FaultcurrentcontributionfromDG

Synchronousgenerator
Asynchronousgenerator
PVinverter(andotherconverterswithlowpowerrating)
NordicWorkshoponPowerSystemProtectionandControl
TrondheimNorwayMay25,2016
TorIngeReigstad,SINTEFEnergi

Technologyforabettersociety

Synchronousgeneratorshortcircuitcurrentcontribution

Peakaccomponent:~6timesrated
Maxdccomponent:sameaspeakac
Goestosteadystatevalue,dependingonsynchronousreactanceandAVR

[R.Roeper"Kurzschlusstrme inDrehstromnetzen",Siemens
Schuckertwerke AG,1964]

Technologyforabettersociety

Synchronousgeneratorshortcircuitcurrentcontribution

Technologyforabettersociety

Synchronousgeneratorshortcircuitcurrentcontribution
Reactance

Description

Symbol

Range per-unit

Period

Sub-transient
reactance

Determines maximum
instantaneous current and
current at time Molded Case
Circuit Breaker usually open

Xd

0.09 0.17

0 6 Cycles

Transient
Reactance

Determines current at short time

delay of circuit breakers

Xd

0.13 0.20

6 cycles to 5
sec.

Synchronous
reactance

Determine steady state current

together with AVR

Xd

1.7 3.3

After 5 sec.

Zero sequence
reactance
Negative
sequence
reactance

A factor in L-N short circuit

current

X0

0.06 0.09

A factor in single-phase short

circuit current

X2

0.10 0.22

Technologyforabettersociety

Asynchronousgeneratorshortcircuitcurrentcontribution
peakaccomponent:~6timesrated
maxdccomponent:sameaspeakac
decaystozero(noAVR)
2
ipos

1.8

Current [kA]

ineg

1.6

idc

1.4

i(t)

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1.05

1.1

1.15
1.2
Time [s]

1.25

1.3

1.35

Technologyforabettersociety

PVinvertershortcircuitcurrentcontribution

APVinverter'scurrentcontributionduringafaultis

notzero
variesbydesign

Theoutputcurrentislimitedbythecurrentcarryingcapabilityofthepower
electronicswitches.

Quanta Technologyhasinvestigated thebehaviorsof12differentPVinvertersduring

faults.ThePVinvertersaregroupedintotwocategories:

Model1
Genericmodel

Technologyforabettersociety

PVinverter:Model1

Model1:
Fastdisconnection(lessthanonecycle).
IfthePCCvoltagedropsbelow50%,theinvertercurrentisimmediatelyinterrupted.

Technologyforabettersociety

PVinverter:Model1

Technologyforabettersociety

PVinverter:GenericModel

GenericModel:
Operatefor4to10cyclesafterafaultincidentevenifthePCCvoltagedropsbelow50%.
Thecurrentisusuallybetween100%and120%oftheratedpoweroftheinverter.
ThecurrentcontributionlevelisafunctionofthevoltageattheterminalofthePVinverter
(PCC)duringafaultandtherebythetypeandlocationofthefault.

Technologyforabettersociety

PVinverter:GenericModel

Technologyforabettersociety

10

PVinvertershortcircuitcurrentcontribution

ThePVinvertersarefoundtodetectthefaultintwodifferentways:

Angleoffaultcurrents

Internalundervoltageprotection
Currentandvoltageunbalance
ThePVinverterfaultcurrent: inphasewiththevoltagemeasuredonitsterminalsbefore
thefaultoccurred.
Thesystemfaultcurrent:phaseshiftofapproximately8090degreeswithrespecttothe
systemsourcevoltage,dependingontheX/Rratio.
=>vectorsummationresultsinsmallervaluescomparedtoanarithmeticsummation.

FrequencyofPVinverterfaultcurrent:

Toolowvoltageattheterminaltodeterminefrequencyandphaseangle
=>thePLLoftheinverterwillsuddenlychangethefrequencyfrom+1Hzto+10Hz.
=>thevectorofthePVinvertercurrentwillrotatewithrespecttothesystemfaultcurrent.

Technologyforabettersociety

11

IEC60909:2016 Shortcircuitcontributionfromfullsize
converters

IEC609090:2016Shortcircuitcurrentsinthreephasea.c.systems Part0:Calculationof
currents

New:shortcircuitcontributionfrompowerstationunitswithfullsizeconverters(forinstancePV)
andfromwindpowerstationunitswithdoublyfedinductiongeneratorandfullconverters.

Fullsizeconvertershortcircuitcurrentcontribution

Modelledinpositivesequencesystembyacurrentsource

datashouldbeprovidedbythemanufacturerforthedifferenttypesofshortcircuits
theshortcircuitcurrentcontributionfromtheequivalentvoltagesourcesarecalculatedasearlier,
however,thecurrentcontributionsfromthefullsizeconvertsareaddedtothisvalue

Iftheshortcircuitcontributionsfromtheconvertersarenothigherthan5%oftheinitialshort
circuitwithoutthesepowerstationunits,theircontributionmaybeneglected.
PowerstationunitswithfullconverterareneglectedwhencalculatingtheDCcomponentofthe
shortcircuitcurrent.
Thepeakcurrentoftheconvertercontributionissquarerootof2timestherms value.
IEC60909doesnotconsiderthedynamicresponseandfrequencychangesofconverter

simulationsinthetimeframeisneededinordertoachieveamoreaccuratecurrentcontributionfrom
converters.

Technologyforabettersociety

12