , l m u
t h u n g i a n h u c u p h t t r i n cao c a t n c t h e o x u
h n g t i n b v thc t r n g k i n h t - x h i q u t h p k m
ca n c ta.
b Nhim v /ch s ca thi k qu ln ch ngha x
hi Vit
Nam
T h e o H C h M i n h , t h c c h t ca t h i k q u l n
c h n g h a x h i n c ta l q u t r n h c i b i n n n s n
x u t lc h u t h n h n n s n x u t t i n t i n , h i n i . T h c
cht ca q u t r n h c i to v p h t t r i n n n k i n h t quc
d n c n g l c u c u t r a n h g i a i c p gay go, p h c t p t r o n g
i u k i n m i , k h i m n h n d n ta h o n t h n h c b n c c h
m n g d n t c d n c h , so s n h lc l n g t r o n g n c v
quc t c n h n g b i n i . i u n y i h i p h i p
d n g t o n d i n c c h n h t h c u t r a n h c v c h n h t r , k i n h
l' v n h a , x h i n h m c h n g l i c c t h l c i n g c l i
con n g x h i c h n g h a .
Theo
nh
H C h M i n h , do n h n g c i m v tnh cht quy
q u l n c h n g h a x h i V i t N a m l m t q u
t r n h d n d n , k h k h n , p h c t p v l u d i . N h i m v lch
s ca t h i k q u l n c h ngha x h i V i t N a m
bao
g m hai n i d u n g ln:
113
Mt l, x y d n g n n t n g v t c h t v k t h u t c h o d i u
ngha x h i , x y n g c c t i n v k i n h t , c h n h tr, v n
h a , t t n g cho c h ngha x h i .
Hai l, c i t o x h i c , x y d n g x h i m i , k t h p ci
to v x y d n g , trong ly xy d n g l m trng tm, lm
n i d u n g ct y u nht, ch cht, lu d i .
H C h M i n h n h n m n h n tnh c h t t u n t , d n dn
ca t h i k qu l n c h ngha x h i . T n h c h t phc tp
v k h k h n ca n c N g i l g i i t r n c c i m sau:
Th nht,
y thc s l m t c u c c c h m n g l m o
l n m i m t i sng x h i , c lc l n g sn x u t v quan
h sn x u t , c c s h t n g v k i n t r c t h n g tng. N
t ra v i h i n g t h i g i i q u y t h n g l o t m u thun
k h c n h a u . N h t r o n g D chc,
H C h M i n h coi s
n g h i p x y d n g c h ngha x h i l m t cuc c h i n u
k h n g l ca t o n n g , t o n d n V i t N a m .
Th hai, t r o n g s n g h i p x y d n g c h ngha x h i ,
n g , N h n c v n h n d n ta c h a c k i n h n g h i m , nht
l t r n l n h v c k i n h t. y l c n g v i c h t sc m i m i
v i n g ta n n p h i v a l m , v a h c v c t h c v p v p ,
t h i u s t . X y d n g x h i m i bao g i c n g k h k h n , phc
t p h n n h x h i c l i t h i .
Th ba, s n g h i p x y d n g c h ngha x h i n c ta
l u n l u n b c c t h lc p h n n g t r o n g v n g o i n c tm
cch chng p h .
T v i c c h r tnh c h t c a t h i k q u , H C h M i n h
l u n l u n nhc n h c n b , n g v i n t r o n g x y n g c h
114
ngha x h i p h i t h n t r n g , t r n h n n n n g , c h q u a n , t
c h y giai o n . V n c b n i p h i x c n h n g b c i
v h n h thc p h h p v i t r n h ca lc l n g sn x u t ,
b i t k t h p c c k h u t r u n g gian, q u , t u n t t n g b c ,
t t h p n cao. V v y , x y d n g c h ngha x h i i h i
m t n n g lc l n h o m a n g tnh khoa hc, v a h i u b i t c c
q u y l u t v n n g x h i , l i p h i c n g h t h u t k h n k h o
cho t h t s t v i tnh h n h thc t.
c) Quan n ca H Ch Minh v ni dung xy dng
ch ngha x hi nc
ta trong
thi k qu
C n g cuc x y d n g c h ngha x h i r n c ta l s
n g h i p c c h m n g m a n g tnh t o n d i n . H C h M i n h x c
i n h r n h i m v c t h cho t n g l n h vc:
- Trong lt vc chinh
tr, n i d u n g q u a n t r n g n h t l
p h i g i v n g v p h t h u y v a i l n h o ca n g . n g
p h i l u n l u n t i m i v t c h n h n , n n g cao n n g
lc l n h o v sc c h i n u , c h n h thc t chc p h h p
p n g c c y u c u , n h i m v m i . Bc v o t h i k q u
l n c h ngha x h i , n g ta t r t h n h n g c m
q u y n . M i q u a n l m l n n h t ca N g i v n g
cm
q u y n l l m sao cho n g k h n g t r t h n h n g q u a n liu,

xa d n , t h o i h a , b i n cht, l m m t l n g tn ca d n , c t h
d n n n g u y c sai l m v n g l i , ct t m i q u a n h
m u t h t v i n h n d n v cho c h ngha c n h n n y n
d i n h i u h n h thc.
n g t h i , c n g c v t n g c n g v a i t r q u n l ca
115
N h n c t r o n g s n g h i p x y d n g c h ngha x h i n g y
c n g tr t h n h n h i m v r t q u a n t r n g .
M t n i d u n g c h n h tr q u a n t r n g t r o n g t h i k q u
l n c h n g h a x h i l c n g c v m r n g M t t r n d n
tc t h n g n h t , n n g c t l l i n m i n h c n g n h n , n n g d n
v tr thc, d o n g C n g sn l n h o ; c n g c v t n g
c n g sc m n h t o n b h t h n g c h n h tr c n g n h tng
t h n h t ca n .
- Ni
dung
lnh
tc
H C h M i n h c p t r n cc
m t : lc l n g sn x u t , q u a n h s n x u t , c c h q u n l
k i n h t. N g i n h n m a n h n v i c t n g n n g s u t lao ng
t r n c s t i n h n h c n g n g h i p h a x h i c h ngha. i
v i c c u k i n h t, H C h M i n h c p c c u n g n h v c
c u cc t h n h p h n k i n h t, c c u k i n h t v n g , l n h t h .
N g i q u a n n i m h t sc c o v c c u k i n h t
n n g - cng nghip, ly n n g nghip l m mt trn hng
u , c n g c h t h n g t h n g n g h i p l m c u n i t t nht
gia c c n g n h sn x u t x h i , t h a m n n h u c u t h i t y u
ca n h n d n .
i v i l n h t v n g , lnh th, H C h M i n h lu phi
p h t t r i n n g u gia k i n h t t h v k i n h t n n g thn.
N g i c b i t c h toong c h o p h t t r i n k i n h t v n g n i ,
h i o , v a to i u k i n k h n g n g n g c i t h i n v n n g
cao i s n g ca n g b o , v a bo m an ninh,
quc
p h n g cho t n c .
n c ta, H C h M i n h l n g i u t i n c h t r n g
p h t t r i n c c u k i n h t n h i u t h n h p h n t r o n g s u t t h i
116
k q u l n c h ngha x h i . N g i x c n h r v tr v
1
x u h n g v n n g ca t n g t h n h p h n k i n h t . N c ta
c n u Hn p h t t r i n k i n h t q u c d o a n h t o n n t n g
v t c h t cho c h n g h a x h i , t h c y v i c c i t o x h i
c h n g h a . K i n h t h p t c x l h n h t h c s h u t p t h
ca n h n d n lao n g , N h n c c n c b i t k h u y n
k h c h , h n g d n v g i p n p h t t r i n , v t chc h p
t c x , H C h M i n h n h n m a n h n g u y n tc d n d n , t
t h p n cao, t n g u y n , c n g c l i , c h n g c h q u a n , g
p , h n h thc. i v i n g i l m n g h t h c n g v lao n g
r i n g l k h c , N h n c b o h q u y n s h u v t l i u sn
x u t , r a sc h n g d n v g i p h c i t i n c c h l m n ,
k h u y n k h c h h i v o con n g h p tc. i v i n h n g
n h t s n c n g t h n g , v h t h a m gia n g h c c h
m n g d n tc d n c h n h n d n , c n g g p n h t n h
trong khi phc kinh t v sn sng tip thu, ci to g p
p h n xy d n g n c n h , xy d n g c h ngha x h i , n n
N h n c k h n g x a b q u y n s h u v t l i u s n x u t
v ca c i k h c ca h , m h n g d n h h o t n g l m l i
cho q u c k d n s i n h , p h h p v i k i n h t n h
nc,
k h u y n k h c h v g i p h c i t o theo c h n g h a x h i
b n g h n h thc t b n n h nc.
B n c n h c h v q u a n h s h u , H C h M i n h r t
coi t r n g quan h p h n p h i v q u n l k i n h t. Q u n l
. R nht l trong tc p h m Thng thc chnh

Xem H Ch M i n h : Ton tp, t.7, tr.201-249.
tr.
117
k i n h t p h i d a t r n c s h c h t o n , e m l i h i u q u cao,
s d n g t t c c n b y t r o n g p h t t r i n s n x u t . N g i
c h t r n g v c h r c c i u k i n t h c h i n n g u y n tc
p h n p h i theo lao n g : l m n h i u h n g n h i u , l m t
h n g t, k h n g l m k h n g h n g . G n l i n v i n g u y n tc
p h n p h i theo lao n g , H G h i M i n h b c u cp
v n k h o n t r o n g sn x u t , " G h l m k h o n l m t
i u k i n ca c h n g h a x h i , n k h u y n k h c h n g i
c n g n h n l u n l u n t i n b , cho n h m y t i n b . L m
k h o n l c h c h u n g v l i l i r i n g . . . ; l m k h o n t t thch
h p v c n g b n g d i c h ta h i n nay" .
1
- Trong
lnh
vc
vn ha - x hi, H C h M i n h n h n
m n h n v n x y d n g c o n n g i m i . c bit,
H C h M i n h cao v a i t r ca v n h a , g i o c v khoa
hc - k t h u t t r o n g x h i x h i c h ngha. N g i cho rng,
m u n x y d n g c h ngha x h i n h t n h p h i c hc thc,
c n p h i h c c v n h a , c h n h t r , k t h u t v c h ngha x
h i c n g v i khoa h c chc c h n a loi n g i i hanh
p h c v t n . H C h M i n h r t c o i t r n g v i c n n g cao d n tr,
o t o v s d n g n h n t i , k h n g n h v a i t r to l n ca
v n h a trong i sng x h i .
2. Nhng ch dn c tnh nh hng v nguyn tc,
b c i, b i n p h p thc h i n t r o n g q u trnh x y d n g ch
ngha x h i
H C h M i n h x c n h r n h i m v lch s, n i u n g ca

118
t h i k q u ln c h ngha x h i V i t N a m . i u t r n
tr k h n n g u i ca N g i l tm ra bc i , b i n p h p tin
h n h x y d n g c h ngha x h i , b i n n h n thc l l u n
t h n h c h n g t r n h h n h n g , t h n h h o t n g thc t i n
h n g n g y . xc n h b c i v tm c c h l m p h h p v i
V i t N a m , H C h M i n h ra hai n g u y n tc c tnh cht
phng p h p lun:
Mt l, x y d n g c h ngha x h i l m t h i n t n g p h
b i n m a n g tnh q u c t , c n q u n t r i t cc n g u y n l c b n
ca c h ngha M c - L n i n v x y d n g c h m i , c t h
t h a m kho, hc t p k i n h n g h i m ca c c n c anh em. H c
t p n h n g k i n h n g h i m ca c c n c t i n t i n , n h n g k h n g
c sao c h p , m y m c , g i o i u . H C h M i n h cho r n g ,
V i t N a m c t h l m k h c Lin X, Trung Quc v cc nc
k h c v V i t N a m c i u k i n c t h k h c .
Hai l, x c n h b c i v b i n p h p x y d n g c h
ngha x h i c h y u x u t p h t t i u k i n thc t, c
i m d n tc, n h u c u v k h n n g thc t ca n h n d n .
Trong k h i n h n m n h hai n g u y n tc trn y , H C h M i n h
l u va c h n g v i c xa r i c c n g u y n l c b n ca c h
ngha M c - L n i n , q u t u y t i h a ci r i n g , n h n g c
i m ca d n tc, v a c h n g m y m c , g i o i u k h i p
d n g c c n g u y n l ca c h ngha M c - L n i n m k h n g
tnh n n h n g i u k i n lch s - c t h ca t n c v ca
thi i.
Q u n t r i t h a i n g u y n tc p h n g p h p l u n v a n u ,
H C h M i n h xc n h p h n g c h m thc h i n b c i t o n g
119
x y d n g c h ngha x h i : d n d n , t h n t r n g t n g b c
m t , t t h p n cao, k h n g c h q u a n n n n n g v v i c x c
nh cc bc i p h i lun lun cn c v o cc i u k i n
k h c h q u a n q u y n h . H C h M i n h n h n thc v p h n g
c h m " T i n n h a n h , t i n m n h , t i n v n g chc l n c h ngha
x h i " k h n g c ngha l l m ba, l m u , " t c h y giai
o n " , c h q u a n , d u y c h , m p h i l m v n g chc t n g
b c , p h h p v i i u k i n thc t . T r o n g c c b c i ln
c h ngha x h i , H C h M i n h c b i t l u n v a i b ca
c n g n g h i p h a x h i c h ngha, coi l "con n g p h i
i ca c h n g ta", l n h i m v t r n g t m ca c t h i k q u
l n c h ngha x h i ; n h n g c n g n g h i p h a k h n g c
ngha l x y d n g n h n g n h m y , x n g h i p cho t h t to, q u y
m cho t h t l n , b t c h p n h n g i u k i n c t h cho p h p
t r o n g t n g g i a i o n n h t n h . Theo N g i , c n g n g h i p
h a x h i c h ngha ch c t h thc h i n t h n g l i t r n c s
xy dng v p h t trin nn n n g nghip ton din, vng
chc, m t h t h n g t i u t h c n g n g h i p , c n g n g h i p n h a
d n g n h m g i i q u y t v n l n g thc, thc p h m
cho
n h n d n , c c n h u c u tiu d n g t h i t y u cho x h i .
C n g v i cc bc i, H Ch M i n h g i n h i u
p h n g thc, b i n p h p t i n h n h x y d n g c h n g h a x
h i . T r n thc t , N g i c h o m t s b i n p h p c t h
sau y :
- Thc h i n c i to x h i c, x y d n g x h i m i , k t
hp ci to v i xy dng, ly xy d n g lm chnh.
- K t h p x y d n g v bo v , n g t h i t i n h n h h a i
120
n h i m v c h i n lc h a i m i n N a m - Bc k h c n h a u t r o n g
p h m v i m t q u c gia.
- X y d n g c h n g h a x h i p h i c k h o c h , b i n
p h p , q u y t t m t h c h i n t h n g l i k hoch.
- T r o n g i u k i n n c ta, b i n p h p c b n , q u y t n h ,
l u d i t r o n g x y d n g c h ngha x h i l e m ca d n , t i
d n , sc d n l m l i cho d n , d i s l n h o ca n g
C n g sn V i t N a m .
H C h M i n h cho r n g , p h i h u y n g h t t i m n n g ,
n g u n l c c t r o n g d n e m l i l i c h cho d n . N i
cch khc, p h i b i n s n g h i p xy d n g ch ngha x
h i t h n h s n g h i p ca t o n d n do ng l n h o. V a i
t r l n h o c a n g c m q u y n l t p h p l c l n g ,
ra n g l i , c h n h s c h h u y n g v k h a i t h c
t r i t c c n g u n l c c a d n , v l i c h ca q u n c h n g
lao n g .
KT LUN
T tng H Ch Minh v ch ngha x hi v con
n g q u l n c h n g h a x h i V i t N a m bao q u t
n h n g v n c t li, c b n n h t , t r n c s v n d n g s n g
t o v p h t t r i n c h n g h a M c - L n i n . l c c l u n i m
v b n cht, m c t i u v n g lc ca c h ngha x h i ; v
t n h t t y u k h c h q u a n ca t h i k q u ; v c i m ,
n h i m v lch s, n i d u n g , cc h n h thc, b c i v b i n
D h p t i n h n h c n g cuc x y d n g c h ngha x h i n c
121
ta. T t n g t r t h n h t i s n v g i , c s l l u n v k i m
c h n a m cho v i c k i n tr, g i v n g n h h n g x h i ch
ngha ca n g ta, n g t h i g i m n h i u v n v xc
n h h n h thc, b i n p h p v b c i l n c h ngha x h i
p h h p v i n h n g c i m d n tc v x u t h v n ng.ca
t h i i n g y nay.
C n g c u c i m i d o n g ta k h i x n g t i i
h i i b i u t o n q u c l n t h V I ( t h n g . 12-1986) l k t
q u ca s t n g k t n h n g v n l l u n v thc tin
s i n h n g t r o n g p h o n g t r o c c h m n g c a c n c sau
n m 1975.
Trong
n h n g n m i m i ton din t
nc, n g Cng sn V i t N a m - l n h o t o n ng,

t o n d n t h c h i n Cng
lih,
n g l i xy d n g t
nc trong thi k q u ln c h ngha x h i v

t c n h n g t h n h t u t o l n , c n g h a l c h s, to
ra t h v l c m i c h o c o n n g p h t t r i n x h i c h
n g h a n c ta. C n g v i t n g k t l l u n - t h c t i n ,
q u a n n i m ca
n g ta v c h n g h a x h i , v
con
n g i l n c h ngha x h i n g y c n g s t thc, c t h
h a . N h n g trong q u trnh x y n g ch ngha x hi,
b n c n h n h n g t h i c , v n h i , n c ta a n g p h i i
u v i h n g l o t t h c h thc, k h k h n c t r n b n h
d i n quc t, cng n h t cc i u k i n thc t trong
nc to n n . Trong b i cnh , v n n g t t n g H
C h M i n h v ch ngha x h i v con n g q u ln
c h n g h a x h i , c h n g ta c n t p t r u n g t h c h i n t h n g
l i cc n g h q u y t i h i i b i u t o n quc ca
ng,
122
b i t l i h i X I v C n g l n h x y d n g t n c
t r o n g t h i k q u l n c h ngha x h i ( b s u n g , p h t
t n n n m 2011). T r o n g , g i i q u y t n h n g v n q u a n
trng nht:
Kin tr mc tiu c lp dn tc v ch ngha x
hi:
H C h M i n h l n g i tm ra con n g g i i p h n g d n
tc V i t N a m : C o n n g c l p d n tc g n l i n v i c h
ngha x h i . c l p d n tc v c h ngha x h i c n g c h n h
l m c t i u cao c, b t b i n ca t o n n g , t o n d n ta. D i
s l n h o ca n g , n h n d n ta u tranh g i n h c
c l p d n tc, t n g b c q u d n ln c h ngha x h i .
T r o n g i u k i n n c ta, c l p d n tc p h i g n l i n v i
c h ngha x h i , sau k h i g i n h c c l p d n tc p h i i
l n c h n g h a x h i , v l q u y l u t t i n h a t r o n g q u
t r n h p h t t r i n ca x h i loi n g i . C h c c h ngha x
h i m i p n g c k h t v n g ca t o n d n tc: c l p
cho d n tc, d n c h cho n h n d n , c m n o o m cho m i
n g i d n V i t N a m . T h c t i n p h t t r i n t n c cho t h y ,
c l p d n tc l i u k i n t i n q u y t thc h i n c h
ngha x h i v c h ngha x h i l c s b o m v n g chc
cho c l p d n tc.
H i n nay, c h n g ta a n g t i n h n h i m i t o n d i n
t n c v m c t i u " D n giu,, n c m n h , d n c h , c n g
b n g , v n m i n h " , v n g b c i ln c h ngha x h i , t i p tc
con n g c c h m n g c l p d n tc g n l i n v i c h ngha
x h i m H C h M i n h l a c h n . V t h , i m i l q u
trnh v n d n g v pht trin t tng H Ch M i n h , kin
123
n h m c t i u c l p d n tc v c h n g h a x h i , c h
k h n g p h i l t h a y i m c t i u .
Tuy nhin, k h i chp nhn kinh t th trng, ch n g
h i n h p k i n h t quc t, c h n g ta p h i t n d n g c c m t tch
cc ca n , n g t h i p h i b i t c c h n g n c h n , p h n g t r n h
cc m t t i u cc, bo m n h p p h t t r i n n h a n h , b n
v n g t r n t t c m i m t i sng x h i : k i n h t , c h n h b ,
x h i , v n h a ; k h n g v p h t t r i n , t n g t r n g k i n h t
b n g m i gi m l m p h n g h i cc m t k h c ca cuc sng
con n g i .
V n t ra l t r o n g q u t r n h p h t t r i n v n g i v n g
n h h n g x h i c h ngha, b i t c c h s d n g c c t h n h
t u ca l o i n g i p h c v c h o c n g cuc x y d n g c h
ngha x h i , n h t l t h n h t u khoa hc - c n g n g h h i n
i l m cho t n g t r n g k i n h t l u n i l i n v i s t i n b ,
c n g b n g x h i , s t r o n g sch, l n h m a n h v o c,
tnh
thn.
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lm ch ca nhn
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cng nghip
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manh
lc, trc ht l ni lc y
mnh
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gn
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thc:
C n g n g h i p h a , h i n i h a g n v i p h t t r i n k i n h t'
t r i thc l con n g t t y u p h i i ca t n c ta. C h n g
ta p h i t r a n h 'th t h n h t u ca c c h m n g khoa h c v c n g
n g h , ca i u k i n giao l u , h i n h p q u c t n h a n h
c h n g b i n n c ta t h n h m t n c c n g n g h i p theo h n g
h i n i , s n h vai v i cc c n g quc n m c h u n h m o n g
m u n ca H C h M i n h .
H C h M i n h ch d n : X y d n g c h ngha x h i l
124
s n g h i p ca t o n d n , d o n g l n h o , p h i e m ti d n ,
sc d n , ca d n l m l i cho d n , ngha l p h i b i t p h t h u y
m i n g u n lc v n c t r o n g d n x y d n g cuc s n g m
no, h n h p h c cho n h n d n . Theo tnh t h n , n g y nay,
cng nghip h a , h i n i ha t n c gn v i p h t trin
k i n h t t r i t h c p h i d a v o n g u n lc t r o n g n c l c h n h ,
c p h t h u y m n h m n i lc m i c t h tranh t h s d n g
h i u q u c c n g u n lc b n n g o i . T r o n g n i lc, n g u n lc
con n g i l v n q u n h t .
N g u n l c ca n h n d n , ca con n g i V i t N a m
bao
g m tr t u , t i n n g , sc lao n g , ca c i t h t to l n . '
p h t h u y t t sc m a n h ca t o n d n tc n h m x y d n g v
p h t t r i n t n c c n g i i q u y t t t cc v n sau:
- TI d n , d a v o d n , x c l p q u y n l m c h ca n h n
d n t r n t h c t , l m cho c h d n c h c thc h i n
trong m i l n h v c h o t n g ca c o n n g i , n h t l a
p h n g , c s, l m cho d n c h t h t s t r t h n h n g lc
ca s p h t t r i n x h i .
- C h m l o m i m t i s n g ca n h n d n n n g cao
cht l n g n g u n n h n lc.
- T h c h i n n h t q u n c h i n lc i o n k t d n tc
ca H C h M i n h , t r n c s l y l i n m i n h c n g - n n g - t r
thc l m n n g c t , t o n n s n g t h u n x h i v n g
chc v m c t i u " D n g i u , n c m n h , d n c h , c n g
bng, v n minh".
Kt hp sc manh
dn tc vi sc mnh
thi
i.
X y d n g c h n g h a x h i p h i b i t tranh t h c c i u
k i n q u c t t h u n l i , t n d n g t i a sc m n h ca t h i
125
t N g y nay, sc m n h ca t h i i t p t r u n g c u c cch
m n g k h o a hc v c n g n g h , x u t h t o n c u h a . O i n g ta
c n ra sc tranh t h t i a c c c h i o x u t h t o ra d
n n g cao h i u q u h p t c q u c t ; p h i c c c h , c h n h sch
n g t h u h t v n u t, k i n h n g h i m q u n l v cng
n g h h i n i , thc h i n k h p sc m n h d n tc v i sc
m n h t h i i theo t t n g H C h M i n h .
M u n v y , c h n g ta p h i c n g l i c h n h tr c lp,
t c h . T r a n h t h h p t c . p h i i v i t h n g x u y n khi
d y c h ngha y u n c , t i n h t h n d n tc c h n c h n h ca
m i n g i V i t N a m n h m g p p h n l m gia t n g t i m lc
q u c gia.
H i n h p quc t p h i g n l i n v i n h i m v trau di
b n l n h v b n s c v n h a d n tc, n h t l cho thanh,
t h i u n i n - lc l n g r n g c t c a n c n h , k h n g t
n h m t m n h bi xa r i c t c c h d n tc. C h c b n lnh
v c t c c h v n h a d n tc s u sc, m n h m m i c t h
l o i t r c c y u t c h i , t i p t h u tnh hoa v n h a loi
n g i , l m p h o n g p h , l m g i u n n v n h a d n tc.
Chm
lo xy
trong
sch
quan
liu, tham
ch,
dng
b my
ng
nh nc,
trong
y
sch,
mnh
vng
u
manh,
tranh
lng ph,
thc hin
cn, kim,
ch cng v t xy dng
ch ngha
nhng,
lm
chng
i,
hi:
T h c h i n m c t i u c l p d n t c v c h ngha x h i ,
p h t h u y q u y n l m c h ca n h n d n c n n v a i t r l n h
o ca m t n g c c h m n g c h n c h n h , m t N h n c
t h t s ca d n , do d n , v d n . M u n v y , p h i :
- X y n g n g C n g sn V i t N a m c m q u y n , m t
n g "o c, v n minh". C n b, n g vin gn b m u
126
t h t v i n h n d n , va l n g i h n g d n , l n h o n h n
n , va h t l n g h t sc p h c v n h n d n , g n g m u
trong m i vic.
- X y d n g N h n c p h p q u y n x h i c h ngha ca
n h n d n , <lo n h n n , v n h n d n ; thc h i n c i c c h n n
h n h c h n h q u c gia m t c c h n g b p h c v i s n g
nhn dn.
- B n g c c g i i p h p t h i t thc, c t h , h n h t h n h m t
i n g c n b lim khit, tn trung v i nc, tn h i u v i
d n ; k i n q u y t a ra k h i b m y c h n h q u y n n h n g " n g
q u a n c c h m n g " , l m d n g q u y n lc ca d n m u cu
l i ch r i n g ; p h t h u y v a i t r ca n h n d n t r o n g cuc u
tranh c h n g q u a n liu, t h a m n h n g , l n g p h , g i v n g s n
n h c h n h t r - x h i ca t n c .
- G i o d c m i t n g l p n h n d n thc b i t c c h l m
g i u cho t n c , h n g h i y m n h t n g gia sn x u t ,
kinh doanh gn lin v i tit k i m xy d n g nc n h .
Trong iu kin t nc cn ngho, tit kim phi tr
thnh quc sch, t h n h m t chnh sch kinh t l n v c n g
l m t c h u n m c o c , m t h n h v i v n h a n h H
C h M i n h c n d n : M t d n tc b i t c n , b i t k i m l m t
d n tc v n m i n h , t i n b ; d n tc chc c h n s t h n g
c n g h o n n , lc h u , n g y c n g g i u c v v t c h t , cao
p v tinh thn.
127

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MGT.

D N H CHO SINH V I N I HC, CAO NG K H I KHNG CHUYN

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

D i s ch o ca Trung ng, t n m 2004, B Gio dc v

- Gio tnh Ekng li cch mng ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

khoa hc, g i n g vin c k i n h n g h i m ca m t s hc v i n ,

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

hnh Quyt inh

GS. TS. P h n g H u P h , GS. N g u y n c Bnh, GS. TS.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

GS. T r n T h n h , GS. TS. H o n g C h Bo, PGS. TS. Bi n h

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

I TNG, PHNG P H P NGHIN

1 Khi nim t tng v t tng H Ch Minh

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

K h i n i m "t t n g " lin q u a n trc t i p n k h i n i m

tin h n h n g h i m tc v t c nhng kt qu quan

1. ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin i hi di biu ton

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

1. ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin i hi i biu ton quc

c h ngha M c - Lnin; gi tr v n h a d n tc; t i n h hoa v n

ton din v su sc v nhng

thi l s kt tin h tin h hoa dn tc v tr

dn tc, gii phng

t tng H Ch M i n h c nhn din n h

m t h t h n g t r i thc t n g h p , bao g m : t t n g t r i t hc;

. H i ng Trung ng ch o bin son gio trnh quc gia

T tng H Ch M, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H N i ,

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

c t quan i m trong h thng t tng H Ch M i n h ;

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

H C h M i n h qua cc giai o n cch m n g ca n g v N h

c m i quan h cht ch.

Nam; n g i s n g lp, gio dc, rn l u y n v l lnh t

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

ginh c nhng thng l i v vang.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

v n d n g c h ngha d u y v t lch s v o vic n g h i n cu, hc

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

e) Quan im k th* v pht

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

cn thit trong n g h i n cu, ging dy, hc tp t

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

HI- NGHA CA VIC HC TP MN HC

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

Q U TRNH HNH THNH

V PHT TRIN T TNG H CH MINH

I- C S HNH THNH T TNG H CH MINH

nc v t h gii c n h i u bin ng.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

1. H Ch Minh: Ton tp, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H N i

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

hoa v n h a n h n l o i l m g i u cho v n h a d n tc...