1

Matematik Tambahan SPM Bab 13

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Hukum Linear
1. (a)
y
x
0
1 2 3
3
2
1
(b)
y
x
0
1 2 3
3
2
1
2. (a) Kecerunan =
3 1

3 1
= 1
Pintasan-y = 0
Persamaan garis lurus ialah y = x.
(b) Kecerunan =
4

5
, pintasan-y = 3.4
Persamaan garis lurus ialah y =
4

5
x + 3.4
3. (a) y = 1.5
(b) x = 1.7
4. (a) Apabila x = 1.5,
y = x
y = 1.5
(b) Apabila y = 2.0,
2 =
4

5
x + 3.4
x = (2 3.4)
1

5

4
2
= 1.75
5. (a) Kecerunan =
6 3

4 1
= 1
Persamaan garis lurus AB ialah
y 3 = 1(x 1)
y = x + 2
(b) Kecerunan =
5 2

1 4
= 1
Persamaan garis lurus PQ ialah
r 5 = 1(t 1)
= t + 1
r = t + 6
(c) Kecerunan =
5

10
=
1

2
Persamaan garis lurus RS ialah p =
1

2
q + 5.
6. (a) Apabila y = 2, 2 = x + 2
x = 0
(b) Apabila t = 3.5, r = 3.5 + 6
= 2.5
(c) Apabila p = 3, 3 =
1

2
q + 5

1

2
q = 5 3
q = 2 2
= 4
7. (a) yx = 4x
2
+ 5x

yx

x
=
4x
2

x
+
5x

x
y = 4x + 5
13
2
Matematik Tambahan SPM Bab 13
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Atau
yx = 4x
2
+ 5x

yx

x
2
=
4x
2

x
2
+
5x

x
2

y

x
= 4 + 5
1
1

x
2
= 5
1
1

x
2
+ 4
(b) y =
5

x
3x
xy = 5 3x
2
= 3x
2
+ 5
Atau
y =
5

x
3x

y

x
=
5

x
2
3

y

x
= 5
1
1

x
2 2
3
(c)
ABy

x
=
1

x
2
+
7

x
x
1
ABy

x
2
= x
1
1

x
2
+
7

x
2
ABy =
1

x
+ 7
Atau

ABy

x
=
1

x
2
+
7

x
x
2
1
ABy

x
2
= x
2
1
1

x
2
+
7

x
2
xABy = 1 + 7x
xABy = 7x + 1
(d) y
2
= 8x
2
5x

y
2

x
=
8x
2

x

5x

x

y
2

x
= 8x 5
Atau
y
2
= 8x
2
5x

y
2

x
2
=
8x
2

x
2

5x

x
2

1
y

x
2
2
= 5
1
1

x
2
+ 8
(e) y = pk
x
log
10
y = log
10
pk
x
= log
10
p + log
10
k
x
= (log
10
k)x + log
10
p
(f) y = kx
n
log
10
y = log
10
k + log
10
x
n
= log
10
k + n log
10
x
= n log
10
x + log
10
k
(g) y = pk
(x + 2)
log
10
y = log
10
p + log
10
k
(x + 2)
= log
10
p + (x + 2) log
10
k
= log
10
p + x log
10
k + 2 log
10
k
= (log
10
k)x + log
10
p + 2 log
10
k

(h) y =
k

p
x 1
log
10
y = log
10
k log
10
p
x 1
= log
10
k (x 1) log
10
p
= log
10
k x log
10
p + log
10
p
= (log
10
p)x + log
10
k + log
10
p

(i) y =
k

pn
x
2
log
10
y = log
10

1
k

pn
x
2 2
= log
10
k log
10
pn
x
2
= log
10
k (log
10
p + log
10
n
x
2
)
= log
10
k log
10
p x
2
log
10
n
= (log
10
n)x
2
+ log
10
k log
10
p
(j) y =
ab
x

k
log
10
y = log
10

1
ab
x

k
2
= log
10
ab
x
log
10
k
= log
10
a + log
10
b
x
log
10
k
= log
10
a + x log
10
b

log
10
k
= (log
10
b)x + log
10
a log
10
k
(k) y 4 = ab
x
log
10
(y 4) = log
10
(ab
x
)
= log
10
a + x log
10
b
= (log
10
b)x + log
10
a
(l) y = 5 + ax
n
y 5 = ax
n
log
10
(y 5) = log
10
a + n log
10
x
= n log
10
x + log
10
a
(m)
y

2
=
4

x

6

x
2
2x
2
1
y

2
2
= 2x
2
1
4

x

6

x
2 2
x
2
y = 8x 12
3
Matematik Tambahan SPM Bab 13
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Atau

y

2
=
4

x

6

x
2
2x
1
y

2
2
= 2x
1
4

x

6

x
2 2
xy = 8
12

x
xy = 12
1
1

x
2
+ 8
(n) xy
2
= 3ABx + 5x

xy
2

x
=
3ABx

x
+
5x

x
y
2
=
3

ABx
+ 5
= 3
1
1

ABx
2
+ 5
Atau
xy
2
= 3ABx + 5x

xy
2

ABx
=
3ABx

ABx
+
5x

ABx
y
2
ABx = 3 + 5ABx
= 5ABx + 3
(o) y =
2x

3 + x
y(3 + x) = 2x
3y + yx = 2x

3y + yx

y
=
2x

y
3 + x =
2x

y

x

y
=
1

2
x +
3

2
Atau
y =
2x

3 + x
y(3 + x) = 2x
3y + xy = 2x

3y + yx

x
=
2x

x

3y

x
+ y = 2

3y

x
= y + 2

y

x
=
1

1

3
2
y +
2

3
8. (a) y = ax
2
+ bx

y

x
=
ax
2

x
+
bx

x

y

x
= ax + b .................................. 1
a = Kecerunan
=
6 2

5 1
=
4

4
= 1
Gantikan
y

x
= 2, x = 1 dan a = 1 ke dalam 1,
2 = 1(1) + b
b = 1
Maka, a = 1 dan b = 1.
(b) y = a +
c

x
x(y) = x
1
a +
c

x
2
xy = ax + c ................................ 1
a = Kecerunan
=
5 1

1 4
=
4

3
Gantikan x = 1, xy = 5 dan a =
4

3
ke dalam 1,
5 =
4

3
(1) + c
c = 5 +
4

3
=
19

3
Maka, a =
4

3
dan c =
19

3
.
(c) y = ab
x
log
10
y = log
10
(ab
x
)
= log
10
a + log
10
b
x
= (log
10
b)x + log
10
a
log
10
b = Kecerunan
=
5 2

3 0
= 1
b = 10
log
10
a = log
10
pintasan-y
= 2
a = 10
2
= 100
Maka, a = 100 dan b = 10.
4
Matematik Tambahan SPM Bab 13
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
(d) y = ax
n
log
10
y = log
10
a + n log
10
x
= n log
10
x + log
10
a
n = Kecerunan
=
1 3

1 0
= 2
log
10
a = log
10
pintasan-y
= 3
a = 10
3
= 1 000
Maka, a = 1 000 dan n = 2.
(e) y = ab
x
2
log
10
y = log
10
a + log
10
b
x
2
= log
10
a + x
2
log
10
b
log
10
y = (log
10
b)x
2
+ log
10
a ............ 1
log
10
b = Kecerunan
=
7 3

6 1
=
4

5
= 0.8
b = 10
0.8
= 6.310
Gantikan log
10
y = 3, x
2
= 1 dan log
10
b =
4

5

ke dalam 1,
3 =
4

5
(1) + log
10
a
log
10
a = 3
4

5
=
11

5
a = 158.5
Maka, a = 158.5 and b = 6.310.
9. (a) (i)
x 2 3 4 5 6
y 2.2 2.8 4.0 5.0 5.3
yABx
3.1 4.8 8.0 11.2 13.0
y = kABx +
h

ABx
yABx = kx + h

x y
0
4
6
8
10
12
14
2
2
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
(ii) h = Pintasan-yABx
= 2
k = Kecerunan
=
13 (2)

6 0
=
5

2
(b) (i) y = ax
n
log
10
y = log
10
ax
n
= log
10
a + n log
10
x
log
10
y = n log
10
x + log
10
a
log
10
x 0.3 0.40 0.48 0.54 0.60 0.65
log
10
y 0.68 0.94 1.18 1.37 1.57 1.74

0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.2
0.2
log
10
x
log
10
y
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
5
Matematik Tambahan SPM Bab 13
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
(ii) log
10
a = pintasan-log
10
y
= 0.18
a = 0.661
n = Kecerunan
=
1.08 0.4

0.44 0.2
= 2.833
10. (a)
0
2
3
4
6
5
1
x
F
2 4 6 8 10 12
(b) (i) Apabila F = 2.5, x = 5.2
(ii) Apabila x = 12.0, F = 5.7
(c) x = 2.5 salah dicatatkan apabila F = 1.0.
Nilai yang betul ialah x = 2.0.
11. (a)
v
2
19.98 40.07 60.06 79.92 91.20 119.90
s 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

0
40
60
80
120
100
20
s
v
2
2 4 6
(b) v = 9.55 salah diambil.
Nilai yang betul ialah v
2
= 100, iaitu, v = 10.
(c) (i) Apabila v = 8, v
2
= 64, s = 3.2
(ii) Apabila s = 3.5, v
2
= 70
v = 8.37
12. (a) Kecerunan =
140 22

4 2
= 59

y

x
= 59x
2
+ c ............................... 1
Gantikan x
2
= 2,
y

x
= 22 ke dalam 1,
22 = 59(2) + c
c = 96
Maka,
y

x
= 59x
2
96
y = 59x
3
96x
(b) Apabila x = 2.4, y = 59(2.4)
3
96(2.4)
= 585.2
13. (a) y = ax
n
.......................................... 1
Gantikan x = 1, y = 100 ke dalam 1,
100 = a(1)
n
a = 100
Gantikan x = 3, y = 900 ke dalam 1,
900 = 100(3)
n
3
n
= 9
= 3
2
n = 2
(b) y = ax
n
y = 100(x)
2
Y = mX + c
Y = y , X = x
2
, c = 0, m = 100
Maka, Y = 100X
Apabila Y = 5, X = a,
5 = 100a
a =
5

100
=
1

20
Apabila Y = b, X = 4,
b = 100(4)
= 400
Maka, a =
1

20
, b = 400 dan c = 0.
6
Matematik Tambahan SPM Bab 13
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Soalan Mirip SPM
1. y = 3x +
4

x
2
x
2
(y) = x
2
1
3x +
4

x
2 2
x
2
y = 3x
3
+ 4
Y = mX + c
Pintasan pada paksi tegak, c = 4
Maka, titik pada paksi tegak ialah (0, 4).
m = Kecerunan = 3

h 4

1 0
= 3
h 4 = 3
h = 7
m = 3
44 4

k 0
= 3
3k = 40
k =
40

3
2. (a) y =
5
x

2
log
10
y = log
10
5
x
log
10
2
log
10
y = (log
10
5)x log
10
2
(b) Y = mX + c
[ c = log
10
2
k = log
10
2
= 0.301
m =
0 k

h 0
log
10
5 =
0.301

h
h =
0.301

log
10
5
= 0.4306
3. (a) y = k 10
x
log
10
y = log
10
(k 10
x
)
= log
10
k + log
10
10
x
= log
10
k + x log
10
10
log
10
y = x + log
10
k
Y = mX + c
(b) (i) log
10
k = 1
k = 10
(ii) Kecerunan = 1

p 1

2 0
= 1
p 1 = 2
p = 3
4. y = 2x
2
3
y

x
2
=
2x
2

x
2

3

x
2
y

x
2
= 3
1
1

x
2 2
+ 2
Y = 3X + c
Maka, X =
1

x
2
dan Y =
y

x
2
.
5. (a)
y

x
1.91 1.84 1.73 1.63 1.58 1.55
1

x
2
0.21 0.16 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.03
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
x
x
2
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

y
(b) (i) y =
p

x
+
q

p
x

y

x
=
p

x
2
+
q

p
= p
1
1

x
2 2
+
q

p
Y = mX + c
p = Kecerunan
=
1.6 1.5

0.05 0
= 2
(ii)
q

p
=
Pintasan-

y

x

q

2
= 1.5
q = 3
7
Matematik Tambahan SPM Bab 13
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
6. (a)
log
10
y 1.08 1.21 1.31 1.43 1.52 1.60
ABx
1 1.22 1.41 1.58 1.73 1.87

0
1.0
1.5
0.5
x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
log
10
y
(b) y = pk
ABx
log
10
y = log
10
pk
ABx
= log
10
p + log
10
k
ABx
log
10
y = (log
10
k)ABx + log
10
p
Y = mX + c
(i) log
10
p = Pintasan-log
10
y
= 0.45
[ p = 2.82
(ii) log
10
k = Kecerunan
=
1.5 0.6

1.7 0.25
= 0.6207
k = 4.18
7. (a)
log
10
y 0.48 0.80 1.12 1.44 1.77 2.09
x 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

0
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
x 1
2 4 6
log
10
y
(b) (i) y = pk
x 1
log
10
y = log
10
p + (x 1) log
10
k
log
10
y = (log
10
k)(x 1) + log
10
p
Y = mX + c
log
10
p = pintasan-(x 1)
= 0.5
p = 3.16
(ii) log
10
k = Kecerunan
=
2.0 1.0

4.8 1.6
= 0.3125
k = 2.05
8. (a)
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
log
10
y 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.20 1.51 1.81
0
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
x
2 4 6
log
10
y
(b) (i) y =
k
x

p
log
10
y = log
10

1
k
x

p
2
= log
10
k
x
log
10
p
log
10
y = (log
10
k)x log
10
p
Y = mX + c
pintasan-log
10
y = log
10
p
0 = log
10
p
log
10
p = 0
p = 1
(ii) log
10
k = Kecerunan
=
1.7 0

5.6 0
= 0.3036
k = 2.01
9. py = kx
3
p
2
x


py

px
=
kx
3

px

p
2
x

px


y

x
=
k

p
x
2
+ p

Bandingkan dengan Y = mX + c


Kecerunan, m =
k

p
dan pintasan tegak = p


[
h 0

0 3
=
k

p
dan p = h



h

3
=
k

p



k = 2
hp

3
................................. 1

8
Matematik Tambahan SPM Bab 13
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Gantikan p = h ke dalam 1,


Maka, k =

2h

3

(h)


k =

2
1

3

h
2

1. y = kx
n 1

log
10
y = log
10
(kx
n 1
)
= log
10
k + log
10
x
n 1

= log
10
k + (n 1) log
10
x
= (n 1) log
10
x + log
10
k

Kecerunan = n 1
Pintasan tegak = log
10
k
2. Kecerunan =
13 3

6 1


=
10

5


= 2
Maka, ABy = 2x
2
+ c......................................1
Gantikan x
2
= 1, ABy = 3 ke dalam 1,
3 = 2(1) + c
c = 1
Maka, persamaan ialah ABy = 2x
2
+ 1,
iaitu, y = (2x
2
+ 1)
2
.

3. y = px + qx
3

2



y

x

=
px

x
+
qx
3

x



= p + qABx


= qABx + p ..........................................1


Y = mX + c



q = Kecerunan


=
8 4

4 6


=
4

2
= 2
Gantikan ABx = 4,
y

x
= 8, q = 2 ke dalam 1,
8 = (2)(4) + p
p = 16
Maka, p = 16 dan q = 2.
4. y = 10
2x + 3



log
10
y = log
10
10
2x + 3


= (2x + 3) log
10
10


log
10
y = 2x + 3


Y = mX + c


Pintasan-log
10
y = 3


Kecerunan = 2
Untuk titik A,
4 3

q 0
= 2
1 = 2q
q =
1

2
Untuk titik B,
p 3

1 0
= 2
p 3 = 2
p = 5
Maka, p = 5, q =
1

2
.
5. y = ax
5
log
10
y = log
10
a + 5 log
10
x
log
10
y = 5 log
10
x + log
10
a
Y = mX + c
log
10
a = Pintasan-log
10
y
= 4
a = 10
4
= 10 000
Kecerunan = 5

k 4

3 0
= 5
k 4 = 15
k = 19
Maka, a = 10 000 dan k = 19.
6. (a) Kecerunan =
5 2

3 0
= 1
Pintasan tegak = 2
Persamaan garis lurus ialah
Y = mX + c
y = log
10
x + 2
(b) x = a 10
y 1
log
10
x = log
10
a + (y 1) log
10
10
log
10
x = log
10
a + y 1
y = 1 log
10
a + log
10
x
[ 1 log
10
a = 2
log
10
a = 1
a = 0.1
7. (a) Kecerunan =
10 4

3 1
= 3
Persamaan garis ialah log
10
y = 3 log
10
(x + 2) + c
Gantikan log
10
(x + 2) = 1 dan log
10
y = 4 ke dalam
persamaan,
log
10
y = 3 log
10
(x + 2) + c
4 = 3(1) + c
c = 1
9
Matematik Tambahan SPM Bab 13
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Maka, log
10
y = 3 log
10
(x + 2) + 1
y = k(x + 2)
n
log
10
y = log
10
k + n log
10
(x + 2)
log
10
y = n log
10
(x + 2) + log
10
k
Bandingkan dengan log
10
y = 3 log
10
(x + 2) + 1
Maka, n = 3 dan log
10
k = 1
k = 10
(b) Apabila y = 0.08, y = k(x + 2)
n
0.08 = 10(x + 2)
3
0.008 = (x + 2)
3
x + 2 =
3
0.008 ABBBB
= 0.2
x = 0.2 2
= 1.8
8.
x

y
=
3

x
+ x
1

x
1
x

y
2
=
1

x
1
3

x
+ x
2

1

y
=
3

x
2
+ 1

1

y
= 3
1
1

x
2 2
+ 1 .......................... 1
Gantikan
1

x
2
= 3 dan
1

y
= k ke dalam 1,
1

y
= 3
1
1

x
2 2
+ 1
k = 3(3) + 1
= 10
Gantikan
1

x
2
= p dan
1

y
= 16 ke dalam 1,
16 = 3(p) + 1
3p = 15
p = 5
9. (a) y = rx
2
+ t .................................... 1
Gantikan x = 1, y = 4 ke dalam 1,
4 = r(1)
2
+ t
r + t = 4 ....................................... 2
Gantikan x = 3, y = 36 ke dalam 1,
36 = r(3)
2
+ t
9r + t = 36 ................................... 3
3 2, 8r = 32
r = 4
Gantikan r = 4 ke dalam 2,
4 + t = 4
t = 0
(b) y = rx
2
+ t menjadi y = 4x
2

1

x
(y) =
1

x
(4x
2
)

y

x
= 4x
Maka, kecerunan ialah 4.
Untuk titik A(2, p),

p 0

2 0
= 4
p = 8
Untuk titik B(q, 12),

12 0

q 0
= 4
12 = 4q
q = 3
10. (a) Kecerunan garis lurus =
11 7

4 2
= 2
Kecerunan =
r 7

3 2
= 2
r 7 = 2
r = 9
(b) 2 x + c ............................ 1
Gantikan log
10
y = 7, x = 2 ke dalam 1,
7 = 2(2) + c
c = 3
Maka, log
10
y = 2x + 3
y = 10
2x + 3
11. (a) y = px
2
+ q ................................... 1
Gantikan x = 1, y = 4 ke dalam 1,
4 = p(1)
2
+ q
p + q = 4...................................... 2
Gantikan x = 3, y = 12 ke dalam 1,
12 = p(3)
2
+ q
9p + q = 12 .................................. 3
3 2, 8p = 8
p = 1
Gantikan p = 1 ke dalam 2,
1 + q = 4
q = 3
(b) y = px
2
+ q menjadi
y = x
2
+ 3

y

x
2
= 1 +
3

x
2

y

x
2
= 3
1
1

x
2 2
+ 1
Untuk A,
y

x
2

=

4

1
2
= 4

1

x
2
=
1

1
2
= 1
log
10
y =
10
Matematik Tambahan SPM Bab 13
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
Untuk B,
y

x
2
=
12

3
2
=
12

9
=
4

3

1

x
2
=
1

3
2
=
1

9

0 x
2
1
1
A(1, 4)

x
2
y

1
9
4
3
B
12. x
2
y = px ....................................... 1
1

x
2
(x
2
y) =
1

x
2
(px)
y = p
1
1

x
2
Dalam rajah (b), kecerunan = p
=
14 7

1
1

2
= 14
Gantikan p = 14 ke dalam 1,
x
2
y = 14x
Untuk A, 1
2
r = 14(1)
r = 14
Untuk B, t
2
(7) = 14t
7t
2
= 14t
7t = 14
t = 2
13. (a)
x 2.5 4.5 6.5 7.0 8.5 9.5
y
2
2.5 4.0 5.6 6.0 7.1 7.9

0
4
6
8
2
x
2 4 6 8 10
y
2
(b) (i) y
2
= px + q
p = Kecerunan
=
6 1

7 0.5
=
10

13
q = Pintasan-y
2
= 0.6
(ii) Apabila x = 1.5, y
2
= 1.7
y = 1.3
14. (a)
x 1 4 9 16 20 25
yABx
4.01 14.02 30.06 52.80 66.0 82.0

0
40
60
80
20
x
10 20 30
y
x
(b) (i) y =
p

ABx
+ (q + 1)ABx
ABx (y) = ABx
1
p

ABx
+ (q + 1)ABx
2
yABx = p + (q + 1)x
yABx = (q + 1)x + p
p = Pintasan tegak
= 2
q + 1 = Kecerunan
=
82 34

25 10
= 3.2
q = 2.2
(ii) Apabila x = 10, yABx = 34
yABB 10 = 34
y =
34

ABB 10
= 10.75
11
Matematik Tambahan SPM Bab 13
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
15. (a)
log
10
x 0 0.30 0.54 0.65 0.699 0.778
log
10
y 0.6 1.18 1.69 1.91 2 2.26

0
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.5
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
log
10
y
log
10
x
(b) y = px
n

2
log
10
y = log
10
p +
n

2
log
10
x
log
10
y =
n

2
log
10
x + log
10
p
log
10
p = Pintasan-log
10
y
= 0.6
p = 3.981

n

2
= Kecerunan
=
2.2 1.0

0.8 0.2
= 2
n = 4
(c) Nilai y yang salah ialah 180.
Nilai yang betul ialah log
10
y = 2.2,
iaitu, y = 158.5
16. (a)
x 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.6
log
10
y 1.4 1.53 1.68 1.83 1.98 log
10
p

0
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.5
x
log
10
y
2 4 6
(b) (i) y = k a
x 1
log
10
y = log
10
k + (x 1) log
10
a
= log
10
k + x log
10
a log
10
a
log
10
y = (log
10
a)x + log
10
k log
10
a
log
10
a = Kecerunan
=
2.1 0.8

5.4 1
= 0.2955
a = 1.975
log
10
k log
10
a = Pintasan-log
10
y
= 0.5
log
10
k 0.2955 = 0.5
log
10
k = 0.7955
k = 6.24
(ii) Apabila x = 5.6,
log
10
y = 2.15
y = 141.3
Maka, p = 141.3
(iii) Apabila x = 2.0, log
10
y = 1.1
y = 12.6
17. (a)
T 0 26.8 32.9 38.0 42.9 46.5
AB
l
0 4.5 5.5 6.3 7.1 7.7

0
10
20
30
40
50
10

l
T
2 4
Baru
Lama
6 8
(b) Kecerunan =
30 0

5 0
= 6
Maka, T = 6
AB
l
T
2
= 36l
(c) (i) T = 6
AB
l 6
(ii) Apabila T = 6.5,
AB
l = 2.1
l = 2.1
2
= 4.41
12
Matematik Tambahan SPM Bab 13
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
18. (a) y = k(x 1)
n
log
10
y = log
10
k + n log
10
(x 1)
log
10
y = n log
10
(x 1) + log
10
k
Y = mX + c
log
10
y 0.7 1.3 1.66 1.79 1.95 2.26
log
10
(x 1) 0 0.3 0.48 0.54 0.62 0.78
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.2 0.4
log (x 1)
0.6 0.8
log y
10
10
(b) (i) Apabila y = 100, log
10
100 = 2
log
10
(x 1) = 0.65
x 1 = 4.467
x = 5.467
(ii) Apabila x = 8, log
10
7 = 0.85
log
10
y = 2.4
y = 251.2
1. y =

ax
n
log
2
y = log
2
(ax
n
)
= log
2
a + log
2
x
n
log
2
y = n log
2
x + log
2
a
Y = mX + c
Y = log
2
y, m = n, X = log
2
x, c = log
2
a
Gantikan X = 1, Y = 5 ke dalam persamaan,
5 = m + c ...................1
Gantikan X = 3, Y = 11 ke dalam persamaan,
11 = 3m + c ................2
2 1, 2m = 6
m = 3
Gantikan m = 3 ke dalam 1,
5 = 3 + c
c = 2
n = m
= 3
c = log
2
a = 2
a = 2
2
= 4
Maka, n = 3, a = 4.
2.
y

x
2
= ax +
b

x

1
y

x
2
2
x =
1
ax +
b

x
2
x

y

x
= ax
2
+ b
Y = mX + c
Y =
y

x
, m = a, X = x
2
, c = b
Diberi kecerunan =
1

2
[ a =
1

2
y

x
=
1

2
x
2
+ b
Gantikan x
2
= 4,
y

x
= 6 ke dalam persamaan,
6 =
1

2
(4) + b
b = 4
Maka, a =
1

2
, b = 4
3. (a) y =
bx

x + ab

1

y
=
x + ab

bx
=
x

bx
+
ab

bx

1

y
= a
1
1

x
2
+
1

b
Apabila x = 3, y = 1

1

x
=
1

3
,
1

y
=
1

1
= 1
Apabila x = 6, y =
3

2

1

x
=
1

6
,
1

y
=
1

2
=
2

, 1

0
6 3
1 2
y

1
3
1
x
13
Matematik Tambahan SPM Bab 13
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
(b) a = Kecerunan
=
1
2

3

1

6
= 2
Gantikan
1

x
=
1

3
dan
1

y
= 1 ke dalam
persamaan,

1

y
= a
1
1

x
2
+
1

b
1 = 2
1
1

3
2
+
1

b

1

b
= 1
2

3
=
1

3
b = 3
Maka, a = 2, b = 3.
4. (a)
y

x
7 8 6 4 2 0 2
x 1 2 4 6 8 10 12

0
4
6
8
10
2
2
x
x

y
2 6 4 8 10 12
(b) (i) Salah direkodkan y = 7, nilai sebenar
y = 9
(ii) y = ax
2
+ bx

y

x
=
ax
2
+ bx

x

y

x
= ax + b
b = pintasan-
y

x
= 10
a = Kecerunan
=
10 0

0 10
= 1
(iii) Apabila y = 0, x = 10
Maka jarak mendatar bagi titik C ialah 10 m.
(iv) Apabila x = 5,

y

x
= 5
[
y

5
= 5
y = 25
Maka, tinggi bagi titik B ialah 25 m.
5. (a)
ABx
0 10 20 30 40 50
y 20 30 40 50 60 70

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
x
y
10 30 20 40 50
(b) (i) 4k
2
x = (y c)
2

ABBBB
4k
2
x = y c
y c = 2kABx
y = 2kABx + c
Y = mX + C
Y = y, m = 2k, X = ABx, C = c
c = Pintasan-y
= 20
2k = Kecerunan
=
70 20

50 0
= 1
k =
1

2
Maka, c = 20, k =
1

2
.
14
Matematik Tambahan SPM Bab 13
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
(ii) Apabila y = 55,
ABx = 35
x = 35
2
= 1 225
(iii) Apabila x = 500,
AB x = 22.4,
[ y = 42.5
6.
f
2
400 196 100 64 49
1

m
100 50 25 16.7 12.5
(a), (c)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
m
1

f
2
20 60 40 80
(c)
(a)
100
(b) (i) Apabila m = 0.05 kg,

1

m
=
1

0.05

= 20
f
2
= 80
f = 9 ayunan sesaat
(ii) Apabila f = 15,
f
2
= 15
2
= 225

1

m
= 56
[ m =
1

56
= 0.01786 kg
= 18 g
(iii) f
2
=
1

km
=
1
1

k
21
1

m
2
Kecerunan =
1

k
=
400 0

100 0
= 4
[ k =
1

4
7. (a) 2(y + 1)
2
= kx + t
(y + 1)
2
=
k

2
x +
t

2
................... 1
Y = mX + c
Y = (y + 1)
2
, m =
k

2
, X = x, c =
t

2
Gantikan x = 0, (y + 1)
2
= 10 ke dalam 1,
10 =
t

2
t = 20
Gantikan x = 5, (y + 1)
2
= 0, t = 20 ke dalam 1,
0 =
k

2
(5) +
20

2

5k

2
= 10
k =
20

5
= 4
(b) (y + 1)
2
=
k

2
x +
t

2
menjadi
(y + 1)
2
=
4

2
x +
20

2
y
2
+ 2y + 1 = 2x + 10
y
2
= 2x 2y + 10 1
= 2(x y) + 9
Y = mX + c
Y = y
2
, m = 2, X = x y, c = 9
[ Kecerunan = 2
Pintasan pada paksi-Y = 9