B.Sc.

I Year
Syllabus of Mathematics (JNVU, Jodhpur)
Paper I

(i) chtxf.kr

(ii) 2D T;kferh

Paper II

(i) vodyu xf.kr

(ii) lekdyu xf.kr

Paper III

(i) 2D T;kferh

(ii) lfnk dyu

Paper II
(I) vodyu xf.kr (Differential Calculus)
Unit I (i) Pedal Equation & Derivative of an arc.
(ii) Curvature
Unit II

(i) Partial Differentiation

(ii) Maxima & Minima

Unit III

(i) Asymptotes

(ii) Singular Points & Double Points

(iii) Curve Tracing
(iv) Envelope & Evolutes
v/;k; - I
Pedal Equation & Derivative of the lenth of an arc
Ikfnd lehdj.k ,oa pki dh yackbZ ds vodyu
Palar Co-ordinates /kzqoh; funsZkkad P dksbZ fcanq
/kzqokarj (r)
OP Radius Vector
O /kzqokarj dks.k

A
dkrhZ; rFkk /kzqoh; funsZkkadksa esa laca/k&

Y
P ( x , y )=P(rcos , rsin )
r

P( x , y )

r= x 2 + y 2

y
tan =
x

y
O

r =x + y

=tan 1

y
x

Angle b/w radius vector & Tangent

/kzqokarj js[kk (OP) rFkk LikZ js[kk ds chp dks.k

- OP }kjk X v{k ds lkFk cuk;k x;k dks.k

LikZ js[kk PT }kjk X v{k ds lkFk cuk;k

x;k dks.k

OPT

- OP rFkk PT ds chp dk dks.k

esa cfg"dks.k var% dks.kksa dk ;ksx

PTX= POT + OPT

+
=

;fn o dk lehdj.k
rks

tan =r .

r=f ()

/kzqoh; lehdj.k

d
dr

mijksDr lw= ds mi;ksx ls Kkr djrs gSA

igys

dr
d

Kkr djrs gS] mldk O;qRe

d
dr

ysrs gSA

nks /kzqoh; oks dk izfrPNsnu dks.k&

nks o

C1 r =f 1( )

----------------------
C2 r =f 2 ()

----------------------

izfrPNsnu fcUnq

p(r , )

fcUnq P ij
(i)C1
OP

( ii ) C2
OP

nksuks ds chp izfrPNsnu dks.k

=1

o 2 dk varj

=1 2
tan =tan ( 12)
tan =

tan 1 tan 2
1+ tan 1 . tan 2

=tan1

tgkW

l 1l 2
1+l 1 l 2

l 1=tan1

l 2=tan2

izFke o gsrq

f}rh; o gsrq

l 1=tan1=r

l 2=tan2=r

d
dr

foks"k fLFkfr
(I)

yacdks.kh;rk dk izfrca/k =90

l 1 l 2=1
tan 1 . tan 2=1

(II)

oksa ds LikZ dk izfrca/k =0

l 1=l 2
tan 1=tan 2

fofHkUu yackbZ;kW&
( i ) Polar Tangent

/kzqoh; LikhZ

d
dr

ij LikZ js[kk PT
ds lkFk dks.k 1
I
ij LikZ js[kk P T

ds lkFk dks.k 2

( ii ) Polar tangent

/kzqoh; v/kksLikhZ

( iii ) Polar Normal /kzqoh; vfHkyac

( iv ) Polarnormal

/kzqoh; v/kksayac

fp=kuqlkj o ds fcanq P(r , ) dks O ls feyk;kA

ij LikZ js[kk (PT ) rFkk vfHkyac (PN ) [khapkA

ij OP ds yacor js[kk [khaph] tks LikZ js[kk rFkk vfHkyac dks

ek% T

rFkk N

ij feyrh gSA

PT LikhZ
OT

v/kksLikhZ

PN vfHkyac
ON

/kzqokarj js[kk

v/kksyac
OP

dk X v{k

ds lkFk dks.k
OP

rFkk LikZ js[kk OT

dks.k
T;kfefr ls ONP=OPT =

Ikgys i<+ pqds gS

tan =r .

(i)

/kzqoh; LikhZ (PT )

OPT

PT=

d
dr

r
esa cos = PT

r
=r sec
cos

PT=r 1+ tan 2
PT=r 1+l 2

ds chp

(ii)

d
dr

( )

PT=r 1+ r

v/kks LikhZ (OT )

OT
esa tan = r

OPT

OT =r tan=r .l
OT =r .(r
d
dr

OT =r

d
)
dr

vfHkyac ( PN)

(iii)

r
esa sin = PN

OPN

r
=r cosec
sin

PN =

PN =r 1+ cot 2 =r 1+

1
2
l

1 dr
2
r d

PN =r 1+

PN =r 1+

(iv )

1
tan 2

( )

v/kksyac (ON )

OPN
ON =
ON =

r
esa tan = ON

r
r
=
tan l
r
d
(r . )
dr

ON =

dr
d

/kzqo ls LikZ js[kk ij Mkys x, yac dh yackbZ&

fp=kuqlkj /kzqo O(O ,O) ls LikZ js[kk ij
Mkyk x;k yac OM
ftldh yackbZ ekuk
ledks.k OPM
sin =

gSA
p

gSA

esa&

L OM p
=
=
K OP r

p=r sin
2

P =r sin

1 1 1
= .

p2 r 2 sin 2
1 1
2
= 2 cosec
2
p r
1 1
= 2 [ 1+cot2 ]
2
p r

[ ]

1 1
1
= 2
2
p r tan 2

1 1
1 dr
= 2 1+ 2 .( )
2
p r
r d

1 1 1 dr 2
= + ( )
p2 r 2 r 4 d

;g foks"k laca/k gSA

rFkk r ds chp ;g laca/k ifn lehdj.k Hkh dgykrk gSA

ifnd lehdj.k

( Pedal Equation )Radius Vector OP (r )

rFkk /kzqo ls LikZ js[kk ij yac

dh yackbZ ( P) ds chp laca/k dks ifnd lehdj.k dgrs gSA

laca/k

rFkk r ds chp

(i)

1 1 1 dr 2
= + ( )
p2 r 2 r 4 d

/kzqoh; :i

( ii )

dkrhZ; :i & ekuk o f ( x , y ) =0 ----------------------------------

2
2
2
rFkk r =x + y -----------------------------------

o ds fdlh fcanq (x , y ) ij LikZ js[kk dk lehdj.k

Yy=

dy
( Xx)
dx

izo.krk

, m=

dy
dx

lehdj.k ls

/kzqo (o , o) ls bl ij yac dh yackbZ Kkr djsaxs&

x
p=

dy
y
dx

1+

dy
dx

yac lw= ls -----------------------

( )

]] ls x o

dk foyksiu dj

rFkk r esa laca/k Kkr djrs gS&

pki dh yackbZ dk vodyu&

( A)

dkrhZ; :i gsrq&

1- ;fn Qyu
Rks

y=f ( x)

ds
dy
= 1+
dx
dx

( )

2- ;fn Qyu x=f ( y)

Rks

ds
dx
= 1+
dy
dy

( )

3- ;fn izkpfyd lehdj.k gks

x=f (t)

Rks

ds
=
dt

y=g(t)

dx 2 dy
+
dt
dx

) ( )

Note fp=kuqlkj

cos =
sin =

dx
ds

dy
ds

cos 2 +sin 2 =1

dx
dy
+
=1
ds
ds

( )( )
( B)

/kzqoh; :i gsrw&

1- ;fn Qyu r=f ()

Rkks

ds
d
= r 2+
d
dr

( )

2- ;fn Qyu =f (r )
rks

ds
d
= 1+ r 2
dr
dr

Note

( )

fp=kuqlkj
sin =r

d
ds

cos =

dr
ds

cos2 + sin2 =1
dr 2
d 2
+ r
=1
ds
ds

( )( )

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