Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

CHAPTER

Indices and Logarithms

3
1 = 1
1. (a)
43
4

= 1
64

1 2

(d)

5
=
6

(b) (5 + 1)2 = 62

= 36

27
32 + 18 = 3ABB
(e) 3ABBBBB

=3

(c) (3 7)2 = (10)2

= 100

17 20 = ABBBBB
17 1
(f) ABBBBB
16

= ABB

=4

1
2 = 2
(d)
3
31
3
=
2
1

1 2

2
(g) 3
4

1 2

3
2
(e) 2
= 5
52
23

= 25
8
1
3
1
(f)
=
72 3
72
1
=
147

(b) 16 2 = (42) 2

=4

1 2 189 2 = 32 89

2
(c)
3

1

2

4
=
1

9 2 1

(22) 2
=
1

(32) 2
1
= 2
31
3
=
2
1

2

1 2

34 23
(b) = 34 1 23
3

= 3 3 23

= 216

2. (a) 8 3 = (23) 3

=2

4
(c)
9

(32) 2

42
1
3
2
1

23
1

3 42
3 1
3. (a) =
5
42
5
3
=
80

1 2

2
2
3 = 3
(g)
4
42
= 9
16
1

ABB
25
25
=
ABBB
36
ABB
36

4
=
3

(d)

ABB35 ABB35 = 35
1

(e) (4 2 23) (32 9)

= (2 23) 81

= 16 81

= 65

ABB
25 + ABB
27
5+3
=
(f)
23
8

=1
3

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

3

31 2 4

1 2

1 2

x(x2 1)
x3 x
(k) =
(x + 1)(x 1)
(x + 1)(x 1)
x(x + 1)(x 1)

=
(x + 1)(x 1)

=x

2 2

2
(g) 9 =
16

3 3
=
4

= 27
64

ABx ABx
4. (a) =
ABxB2

=

9x2 + x0 y0 = ABBBBBBBB
9x2 + 1 1
(l) ABBBBBBBBB
9x2

= ABBB

= 3x

xx

x2y3 2
x4y6
(m)
=
2
1
p
4

4p 2
4 6
xy

=
16p

ABxyB ABx ABy

(b) =
ABy
ABy

x
= AB

x2 y4
=
(c)
2x5 y2

=

x2 + 5 y4 2

2
1 x3y2

2
1

5. (a)
16 = 24
log2 16 = 4

(b)
100 = 102
log10 100 = 2

(d) AB
x (2AB
x x 2 ) = AB
x (x 2 )

=x

(c)

(x y)(x + y)
x2 y2
(e) =
2(x + y)
2x + 2y
xy

=
2

log2
3

= (x ) (y )
= xy

3 3

(e)

3 3

1 2

(x4) 2
=
1

(y2) 2
x2
=
y1
= x2y

5 = ABB
25
1

(h) p = q2x
logq p = 2x

6. (a) log10 1000 = 3

1000 = 103
(b) log2 8 = 3

8 = 23
(c) logAB2 4 = 4
2 )4

4 = (AB

(i) (x 2 y4)2 = (x 2 )2 (y4)2

= xy8

ABBBBB

ABBBBB
x2 y2
x2 y2
(j) =
xy
xy
ABBBB
(x + y)(x y)

=
(x y)
x+y

= ABBBB

4 =
(d) log 2

9
3
4 =

9
(e) loga c = b
c = ab

1 2

ABBBBBBBBB

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1 2

(g) x = ay + 2
loga x = y + 2

1

2

= 25 2
1
log25 5 =
2
(f) c = ba
logb c = a

x + y ABBBB
x+y
ABBBB
x+y
=
(g)
x2 + yx
x(x + y)
1

=
x
x4
(h)
y2

123 2

1 = 32

9
1 = 2
log3
9

ABBBB

= (x3 y3) 3

4 =

9
4
=
9

(d)

x5y3
x5 2 y3
= 3ABBBBBB
(f) 3
x2
3
x3y3

= ABBB

123 2

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

(f) logb (p + 1) = q
p + 1 = bq

(h) logAB2 8 = x
2 )x

8 = (AB
1x

23 = 2 2
1x

3 =
2
x = 6
logAB2 8 = 6

p
(g) logt = d
2
p
= td
2

1 2

(h) logp (xy) = t

xy = pt
(i) log4 1 = 0

1 = 40

5 2 = 52x
1
2x =
2
1

x =
4
1
log25 AB
5 =
4

(j) log10 0.1 = 1

0.1 = 101
7. (a) log10 1000 = x

1000 = 10x

103 = 10x

x = 3

\ log10 1000 = 3

5 = x
(i) log25 AB
AB5 = 25x

9 = log
3
(j) log3
3

4
2
2
2

1 2

OR

3
= 2 log3
2
2
=21
=2

1 2

log10 1000 = log10 103

= 3 log10 10
= 3 1
= 3

1 2

(k) log2 (5 3) = log2 2

=1
(l) log1 25 = x

(b) log10 0.1 = log10 1

10

= log10 1 log10 10

=01

= 1

1 2

1
25 =
5
52 = 5x
x = 2
log1 25 = 2

1 = log 1 log 5
(c) log5
5
5
5

=01

= 1

1 2

1 2

8. (a) log2 15 = log2 (3 5)

= log2 3 + log2 5

= 1.59 + 2.32

= 3.91

(d) log2 8 = log2 23

= 3 log2 2

=31

=3

(b) log2 25 = log2 52

= 2 log2 5

= 2(2.32)

= 4.64

(e) log9 9 = x

9 = 9x
x = 1
log9 9 = 1

3 = log 3 log 5
(c) log2
2
2
5

= 1.59 2.32

= 0.73

1 2

(f) log2 1 = x

1 = 2x
20 = 2x
x = 0
log2 1 = 0

(d) log2 10 = log2 (2 5)

= log2 2 + log2 5

= 1 + 2.32

= 3.32

(g) log2 16 = log2 24

= 4 log2 2

=41

=4

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

(c) 2 log10 a log10 t

= log10 a2 log10 t

3
(e) log2 0.6 = log2
5

= log2 3 log2 5

= 1.59 2.32

= 0.73

1 2

(f) log2

1 2

(e) 2 log10 p + 3 log10 q + log10 m

= log10 p2 + log10 q3 + log10 m

= log10 (p2q3m)

(f) 4 log2 p log2 8 + log2 q

= log2 p4 log2 8 + log2 q
p4q

= log2
8

1 = log 1 log 4
(g) log2
2
2
4

= 0 2 log2 2

=021

= 2

1 2

1 2

1 log b
(g) 2 log2 3 log2 a +
2
2
2
AB

= log2 3 log2 a + log2 b
9AB
b

= log2
a

(h) log2 452 = 2 log2 (45)

= 2 log2 (5 9)

= 2(log2 5 + log2 9)

= 2(2.32 + 2 log2 3)

= 2[2.32 + 2(1.59)]

= 11

(h) 5 log2 a log2 b log2 2c

= log2 a5 log2 b log2 2c
a5

= log2
2bc

(i) log2 0.15 = log2 15

100

= log2 3
20

= log2 3 log2 20

= log2 3 log2 (4 5)

= log2 3 (log2 22 + log2 5)

= log2 3 2 log2 2 log2 5

= 1.59 2(1) 2.32

= 2.73

1 2
1 2

1 log a log 4b log 2d

(i)
2
2
2
2
a log2 4b log2 2d

= log2 AB

ABa
= log2
(4b)(2d)

ABa
= log2
8bd

(j) 2 log3 AB
a + log3 p2 3 log3 q

= log3 a + log3 p2 log3 q3
ap2

= log3
q3

5 = log2 5 2
(j) log2 AB
1 log 5

=
2
2
1

= (2.32)
2

= 1.16

1 2

log10 10
10. (a) log8 10 =
log10 8
1

=
log10 8

= 1.107

(k) log2 3ABB

25 = log2 25 3
1 log 25

=
2
3
1

= 2 log2 5
3
2 (2.32)

=
3

= 1.547

log10 0.1
(b) log3 0.1 =
log10 3

= 2.096

log10 12
(c) log4 12 =
log10 4

9. (a) log10 a + log10 b = log10 (ab)

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1 2

(d) log10 p + 2 log10 q

= log10 p + log10 q2

= log10 (pq2)

25
= log2 25 log2 9
9
= log2 52 log2 32
= 2 log2 5 2 log2 3
= 2(2.32) 2(1.59)
= 2(2.32 1.59)
= 1.46

(b) log10 p log10 q = log10

a2
= log10
t

1 2
4

= 1.792

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

(d) log2 (2 + 7) = log2 9

log10 9

=
log10 2

13. log2 x = 36 logx 2

1
= 36
log2 x
(log2 x)2 = 36
36
log2 x = ABB
= 6

x = 26 or 26

= 3.170

= log9 25 log9 8
11. (a) log9 25
8
log3 25
log3 8

=

log3 9
log3 9

1 2

14.

log3 23
log3 52

=
log3 32
log3 32

log3 (2 52)
=
log3 3
10
log3 2 + log3 52
=
log3 3 log3 10
0.631 + 2 log3 5
=
1 (log3 2 + log3 5)
0.631 + 2(1.465)
=
1 (0.631 + 1.465)

15.

1 2

1
=1+
c

1
=
a 2 log3 3
1
=
a 2

logb b2
(c) log6 b2 =
logb 6

2 logx 5 + log5 x = 3
1
2 + log5 x = 3
log5 x

2 + (log5 x)2 = 3 log5 x
2
(log5 x) 3 log5 x + 2 = 0
(log5 x 1)(log5 x 2) = 0
log5 x 1 = 0 , log5 x 2 = 0
log5 x = 1
log5 x = 2

x = 5
x = 52
= 25

1 2

16.

b = log b log 9
(b) log3
3
3
9
1

= log3 32
logb 3

log3 x2 + 2 logx 3 = 5
1
2 log3 x + 2 = 5
log3 x

12. (a) log2 (2b) = log2 2 + log2 b

1

= 1 +
logb 2

2
log3 x 2 log3 x + = (log3 x)(5)
log3 x
2(log3 x)2 + 2 = 5 log3 x
2(log3 x)2 5 log3 x + 2 = 0
(2 log3 x 1)(log3 x 2) = 0
2 log3 x 1 = 0 , log3 x 2 = 0
1
log3 x =
log3 x = 2
2
x = 32
1

2
x = 3
= 9
3

= AB

= 3.249

log3 50
(b) log0.3 50 =
log3 0.3

2
log4 x 3 = log4 x (log4 x)
log4 x

3 log4 x 2 = (log4 x)2
(log4 x)2 3 log4 x + 2 = 0
(log4 x 1)(log4 x 2) = 0
log4 x 1 = 0 , log4 x 2 = 0
log4 x = 1
log4 x = 2

x = 4
x = 42
= 16

2 1.465 3 0.631
=

21
21
= 0.5185

3 2 logx 4 = log4 x
1
3 2 = log4 x
log4 x

2 log3 5
3 log3 2
=

2 log3 3
2 log3 3

17. (a) 52x + 1 = 1

125
= 1
53

= 53
2x + 1 = 3
2x = 4
x = 2

2 logb b
=
logb (2 3)
21
=
logb 2 + logb 3
2
=
c+a
5

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

1
(h) 2x 3x =
ABB
36
1
x
(2 3) =
6
6x = 61
x = 1

(b) 21 3x = 2 8
= 16
= 24
1 3x = 4
3x = 3
x = 1
1
(c) 2 4x 3 =
81 x
1
2 22x 6 =
23 3x
22x 5 = 23x 3
2x 5 = 3x 3
x = 2

x+1

18. (a) 3 5x + 25 2 = 140

1
21x + 12
3 5x + 5 2
= 140
3 5x + 5x + 2 = 140
3 5x + 5x 52 = 140
5x(3 + 25) = 140
140

5x =
28
= 5

x = 1

(d) 33x 5 91 x = 1
33x 5 32 2x = 1
3x 3 = 30
x 3 = 0

x = 3

(b) 2 3x + 4 3x + 1 = 126
2 3x + 4 3x 3 = 126
3x(2 + 12) = 126
126

3x =
14
= 9
= 32

x = 2

4
24x =
(e) ABB
16 )x + 2
(ABB
1

4
(24x) 2 =
4x + 2
22x = 4x 1
= 22(x 1)
2x = 2(x 1)
= 2x 2
4x = 2
1
x =
2

(f) (25)

(c) 5 2x 4 2x 1 = 8

5 2x 4 2x 21 = 8

5 2x 2 2x = 8

2x(5 2) = 8
8

2x =
3

125 3
=
5x

1 2x

x
3 3

(5 )
52(1 2x) =
5x
x
5
52 4x =
5x
= 1
= 50
2 4x = 0
4x = 2
1
x =
2

1 2
1 2

= 1.415

19. (a)
5x = 2x + 1

log10 5x = log10 2x + 1

x log10 5 = (x + 1) log10 2
= x log10 2 + log10 2

x log10 5 x log10 2 = log10 2

x(log10 5 log10 2) = log10 2
log10 2

x =
log10 5 log10 2

3x
(g)
=
5x
3 x =

25

9
5 2

3
3 2
=
5
x = 2

1 2 1 2

= 0.7565
(b)
32x 1 5 = 10

32x 1 = 15
log10 32x 1 = log10 15
(2x 1) log10 3 = log10 15
log10 15

2x 1 =
log10 3

1 2

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8
x log10 2 = log10
3
8
log10
3

x =
log10 2

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

log10 15
2x = 1 +
log10 3
log10 15
1 1 +
x =
log10 3
2

3x 4 = 0 , x + 1 = 0
x = 1
4
x =
3
Since x = 1 does not satisfy the original equation,
4.
then x =
3

= 1.732

(d) logABx 125 + logABx 5 = 8

logABx (125 5) = 8
x )8
125 5 = (AB
54 = x4

x = 5

3x
2x + 1 =
27
3x
=
33
= 3x 3

log10 2x + 1 = log10 3x 3
(x + 1) log10 2 = (x 3) log10 3

x log10 2 + log10 2 = x log10 3 3 log10 3

x log10 3 x log10 2 = log10 2 + 3 log10 3

x(log10 3 log10 2) = log10 2 + 3 log10 3
log10 2 + 3 log10 3

x =
log10 3 log10 2
= 9.838
(c)

(d)

(e) 3 logx 3 + logx 125 log5 25 = 1

logx 33 + logx 125 2 = 1

logx (27 125) = 3
27 125

x = 3ABBBBBBB

x = 15

2x 1 5x = 4

4
5x =
2x 1
22
=
2x 1

5x = 23 x

log10 5x = log10 23 x

x log10 5 = (3 x) log10 2
= 3 log10 2 x log10 2

x log10 5 + x log10 2 = 3 log10 2
3 log10 2

x =
log10 5 + log10 2

1. 272x 1 = 94x
33(2x 1) = 32(4x)
3(2x 1) = 2(4x)
6x 3 = 8x
2x = 3
3

x =
2
2. (a)

= 0.9031

x2

1 2

logx p = logx x
= 1
2

20. (a) 2 log2 x + log2 4 = 4

log2 x2 + log2 4 = 4
log2 (4x2) = 4

4x2 = 24

x2 = 4

x = AB
4
= 2 or 2

x = 12
p
p = 1

(b) logp x3 = 3 logp x

= 3

Since log2 (2) does not satisfy the equation

2 log2 x + log2 4 = 4, then x = 2.

(b) 3 log2 x 2 log2 x = log3 9

log2 x = log3 32
= 2

x = 22
= 4

1 log1 p 2
x

1
= 3
1
2
= 6

3.
61 + 3x = 7x
log10 61 + 3x = log10 7x

(1 + 3x) log10 6 = x log10 7
log10 6 + 3x log10 6 = x log10 7
x log10 7 3x log10 6 = log10 6
x(log10 7 3 log10 6) = log10 6
log10 6

x =
log10 7 3 log10 6
= 0.5225

(c)
log2 2x + 3 = log2 (3x 1)
log2 (3x 1) + log2 2x = 3
log2 2x(3x 1) = 3

6x2 2x = 23

6x2 2x 8 = 0

3x2 x 4 = 0
(3x 4)(x + 1) = 0
7

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

4. log2 30 = log2 (2 3 5)

= log2 2 + log2 3 + log2 5

=1+k+p

xy = 3 + 2 log3 x log3 y2
log3

1 2

10.

x
2
log3
y 2 log3 x + log3 y = 3

1 2

49 = log 49 log (4p)

5. logp
p
p
4p

= logp 72 logp 4 logp p

= 2 logp 7 2 logp 2 1

= 2q 2m 1

1 2

1xy 2(y )
2

= 3
log3
x2
y
log3
x = 3
y
3

x = 3

y = 27x

1 2

3x + 2
6.
3x 2 + = 2
81
x+2
3
x2
3 +
= 2
34
x2
x2
3 + 3 = 2
2(3x 2) = 2
3x 2 = 1
= 30

x 2 = 0

x = 2

log3 50

11. log9 50 =
log3 9

7. 2 log5 (x 1) = log2 3

log10 (x 1)
log10 3
2 =
log10 5
log10 2
log10 3
2 log10 (x 1) = log10 5
log10 2

log10 3 log10 5
1
log10 (x 1) =
log10 2
2
log10 (x 1) = 0.5539
x 1 = 100.5539
x 1 = 3.580
x = 4.580

2 log3 5 + log3 2
=
2(1)
2q + p
=
2
1p
=q+
2

22x 2 3 = 2 2

22x 5 = 2 2
1x
2x 5 =
2
1 x = 5
2x
2
3 x = 5

2
10

x =
3

3 = log2 (1 + 4x) log2 x

1 + 4x
= log2
x
1 + 4x
= 23
x
= 8
1 + 4x = 8x
4x = 1
1

x =
4

2.
32x + 1 = 5x
log10 32x + 1 = log10 5x
(2x + 1) log10 3 = x log10 5
2x log10 3 + log10 3 = x log10 5
2x log10 3 x log10 5 = log10 3
x(2 log10 3 log10 5) = log10 3
log10 3

x =
2 log10 3 log10 5
= 1.869

9.
x = 3p
log3 x = p
y = 3k
log3 y = k

x = log x log y
log3
3
3
y
1 log x log y
=
3
3
2
1pk
=
2
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log3 52 + log3 2
=
2 log3 3

4x 1 = ABB
2x
1.
8
1

22(x 1)
x
2

=
2
3
2

8.

log3 (52 2)
=
log3 32

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

1
3.
1253x =
5x 1
(53)3x = 51 x
59x = 51 x
9x = 1 x
10x = 1
1
x =
10

x
log3 x 2 log3 y = 3 log3
y
x
log3 x 2 log3 y + log3
=
3
y
x
x
y
= 3
log3
y2

9.

1 2
1 2

3 4

x2
log3
= 3
y3
2
x

= 33
y3
x2

y3 =
27
3ABB
x2

y =
3

1 2

4. log5 P + log25 Q = 2
log5 Q
log5 P + = 2
log5 25
log5 Q
log5 P + = 2
2
2 log5 P + log5 Q = 4
log5 (P2Q) = 4

P2Q = 625
625

P2 =
Q
25

P =
ABB
Q

log10 7
10. log5 7 =
log10 5

1 2

6.
log3 2x log3 (1 3x) = 2
2x

log3 = 2
1 3x
2x
= 32

1 3x
= 9

2x = 9(1 3x)
= 9 27x

29x = 9
9

x =
29

12.
5log5 (x 1) = 10
x 1 = 10

x = 11
OR
log5 5log5(x 1) = log5 10
log5 (x 1) log5 5 = log5 10
log5 (x 1) = log5 10

x 1 = 10

x = 11

13.
8logx + 1 5 = 5
x + 1 = 8

x = 7

1
24 x 23 x =
4
1
24 2x 23 2x =
4
2x(24 23) = 22
2x(8) = 22
2x 23 = 22
23 x = 22

3 x = 2

x = 5

7.

14. log3 81 logABt t

logt t
= log3 34
t
logt AB
1
= 4 log3 3
1 log t

t
2
1
= 4
1

2
=42
=2

16p2
8. logp = logp 16 + logp p2 logp 9
9

= logp 24 + 2 logp p logp 32

= 1.209

11. log2 [log3 (2x 5)] = log4 16

= 2

log3 (2x 5) = 22

2x 5 = 34

2x = 81 + 5
= 86

x = 43

3
5. log2 0.3 = log2
10

= log2 3 log2 10

= m log2 2 log2 5

=m1n

1 2

= 4 logp 2 + 2 2 logp 3
= 4m + 2 2t

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

15. log3 (2x 1) + log3 (x 2) = 2

log3 [(2x 1)(x 2)] = 2
(2x 1)(x 2) = 9
2x2 5x + 2 = 9
2x2 5x 7 = 0
(2x 7)(x + 1) = 0
2x 7 = 0
,
x + 1 = 0
7
x = 1

x =
2

ABa
a logp b
18. (a) logp = logp AB
b
1 log a log b

=
p
p
2
1

= (0.613) 1.209
2

= 0.9025

1 2

(b) loga (ap2) = loga a + loga p2

= 1 + 2 loga p
1

= 1 + 2
logp a

Since log for negative number is non-existent, then

7.
x=
2

1 2

1 2

4p
(ii) log2
ABq

1 2

(b)

= log2 (4p) log2 AB

q

1 log q
= log2 4 + log2 p
2
2
1
= 2 + a b
2

AB3 (2x 1) = 9

9
2x 1 =
AB3
32
=
1

32

log2 75
(c) log5 75 =
log2 5

19. (a) (i) log2 (p3AB

q)
3
q

= log2 p + log2 AB
1

= 3 log2 p + log2 q
2
1

= 3a + b
2

1 2

log2 (25 3)
=
log2 5

log2 52 + log2 3
=
log2 5

= 3 2

log10 2x 1 = log10 3 2

2 log2 5 + log2 3
=
log2 5

3 log 3
(x 1) log10 2 =
10
2
3 log 3

10

x 1 = 2
log10 2

2(2.32) + 1.59
=
2.32
= 2.685

3 log10 3
x = + 1
2 log10 2

= 3.377
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ABp
(c) logb
= logb AB
p logb b2
b2
1 log p 2 log b

=
b
b
2
1
1

=
21
2 1.209

= 1.586

3
(b) log2 1.5 = log2
2

= log2 3 log2 2

= 1.59 1

= 0.59

17. (a) log2 45 = log2 (5 9)

= log2 5 + log2 9

= 2.32 + 2 log2 3

= 2.32 + 2(1.59)

= 5.5

1
= 1 + 2
0.613
= 4.263

4
16.
log4 x = 1 log2
x
log2 x

= 1 log2 4 + log2 x
log2 4
log2 x

= 1 2 + log2 x

2
= 1 + log2 x
1 log x log x = 1

2
2
2
1
log2 x = 1
2
log2 x = 2

x = 22
= 4

10

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

20. (a) 4x 3(2x) + 2 = 0

22x 3(2x) + 2 = 0
(2x)2 3(2x) + 2 = 0

Let 2x = y

y2 3y + 2 = 0
(y 1)(y 2) = 0

y = 1, 2
Therefore, 2x = 1, 2x = 2
= 20 x = 1

x = 0

1 2, 2 logb x + 2 logb y = 4.......... 3

2 3, logb y = 1

Substitute logb y = 1 into 1,

logb x 1 = 2
logb x = 3

When b = 2,
log2 y = 1

y = 21
1

y =
2
log2 x = 3

x = 23
= 8

(b)
2 log2 (x y) log2 x = 3 + log2 y
log2 (x y)2 log2 x log2 y = 3
(x y)2
log2 = 3
xy
(x y)2
= 23
xy
(x y)2 = 8xy
x2 2xy + y2 = 8xy
x2 + y2 = 8xy + 2xy
x2 + y2 = 10xy

x
log2
y
x =
23. log4

y
log2 4
log2 x log2 y

=
log2 22
log2 x log2 y

=
2 log2 2
1

= (log2 x log2 y)
2
1
x =
log4
y
4
1
1
(log2 x log2 y) =

2
4
1 ....................... 1
log2 x log2 y =
2

16
2x
21. =
2
4y 1
24
2x 1 =
2y 2
2
= 26 + 2y
x 1 = 6 + 2y
x = 7 + 2y...................................... 1

1 2

32x 243 = 0

9y
32x = 243

32y
32x 2y = 35
2x 2y = 5...................................... 2

2 log2 x 3 log2 y = 0......................... 2

1 2, 2 log2 x 2 log2 y = 1........... 3

3 2, log2 y = 1

y = 2

Substitute 1 into 2,
2(7 + 2y) 2y = 5
14 + 4y 2y = 5
2y = 9
9

y =
2

Substitute log2 y = 1 into 1,

1
log2 x 1 =
2
3
log2 x =
2

9 into 1,
Substitute y =
2
9
x = 7 + 2
2
=79
= 2

1 2

1 2

x = 2 2
= AB
8

24. (a)
2 log10 (xy3) + log10 x = 3 log10 y + 6
log10 x2y6 + log10 x log10 y3 = 6
x2y6 x

log10
= 6
y3
3 3

log10 x y = 6

log10 (xy)3 = 6

(xy)3 = 106

xy = 102
100

y =
x

9.
Hence, the solution is x = 2, y =
2

22. logb (xy) = 2

logb x + logb y = 2............................... 1

logb (x2y3) = 3
2 logb x + 3 logb y = 3......................... 2

11

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

3x + 1
5x =
2x

5x 2x = 3x + 1

(5 2)x = 3x + 1

10x = 3x + 1

log10 10x = log10 3x + 1

x log10 10 = (x + 1) log10 3
= x log10 3 + log10 3

x log10 10 x log10 3 = log10 3

x(log10 10 log10 3) = log10 3

Substitute x = 2, y = 11 into 1,
11 = m(2)n 5
m(2)n = 16............................................ 3

(b)

Substitute 2 into 3,
21 2n 2n = 16
21 n = 16
= 24
1 n = 4

n = 3
Substitute n = 3 into 2,
m = 21 2(3)
= 27

log10 3
x =
log10 10 log10 3

6 n . 106
27. 5000
5
6 n . 200

= 0.9125

1 2
1 2

25. log3 x log3 (1 y) = 1

x

log3 = 1
1y
x
= 3

1y

x = 3 3y............... 1
42y

8x =
2

23x = 24y 1

3x = 4y 1............... 2

6 . log 200
n log10
10
5
log10 200

n .
6
log10
5

n . 29.06
Therefore, n = 30

1 2

1 2

2 n ,
28. 5000
3
2 n ,

Substitute 1 into 2,
3(3 3y) = 4y 1
9 9y = 4y 1
13y = 10

y = 10

13

1 2

1500

5000

123 2 , 0.3
n

1 2

1 2

1 2

x = b
loga
y2
loga x 2 loga y = b............................ 1

29.

26. y = mxn 5........................................... 1

Substitute x = 4, y = 3 into 1,
3 = m 4n 5
m 4n = 2
2
m =
4n
2
=
22n

1 2

loga (x2y) = c
2 loga x + loga y = c............................ 2

1 2,
2 loga x 4 loga y = 2b....................... 3
2 3, 5 loga y = c 2b
c 2b
loga y = ................ 4
5

m = 21 2n....................................... 2

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1500

2 , log 0.3
n log10
10
3
log10 0.3

n .
2
log10
3

n . 2.969
Therefore, n = 3

Substitute y = 10
into 1,
13
x = 3 3 10

13
= 3 30

13
= 9
13

1 2

12

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

Substitute 4 into 1,
2 (c 2b) = b
loga x
5
2 (c 2b)
loga x = b +
5
4b
2c
= b +
5
5
2
1
= b + c.......... 5
5
5
x2
loga
y = 2 loga x loga y
2
1
c 2b

= 2 b + c
5
5
5
2
1
4
2

= b + c c + b
5
5
5
5
3
4
= b + c
5
5

1 2

2 1

log10 10 = log10 (2 5)
= log10 2 + log10 5
r + r

1 =
p
q
r
r
pq(1) = pq +
p
q

32. (a) x 4AB

x 5 = 0
2
x ) 4AB
x 5 = 0
(AB
y2 4y 5 = 0
(y 5)(y + 1) = 0
y = 5 , y = 1
AB
x = 5
AB x = 1

x )2 = 52 (AB
x )2 = (1)2
(AB
x = 25
x = 1

30. (a)

log3 (9x) + log9 x = 1

log3 x
log3 9 + log3 x + = 1
log3 9
log3 x

2 + log3 x + = 1
2
3

2 + log3 x = 1
2
3 log x = 1 2

3
2
= 1
2

log3 x =
3

x = 3

(b)
x4 = 7x2 + 18

(x2)2 = 7x2 + 18

y2 = 7y + 18
2

y 7y 18 = 0
(y 9)(y + 2) = 0

y = 9 , y = 2

x2 = 9 x2 = 2 (x is not defined)
x = 3

1
=
3AB
9

1.
x2 + y2 = 6xy
2
x + 2xy + y2 = 6xy + 2xy
(x + y)2 = 8xy
log2 (x + y)2 = log2 (8xy)
2 log2 (x + y) = log2 8 + log2 x + log2 y
= log2 23 + log2 x + log2 y
= 3 + log2 x + log2 y

(b) 2 log4 x 2 log4 y

log2 x
log2 y

= 2
2
log2 4
log2 4
log2 x
log2 y

= 2 2
2
2

= log2 x log2 y

pq = qr + pr
pq pr = qr
p(q r) = qr
qr

p =
qr

x
= log2
y

1 2

2. 2(8x) = 42y
2(23x) = 24y
23x + 1 = 24y
3x + 1 = 4y
3x 4y = 1......................................... 1

31. Given 2p = 5q = 10r.

2p = 10r
p log10 2 = r log10 10
= r
r
log10 2 =
p

log3 x = 1 + log3 (y + 1)
log3 x log3 (y + 1) = 1
x
log3 = 1
y+1
x
= 31

y+1

x = 3(y + 1)........... 2

5q = 10r
q log10 5 = r log10 10
= r
r
log10 5 =
q

13

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

log5 0.2x
(c) logAB5 0.2x =
5
log5 AB

Substitute 2 into 1,
3 3(y + 1) 4y = 1
9y + 9 4y = 1
5y = 10

y = 2
Substitute y = 2 into 2,
x = 3(2 + 1)
= 3

1 2

01+p
=
1

2
= 2(p 1)

n loga 32 n loga 2 = loga 2 loga 3

2
n(loga 9 loga 2) = loga
3
9
2

n loga = loga
2
3

1 2
1 2

6. (a) logc 18 = logc (32 2)

= logc 32 + logc 2

= 2 logc 3 + logc 2

= 2a + b

4.
3t 2 = 4 0.16
= 0.64
log10 3t 2 = log10 0.64
(t 2) log10 3 = log10 0.64

1
log5 + p
5
=
1
log5 5
2
log5 1 log5 5 + p
=
1
(1)
2

3.
32n + 1 = 4(2n 1)
= 22(2n 1)
= 2n + 1
loga 32n + 1 = loga 2n + 1
(2n + 1) loga 3 = (n + 1) loga 2
2n loga 3 + loga 3 = n loga 2 + loga 2

1 2

log5 0.2 + log5 x

=
1

log5 5 2

logc 36
(b) log3 36 =
logc 3

log10 0.64
t 2 =
log10 3

logc (22 32)

=
a
logc 22 + logc 32
=
a
2 logc 2 + 2 logc 3
=
a
2b + 2a
=
a

log10 0.64
t = + 2
log10 3
= 1.594

5. (a) log5 25AB

x = log5 25 + log5 AB
x

7.

= log5 52 + log5 x 2
1
= 2 log5 5 + log5 x
2
1
= 2(1) + p
2
1

=2+ p
2

= 5

log2 (2x 3) = log2 (5

1
(x 3) log2 2 = log2 5
2
1
(x 3)(1) = (2.32)
2
= 1.16

x = 1.16 + 3
= 1.84

1
=
log5 5 + log5 x
1
=
1+p

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52
=
5

x3

log5 5
(b) log5x 5 =
log5 5x

5
5(2x 3) = AB

14

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

10. (a) 9y = 9log3 2

= 32 log3 2

= 3log3 4

=4

2x
2(5x + 1) =
2
x
2
5x + 1 =
2
2
= 2x 2
log10 5x + 1 = log10 2x 2
(x + 1) log10 5 = (x 2) log10 2
x log10 5 + log10 5 = x log10 2 2 log10 2
x log10 5 x log10 2 = log10 5 2 log10 2
x(log10 5 log10 2) = log10 5 2 log10 2
log10 5 2 log10 2

x =
log10 5 log10 2
= 3.269

8.

(b) 9x = 9y 1
= 9y 91
1
= 4
9
4
=
9
11. log9 (xy2) = log9 x + log9 y2

1
= + 2 log9 y
logx 9

1
1
+ 2
=
a2
logy 9

9. (a) 2 logp 2p2 = 2(logp 2 + logp p2)

= 2(logp 2 + 2 logp p)

= 2[logp 2 + 2(1)]

= 2 logp 2 + 4

= logp 4 + 4

= 0.674 + 4

= 4.674

1
=
+
a2
1
=
+
a2
1
=
+
a2

Alternative

2 logp 2p2 = logp (2p2)2

= logp (4p4)

= logp 4 + logp p4

= 0.674 + 4 logp p

= 0.674 + 4(1)

= 4.674
(b)

6 n
12. 50 000 .
5
6 n
.

5
6 n
.

5
6 n
log10 .
5
6
n log10 .
5

1 2

2 px 2 = AB
2

AB2
px 2 =
2

= 2

106

1 2

106

50 000

1 2

20

1 2

log10 20

1 2

log10 20

logp px 2 = logp 2

1
2
2 logy 3
1

logy 3
1

log10 20
n .
6
log10
5

n . 16.431
Therefore, n = 17

1
(x 2) logp p = logp 2
2
1

(x 2)(1) =
logp 2
2
1
4(x 2)(1) = 4 logp 2
2
4x 8 = 2 logp 2
= logp 22
= logp 4
= 0.674

4x = 0.674 + 8
= 7.326

x = 1.832

1 2

13.
logm (x2y) = n
logm x2 + logm y = n
2 logm x + logm y = n........................... 1

x
= p
logm
y2
logm x logm y2 = p
logm x 2 logm y = p........................... 2

1 2

2 2, 2 logm x 4 logm y = 2p........ 3

1 3, 5 logm y = n 2p
n 2p
logm y = ............... 4
5

15

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 5

Substitute 4 into 2,

2 log4 x 2 log4 y = 8.......................... 1

log4 y
= 5
log4 x
log4 y = 5 log4 x................................ 2

n 2p
logm x 2 = p
5
n 2p
logm x = p + 2
5
2
4

= p + n p
5
5
1
2
= p + n
5
5

Substitute 2 into 1,
2 log4 x 2(5 log4 x) = 8
2 log4 x 10 log4 x = 8

8 log4 x = 8
log4 x = 1

x = 41
1
=
4
Substitute log4 x = 1 into 2,
log4 y = 5(1)

y = 45
1
=
45

x
logm = logm x logm y
y
n 2p
1
2

= (p + n)
5
5
5
1
2
1
2
= p + n n + p
5
5
5
5
3
1
= p + n
5
5

1 2

log2 4x + log4 x = 1
log2 x
log2 4 + log2 x + = 1
log2 4

14.

16. (a) h = 80(0.2)t

Substitute t = 0 into the equation,
h = 80(0.2)0
= 80(1)
= 80 cm

log2 x
2 + log2 x + = 1
2

Multiply both sides by 2,

4 + 2 log2 x + log2 x = 2

3 log2 x = 2

(b) Substitute t = 2.1 into the equation,

h = 80(0.2)2.1
= 2.724 cm

2
log2 x =
3

x = 2

(c) Substitute h = 40 into the equation,

40 = 80(0.2)t
40
0.2t =
80
= 0.5
log10 0.2t = log10 0.5
t log10 0.2 = log10 0.5
log10 0.5

t =
log10 0.2

1
=
2

23
1
=
3AB
4

= 0.630

= 0.43 s

x
log2
y = log2 x log2 y
log4 y
log4 x
=

log4 2
log4 2
log4 x
log4 y
=
1
1

2
2
= 2 log4 x 2 log4 y
x
log2
y = 8

15.

1 2

1 2

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Therefore, the original height is 80 cm.

16