TAMIL NADU NATIONAL LAW SCHOOL

( A State University Established by Act No.9 of 2012 )

NavalurKuttapattu, Srirangam, Tiruchirappalli - 620 009. Tamil Nadu

I YEAR II SEMESTER B.com. LL.B. (HONS.) DEGREE

COURSE
PAPER I

POLITICAL SCIENCE

CODE DATE OF SUBMISSION

18/03/2015

SUBMITTED TO
Dr.Subba Rao
(Assistant Professor in Political science)
SUBMITTED BY
H. Mohamed Abdul Raaziq
I year, B.com. LL.B. (Hons.)
Tamil Nadu National Law School
Registration Number: BC0150015
E-mail: raaziq2015@gmail.com
Cell: +91 8682059462

MARKS AWARDED

ACKNOWNLEDGMENT
At the outset, I take this opportunity to thank my Professor Dr.Subba Rao from the
bottom of my heart who has been of immense help during moments of anxiety and torpidity
while the project was taking its crucial shape.
Secondly, I convey my deepest regards to the Vice Chancellor Mr.Arun Roy and the
administrative staff of Tamil Nadu National Law School who held the project in high esteem
by providing reliable information in the form of library infrastructure and database
connections in times of need.
Thirdly, the contribution made by my parents and friends by foregoing their precious
time is unforgettable and highly solicited. Their valuable advice and timely supervision
paved the way for the successful completion of this project.
Finally, I thank the Almighty who gave me the courage and stamina to confront all
hurdles during the making of this project.

Words arent sufficient to acknowledge the

tremendous contributions of various people involved in this project, as I know Words are
Poor Comforters. I once again wholeheartedly and earnestly thank all the people who were
involved directly or indirectly during this project making which helped me to come out with
flying colours.

DECLARATION

I, Mohamed Abdul Raaziq H, do hereby declare that the project entitled National
Political Parties in India submitted to Tamil Nadu National law school in partial fulfilment
of requirement of award of degree in undergraduate in law is a record of original work done
by me under the supervision and guidance of Professor Dr.Subba Rao, department of
Political Science, Tamil Nadu National law school and has not formed basis for award of any
degree or diploma or fellowship or any other title to any other candidate of any university.

Date: 18/03/2016
Place: Tiruchirapalli

Students signature

(Mohamed Abdul Raaziq)

METHODOLOGY

The research methodology used in this project is analytical and descriptive. Data has been
collected from various books, materials, papers and web sources. This project is based upon
intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of the project.

Objective:
The Researcher have chosen the Researchable topic as National Political
Parties in India because to know more about political parties in India how they
functions and what are their ideologies how do they become as National parties

NATIONAL POLITICAL PARTIES IN INDIA: A BRIEF

STUDY

INTRODUCTION:
The increasing growth of political parties is due to the difference in ideology which drives
different groups of people to distinguish themselves, assert their uniqueness and impose their
views on the majority. An ideology is more or less coherent set of ideas that provide a basis
for organized political action. All ideologies give a picture of the present scenario and also
that of the desired future. It also provides an outline for such a political change. Parties have
more than one ideology and many at times have a combination of two or more ideologies.
Though there are numerous political parties in India only a handful have gained National
Party status.

NATIONAL PARTIES
There are six parties in India which enjoy the National status. The Bharatiya Janata Party, The
Indian National Congress, The communist Party of India (Marxist), The Communist Party of
India, The BahujanSamaj and The Nationalist Congress Party.
A registered party is recognized as a National Party only if it fulfils any one of the following
three conditions:
1. The party wins 2% of seats in the Lok Sabha (as of 2014, 11 seats) from at least 3
different States.
2. At a General Election to Lok Sabha or Legislative Assembly, the party polls 6% of
votes in four States and in addition it wins 4 Lok Sabha seats.
3. A party gets recognition as State Party in four or more States.

Recognised national parties as of 16 September 2014[2]

No

Name

Bharatiya Janata
Party

Indian National
Congress

Communist Party of
India (Marxist)

Abbreviatio
n

Foundatio
Symbol

n
year

BJP

Current
leader(s)

1980

Amit Shah

1885

Sonia Gandhi

1964

Sitaram Yechury

Lotus

INC
Hand

CPI-M

Hammer,
sickle and
star

Communist Party of
India

CPI

Ears of

1925

corn

Suravaram
Sudhakar Reddy

and sickle

Bahujan Samaj
Party

Nationalist
Congress Party

BSP

1984
Elephant

NCP

1999
Clock

Mayawati

[B]

Sharad Pawar

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS:

History:
The history of the Indian National Congress (INC) falls into two distinct eras:

The pre-independence era, when the party was the umbrella organisation leading the
campaign for independence;

The post-independence era, when the party has had a prominent place in Indian
politics.

The oldest National Party in India is the Indian National Congress which was founded on 28
December 1885 by a group of intellectuals who were inspired by western liberalism. The
party was founded based on the guidance of a British public servant Allan Octavian Hume of
the Theosophical society. It was established with the objective to obtain a greater share in
government for educated Indians and to create a platform for civic and political dialogue
between educated Indians and the British Raj.
In the first two decades (1885-1905) the aims and programmes of the Indian National
Congress was dominated by the Liberal Ideology. The early phase of the Congress was
dominated by leaders like DadabhaiNaroji, Surendranath Banerjee, Pherozsha Mehta,
Ranade, Gokhale and others who formed the core of Indian Liberalism. They shaped the
policy and programme of the Indian National Congress during the first two decades of its
existence. These leaders came from the upper strata of Indian society and were in most cases
the products of Western education. They had faith in the British sense of Justice and fair
play.1
The liberal ideology was replaced by Extremist views when the British did not accept the
demands made by them. In 1896-97, a severe famine swept over the country resulting in great
economic distress. Next, plague broke out and took a heavy toll of life in Bombay Presidency.
The relief machinery set up by the government was found utterly inadequate. Consequently,
1 Pg111, Principles of Political Theory ;:and Organization by Prof. L.S. Rathore&Prof.
S.A.H. Haqqi
8

the nation stood watching helplessly while millions were starving and dying because of the
famine and epidemic. This negligence on the part of the British rulers shocked the people.
The true nature of the British rule in India was exposed and the nationalist leaders realised
that the British wanted to rule India either by sword or diplomacy. The writings of
Dinshawwacha, R.C. Dutta and DadabhaiNaoroji proved that the impoverishment of the
people of India was due largely to the deliberate policy of the British government. Reforms
introduced by the Indian Council Act of 1892 were found to be hopelessly inadequate and
totally disappointing. They had lost faith in the British sense of justice and fairplay. In 1906,
DadabhaiNaroji declared Swaraj as the goal of Indias political struggle. This marked the
second stage of the Indian National Congress. They represented aggressive Indian
nationalism and became responsible for the split of the congress in 1907 at Poona. The
extremist block was organised under the leadership of the famous trio Lal-Bal- Pal. The
extremists drew inspiration from the India's past, invoked the great episodes of distant and
recent history and tried to infuse national pride and self-respect among the people. The
Bengal school of militant nationalism led by B.C. Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh was influenced
by the neo-vedantic movement of Swami Vivekananda, the Maharastra School led by
B.G.Tilak roused the people of Maharastra by reviving the memory of Shivaji. Tilak even
revived and utilised Ganapati festival for political propaganda. While the Moderates regarded
the British rule as a beneficial necessity, the Extremists believed that any foreign rule,
however just and benevolent wasacurse.The Extremists put PoornaSwarajya as their goal.
Tilak declared, "Swarajya is my birth right and I shall have it". In place of constitutional
methods, they substituted it with "passive Resistance". Their programme comprised of
Boycott, Swadeshi and National Education.

The goal of PoornaSwarajya inspired the people while boycott, and swadeshi brought
economic advantage to the Indians and prepared them to make certain sacrifices. National
education helped in the cultural regeneration of Indian youths. Even Mahatma Gandhi later
on adopted these very techniques of the Extremists. The Extremists brought the congress
nearer to the middle and lower middle class. Since the movement for self-rule led by militant
nationalists was based on religion and tradition of the Hindu society, it has been criticised for
introducing religious obscurantism and Hindu mysticism in politics. It has also been attacked
for creating a sense of estrangement among the Muslims.
9

According to Prof. A.R. Desai, " By identifying national awakening with a revival of
Hinduism, the extremists not only cut off the Muslim masses from the national movement but
also opened the way to the government's astute counter-move as the formation of the Muslim
League in 1906." Despite this, the militant nationalists were the first to experience
imprisonment, deportation and suffered privation. They were distinguished for the great
qualities of immense self-sacrifice and suffering for the cause of national freedom. They not
only gave militancy and assertiveness to the Indian National Movement but also instilled selfreliance into it.2
Because of ideological and methodological differences the two blocks of the congress began
to move away from each other. But the immediate cause of estrangement was that the
Moderates were satisfied with the prepared scheme of reform under Lord Minto but the
Extremists found them wholly unacceptable. All this resulted in the split in the congress in
1907 at Surat and it was not until 1916 that the two wings were reunited. The Extremists were
practically excluded from the congress and the Moderates enjoyed undisputed sway till
1914.3
In the late nineteenth and early to mid-twentieth centuries, Congress became a pivotal
participant in the Indian Independence Movement, with over 15 million members and over 70
million participants in its opposition to British colonial rule in India. After independence in
1947, Congress became India's dominant political party; as of 2015, in the 15 general
elections since independence, it has won an outright majority on six occasions and has led the
ruling coalition a further four times, heading the central government for 49 years. There have
been seven Congress Prime Ministers, the first being Jawaharlal Nehru (194764), and the
most recent Manmohan Singh (200414). The party's social liberal platform is generally
considered to be on the Centre-left of Indian politics.From 2004 to 2014, the Congress-led
United Progressive Alliance, a coalition of several regional parties, formed the Indian
government and was headed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. In November 2014, the
party was in power in ten states and had a majority in six Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal
2By identifying national awakening with a revival of Hinduism, the extremists not only cut
off the Muslim masses from the national movement but also opened the way to the
government's astute counter-move as the formation of the Muslim League in 1906."
3http://www.preservearticles.com/2011090212596/notes-on-the-indian-national-congressextremist-phase-1906-1919.html
10

Pradesh, Karnataka, Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram. In Assam, Kerala and Uttarakhand it
shared power with its alliance partners. The Congress has previously directly ruled Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab and Goa. The Congress'
social policy is based upon the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya the lifting up of all
sections of society which involves the improvement of the lives of economically
underprivileged and socially marginalized people. The party primarily endorses social
liberalism seeking to balance individual liberty and social justice, and secularism
asserting the right to be free from religious rule and teachings.

General Election Results:

Year

Indian general election,

1951

Indian general election,

1957

Indian general election,

1962

Indian general election,

1967

Indian general election,

1971

Indian general election,

1977

Indian general election,

1980

General
election

Seats won

Change in #

Percentage of

of seats

vote

Vote swing

1st Lok Sabha

364

44.99%

2nd Lok Sabha

371

47.78%

2.79%

3rd Lok Sabha

361

10

44.72%

3.06%

4th Lok Sabha

283

78

40.78%

2.94%

5th Lok Sabha

352

69

43.68%

2.90%

6th Lok Sabha

153

199

34.52%

9.16%

7th Lok Sabha

351

198

42.69%

8.17%

11

Year

Indian general election,

1984

Indian general election,

1989

Indian general election,

1991

Indian general election,

1996

Indian general election,

1998

Indian general election,

1999

Indian general election,

2004

Indian general election,

2009

Indian general election,

2014

General
election

Seats won

Change in #

Percentage of

of seats

vote

Vote swing

8th Lok Sabha

415

64

49.01%

6.32%

9th Lok Sabha

197

218

39.53%

9.48%

10th Lok Sabha

244

47

35.66%

3.87%

11th Lok Sabha

140

104

28.80%

7.46%

12th Lok Sabha

141

25.82%

2.98%

13th Lok Sabha

114

27

28.30%

2.48%

14th Lok Sabha

145

32

26.7%

1.6%

15th Lok Sabha

206

61

28.55%

2.02%

16th Lok Sabha

44

162

19.3%

BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY:

4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress

12

9.25%

The Bharatiya Janata Party is one of the two major parties in the Indian political system,
along with the Indian National Congress. As of 2015, it is the country's largest political party
in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies, and it is the world's
largest party in terms of primary membership. The BJP is a right-wing party, with close
ideological and organisational links to the Hindu nationalist RashtriyaSwayamsevakSangh.
The Bharatiya Janata Party (Indian People's Party) was founded in 1980. The concept of
Hindutva has a special place in its ideology, with the party aiming to transform India in to a
modern, progressive and enlightened nation which draws inspiration from India's ancient
Hindu culture. The party is pledged to build up India as a strong and prosperous nation,
which is modern, progressive and enlightened in outlook and which proudly draws
inspiration from India's ancient culture and values and thus is able to emerge as a great world
power playing an effective role in the community of Nations for the establishment of world
peace and a just international order. The Party aims at establishing a democratic state which
guarantees to all citizens irrespective of caste, creed or sex, political, social and economic
justice, equality of opportunity and liberty of faith and expression. A Ban on Cow Slaughter,
to honor the Hindu tradition of not consuming the flesh of cow, and prohibiting the
consumption of beef.
The partys basic philosophy is derived from the Hindu nationalist writings of the 1920s and
1930s. It claimed that Indian nationalism was essentially Hindu in character, and that the
Indian nation would soon reject the congress party with its secular and pluralistic philosophy.
It therefore treated the tension between India and pakistan as one with religious and cultural
overtones, and believed that Pakistan would one day become part of united India or Akhand
Bharat. Within India it stressed the need to respect Hindu traditions and to foster the
solidarity of the community, or Hindu Sanghathan. For this reason it advocated the cause of
hindi as the national language, opposed the granting of concessions to religious and cultural
minorities, and supported proposals to abolish cow slaughter. Its social and economic policies
took account of the interests of small businessman and traders, but the liberal themes in its
economic philosophy were balanced by corporatist themes regarding the role of the state in
curbing big business, ensuring stability and order in industrial relations, and mediating
between different producer groups, such as grain traders and cultivators. In agrarian politics,
it accepted from the outset, the need to abolish landlordism, and strengthen the mass of
peasant proprietors. During the British period, Hindu nationalism was expressed through a
number of regional traditions emphasizing common themes and symbols, but it remained
13

very much a party of the north, strongly associated with the cause of Hindi as a potential
National language.5
Our five commitments which laid down five basic principles which were intended to
produce a National consensus. The first was specified as nationalism and national integration
and presented the theme of Hindu Nationalism in careful but unmistakable terms:

India is one nation and Indians are one people, constituting and mutually accommodating
plurality of religious faiths, ideologies, languages and interests etc. BJP believes that
people of different faiths and different ideologies should be able to coexist in peace and
harmony with one and another. National consensus will be possible when the
development of the social group leads to the development of other social groups leads to
the development of other social groups. Those who have external or extra territorial
loyaltiesor are engaged in antisocial activities cannot be by any definition expected to
contribute to national consensus and therefore will have to be kept out.

The second principle was commitment to Democracy and fundamental rights; the third was
positive secularism, involving an acceptance of the need to protect fully the life and
propertyof minorities; the fourth was Gandhian Socialism, entailing the replacement of both
capitalism and statismby the principles of cooperative system and trusteeship in all fields of
economic activity; and the fifth was value based politics, which meant a rejection of
povertyand exploitation and an acceptance thatsocial and political life should be guided by a
set of norms and values. In rhetoric terms, this text presented the BJP as aprogressive party
with liberal and humanitarian concerns, implicitly laying claim to the mantle of the Janata
Party and as further move, to the social and political ideal which Nehrus Congress party had
proclaimed in the 1950s

General Election Results:

Year

Indian general election,

1984

General
Election

8th Lok Sabha

Change in

Seats Won

Seat

5 Indias Political Parties, Sage Publications, P 156

14

% of votes

7.74

votes

Ref

swing

[64]

Year

Indian general election,

1989

General
Election

9th Lok Sabha

Indian general election,

10th Lok

1991

Sabha

Indian general election,

11th Lok

1996

Sabha

Indian general election,

12th Lok

1998

Sabha

Indian general election,

13th Lok

1999

Sabha

Indian general election,

14th Lok

2004

Sabha

Indian general election,

15th Lok

2009

Sabha

Indian general election,

16th Lok

2014

Sabha

Change in

Seats Won

Seat

% of votes

votes

Ref

swing

85

83

11.36

3.62

[65]

120

35

20.11

8.75

[66]

161

41

20.29

0.18

[67]

182

21

25.59

5.30

[68]

182

23.75

1.84

[69]

138

44

22.16

1.69

[70]

116

22

18.80

3.36

[71]

282

166

31.00

12.2

[72]

BAHUJAN SAMAJ PARTY:

The party was founded on 14 April 1984 by Khansi Ram. Due to his deteriorating health in
the 1990s, former school teacher Mayawati became the party's leader. The party's power grew
quickly with seats in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly and India's Lower House of
Parliament. In 1993, following the assembly elections, Mayawati formed a coalition with
Samajwadi Party President Mulayam Singh Yadhav as Chief Minister. In mid-1995, she
15

withdrew support from his government, which led to a major incident where Mulayam Singh
Yadav was accused of keeping her party legislators hostage to try to break her party. Since
this, they have regarded each other publicly as chief rivals. Mayawati then sought the support
of the BJP to become Chief Minister on 3 June 1995. In October 1995 the BJP withdrew
support to her and fresh elections were called after President's Rule.
The BSP acquired the status of a national party in 1996 .The ideology of the BahujanSamaj
Party (BSP) is "Social Transformation and Economic Emancipation" of the "BahujanSamaj ",
which comprises of the Scheduled Castes (SCs), the Scheduled Tribes (STs), the Other
Backward Classes (OBCs) and Religious Minorities such as Sikhs, Muslims, Christians,
Parsis and Buddhists which account for over 85 per cent of the country's total population. Its
ideology is based on the argument that the majority are oppressed by the select upper class. It
aims to change this using the government power. The Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled
Tribes, the other Backward Castes, and the minorities, are the most oppressed and exploited
people in India. Keeping in mind their large numbers, such a set of people in India is known
as the Bahujan Samaj. The Party organize these masses.The party work for these down
trodden masses to- a. to remove their backwardness; b. to fight against their oppression and
exploitation; c. to improve their status in society and public life; d. to improve their living
conditions in day to day life. The social structure of India is based on inequalities created by
caste system. The movement of the Party is geared towards changing the social system and
rebuild it on the basis of equality and human values.

Secret successor of Mayawati:

On 9 August 2009, Mayawati declared that she had chosen a successor from
the Dalit community who is 1820 years her junior. She has penned down his name in a
sealed packet left in the safe custody of two of her close confidantes. The name of the
successor will be disclosed on her death.

COMMUNIST PARTIES:
The two communist parties are the Communist Party of India (CPI) and the Communist Party
of India (Marxist) [CPI(M)] next to the Congress. They are supporting the United Progressive
16

Alliance (UPA) government at the Centre from outside.The Communist Party is the oldest in
India. The communist movement began in the early twenties and the Communist Party was
founded in 1925. The communists assert that the people should be economically equal and
the society should not be divided into classes of rich and poor. The workers and peasants and
other toiling people who do most of the productive work for the society, should be given due
recognition and power.
CPI(M) emerged from a division within the Communist party of India (CPI). The undivided
CPI had experienced a period of upsurge during the years following the second world war.
The CPI led armed rebellions in Telengana Tripura, and Kerala. However, it soon abandoned
the strategy of armed revolution in favour of working within the parliamentry framework. In
1950 B. T. Ranadive, the CPI general secretary and a prominent representative of the radical
sector inside the party, was demoted on grounds of left-adventurism.
Under the government of the INC party of Jawaharlal Nheru, independent India developed
close relations and a strategic partnership with the Soviet union. The Soviet government
consequently wished that the Indian communists moderate their criticism towards the Indian
state and assume a supportive role towards the Congress governments. However, large
sections of the CPI claimed that India remained a semi-feudal country, and that class
struggle could not be put on the back-burner for the sake of guarding the interests of Soviet
trade and foreign policy. Moreover, the Indian National Congress appeared to be generally
hostile towards political competition. In 1959 the central government intervened to
impose President rule in Kerala, toppling the E. M. S. Namboodiribad cabinet (the sole nonCongress state government in the country).
Simultaneously, the relations between the communist partyof India and the communist party
of China soured. In the early 1960s the Communist Party of China began criticising the
CPSU of turning revisionist and of deviating from the path of Marxism-Leninism. SinoIndian relation also deteriorated, as border disputes between the two countries erupted into
the Sino-Indian war.
During the war with China, a faction of the Indian Communists backed the position of the
Indian government, while other sections of the party claimed that it was a conflict between a
socialist and a capitalist state. The basis of difference in opinion between the two factions in
CPI was ideological about the assessment of Indian scenario and the development of a party
17

programme. This difference in opinion was also a reflection of a similar difference at

international level on ideology between the Soviet and Chinese parties. The alleged 'right
wing' inside the party followed the Soviet path and put forward the idea of joining hands with
the then ruling party Indian National Congress. Whereas the faction of CPI which later
became CPI(M) referred to this as a revisionist approach of class collaboration. It was this
ideological difference which later intensified, coupled with the Soviet-Chinese split at the
international level and ultimately gave birth to CPI(M).6

NATIONALIST CONGRESS PARTY:

On 25th May 1999, three leaders of the Indian National Congress, who were expelled from
the party for strongly disputing the right of Italian-born Sonia Gandhi to become the leader of
the INC, joined hands to form a new party under the name of Nationalist Congress Party or
NCP. The three leaders were SharadPawar, P.A. Sangma and Tariq Anwar. They, along with
thousands of their supporters assembled at No. 6, GurudwaraRakabGanj Road, New Delhi to
form the new party and this marked the Red Letter Day of the country. NCP is a centre-left
political party, upholding the traditions of adherent Congress leaders like DadabhaiNaoroji,
Tilak, Jawaharlal Nehru, Annie Besant, MaulanaAbulKalam Azad and others. SharadPawar
was made the President of the NCP and P.A Sangma and Tariq Anwar were made the General
Secretaries of the Party. The Election Commission of India has recognized the NCP as a
National Party. In the history of the country, this was the only party to have attained the status
in such a short span of time.
The NCP stands for upholding the democratic secular society along with equality, social
justice and unity in the nation. It believes that the integrity of India can be achieved by
strengthening federalism and decentralizing power up to the village level. It believed in
empowering the weaker sections of the society, especially the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes and the OBCs. NCP is a strong proponent of the universal disarmament policies,
which alone can bring in peace in the country. NCP believes that economic growth in the
country can be achieved only through competition, self-reliance, individual initiatives which

6 Indias Political Parties, Sage Publications, p 160

18

cater to the demands of social justice and non-discrimination. It believes in eradicating

unemployment, starvation, communalism, exploitation from the society.
NCP adheres to the concept of a stable government which should be free of corruption at all
costs. This can only be attained through upholding the Rule of Law of the country, without
any biases in religion, caste, creed, gender and other social indicators. Similarly, it does not
accept the authoritarian and dynastic style of functioning of any party, like the INC, against
which the NCP protested fiercely. It believes in an institutionalized and democratic
functioning of the party. The members of the NCP believe that no person of foreign origin
can occupy the highest seats of power and responsibility in the country, namely the President
of India, Prime Minister of India, Chief Justice, Chief of Army and others. Though primarily
based in the state of Maharashtra, the NCP has gradually gained prominence in states such as
Assam, Gujarat, Bihar, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal. It is
even present in the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Ideologies:
The NCP stands for upholding the democratic secular society along with equality, social
justice and unity in the nation. It believes that the integrity of India can be achieved by
strengthening federalism and decentralizing power up to the village level. It believed in
empowering the weaker sections of the society, especially the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes and the OBCs. NCP is a strong proponent of the universal disarmament policies,
which alone can bring in peace in the country. NCP believes that economic growth in the
country can be achieved only through competition, self-reliance, individual initiatives which
cater to the demands of social justice and non-discrimination. It believes in eradicating
unemployment, starvation, communalism, exploitation from the society.7

Conclusion:
The reasercher has came to know about the political parties in India how they functions and
what are their ideologies

7 http://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/nationalist-congress-party.html
19

References:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Pg111, Principles of Political Theory ;:and Organization by Prof. L.S. Rathore&Prof. S.A.H. Haqqi
By identifying national awakening with a revival of Hinduism, the extremists not only cut off the
Muslim masses from the national movement but also opened the way to the government's astute
counter-move as the formation of the Muslim League in 1906."
http://www.preservearticles.com/2011090212596/notes-on-the-indian-national-congress-extremistphase-1906-1919.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress
Indias Political Parties, Sage Publications, P 156
Indias Political Parties, Sage Publications, p 160
http://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/nationalist-congress-party.html

20

BIBILOGRAPHY:
Webpages visited:
http://adaniel.tripod.com/parties.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party

21