Lateral Load Resisting Systems

IITGN Short Course

Gregory MacRae

Many slides from 2009 Myanmar Slides of Profs Jain and Rai

Lateral Loads

Wind

Earthquake

Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Rai, Murty and Jain

Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Vertical Elements
Moment-Resisting Frames
Walls
Bearing walls / Shear Walls / Structural Walls

Gravity Frame + Walls

Dual System (Frame + Wall)
Vertical Truss
Tube System
Bundled-Tube System

Floor/Diaphragm
Foundation various types

Rai, Murty and Jain

Vertical Elements

Building Structures
Structural Systems

Frame with Concrete

Shear Walls
Concrete Frame with
Shear Walls

Concrete Moment
Resisting Frame

Steel Braced Frame

Rai, Murty and Jain

Building Structures

Structural Systems

Rai, Murty and Jain

Evolution of Systems
Vertical Elements
Moment-Resisting Frames
Walls (Bearing walls / Shear Walls / Structural Walls)
Gravity Frame + Walls
Dual System (Frame + Wall)
Vertical Truss
Tube System
Bundled-Tube System

Rai,
Murty
and
Jain

U.S. Buildings, Zones 3 and 4

Sudhir K Jain

Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Bearing/Shear Wall System

Variations in LFRS Selection among seismic countries, Zones 3 and 4

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO

Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Building Frame /Shear Wall System

Variations in LFRS Selection among seismic countries, Zones 3 and 4

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO

Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Moment Resisting Frame System

Variations in LFRS Selection among seismic countries, Zones 3 and 4

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO

Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Wall/Frame Dual System

Variations in LFRS Selection among seismic countries, Zones 3 and 4

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO

Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO

Bearing/Shear Wall

Building Frame/Shear Wall

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Sudhir K Jain

Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO

Moment-Resisting Frame

Wall/Frame Dual Frame

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Sudhir K Jain

STRUCTURAL FORMS
Approximate Analysis of:
- Moment Frames
- Walls
Approximate analysis allows to get a simple
estimate of member sizes and to check the
magnitude of computer analysis results

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Sudhir K Jain

Moment Resisting Frame

Components
Beams
Columns
Joints

P/2

P/2

Ph / 2

Ph / 2

Ph / 2

Ph / 2

Joints: Most frames have joints where the angle

between the connecting members in maintained,
i.e., rigid joints.
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Sudhir K Jain

Moment Resisting Frame

BMD

Frame with rigid joints and with very flexible beams.

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Sudhir K Jain

Moment Resisting Frame

Deflected shape due to

flexural deformation of
columns

Deflected shape due to

flexural deformation of
columns and beams.

Deflected shape due to

flexural deformation of
columns and beams, axial
deformation of columns.

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Sudhir K Jain

Moment Resisting Frame

BMD
Frame with rigid joints and with infinitely rigid beams
For such a frame with
different flexibility beams,
what is the range of column
base moments?

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Sudhir K Jain

Moment Resisting Frame

0.5Lbeam

Lbeam

htop

0.7htop

hmid

0.5hmid

hmid

0.5hmid

hbot

Moment Pattern
Under Lateral Forces

0.7hbot
Hinges (locations of zero
moment) Midpoints of Beams

Aseismic Design Analysis of Buildings, by Kiyoshi Muto; Maruzen Company, Ltd.,

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Tokyo, 1974 xiv q-361 pp.

Moment Resisting Frame

Lateral Forces
Lateral Shears
Shears on Different
Columns
Exterior Columns Assumed to Carry One Half Shears of Internal Columns

Aseismic Design Analysis of Buildings, by Kiyoshi Muto; Maruzen Company, Ltd.,

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Tokyo, 1974 xiv q-361 pp.

Moment Resisting Frame

20kN

40kN

40kN

80kN

40kN

20kN

80kN

40kN

Shears on Different Columns

120kN

240kN

Lateral Forces

Lateral Shears

Exterior Columns Assumed to Carry One Half Shears of Internal Columns

Example:

If the storey shear at the top level is 120kN say, then the shear force on
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an internal column in 20kN, and on an external column is 40kN.

Moment Resisting Frame

6kN
20kN

40kN

40kN

80kN

40kN

20kN

80kN

40kN

Example:
Top right beam shear is found by
considering a free body. The beam
axial force is first computed from .
horizontal equilibrium as 20kN. Then,
by taking moments about the column
mid-height, the beam shear is
20kNx0.3*3.6m /(0.5x7.2m)= 6kN.
0.5 x 7.2m

20kN
Shears on Different Members

6kN

0.3 x 3.6m
20kN

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Moment Resisting Frame

6kN 21.6kNm
20kN

40kN

40kN

80kN

40kN

20kN

80kN

40kN

Example:
The beam moment demand is therefore
0.5 x 7.2m * 6kN = 21.6kNm due to
earthquake loads. This can be
combined with gravity loads for design.

21.6kNm
0.5 x 7.2m

20kN
Forces on Different Members

6kN

0.3 x 3.6m
20kN

A similar process may be used to obtain all moments, shears and axial forces throughout
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the frame.

Moment Resisting Frame

Seismic axial forces in columns
are generally small in the internal
columns since the shears in the
beams either side of the column
tend to cancel out. They are
generally greater in the external
columns
Forces on Different Members

Degree of Freedom in 2-D Frame

Degrees of freedom (3 per joint)

Degrees of freedom after

neglecting axial deformations
(one per joint +one per floor)

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Sudhir K Jain

Degree of Freedom in 3-D Frame

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Sudhir K Jain

Moment Resisting Frame

y
x
Plan of a three-storey building having three two-bay frame in the
y-direction, and by two four-bay frames in the x-direction
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Sudhir K Jain

Moment Resisting Frame

Plan of a three-storey building having three two-bay frame in

the y-direction, and by two four-bay frames in the x-direction
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Sudhir K Jain

Walls

Bearing wall / structural (shear) wall

Shear wall shear beam
Large width-to-thickness ratio; else like a column
Height-to-width
small ( 1) Mainly shear deformations
large ( 4)
Mainly flexural deformations
in-between Shear and flexural deformation
Foundation
rigid body rotation

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Sudhir K Jain

Walls

Wall with Shear

Deformation

Wall with Flexural

Deformation

Wall with both

Shear and Flexural
Deformation
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Sudhir K Jain

Example
Stiffness due to point load at the top
0.15m thick

0.4m
14m

3.6m

0.4m

0.4m

4m

Wall Section
Area = 860,000 mm2
Shear Area = 540,000 mm2 (= 0.15m x 3.6m)
Moment of Inertia = 1.867 1012 mm4
E = 25,500 MPa
G = 10,500 MPa

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Sudhir K Jain/MacRae

Example
3

flexure

shear

WH
W 14000
6
19
.
6
10
W mm
12
3EI
3 25,000 1.867 10
WH
W 14000
2.46 10 6 W mm
As G 540,000 10,500

Total Deflection

k wall

W
22.1 10 6W

flexure +

-6 W mm
=
22.1X10
shear

45,320 N mm

45,320 kN m

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MacRae/Sudhir K Jain

Rocking of Footing

4m

Shear wall

Footing

8m

Winklers Foundation
M

k(x ). 4dx

Sub grade modulus for some soils

k 30,000kN / m3
x
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Sudhir K Jain

Rocking of Footing
Rocking stiffness of footing
Rocking moment M causes rotation
Restoring moment
4

4m k x x dx

5.12 106 kNm

Rocking stiffness of footing

M
5.12 106 kNm / rad
Horizontal load W acting 14m above
Moment applied on footing = 14W kNm

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Sudhir K Jain

Rotation of footing
14W
5.12 106

Wall displacement at roof level

rocking

2.73 10 6W radians

2.73 10 6 W

14 3.83 10 5W m

Total deflection
total

rocking

flexure
5

shear
8

3.83X 10 W m 2.21X 10 W m
5

3.83X 10 W m

Wall stiffness
k wall

W
5
3.83X 10 W

26,110kN / m

Rocking governs deflections and stiffness!!!

It must be considered

Rocking of Footing

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Sudhir K Jain

Shear Wall with Openings

Issues
Stiffness calculations
Force resultants/stresses
Detailing
Stiffness

Small Opening
Ignore reduction in lateral
stiffness due to opening

Large Opening
Behaves as two walls connected
with a coupling beam
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Sudhir K Jain

Shear Wall with Openings Issues

beam
Wall

beam

Imaginary
beam
Shear panels

Analysis
Model

I=

Column

beam

Column

I=
Column

Ib

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Sudhir K Jain

Example

Beam size 200 X 1100

0.15m thick

0.4m

14m
A

Section AA
0.4m

Section BB
Opening

4m

3m

6m

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Sudhir K Jain

Wall-Frame Systems
How does a moment-resisting frame deform?
Say, frame is generally uniform (with height)
Storey stiffness same
Storey Shear

Storey
deformation

1000
1000

5
5

1000

1000

400

1000

100

1400
1500
1550

7
7.5
7.75

1000

Displacement
Profile

20
15

10
5

1000

50

28.25
23.25
16.25
7.75

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Sudhir K Jain

Wall-Frame Systems
How does a wall structure deform?
The deflected shape is
Straight line for point load at top
Approximately a quarter cycle of sine function in case of earthquake
force.
Deformation:

Cantilever beam

Frame

(flexural beam; ignoring shear deformation)

::Large inter-storey
displacement

Zero Slope :: Small inter-storey

displacement

Zero Slope
:: Small inter-storey
displacement
What happens, if we combine the two?

Large inter-storey
displacement
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Sudhir K Jain

Wall-Frame Interaction
Building has walls and frames which shear lateral loads
Extreme 1 ::
Walls too rigid compared to frames
Frames deform as per walls
Extreme 2 ::
Frames too rigid
Walls deform as per frames
Walls and frames comparable ::
Interaction through floor diaphragm
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Sudhir K Jain

Wall-Frame Interaction
Interacting Forces

tension

Combine
compression

Rigid Frame

Shear Wall

Shear Mode
Deformation

Bending Mode
Deformation

Combine Deformations

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Sudhir K Jain

Wall-Frame Interaction

Walls :: flexural deformations

Frames

:: deformations are
like shear beam

Buildings must be designed

to carry interaction forces

This can be considered

in analysis

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Sudhir K Jain

Other Systems
Tube Systems

Bundled Tube
A

Shear lag
A Compression Columns B

Plan

Variation in axial
force
in columns

Tension Columns
Force

Plan

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Sudhir K Jain

Horizontal Elements
Rai, Murty and Jain

Slabs:
Cast In Situ (Common in India)

Precast:
E.g. Post-tensioned
(with topping)

Cold-Formed Steel Deck

jpcarrara.com
http://www.formstress.co.nz/products/ribtimber.html#construction

Reinforced Concrete Cast-in-Situ Slabs

The slab is subject to horizontal load.

t
b

Moment of inertial for bending in its own plane

tb3
( Very large quantity!!)
I
12

Floor is stiff for bending deformation in its own plane.

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Sudhir K Jain

Floor Diaphragm Action

L

k
b

k/2

Plan of a one-storey building

with shear walls

Springs represent lateral

stiffness walls / frames

t = floor thickness; width of the beam representing floor diaphragm

b = floor width; depth of the beam representing floor diaphragm

L = span of the beam representing floor diaphragm

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Sudhir K Jain

Floor Diaphragm Action

Lateral earthquake force, EL

Beam representing
floor diaphragm
Ibeam = tb3/12
K

K/2

Vertical load analogy for floor diaphragm action

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Sudhir K Jain

In-plane versus out-of-plane deformation of floor

In Plane Force

In Plane Deformation of
Floor

Out of Plane Force

Out of Plane Deformation

of Floor
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Sudhir K Jain

Floor Deformations

In-Plane Floor Deformation

Out of Plane Floor Deformation

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Sudhir K Jain

Foundations
See Prashant Presentation

Thank you!!
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