Ls-Dyna For Begineers

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Table of Contents
LS-DYNA FOR BEGINNERS ................................................................................................................ 0
Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................................. 2
Preface ................................................................................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER 1.......................................................................................................................................... 11
Introduction
Units
LS PREPOST Versions
ELEMENTS AND FEA MODEL
MATERIAL MODELS
LSPREPOST PAGES
K FILE
COMMON KEYWORDS
Termination time
Contact
d3plot
MAT
PART
Section
RIGIDWALL
BOUNDARY
DEFINE_CURVE
ROTATING A MODEL
ZOOM IN ZOOM OUT
LSDYNA & LSPREPOST INTERNET FORUMS
LSDYNA HELP SITES
CHAPTER 2.......................................................................................................................................... 16
IMPACT
MODEL MESHING
MATERIAL MODELS
SECTION PROPERTIES
PART
PROJECTILE VELOCITY

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CONTACT
FIXING EDGES
END TIME
SHELL THICKNESS VARIATION CALCULATION
GRAPHIC OUTPUT FILES
SAVE THE K FILE
LS-DYNA SOLVER
POST PROCESSING THE RESULTS
CHAPTER 3.......................................................................................................................................... 23
ROTATING TARGET
POST PROCESSING
CHAPTER 4.......................................................................................................................................... 29
FRICTION TO HEAT
*DEFINE_CURVE
CHAPTER 5.......................................................................................................................................... 38
RUBBER MODELING
CHAPTER 6.......................................................................................................................................... 43
TIE BREAK
DEFINING MATERIALS AND SECTIONS
CREATING NODE SETS
APPLY DISPLACEMENT ONE EDGE
TO CONSTRAIN THE OTHER EDGE
CONSTRAINED_TIE_BREAK
RESULT
Note
CHAPTER 7.......................................................................................................................................... 47
LEAD PROJECTILE DEFORMATION
CHAPTER 8.......................................................................................................................................... 50
INTERNAL PRESSURE
MATERIAL
CONSTRAINTS
Note
APPLY PRESSURE

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RESULTS
CHAPTER 9.......................................................................................................................................... 56
METAL CUTTING USING SPH
OVERVIEW
BUILDING THE SPH MODEL
PARTCILE FILLING IN A SHELL BOX
CONTACT
TOOL TRAVERSING
SPH SPECIFIC
RESULTS
CHAPTER 10........................................................................................................................................ 62
VIBRATION ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 11........................................................................................................................................ 65
IMPACT ON CONCRETE
CHAPTER 12........................................................................................................................................ 67
SLOSHING SIMULATION
Water and Air Modeling
Node Merging
Tank Shell Elements
Part-Set Node-Set of Water and Air
Node-Set for Tank Velocity and Constrain
Material selection *MAT
Water & Void Material
Tank Material of Polycarbonate
Section type selection *SECTION
Water & Void/Air (*SECTION_SOLID_ALE)
Tank (*SECTION_SHELL)
*EOS_GRUNEISEN
*HOURGLASS
*PART
*DEFINE_CURVE
* INITIAL_VOID_PART
*INITIAL_VELOCITY

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*LOAD_BODY_Y
Identifying Reference Nodes for ALE
Identifying the three reference nodes
*ALE
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE
*ALE_REFERNCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_SET
*BOUNDARY_SPC_SET
*CONSTARINED_LAGRAGE_IN_SOLID
*CONTROL
*CONTROL_ALE
*CONTROL_ENERGY
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP
*DATABASE
*DATABASE_OPTION
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
*DATABASE_BINARY_FSIFOR
*DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY
*DATABASE_FSI
Result
CHAPTER 13...................................................................................................................................... 103
EFFECT OF EXPLOSION ON A CONCRETE WALL
GENERATING PARTS
SECTION PROPERTIES
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
EQUATIONS OF STATE (EOS)
ALE CARDS
PART SETS
CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
INITIAL_DETONATION
TIME STEP SIZE

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RESULTS
CHAPTER 14...................................................................................................................................... 111
LSPREPOST & LSDYNA TIPS
*Interface_Springback_Lsdyna
How to view node and element numbers?
SPH Appearance
SPH PART GENERATION
Refining Mesh
Increasing memory in SPH analysis
SPH particles pass through shell or solid elements
Filling SPH particles as a liquid in a tilted container
Element failure criteria
2D Analysis
*Contact_Tiebreak_Surface_to_Surface
SPH to model foam
Applying Pressure on liquid surface
Generating a new part from a portion of an existing part
OUT OF RANGE VELOCITY IN ALE SIMULATION
HOW TO DISPLAY ELASTIC STRAIN VALUES?
WHEN EOS IS REQUIRED?
*MAT_ADD_EROSION USAGE
HOW TO USE MAT_084?
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT
HEB AND AIR MODELING
COMBATTING INSTABILITY IN ALE
USING *MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_REL3 (MAT_072 R3)
USING *CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY
USING ELASTIC_PLASTIC_HYDRO MATERIAL
HOW TO DISPLAY STRAIN IN VECTOR FORM?
NECESSARY INPUT TO EXTRACT VIBRATION MODES
HOLE FILL WITH SHELL ELEMENTS
IN POST PROCESSING WHAT DOES PRESSURE MEAN?

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NOTE ON JOHNSON COOK MATERIAL MODEL
PATH PLOT
HOW TO ERASE ELEMENTS BUT KEEP THE SURFACES TO REMESH AGAIN
FULLY INTEGRATED SHELL ELEMENTS
FILE GLSTAT
FILE MATSUM
VIEWING CONTACT FRICTIONAL ENERGY[*]
HOW TO CONNECT SPH PART TO SOLID ELEMENT PART
CHAPTER 15...................................................................................................................................... 125
USAGE of LOAD BLAST ENHANCED
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
SECTION PROPERTIES
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
TERMINATION TIME & TIME STEP
*LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED
*LOAD_BLAST_SEGMENT_SET
UN-REFERENCED CURVES
DATABASE_BINARY_BLSTFOR
PARTIAL INPUT
CHAPTER 16...................................................................................................................................... 129
Spot Weld
^t
CHAPTER 17...................................................................................................................................... 132
LS-DYNA MATERIAL MODELS ........................................................................................................ 132
MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM_FAILURE (*MAT_005)
MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN (*MAT_008) C4
EOS_JWL
DdDK/&/W/t/^>/EZW>^d//dzDd
Dd:K,E^KEKK<DdWK>zZKEd
Dd:K,E^KEKK<Dd&KZKWWZ
Z
CHAPTER 18...................................................................................................................................... 136
INITIAL VOLUME FRACTION ........................................................................................................... 137

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K
References......................................................................................................................................... 144

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Preface
This book is the updated edition of previous publication ( From Ls-Prepost to Ls-Dyna
published by LAP Lambert Publishers in July 2011). LS DYNA is one of the most popular
explicit finite element based hydro-codes used to simulate structural response when the
structures are subjected to dynamic loads. The software is used in the industry for design and
prediction of structural response of varying nature structures ranging from automobiles to
aircraft components when subjected to crash and impact loads. LS DYNA is also very popular
with academia where researchers in engineering field solve complicated problems using this
code. LS DYNA has been developed by Livermore Software Technology Corporation (LSTC).
The software manuals are available from the LSTC website free of charge. Because of the
large size of the program the Keyword Users manual that explains the LS DYNA commands
in detail spans over 2400 pages of text. Software commands are written in a certain format
that has to be followed to create an input file. Among other support software LSTC also
provides LS-PREPOST software that is very user friendly software to create LS DYNA input
file and produce the simulation results in graphic and text format. A successful user is
supposed to integrate LS DYNA Keyword manual commands with LS-PREPOST. There are
many websites that explain the usage of this software with the help of examples and FAQs
yet the beginners feel they require more user friendly instructions to acquaint themselves with
LS DYNA. The present effort is a step in this direction to familiarize the beginners with the
software. Each chapter of this book contains an example problem explained step by step so
that the user can easily achieve an insight into the software. Each chapter can be pursued
independently but the Introduction chapter at the start of the book (Chapter 1) and tips
chapter (Chapter 14) consists of common knowledge regarding LS PREPOST and LS DYNA
that should be read before attempting any of the examples.
LS-PREPOST usage has been detailed in every chapter because the user is supposed to
prepare LS DYNA input files using LS-PREPOST although one can type commands in a text
editor. It is hoped that this book would come as a handy manual to help the beginners in the
usage of LS-PREPOST and LS-DYNA.
The input files for all the example problems solved in this book are available on the authors
website: http://staff.iium.edu.my/hqasim/?LS-DYNA_INPUT_FILES
University Malaysia.

at International Islamic
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
In this chapter many important points are explained that must be read before solving any of
the examples in the forthcoming chapters. This is to be emphasized that LS DYNA is a
computer program where the user is supposed to use LS DYNA solver to perform
calculations, all the input and output however is handled by LS-PREPOST. Therefore an
expert knowledge of LS-PREPOST is crucial in learning the software. The user first of all
must understand what sort of simulation is to be performed and how does it match with the
physical problem. There are at times many different routes that can be pursued to solve the
same problem. Most of the LS DYNA commands listed in Keyword user manual can be
found in the LS PREPOST though there might be exceptions at times for certain commands
that have newly been implemented in LS DYNA. Sometimes the commands available in LS
PREPOST and in LS DYNA might not be available in the LS DYNA solver because for
example a certain material model might belong to a third party except whose permission that
part of the program might not be accessible.
Units
In this book a particular set of units would be followed therefore the users are encouraged to
refer to section Getting Started in the Keyword manual [1] if they wish to use other units.
The units used in this book are;
kN, GPa, kg, mm, milliseconds.
LS PREPOST Versions
LS PREPOST is a free software and is available for download from http://www.lstc.com/lspp/.
Instruction manuals are also available at this site though tutorials are available for an older
version (Ver. 2.4). At present there are two existing versions for windows systems. Ver. 2.4
and 3.1. Ver. 2.4 is old version while Ver. 3.1 is current version of the software. New builds of
these two versions are made available on weekly and sometimes on daily basis on bug
reports by users. In Ver. 3.1 the Ver. 2.4 can be accessed by pressing F11 key on the
keyboard. The author is more familiar with Ver. 2.4 and finds it very helpful but Ver. 3.1 has

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enhanced capabilities
s to build an FEA mod
del in it. A screen sho
ot is shown
n in Fig. 1 for Ver.
2
2.4.,
where
e the commands used could be id
dentified byy blue highlighted colorr.
F
Fig.1.
Page 3 of LS-PR
REPOST
ELEMENTS AND FEA
A MODEL
A
Among
ma
any types of elements the most common
c
ele
ements ava
ailable in LS
S DYNA arre solid,
s
shell,
beam
m, and ma
ass elemen
nts. Depen
nding upon the usage the secction differe
entiates
between the
t
elements selected. For example
e
u
under
Secttion_Shell there are
e many
f
formulation
ns available to be chosen.
c
Siimilarly Se
ection_Solid
d provides various element
e
f
formulation
ns for a solid
d element.
Model geometry can be importe
ed into LS PREPOST
T from CAD
D software as IGES files and
t
then
meshe
ed into app
propriate ele
ements. File
es from oth
her FE softw
ware like NASTRAN can
c also
be imported
d. FE mode
els could be
e built direcctly within LS
L PREPOS
ST although complex models
pose difficu
ulties and in
nstead sho
ould be imported. Prim
mitives like Solid
S
Box, Shell Cylinder etc.
could be meshed
m
using LS PRE
EPOST. Ve
er. 3.1 facilitates build
ding model geometry and FE
models effe
ectively.
MATERIAL
L MODELS
S
T
There
are more than 255 materrial models available in LSDYNA
A. These material mod
dels are
on constituttive equatio
ons and th
he ability to
o select th
he most ap
ppropriate material
m
based upo
model for a problem at
a hand is very
v
importtant. Many material models can pose
p
difficu
ulties as

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their input parameters might not be easily available to the user. Some models do not have the
explanation for their input parameters written in the software manuals instead the spaces are
left blank. Same material may behave differently when subjected to varying strain rates
therefore even if one set of input parameters are available one should make sure that those
parameters were suitable under the given strain rates and other boundary conditions. From
the authors experience selection of material input parameters is the most difficult task in
performing LSDYNA simulations. A beginner can start with simple material model examples
and slowly learn more complex material models at a suitable pace. A thorough explanation on
many aspects of LSDYNA could be found on the internet [2] including some material models.
To start with a beginner is encouraged to use the material models available at the following
website [3]. Material selector for LSDYNA is a very informative and helpful browser available
at http://app.d3view.com/d3mat/index.
LSPREPOST PAGES
As shown in Fig.1 LSPREPOST Ver. 2.4 interface consists of page 1 through 7 and D page.
Page 1 is used to see the simulation results. Page 2 and 3 are to build the FEA model. Here
page 3 carries most of the required keywords (commands) in most of the input files. A
description of all the pages and commands could e found at LSTC site [4]. Tutorials are also
available on this site.
K FILE
LSDYNA standard input file extensions are .k or .dyn. LSPREPOST automatically writes the
input files with extension .k. K files are text files and can be opened in any text editor.
Microsoft Wordpad is a suitable text editor for k files but UltraEdit is considered a luxury. K
files can have commands in any sequence. Once the file is generated using LSPREPOST the
user need not worry about the file format. It is possible to type commands in a text editor as
mentioned before though the process may be cumbersome. In certain cases one may be
required to type some brief information using a text editor when copying information between
multiple files. A large K file can be truncated into small pieces and these could be called using
the keyword *include. All small files can have extension .k.

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COMMON KEYWORDS
Termination time This is the time required to complete the calculation. It is required keyword
in a K file so that LSDYNA knows when to stop. It is included using *Control_Termination. A
value is assigned to ENDTIM under *Control_Termination card.
Contact This command defines the contact between different parts in a simulation. There are
many types of contacts available. Contact could be defined between various parts or as self
contact when a part deforms enough to come into contact with itself.
d3plot Graphic output files (binary files) are named d3plot. Depending upon the size of
simulation there maybe multiple d3plot files output starting with d3plot, d3plot01, d3plot02, etc.
This file is generated using *Database_Binary_d3plot keyword. The time interval between
plots can be controlled by inputting an appropriate value for dt.
MAT Clicking this Tab on page 3 would open a list of all material models available.
PART Each part essentially consists of material and section properties besides other
parameters like EOSID, HGID, etc.
Section: Under this keyword a shell, solid, beam, mass, etc are defined. A thin structure
would normally consist of shell elements. Shell thickness, number of integration points, and
the element formulations are defined here. Depending upon the element formulations one
may decide how the element will respond to external loads. Section Solid or Section Beam
defines solid element and beam element parameters. Section SPH defines the particle
elements.
RIGIDWALL: Various types of rigid walls can be defined that do not deform under loads.
BOUNDARY: A large number of boundary conditions can be defined using this keyword.
Constraints on nodes or parts are defined. Moreover translating/rotating parts are also
defined.
DEFINE_CURVE Although keyword define can define parameters, define curve is the most
commonly used command to define curves like time versus velocity/displacement etc.
ROTATING A MODEL Rotating a model on screen is done by left mouse button while
keeping SHIFT key pressed down.

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ZOOM IN ZOOM OUT Use right mouse button to zoom in and zoom out while keeping SHIFT
key pressed down.
LSDYNA & LSPREPOST INTERNET FORUMS
There is an LSDYNA forum as Yahoo LSDYNA group. Users with Yahoo account can
become member for LSDYNA Yahoo group where they can share information regarding the
software usage with other people. There is also a group for LSPREPOST for people with
Google account where questions and answers are entertained regarding the usage of
LSPREPOST. Input files and tips are uploaded on both of the above mentioned two groups
by users on daily basis.
LSDYNA HELP SITES
http://www.cadfem.de/en.html
http://www.lsdyna.eu/index.php?id=706
http://www.dynalook.com/
http://www.dynasupport.com/

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CHAPTER 2
IMPACT
Fig. 2.1
In this chapter a step by step example would be solved to simulate a projectile impact on a
plate using LSPREPOST and LSDYNA. Start the LSPREPOST and toggle F11 key on the
keyboard so that the menu like the one shown in Fig.2.1 is displayed. Click on page 6>mesh>
MODEL MESHING
In the Entity select box select 4N-Shell. Click on P1 and insert coordinates for point 1 as x,y,z
(0.0, 0.0, 0.0) and click done. Now click P2 and insert coordinates for point 2 as (100.0, 0.0,
0.0) and click done. Insert for point 3 and 4 the coordinates as follows;
3( 100.0, 50.0, 0.0), 4(0.0, 50.0, 0.0). Next insert 100 and 50 in the fields NxNo and NyNo
respectively and click on Create and Accept buttons. Using Shift + right mouse button
reduce the model size to fit in the window. This has resulted in a plate of 100X50 mm meshed
with 100 elements in x and 50 elements in y direction and is shown in Fig.2.2.

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Fig. 2.2 Me
eshing plate
e model
W would next model a cylindriccal projectille in front of
We
o the plate at a small distance frrom the
ndow as sh
hown in Fig
g.2.3. Here the cylinde
er radius = 6 mm,
plate. Fill the Cylinder_Solid win
2 mm, num
mber of elem
ments in ciircumferenttial direction are = 16
6 and in the
e length
length = 12
d
direction
th
here are 12 elements. The cylinde
er center iss located at x = 50 mm
m , y = 25 mm,
m and
z = 5 mm, and
a the cylinder length
h is parallell to z direction (dirz = 1).
Fig. 2.3 Input parameters for a solid cylin

nder
T model would look
The
k like the one displaye
ed in Fig.2..4. Let us pause
p
and see what we
w have
d
done
until this
t
point. We
W have meshed
m
a re
ectangular plate
p
and created
c
a cyylindrical prrojectile
in front of it. We would need to now
n
define the materials and secction prope
erties for the
ese two

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parts. We would
w
also constraint the extrem
me edges of
o the plate
e and define
e a velocityy of the
projectile. As
A the proje
ectile is goiing to impa
act the plate
e, the conta
act between
n them hass also to
be defined..
Fig. 2.4 Pla

ate and Pro
ojectile Messh: Isometriic view.
MATERIAL
L MODELS
S
First of all let us defin
ne the matterial prope
erties for the plate and
d the projectile. Click the top
n *MAT on
n page 3 of LSPREPO
OST. Chang
ge the field Sort to tyype and M
Model to
right button
All. A ma
aterial mode
el list will be displaye
ed. Click on
o 003-Pla
astic_kinem
matic and Edit. A
w
window
as shown in Fig.
F 2.5 will be displaye
ed. Click A
Add and fill in the field
ds as shown
n in Fig.
2 and clicck accept and
2.5
a done.
Now repea
at the above
e procedure
e to select second ma
aterial for 0
020-Rigid and
a fill in th
he fields
as shown in
n Fig. 2.6.
Fig. 2.5
5 Plate Mate
erial

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Fig. 2.6 Projectile

P
Material
T material propertie
The
es in Fig. 2.5 are for material
m
1 arre as follow
ws;
Density = 2.7
2 kg/mm3 (2700 kg/m
m3), Elasticc Modulus = 70 GPa, Poissons Ratio
R
= 0.34, Yield
Strength = 0.267 GPa
a (267 MPa), Tangen
nt Modulus = 0.32GPa
a (320 MPa), and the
e failure
s
strain
= 0.2
28 (28%).
T Rigid material
The
m
mo
odel parameters are shown
s
in Fig
g. 2.6. Thiss is conside
ered to be material
m
2 in this mo
odel.
IES
SECTION PROPERT
P
Click *secction and th
he shell on
n page 3>Edit
Click Add and insert parameterss as shown
n in Fig. 2.7
Fig. 2.7
7 Section_S
Shell
S
factorr = 0.833 (this
(
value is used to control
In this figure Shell thickness = 0.4 mm, Shear
N
of Inte
egration po
oints throu
ugh the th
hickness = 5, and element
e
hourglass modes), No.
f
formulation
n 2 (Belytsc
chko-Tsay fo
ormulation)) has been used.
Now repea
at the prece
eding proce
edure for ssection_solid. Click A
Add , acce
ept, and d
done At
t
this
stage no
n input forr this card iss required.
PART
Now click PART from
m page 3 and
a click Ed
dit. In the window
w
asssign materiial 1 and se
ection 1
t PART 1 and materrial 2 and section
to
s
2 to
o PART 2. Click acce
ept, and do
one. At thiis stage
h
been assigned with
w their respective material and section pro
operties.
both parts have

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PROJECTIILE VELOC
CITY
Click *Initia
al_Velocity_
_Generatio
on on page
e 3 and inse
ert values as
a shown in
n Fig. 2.8. S
STYP =
2 means this velocity
2
y is assigne
ed to a PART while NSID/PID
N
= 2 means PART 2 ha
as been
v
Pa
art 2 movess in negativve z directtion. Click accept an
nd done as
a usual
assigned velocity.
here.
Fig.. 2.8 Assign

ning projecttile velocityy
CONTACT
T
A
After
cruising for a sho
ort time the
e projectile will come in
nto contact with the ta
arget plate. To let it
ct on page
e 3 and the
en automa
atic_surface
e_to_surfacce from the
e list of
happen clicck *contac
contacts. Fill
F up the window
w
fields as shown
n in Fig. 2.9
9.
Fig. 2.9 Conta

act between
n two parts.
SSID 2 is an abbreviation for Slave
S
set ID
D and MSIID stands for
f Master set ID. He
ere Part
2(projectile
e) is a slave
e and Part 1(plate)
1
is a master in LS DYNA terminolog
gy. SSTYP = 3 and
MSTYP = 3 says thatt slave and master are
e both partts. Drop down menu gives
g
details about
o
other
possiible choices
s.
FIXING ED
DGES
W would now constrrain the two
We
o vertical edges of the
e plate. Firsst click SettD on page
e 5 and
t
then
create
e. Now che
eck radio button
b
Area
a from the south-westt of the scre
een and ma
ake two
boxes arou
und both ed
dges so tha
at all the ve
ertical edge
e nodes are
e selected. Then clickk Apply
and Done. By doing this nodes on both ve
ertical edge
es have bee
en selected
d and a nod
de set 1
has been generated.
g
Next click Boundary from page 3 and se
elect SPC
C-SET Editt and in th
he window
w that is
d
displayed
c
click
on Ad
dd then sellect NSID as
a 1 and re
eplace 0 witth 1 in DOF
FX, DOFY, DOFZ,
DOFRX, DOFRY, DO
OFRZ. That constrains node set 1(vertical ed
dge nodes on
o plate) in
n 6 DOF.

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END TIME
Click *Control_Termination Edit and insert 0.5 in ENDTIM field. This means that the
calculations would be done until 0.5 milliseconds.
SHELL THICKNESS VARIATION CALCULATION
To calculate the plate thickness variation and being able to display this information in the
output another control card is required. Click *Control_Shell and insert 1 in ISTUPD field.
Click accept and done.
GRAPHIC OUTPUT FILES
To obtain the graphic results click *Dbase and then BINARY_D3PLOT and insert 0.01
under dt field. Click accept, and done. This will generate plot files every 0.01 milliseconds.
SAVE THE K FILE
At this stage the input file should be saved with an extension as .k.
LS-DYNA SOLVER
Start LS-DYNA solver and execute the input file. This will generate d3hsp, d3plot, and some
other files depending upon the parameters selected in the input file. On windows based
computers the environments differs slightly depending on the interface being used. Linux
systems use a script file to run LS DYNA jobs.
POST PROCESSING THE RESULTS
The results from the LSDYNA simulations can be viewed in LSPREPOST. Output is available
through page 1 of LSPREPOST. The results consist of structural deformations, strains,
stresses, forces, reactions, nodal and element histories, pressures, temperatures and a lot of
other information. Page 1 is shown in Fig. 2.10. Most of the information can be accessed
through Fcomp button.

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F 2.10 Pa
Fig.
age 1 LSPR
REPOST
V
Von-Mises
stresses are
a displaye
ed in Fig. 2.11
2
after the
t
projectile passes through the
e target
ample.
plate in ourr impact exa
Fig. 2.11 Von-Misess Stresses in the targe

et plate at 0.06 millisecconds.

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CHAPTER 3
ROTATING TARGET
Fig. 3.1
At times a target plate might be in motion. In this chapter an example would be solved where
a circular deformable plate is rotating about its central axis and is struck by a rigid spherical
projectile near its periphery normal to the plane of the plate. To model a circular plate toggle
F11 button on the keyboard to display the LSPREPOST ver 3.1 interface as shown in Fig. 3.2.
First click on element and mesh icon as shown by arrow 1 and then click shape mesher
icon as shown by arrow 2. Shape mesher window will be displayed. Fill the fields as shown
and click create and accept buttons. A meshed plate is the result. Remember this needs
some experience to obtain a regular shape mesh like this.

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Fig. 3.2 Creating Circular plate

To create the projectile, repeat the above procedure for Sphere_Solid as shown in Fig. 3.3.
A sphere is generated in front of the circular plate. Now repeat the material selection for both
the plate and the spherical projectile as we have done in Chapter 2. Solid and Shell section
should be created with the same values. In this model circular plate has PART ID #1 and the
projectile is PART 2.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
Fig. 3.3 Creating Solid Sphere

Once the two material models and section properties have been decided the next step is to
assign these to the respective parts. Click PART on page 3, edit the parts one by one by
inserting section and material IDs into the PART fields. Now the parts information is
complete.
In this example we intend to rotate the circular target plate (PART#1) and impact it with the
sphere (PART#2). To rotate the plate let us assume that the plate is rotating at 5000 rpm
which is equal to 0.5235 radians per milliseconds. To achieve this first define a curve using
define on page 3 and then select curve from the drop down list.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig. 3.3 Define curve

e input.
In the defin
ne curve ca
ard insert values
v
unde
er A1 (absccissa) and O1
O (ordinate) as show
wn in Fig.
3.3. and sa
ave it. 5000
0 in the ord
dinate field stands forr 5000 milliseconds. This
T
card in
ndicates
t
that
velocity remains
s constant for this duration.
d
A the targ
As
get plate iss assumed
d to be
d
deformable
e the rotate
e command
d is applied
d to its nod
des. From page 5 cre
eate a node
e set of
plate and save it. Now
N
click *Boundary and then
n click Pre
escribed_Motion_Set. In the
s
in Fiig. 3.4 slectt 1 under NSID.
N
DOF stands for degree
d
of freedom.
f
resulting window as shown
w
means the plate
e rotates in y-z plane (about x axxis). VAD input
i
show
ws if it is
Select 9 which
v
velocity,
accceleration, or displaccement. In
n our exam
mple it is 0 (zero) wh
hich indicattes it is
v
velocity.
A value of 1 under
u
LCID
D stands forr load curve
e ID. Here 1 means loa
ad curve 1 is to be
s card show
wn in Fig. 3.4
3 we wou
uld constraiin the innerr edge of th
he plate
used. Afterr saving this
in x directio
on (perpend
dicular to th
he plane of the plate).
Fig. 3.4 Bounday_Pr

B
rescribed_M
Motion_Sett input.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
T create node
To
n
set off nodes at the inner edge
e
of the plate go to
o page 5 and
a click on
n SetD>
Create> no
ode-Set. No
ow check B
ByEdge an
nd Prop bu
uttons and click on the
e inner edg
ge. This
w select all
will
a nodes att the inner edge.
e
Click Apply and
d Done.
T apply a translation
To
nal velocity to the proje
ectile click on Initial > Velocity_
_Generation
n and in
t subseq
the
quent windo
ow fill the ne
ecessary fie
elds as sho
own in Fig. 3.5.
3
Fig
g. 3.5 Initial Velocity generation
g
STYP = 2 stands
s
for P
PART
NSID/PID = 2 means part # 2 (prrojectile)
V = 90.00
VX
0 means the
e projectile velocity in x direction (perpendiccular to plate plane).
Save this card.
c
W now se
We
et the conta
act between
n the two parts
p
using *CONTACT
T command
d on page 3. Click
*
*CONTACT
T and selec
ct Automatic_Surface_
_to_Surface. Follow Fig.
F 2.9 to complete
c
th
he input.
Set the te
ermination time as 20
2 milliseco
onds unde
er EDNTIM
M from *Co
ontrol_Term
mination
command.
Insert 0.05
5 under DT
T in d3plot card und
der *Dbase that show
ws that d3p
plot files wo
ould be
o
output
everry 0.05 milliseconds.
Execute the
e LSDYNA and procee
ed for post processing
g session.
POST PRO
OCESSING
G
V
Von-Mises
stress plott is shown in Fig. 3.6 after the projectile
p
ha
as rebounded from the
e target
get plate is rotating. One
O obviouss applicatio
on is the biird strike on the aircra
aft axial
plate. Targ
compresso
or blades.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
Fig. 3.6 Von-Mises stresses in the rotating plate after impact by projectile

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
CHAPTER 4
FRICTION TO HEAT
Fig. 4.1 Disk brake with friction pads.

As two parts slide against each other their temperature rises due to friction. There are
numerous applications in engineering where friction results in heat generation. In this chapter
a simple example of this phenomenon would be presented with necessary details. The model
shown in Fig. 4.1 is rather complex for the beginners therefore a simple model would be
presented in this chapter.
A square static plate with a rotating cylindrical roller against the plate will be modeled. In this
example we will also generate two parts. To generate the square plate open the LS
PREPOST interface for ver 3.1. Click on the two icons in sequence shown by Fig. 3.2 and
input dimensions and mesh parameters as shown in Fig. 4.2 to generate a 4-N_SHELL also

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
shown under the same figure. Next generate the second part which is a solid cylinder. Follow
Fig. 2.3 to create a solid cylinder of appropriate dimensions and mesh.
Fig. 4.2 Generating a meshed square plate.

Result should look like the isometric view in Fig. 4.3. Instead of modeling like in Fig. 4.1 we
would attempt to make a simple model like the one shown in Fig. 4.3.
Fig. 4.3 Part generation

The material properties for the plate (MID = 1) and the cylinder (MID = 2) are given in Fig. 4.4
for both the materials. MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC (MAT_003) is the material model used.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Material #1 has material properties for an aluminum alloy and materrial #2 posssesses
properties for
f steel.
Fig. 4.4
4 Elastic Pla
astic Materiial model (**MAT_PLAS
STIC_KINE
EMATIC) fo
or the plate and
c
cylinder.
For a probllem where we intend to convert friction ene
ergy into he
eat in LSDY
YNA simula
ation we
require to define
d
another set of material
m
pro
operties carrds as show
wn in Fig. 4.5.
4 Note th
hat even
t
though
we have already provided
d material properties
p
u
under
mate
erial model 1 & 2 we sttill need
t define tw
to
wo more material
m
properties carrds to menttion the the
ermal prope
erties of the same
materials ID
Ds that is material
m
#1 & #2
Fig. 4.5
4 MAT_THERMAL_ISOTROPIC

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Now to define
d
sec
ction prop
perties use
e the carrd SECTION on page
p
3. First a
SECTION_
_SHELL and then SEC
CTION_SOLID for platte and cylin
nder must be
b defined. Section
cards for plate and cy
ylinder are shown
s
in Fig. 4.6. For details of the parametters in thesse cards
t user is referred to the latest LSDYNA
the
L
Ke
eyword use
er manual.
Fig. 4.6
4 Section cards to de
efine and sh
hell and solid structure
es.
Open PAR
RT and ass
sign SECTIION#1 and MAT#1 to PART #1 (Plate) and
d SECTION
N#2 and
MAT#2 to PART#2
P
(so
olid cylinde
er) respectivvely.
Next constrain the pla
ate edges using
u
*Bou
undary_SPC_SET. Node set should be cre
eated to
d this as mentioned
do
m
earlier.
e
Next task is
i to assign
n angular velocity
v
to the solid cylinder abo
out its axis (z-axis). Define
D
a
curve as shown
s
in Fig.
F
4.7 with the vallues shown
n in the te
ext below Fig. 4.7. Apply
A
a
t
translation
to (z directtion) the so
olid cylinderr so that it is forced against
a
the plate follow
wing the
of solid
s
sequence
i Fig. 4.8. The details of both curves
in
c
(for angular velocity and translation
t
cylinder) arre shown in
n the text prrovided belo
ow Fig. 4.8.

Z'/EEZ^^
>^zE&KZ
Fig. 4.7 Two

T
comma
ands to apply angular velocity
v
to the
t solid cyylinder.
Fig. 4.8
8 Two comm
mands to asssign transllation to the
e solid cylin
nder.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
*DEFINE_CURVE
$#
lcid
sidr
0 1.000000 1.000000
$#
sfa
a1
0.000
sfo
offa
offo
0.000
dattyp
0.000
o1
2.0000000
10.0000000
2.0000000
*DEFINE_CURVE
$#
$#
lcid
sidr
0 1.000000 1.000000
a1
0.000
sfa
sfo
offa
offo
0.000
dattyp
0.000
o1
0.000
0.2000000
-0.5000000
0.3000000
-1.0000000
0.4000000
-1.5000000
0.5000000
-2.0000000
0.6000000
-2.5000000
0.7000000
-3.0000000
0.8000000
-3.5000000
0.9000000
-4.0000000
1.0000000
-4.5000000
1.1000000
-5.0000000
1.2000000
-5.5000000
1.3000000
-5.5000000
5.0000000
-5.5000000
To define the CONTACT between the solid cylinder and the plate click *CONTACT on page 3
using CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE and insert
parameters as shown in Fig. 4.9.

the necessary
>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig.
F 4.9 Carrd to define contact between part 2 and 1.
Next define
e initial tem
mperature off the structure at hand
d to a very small value
e as shown
n in Fig.
4
4.10.
Fig. 4.10 Defin

ne initial tem
mperature.
Other nece
essary com
mmands to be used in
n this anallysis are sh
hown in Fig. 4.11. Th
he user
s
should
read
d about the
ese commands in deta
ail in the late
est LSDYNA
A Keyword users man
nual.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig. 4.11 Other

O
necesssary cards required fo
or the frictio
on to heat analysis.
a
A
After
all the
e above co
ommands are
a impleme
ented in the
e k file the user may solve the problem
p
using LSDY
YNA solverr. One of the representative outpu
ut of tempe
erature profile is shown
n in Fig.
4
4.12.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
Fig. 4.12 Temperature profile of the plate and the cylinder.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
CHAPTER 5
RUBBER MODELING
Fig. 5.1 Displacement iso-surfaces of a bouncing rubber block.

Having access to LSDYNA simulations could prove to be fun at times. Same are we going to
do in this chapter. You might remember playing with a rubber ball that bounces back and forth
until all its energy is dissipated. Here instead of thinking about its importance in engineering
we would like to see how rubber can bounce back from hard surfaces on impact and how it
deforms elastically until it settles down to its original shape and size. Let us model a solid box
made up of rubber as shown in Fig. 5.2. Click on icons 1 and 2 as shown in Fig. 3.2 to make a
solid box as shown in Fig. 5.2. The box dimensions are 40 mm each in X, Y, and Z directions
with 10 elements divisions in each direction.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig. 5.2
5 Rubber block 40 X 40 X 40 mm
T come up
To
p with a hard surface we
w would use
u a comm
mand called
d *RIGID_W
WALL_PLA
ANAR
f
from
input page
p
3 of LSPREPOS
L
ST where it is shown as
a a button *Rgdwal with
w input
parameterss as in Fig. 5.3. To add
d this card after clickin
ng on the **Rgdwal bu
utton click Edit
E
and in the window
w
clic
ck on Add button. The only values input are
e YT and YH
Y which sttand for
Y tail and Y head. This
T
means wall faces upward tha
at is in Y dirrection or in
n other words the
w is mad
wall
de below the
e solid box because solid box center is loca
ated at (0.0,, 0.0, 0.0) in
n this
case.
Fig. 5.3 Rigid wall input.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
T rigid wall
The
w generated is shown in Fig. 5.4
4.
5 Rigid wall
w below th
he solid boxx.
Fig. 5.4
Next define
e the materrial properties for rubb
ber. At this stage
s
*MAT
T_027 can be used ass shown
in Fig. 5.6
6. For the details of this materiial model the
t
user can
c
read under this material
m
d
description
DYNA Keyw
word manua
al. Further details can
n be obtaine
ed from search on
in the LSD
t internett.
the
Fig. 5.6 Rubber material model

m
inputt.
In this exa
ample only one PART
T is require
ed. The other entity is a rigid wall
w that do
oes not
require ma
aterial prope
erties or se
ection prop
perties. Forr materials like rubberr it is advissable to
use hourglass in the PART card
d. The PAR
RT and the HOURGLA
ASS cards are shown
n in Fig.
5.7

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig. 5.7 The PART

T and HOUR
RGLASS ca
ards.
A large de
As
eformations
s are expeccted after th
he rectangu
ular solid ru
ubber box comes
c
into contact
w
with
the rigid
r
wall, defining the
t
interiorr contact between solid
s
box elements is also
recommend
ded as sho
own in Fig. 5.8. For this to happ
pen and pa
art set has to be used
d in the
CONTACT
T_INTERIOR
R card whicch includess only the PART #1.
Fig
g. 5.8 Conta
act interior for
f the elem
ments of rub
bber block.
T
The
velocitty of the ru
ubber blockk is defined
d as shown in Fig. 5.9
9. Here ST
TYP = 2 sta
ands for
PART and NSID/PID indicates th
he part ID fo
or the part which
w
is asssigned thiss velocity.
Fig. 5.9 Rubbe

er block movves in nega
ative Y direction at 30 mm / millissec velocity.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
Rest of the necessary commands to be added are the Control_Termination and *Dbase.
Once the k file is complete the k file can be run under LSDYNA.
Fig. 5.10 Shear stresses in the rubber block on impact.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
CHAPTER 6
TIE BREAK
In this chapter the separation of two shell parts by pulling them apart would be demonstrated
using a command *Constrained_Tie_Break on page 3 of LSPREPOST. The purpose is to be
able to predict the failure of joint between structures. The structure might have been glued
together by some means and upon application of force the two structures separate based
upon their plastic strain value. The structure is shown in Fig. 6.1 where two thin plates ( 1 mm
thickness ) of same material ( an aluminum alloy ) are bonded together and their initial shape
is shown in the figure. Top and bottom edges are pulled outward and after a certain plastic
strain is encountered in the plate material the plates start tearing apart.
In this model 4 node sets are constructed. Two node sets are the nodes located at the top
and bottom edge as shown in the figure. Two other node sets consist of the nodes of the
portion of two shell plates that are glued together. Among the nodes that are glued together
one set that belongs to one plate are called the slave nodes and the other plate nodes are
called master nodes.
Fig. 6.1 Two shell parts subjected to a tear apart based upon plastic failure strain.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
DEFINING MATERIA
ALS AND SECTIONS
Material an
nd section cards sho
ould be deffined as mentioned
m
in earlier chapters.
c
F your
For
reference the
t
images
s of those 4 cards are
e presented in Fig. 6.2. The inp
put files forr all the
examples are
a availablle on the authors
a
web
bsite.
T materiial propertie
The
es and the section pro
operties for both partss in this exxample are same ,
t
they
should
d therefore be repeate
ed for both parts.
p
Fig. 6.2 Ma
aterial properties and section
s
card input.
CREATING
G NODE SE
ETS
Create two
o node sets from the edges
e
of ea
ach part as shown in Fig.
F 1. As you
y remember that
t node sets are deffined using command SetD on page 5 of LSPREPOS
the
ST. To gen
nerate a
node set fro
om one edg
ge follow th
he procedurre below.
Click SetD
D on page 5 > Create
e > Node_S
Set > By Ed
dge ( from the
t bottom of screen ) > prop
> 45 and th
hen click on the edge
e. All the ed
dge nodes would be highlighted.
h
Click App
ply and
Done to complete
c
the command
d.
T generatte the node
To
e sets of the
e nodes tha
at are glued
d to each other
o
from two
t
parts th
he most
effective method
m
is to
o select a single
s
part using
u
SelP
Par from page
p
1. When a single
e part is
d
displayed
r
reorient
it in
n such a wa
ay that the nodes requ
uired to makke a set co
ould be encllosed in
a rectangular box. Ne
ext Click Se
etD on pag
ge 5 > Crea
ate > Node
e Set > area
a ( this buttton is at
t bottom left of the screen
the
s
). Make
M
a box around the target nodes using mouse.
m
Clickk Apply
ete the selecction.
and Done to comple

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
A
APPLY
DIS
SPLACEMENT ONE EDGE
E
T move one
To
o edge node set in a certain direction,
d
define a currve as give
en in the input file.
Next using Boundary
y_Prescribe
ed_Motion_
_Set apply displacement on the edge node
e set as
s
shown
in Fig. 6.3.
Fig. 6.3 Applying disp

placement to a set of nodes.
n
T CONST
TO
TRAIN THE
E OTHER EDGE
E
One edge nodes ha
ave to be constrained for all six
s DOF. Using
U
Bou
undary_SPC
C_SET
a
edg
ge nodes ass shown in Fig. 6.4.
constrain another
Fig. 6.4 Constrainin

ng a node set
s in all 6 DOF.
D
CONSTRA
AINED_TIE_
_BREAK
T constrain the two parts togetther with th
To
he condition
n that if the
eir plastic strain reaches 0.15
t
that
is 15 % the parrts would tear
t
apart is done byy using CONSTRAIN
NED_TIE_B
BREAK
a shown in Fig. 6.5. SNSID = 2 is the slavve node se
et 2 and MN
NSID = 1 in
ndicates
command as
master nod
de set.
onstrained tie break co

ommand.
Fig. 6.5 The usage of co
T
The
userr
is
encouraged
to
intro
oduce
all
other
common
CONTROL
L_TERMINATION, C
CONTROL_
_TIME_STE
EP, and D
Dbase etc.

commands
like
>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
RESULT
T resultss for plastic strain are shown in Fig.
The
F 6.6 whe
ere the 0.16
6 strain can
n be seen near
n
the
s
separation
zone while
e plastic strrain for the potions tha
at have alre
eady separrated range
es up to
0.83 ( 83% ).
Fig. 6.6 Plastic sttrain in the two shell pa

arts when they
t
separa
ate.
Note
W
While
mode
eling the tw
wo plates a gap of equ
ual to twice the half thicckness of the plate sh
hould be
kept between two matting surface
es as shown in Fig. 6.7
7.
Fig. 6.7
7 The gap between
b
sh
hell structurres.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
CHAPTER 7
LEAD PROJECTILE DEFORMATION
Fig. 7.1 A lead projectile impacted on an aluminum block.

Lead is known as a dense, soft, and ductile metal that undergoes large deformation when
subjected to dynamic loads. In this chapter the procedure to conduct a simulation with a high
velocity lead projectile coming into contact with an aluminum block would be discussed briefly.
By now the user is supposed to know how to create these two parts using LSPREPOST as
shown in Fig. 7.1. The only difference between previous chapters and this chapter is that in
the present example the projectile and the target plate are both considered to be deformable.
After the model for the aluminum block and the projectile is made using LSPREPOST the
material properties and section properties are defined as shown in Fig. 7.2 and Fig. 7.3
respectively.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig. 7.2 Plastic Kin

nematic mo
odel for alum
minum and lead materrials.
Fig. 7.3 Solid

S
sectio
on is define
ed for both parts.
p
T fixed edges
The
e
of the
e aluminum
m block are highlighted
d in Fig. 7.4.
Fig. 7.4
7 Fixed ed
dges nodess highlighted.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
A surface to surface contact is defined between the projectile and the block. The problem is
solved using LSDYNA solver and the result is shown in Fig. 7.5 regarding the plastic strain. It
is upon the user to investigate whether these results are realistic or not or what changes are
needed to select a proper material model that matches the experimental evidence. All values
given for material properties are approximate in this book. The user is required to make
suitable input files that suit his/her experimental work and the materials involved.
Fig. 7.5 Massive plastic strain in lead projectile.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
CHAPTER 8
INTERNAL PRESSURE
In this chapter we will learn how to apply internal pressure on a cylindrical pressure vessel
and observe the effect on the cylinder deformations and stresses. To construct a cylinder
follow the input sequence given in Fig. 8.1 to make a cylinder with a radius of 60 mm and a
length of 120 mm. The main axis of this cylinder is along Y direction. Remember to check
Top and Bottom if you desire a closed cylinder.
Page 6 > Mesh > Cylinder_Shell.
Fig. 8.1 Construction of a cylindrical pressure vessel.

As we are required to apply the internal pressure on the cylinder walls we must make sure if
the orientation of the shell elements is suitable to apply internal pressure. This is done by
clicking on Page 2 and then pressing Normals. The input sequence and its result is shown in
Fig. 8.2. As it can be seen that the shell normals of the cylinder except its one end face of the
cylinder are facing outwards. This is not going to let us apply internal pressure on the cylinder

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
walls from inside. The shell normals of all shell elements facing outward have to e reversed.
This is done by following the sequence as follows;
Auto Reverse > Click on the region whose vector direction is to be followed > Auto Reverse.
Make sure By Part is selected.
Now the all the arrows should point inwards which is displayed in Fig. 8.3. This allows us to
apply internal pressure correctly.
Fig. 8.2 View the shell normals.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig. 8.3 All shell no

ormals facin
ng inwards such that applying
a
inte
ernal presssure is posssible.
MATERIAL
L
T material propertie
The
es ( MAT _0
003) and th
he section properties
p
fo
or this exam
mple are sh
hown in
he shell thic
ckness is 0..35 mm and
d the failure
e strain is 0.15
0
( 15% ).
)
Fig. 8.4. Th
F 8.4 The
Fig.
e material properties
p
and the secttion propertties for the cylinder.
CONSTRA
AINTS
Using Bou
undary_SPC
C_SET on a set of ed
dge nodes the
t edge ca
an be consttrained as shown
s
in Fig. 8.5.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
Fig. 8.5 Constraint on cylinder edge nodes.

Note
To make a node set of the edge nodes of the cylinder follow the sequence;
Page 5 > SetD > Create > Node Set > By Edge (at the bottom of screen) > prop > Ang = 45 >
Click on the edge > Apply > Done.
APPLY PRESSURE
To apply the internal pressure, define a curve which represents a relation between the time
and pressure value. This is shown in Fig. 8.6.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig. 8..6 Defining time versuss pressure using DEFINE_CURV

VE.
Next using LOAD_SE
EGMENT_S
SET apply the
t pressurre on shell segments defined byy Create
NT_SET fro
om SetD of page 5. Th
he image is shown in Fig.
F 8.7.
> SEGMEN
Fig. 8.7 Applying pressure of shell

s
segme
ents.
RESULTS
T Von-M
The
Mises stress
s contours are
a shown from the solution of this example in Fig. 8..8. Note
t
that
increasing the prressure so that the plastic strain
n rises beyo
ond 15 % , the failure
e of the
cylinder can also be visualized.
v

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
Fig. 8.8 Von-Mises stress contours of a cylinder with an internal pressure.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
CHAPTER 9
METAL CUTTING USING SPH
Fig. 9.1 The model for metal cutting using SPH method.
OVERVIEW
An aluminum work-piece is to be machined using a rigid non-deformable cutting tool. The
work-piece consists of particles instead of elements. The method adapted is called the
Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). In this example the cutting tool is made up of solid
elements but the work-piece contains particles. The advantage of SPH is that the particles are
free to move in space and they do not get entangled into each other like ordinary elements in
finite element analysis. This method can also be used when the simulations of fluid structure
interaction are performed. Moreover this method is very convenient of model large
deformations of softer materials which otherwise is not possible using Lagrangian

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
formulations. Modeling failure of very brittle materials is also possible using this method.
Among few limitations one may be considered the computational cost incurred.
BUILDING THE SPH MODEL
There are different methods that can be used to build the mesh-less models in SPH. The
particles can be generated from scratch by defining their coordinates and mass. The SPH
particles can also be generated from solid elements and later the solid elements can be
deleted. A third way of achieving the same goal is by making a shell box using mesh on
page 6 of LSPREPOST. The empty shell box is then filled up by particles by adjusting the
density of particles, material density, and percentage fill in a certain direction. To generate the
model in this example this third procedure was used.
The sequence for building SPH is to first generate a BOX_SHELL of required dimensions and
deciding about the number of elements in X, Y, and Z directions. This is done on page 6. Next
the shell box has to be filled.
PARTCILE FILLING IN A SHELL BOX
The sequence for filling a shell box is as follows;
Page 7 > SphGen > Select Pick Part > Click on the shell box > Fill the fields as shown in Fig.
9.2 >Apply >Accept > Done.

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Fig. 9.2 SPH

S
particle
e filling in a rectangula
ar box.
Next delete
e the Shell Part. Only particles wo
ould be leftt in the mod
del as show
wn in Fig. 9..3. Note
t
that
the spa
acing betwe
een the particles is de
ecided by PitX,
P
PitY, and
a PitZ as shown in Fig.
F 9.2.
Den stand
ds for mate
erial densityy. This will also
a
assign mass to ea
ach particle
e. It is advissed that
particle spa
acing should be kept as regularr as possib
ble to assist computattions. Fill%
% when
o
other
than 100 % the box can be filled in X,
X Y, or, Z direction ussing Dirx, Diry, and
d, Dirz
respectivelyy.

>^zE&KZ
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Fig. 9.3 SPH particcles.

T
The
rigid body cuttin
ng tool ca
an be mod
deled as any
a
other solid
s
body which ha
as been
mentioned in previous
s chapters. Let us asssume we now have th
he complete
e model tha
at looks
as in Fig. 9.4.
9
Fig. 9.4 The work-piecce (SPH) and the cuttiing tool.
CONTACT
T
T
The
contacct between
n SPH parrts and the
e shell or solid
s
eleme
ents is alw
ways CON
NTACT_
A
AUTOMAT
TIC_ NODE
ES_ TO_ SURFACE
S
. In this exa
ample SPH
H is PART #3
# and the
e cutting
t
tool
is PAR
RT #1. The
e contact co
ommand ussed is show
wn in Fig. 9.5.
9 In conttact betwee
en SPH

>^zE&KZ
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particles an
nd shell or solid
s
eleme
ents the SPH part is always considered to be
e slave parrt. Slave
part ID app
pears underr SSID and the masterr part appea
ars under MSID.
M
Fig. 9.5
5 The conta
act between
n SPH partiicles and ellements. SP
PH is alwayys slave entity.
T
TOOL
TRA
AVERSING
T
Tool
motion is define
ed using a curve relatting time with
w the vellocity of po
osition of to
ool at a
certain tim
me. In the present example
e
v
velocity
in X directio
on has be
een defined
d by a
Define_Cu
urve and **Boundary_
_Prescribed
d_Motion_R
Rigid as sh
hown in Fig.. 9.6.
Fig
g. 9.6 Tool traverse co
ommands.

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SPH SPEC
CIFIC
T section
The
n property for
f SPH part is set usiing the com
mmand show
wn in Fig. 9.7.
9 The be
eginners
can rely on
n default values.
Fig. 9.7 SECTION_

S
_SPH
RESULTS
Shear stresss results fo
or metal cutting are sh
hown in Fig. 9.8.
Fig.
F 9.8 She
ear stress during
d
meta
al cutting op
peration.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
CHAPTER 10
VIBRATION ANALYSIS
Fig. 10.1 Mode extraction

In this chapter we would solve an example to extract the vibration modes of a rectangular
plate of 50 X 50 mm as shown in Fig. 10.2. The left edge nodes are fixed in all 6 DOF. The
plate thickness is 0.5 mm which is given under Section_Shell card in the input file
accompanying this book.
Fig. 10.2 The cantilever beam of 50 X 50 X 0.50 mm.

Vibration analysis in LS DYNA is usually performed using implicit solver. The necessary
commands to perform implicit analysis are shown in Fig. 10.3. Control_Implicit_Eigenvalue
is used especially to extract vibration modes.

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Fig. 10.3 The req

quired commands to perform
p
imp
plicit analyssis.
A
After
the so
olution is available
a
the post proccessing is done by firrst reading in the d3p
plot file
and subsequently als
so reading d3eigv fille. Each mode
m
can be
b viewed by
b moving playing
odes are sh
hown in Fig.. 10.4.
next frame. Partial mo

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Fig. 10.4 Eigen values.

>^zE&KZ
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CHAPTER 11
IMPACT ON CONCRETE
Fig. 11.1
1 Projectile Impact on a concrete wall.
T
This
is a te
est examplle where th
he user is asked to solve
s
the problem beffore looking
g at the
input file. The
T only diffference is the materia
al model. The
T materia
al properties are given
n in Fig.
11.2 for refference.
Fig.
F 11.2 Co
oncrete ma
aterial mode
el MAT_159
9 usage.

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Fig. 11.3 Concrete damage and failure.

>^zE&KZ
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CHAPTER 12
SLOSHIN
NG SIMULA
ATION
In this chap
pter we are
e going to learn how to
t perform sloshing
s
sim
mulation off a half fille
ed water
t
tank
when it comes to rest abru
uptly due to
o applicatio
on of a sudden brake or collision
n with a
o
vehiclle. The procedure to construct
c
th
he FEA mo
odel would be shown in
i detail
barrier or other
along with the resultts. This sim
mulation is much more complexx than the ones narrrated in
hapters. It is
i however hoped tha
at the user can
c advancce his know
wledge of Arbitrary
A
previous ch
Lagrange Eulerian
E
(AL
LE) method
d utilized in LS-DYNA by following this chap
pter carefullyy.
T input fiile has been made ava
The
ailable on the authorss website fo
or training purposes.
p
Create the solid mode
el of water and
a void, an
nd then upo
on that crea
ate the tankk shell as fo
ollow:
&^

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- Create the solid cylinder model as shown in Fig. 12.1. Select page-7 then select
Mesh
- Select Entity: Cylinder_Solid
- Input the radius, length of the tank, number of elements in circumferential direction and
along the length of the cylinder.
- Select z-direction.
- Click Create at the right bottom
- Click Accept at the right bottom
- Click Done at the right bottom
- Save.
Water and Air Modeling
Open the previous solid model and delete the upper half group of elements to create water
section Fig. 12.4, as follow:
- Select page-2
- Select ElEdit (Element Edit)
- Below Element column, activate Delete as shown in Fig. 12.2
- Shade the upper section by Area type of selection at the left bottom
- Click Delete at the right bottom
- Save as water.k

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&

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&

&t
Open the file of Water section then rotate it 180 to create Air section Fig. 12.6, as follow:
- Select page-2
- Select Rotate
- Select Z-direction for Rot.Axis:
- Rot. Angle: 180
- Select the water part

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- Click Rottate
- Click Acccept
- Click Don
ne
- Save as a
air.k
&
Z

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&
Node Merging
Open water.k file and then import air.k file by Import Offset option Fig. 12.7, then merge
the water and air nodes as follow:
&

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E

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- Select page-2
- Click DupNod (duplicate nodes)
- Click Show Dup. Nodes, Fig. 12.8
- Click Merge Dup. Nodes
- Click Done at the right bottom
&D
Tank Shell Elements

Create a segment-set for tank shell structure,
- Select page-5, Fig. 12.10
- Click SetD
- Select Create
- Select *SET_SEG
- Select ByElem, activate Prop, Ang: 45.0, Fig. 12.11
- Click on the front, mid and back section of the model,
Fig. 12.12

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- Click App
ply
- Click Don
ne
&
W^

>^zE&KZ
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& ^

& ^

Generating
g the shell elements
e
fro
om the segment set,
1
- Click ElG
Gen (Eleme
ent Generattion)
- Select Sh
hell type
- Select Sh
hell By: Seg
gment_Set, click 1 Se
eg-Set
Fig. 12.14
4
- Click Cre
eate at the right bottom
m
- Click Acccept at the right bottom
m
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght bottom

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- See Fig. 12.15

1
&
'
'

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^^

d
&^

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Part-Set Node-Set off Water and

d Air
ater and air as follow:
Create Parrt-Set of wa
1
- Select Crreate
- Select *S
SET_PART
- Click on th
he water an
nd air mode
el, Fig. 12.1
17
- Click App
ply
- Click Don
ne
&
^

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&^
Create Nod-Set of water and air for velocity option, as follow:

- Select page-5
- Select Create
- Select *SET_NODE Fig. 12.18
- Activate Pick fig. 12.19
- Click on the water and air model, Fig. 12.20
- Click Apply
- Click Done

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&
^

&W
K

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&^
Node-Set for
f Tank Velocity and
d Constrain
Nodes sele
ection from the tank sh
hell for velocity and constrain options,
- Click Front
- Select page-5
- Select Crreate then *SET_NOD
DE Fig. 12
2.21
- Shade the
e nodes sett by selectin
ng Area ass shown in Fig. 12.22
- Click App
ply
- Click Don
ne
(Same step
ps will be us
sed to crea
ate the node
es-set for constrain)

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&
^

&

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&
Material selection *MAT

Water & Void Material
- Click page-3
- Click on *Mat
- Select GroupBy: All, and Sort: Types
- Select from the list 009-NULL
- Click Edit

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- Click New
wID at the top left of th
he card
- Input valu
ues as show
wn in Fig. 12.23
- Click Acccept at the right top off the card
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
&
t
T
Tank
Mate
erial of Poly
ycarbonate
e
- Click page
e-3
- Click on **Mat
- Select GrroupBy: All, and Sort: Types
- Select fro
om the list 0
001-ELAsTIC
- Click Editt
- Click New
wID at the top left of th
he card
- Input valu
ues as show
wn in Fig. 12.24
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
&d

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Section type selectio

on *SECT
TION
W
Water
& Vo
oid/Air (*SECTION_S
SOLID_ALE
E)
- Select page-3
- Click *Se
ection
- Select So
olid_ALE Fig.
F 12.25
- Click Editt
- Click New
wID at the left top of th
he card
- Click ELF
FORM: 12
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
&^dd/KE^K>/>
T
Tank
(*SEC
CTION_SH
HELL)
- Select page-3
- Click *Se
ection
- Select SH
HELL Fig. 12.26
- Click Editt
- Click New
he card
- Input SHRF=0.833 and thickne
ess T1:1.5 then click Enter
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card

>^zE&KZ
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& ^d/KE^,>>
*
*EOS_GRU
UNEISEN
- Select page-3
- Click *EO
OS
- Select GR
RUNEISEN
N Fig. 12.27
7
- Click Editt
- Click New
he card
- Input as shown
s
in Fig
g. 12.27
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
& K^'ZhE
E/^E
*
*HOURGLA
ASS
- Select page-3
- Click *Hrg
glass
- Select HO
OURGLASS
S Fig. 12.2
28
- Click Editt
- Click New
he card
- Input as shown
s
in Fig
g. 12.28
- Accept at
a the right top
t of the card
- Done at the right top of the carrd

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&
,KhZ'>>^^
*
*PART
A
Assign
the properties for each pa
art as follow
w:
- Select page-3
- Click *Pa
art
- Select PA
ART
- Click Editt
- Click New
wID for eve
ery part, Fig
g. 12.29
- Input as shown
s
in Fig
g. 12.29:
a- asssign the properties off water and
d void (SEC
CID, MID, EOSID, HGID), void
me propertie
es as waterr.
has sam
b - assign
a
the properties
p
o the tank material
of
m
and section (S
SCID, MID)).
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
&
WZd

>^zE&KZ
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*
*DEFINE_C
CURVE
plot tank ve
elocity and gravity curvve:
a- Assign
A
curve
es for gravitty and tankk-velocity
b- Use
U A1 (for time)
t
and O1
O (for mag
gnitude)
A following steps:
As
- Select page-3
- Click *De
efine
- Select CU
URVE
- Click Editt
- Click New
wID for eac
ch curve
- Input as shown
s
in Fig
g. 12.30 an
nd Fig. 12.3
31
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
&
&/EhZs'

>^zE&KZ
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&
&/EhZsdds
* INITIAL_V
VOID_PAR
RT
T assign the
To
t void parrt:
- Select page-3
- Click *Inittial
- Select VO
OID_PART
- Click Editt
- Click New
he card
- Click dotte
ed button of
o PID, the
en select the
e void-part
Fig. 12.32
2
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
&
/E/d/>sK/WZdd

>^zE&KZ
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*
*INITIAL_V
VELOCITY
T assign velocity
To
v
for water and air:
- Select page-3
- Click *Inittial
- Select VE
ELOCITY
- Click Editt
- Click New
he card
- Click dotte
ed button of
o NSID an
nd select the water and
d air nodess-set, Fig. 12.33
- Click dotte
ed button of
o NSIDEX and selectt the tank velocity
v
nodes-set, Fig. 12.33
- Input velo
ocity value at
a VZ, Fig.. 12.33
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
&/E/d/
>s>K/dz
z
*
*LOAD_BO
ODY_Y
T activate
To
e gravity:
- Select page-3
- Click *Load
- Select BO
ODY_Y to make the gravity
g
in y-d
direction
- Click Editt
- Click New
he card
- Click dotte
ed button of
o LCIDDR, then select the curve
e for gravityy Fig. 12.34
4
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card

>^zE&KZ
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&
>KK
Kzz
Identifying
g Referenc
ce Nodes fo
or ALE
Divide the tank
t
into tw
wo parts and
d Identify th
hree nodes for ALE reference,
- Select page-1, click SPlane, Fig.
F 12.35a
- Click NorrmX, Fig. 12.35b
- Select Clip+, Fig. 12
2.35b
- See Fig. 12.36
1
&
^W
&

Ey

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
&

Identifying
g the three reference nodes
- Select page-1, click Ident, activate Node, Fig. 12.37
7
- Shade byy Area the three repre
esentative nodes
n
of the
e rear botto
om corner of
o the tank as
s
shown
in Fig. 12.38
&
&

&
/

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
*
*ALE
*
*ALE_REF
FERENCE_
_SYSTEM_
_NODE
T assign nodes
To
n
for ALE
A reference:
- Select page-3
- Click *AL
LE
- Select RE
EFERENCE
E_SYSTEM
M_NODES
- Click Editt
- Click New
he card
- Input the identity of the
t three no
odes in seq
quence as shown
s
in Fig. 12.39
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
&>Z&&ZE^z^^dDEK
*
*ALE_REF
FERNCE_S
SYSTEM_G
GROUP
- Select page-3
- Click *AL
LE
- Select RE
EFERENCE
E_SYSTEM
M_GROUP
- Click Editt
- Click New
he card
- Input the part-set of water
w
and air
a STYPE SID, refe
erence type
e PRTYPE and define
e
TEM_NODE) at PRID
D as shown
n in Fig. 12..40
(*REFERENCE_SYST
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
&
>Z&ZE^z^dD'ZKhW
*
*BOUNDA
RY_PRESC
CRIBED_M
MOTION_SET
T apply accceleration and decele
To
eration for the
t tank:
- Select page-3
- Click *Bo
oundry
- Select PR
RESCRIBE
ED_MOTION
N_SET
- Click Editt
- Click New
he card
- Input the tank node-s
set ID at N
NSID, selecct z-direction for transla
ation at DO
OF, and se
elect the
v
velocity
currve foe the tank at LC
CID Fig. 12..41
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
&K
&
KhEZzWZ
Z^Z/D
DKd/KE^dd
*
*BOUNDA
RY_SPC_S
SET
T constraiin the tank:
To
- Select page-3
- Click *Bo
oundry
- Select SP
PC_SET
- Click Editt
- Click New
he card

>^zE&KZ
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- Input the tank node-s

set ID at N
NSID, selecct 1 to activvate the constrain in x-direction
x
a yand
d
direction,
D
DOFX and DOFY Fig
g. 12.42
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
&
KhEZz^W^d
*
*CONSTAR
RINED_LA
AGRAGE_IN
N_SOLID
T apply co
To
oupling betw
ween the water
w
and air and the ta
ank structure:
- Select page-3
- Click *Cn
nstrnd
- Select LA
AGRANGE_
_IN_SOLID
D
- Click Editt
- Click New
he card
- Select ma
aster type as
a part-set of
o water and air MSTY
YP=0, MA
ASTER=1, and
a slave
type as a part of the
e tank SSTY
YP=1, SLA
AVE=3
- Input the rest of the command
c
a shown in
as
n Fig. 12.43
3
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
&
KE^dZ/E>'
'ZE'/E^^K>/

>^zE&KZ
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*
*CONTROL
L
*
*CONTROL
L_ALE
- Select page-3
- Click *Co
ontrol
- Select AL
LE
- Click Editt
- Input the command as
a shown in
n Fig. 12.44
4
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
& KEdZK>
>
*
*CONTROL
L_ENERGY
Y
- Select page-3
- Click *Co
ontrol
- Select EN
NERGY
- Click Editt
a shown in
n Fig. 12.45
5
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
& KEdZK>EZ
Z'z
*
*CONTROL
L_TERMIN
NATION
T set the desired
To
d
time for the ou
utput:
- Select page-3
- Click *Co
ontrol
- Select TE
ERMINATIO
ON

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
- Click Editt
a shown in
n Fig. 12.46
6
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
& KEddZK>dZD/Ed/KE
*
*CONTROL
L_TIMESTEP
- Select page-3
- Click *Co
ontrol
- Select TIMESTEP
- Click Editt
a shown in
n Fig. 12.47
7
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
&
KEdZ
ZK>d/D^dW
*
*DATABAS
SE
*
*DATABAS
SE_OPTION
- Select page-3
- Click *Db
base
- Select AS
SCII_option
n
- Click Editt
- Activate th
he desired outputs and their DT=
=1 as show
wn in Fig. 12.48
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card

>^zE&KZ
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&
d^K
KWd/KE
*
*DATABAS
SE_BINAR
RY_D3PLOT
T
- Select page-3
- Click *Db
base
- Select BINARY_D3P
PLOT
- Click Editt
- inputtTime
e interval between
b
outtputs DT=1
1 as shown
n in Fig. 12..49
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
&
d^/EZ
ZzW>Kd

>^zE&KZ
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*
*DATABAS
SE_BINAR
RY_FSIFOR
R
- Select page-3
- Click *Db
base
- Select BINARY_FSIIFOR
- Click Editt
- Input time
e interval be
etween outp
puts DT=1 as shown in Fig. 12.5
50
- Click Acccept at the
e right top of the card
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
&
d
^/EZz
z&^/&KZ
*
*DATABAS
SE_EXTEN
NT_BINARY
Y
- Select page-3
- Click *Db
base
- Select EX
XTENT_BIN
NARY
- Click Editt
-Click
New
wID at the le
eft top of th
he card
- input the specified
s
co
ommands and
a the rest are set ass default, Fiig. 12.51
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
& d
^ydE
Ed/EZz
*
*DATABAS
SE_FSI
- Select page-3
- Click *Db
base
- Select FS
SI
- Click Editt

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
-Click
New
wID at the le
eft top of th
he card
- input DT=
=1, DBFSII ID=1, ST
TYPE=1 as a PART, select
s
the ta
ank as SID=3, and the
en click
Insert, Fig
g. 12.52
- Click Don
ne at the rig
ght top of th
he card
& d^&^/
Save as filename.k th
hen run the
e k-file inpu
ut = filename.k.

Z'/EEZ^^
>^zE&KZ
Result
&>
^d

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
CHAPTER 13
EFFECT
E
OF
F EXPLOSIION ON A CONCRET
C
TE WALL
Explosive are
a used fo
or different purposes including explosive
e
w
welding,
exp
plosive form
ming, oil
exploration
n, or in the production of weapons. To prediict the effecct of explossions on strructures
computer simulations
s play a great
g
role because experiment
e
al work might
m
prove
e to be
erties and equations
e
o state of various
of
extremely costly and dangerouss. The matterial prope
ble in open
n literature. There are numerous software to
o predict the effect
explosives are availab
o explosions but LS DYNA
of
D
also possessess a great de
eal of abilityy to solve problems
p
re
elated to
ange Euleria
an (ALE) te
echnique. In
n the prese
ent chapterr we will
explosives using Arbittrary Lagra
xplosion on
n the concre
ete wall.
explain the effect of ex
Fig. 13.1 Effect

E
of explosion on the concrette wall.
T
The
modell in the exa
ample is a very simp
ple structure
e where an
n explosive
e detonatess in the
atmosphere
e and causes damag
ge to a concrete wall located at
a a small distance away
a
as

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
s
shown
in Fig.
F 13.1. To
o constructt the model make two boxes side
e by side with
w the dime
ensions
as shown in Fig. 13.2
2. The mode
el dimensio
ons are sho
own inside brackets. The
T right most
m
box
w
would
repre
esent the explosive
e
an
nd the large
e left box re
epresents the air. The 5 mm thickk wall is
t
the
concre
ete structure
e. To makke the explosive, air, and concrrete regionss follow the steps
s
shown
in Fig.
F 13.2 to create each box and complete
c
it by clicking
g Create > Accept > Done
buttons.
Fig.. 13.2 Consstruction of the model.

TING PART
TS
GENERAT
T explossive and air boxes have to be con
The
nnected tog
gether by merging
m
their nodes. To
o merge
t nodes common between
the
b
exp
plosive and
d air click DupNod
a click S
and
Show Dup Nodes.
N
T
The
dupliccate nodes would be
e highlighte
ed. Click on Merge Dup Node
es and the
en click
Accept. This
T
would allow the explosive
e
no
odes to talkk to air nod
des. The co
oncrete walll needs

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
not to be merged
m
or connected.
c
Now there
e are 3 PAR
RTS in this model. De
etails can be found
under PAR
RT tab on page 3.
IES
SECTION PROPERT
P
Define SECTION_SO
OLID and SECTION_
_SOLID_AL
LE using SECTION
on page 3.
3
_SOLID would
w
be asssigned to concrete
c
wa
all and SEC
CTION_SO
OLID_ALE would
w
SECTION_
be assigned to explos
sive and air parts. For SECTION_SOLID le
eave the de
efault valuess but
f SECTIO
for
ON_SOLID
D_ALE intro
oduce ELF
FORM as 11
1 as show
wn in Fig. 13
3.3.
Fig. 13.3 For ALE parts off explosive and air ELF
FORM = 11
1.
MATERIAL
L PROPER
RTIES
Material prroperties arre given in Fig. 13.4 fo
or explosive
e, air, and concrete re
espectively. These
material pro
operties an
nd the section propertiies discusssed above are
a assigne
ed to the 3 PARTS
mentioned earlier.

>^zE&KZ
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Fig. 13.4 Material

M
pro
operties forr the three materials
m
used in the model.
m
EQUATION
NS OF STA
ATE (EOS)
T equations of statte in this pa
The
articular exxample are required only for the explosive and air.
osive material and EO
OS_LINEAR
R_POLYNO
OMIAL is de
efined for air.
a Both
EOS_JWL is for explo
o the EOS
of
S are given in Fig. 13.5. For deta
ails of everyy paramete
er the reade
er is referre
ed to LS
DYNA man
nuals.
erials
Fig. 13.5 Equation of state forr ALE mate
A
ALE
CARD
DS
T ALE cards requirred in this analysis
The
a
are
e shown in Fig. 13.6. To declare
e ALE partss where
p
is pressent the AL
LE_MULTI-MATERIAL
L_GROUP is repeated
d for all
more than one ALE part
here are on
nly two ALE
E parts (exp
plosive and
d air) present in this exxample, tw
wo cards
parts. As th
are defined
d.

Z'/EEZ^^
>^zE&KZ
Fig. 13.6
6 ALE cardss required for
f the anallysis.
PART SET
TS
Here two part
p sets are
e defined. Set
S #1 conssists of exp
plosive and air while se
et #2 has only
o
one
part in it that is concre
ete. Part se
ets are neccessary to define
d
the relationship
r
p between the
t ALE
ge parts.
and lagrang

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig. 13.7 PART set#

#1 for explossive and air (PART#1 & PART#2
2), PART se
et#2 for con
ncrete.
CONSTRA
AINED_LAG
GRANGE_IIN_SOLID
A the con
As
ncrete wall is containe
ed in the atmosphere (air) this fact
f
has to be defined
d in this
command. By using th
his comman
nd we inten
nd to declarre that conccrete which
h is a lagran
nge part
is enclosed
d by ALE parts
p
(explo
osive and air).
a
The im
mage of thiss card is sh
hown in Fig
g. 13.8.
T user iss encourage
The
ed to read about
a
each parameterr in the LS DYNA
D
manuals.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig. 13.8 SLAVE #2 (concrete) is enclosed

d within MA
ASTER #1 (PART
(
set #1
# with exp
plosive
a air).
and
ON
INITIAL_DETONATIO
ns starts at. It is shown
n in Fig. 13
3.9. The
Using this command iti is shown where the detonation
X
XYZ
coordinates in th
his case are
e set to the global orig
gin of the model
m
which
h falls at one of the
corner of th
he explosiv
ve box. But this could be anywhe
ere within th
he explosive
e mass dep
pending
upon wherre the igniition takes place firsst. LT para
ameter stan
nds for lig
ghting time of the
explosive.
Fig. 13.9 Initial deto

onation loca
ation and lig
ghting time of the explo
osive.
T
TIME
STEP
P SIZE
W
When
usin
ng ALE sim
mulation th
he time step size sh
hould be kept
k
smalle
er to coun
nter the
instabilitiess. This is achieved byy keeping TSSFAC
T
= 0.6 in thiis example
e as shown
n in Fig.
13.10. In so
ome analys
sis where th
he instabilitty is more severe
s
the value
v
of thiis paramete
er could
be re-adjussted at 0.10
0.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig. 13.10 Time

e step size TSSFAC should
s
be ke
ept smallerr.
RESULTS
T massivve deforma
The
ation and failure of con
ncrete wall is shown in Fig. 13.11.
Fig. 13.11 Effect of exxplosion on the concre

ete wall.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^

LSPREPOST & LSDYNA TIPS
This part of this book contains the necessary information in bits and pieces that can be helpful
to users in solving many different problems. Most of this information has been collected from
the LSPREPOST & LSDYNA support sites and forums on the internet. Some information was
obtained from Dr. James M. Kennedy of KBS2 Inc. who is an authority on LSDYNA.
*Interface_Springback_Lsdyna
This command is available on page 3 as *intrfac. When this command is used in an input file
( k file ) this would generate a file called dynain on program execution which consists of
stresses for the part that is selected under PSID. dynain file can be read into another k file by
using command *include dynain. Running new k file will have the pre-stresses available for
the part from dynain. The file dynain in this way is used to conduct spring back analysis in
forming operation simulations. This command *include can be found on page 4 of
LSPREPOST.
How to view node and element numbers?

Click Indent on page 1 on LSPREPOST. Toggle the radio button to select nodes or elements
and bypart then click on the part whose elements or the nodes have to be identified.
SPH Appearance
Click setting>SPH>smooth. This will result in SPH particles to be displayed as large spheres
instead of tiny particles.
SPH PART GENERATION

There are different methods of generating SPH particles. One of them is to make a shell body
and fill it to the required level with SPH particles. It may be necessary to delete the shell part
in certain cases so that it does not interfere with other parts un-necessarily. This can be done

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
by opening the list of parts by clicking on *PART on page 3 and deleting the part that is not
needed anymore.
Refining Mesh
To refine the mesh (solid or shell elements) open page2 and check on split/merge, select the
elements to be refined (by making a box around the elements or picking ByPART or using
another option). Then click Apply>Accept.
Reducing element size helps solve problems with minimum time step problems. This also
eliminates the negative volume problem. But to counter the negative volume problems this
might not suffice.
Increasing memory in SPH analysis

Sometimes the number of SPH particles coming into contact with each other is very large.
This particularly is the case when they flow easily in liquids or fluids or there is massive plastic
deformation. To counter the problems and errors and program abort increase the memory in
the field memory to a higher number under *Control_SPH. The field FORM = 6 works well
with fluids.
SPH particles pass through shell or solid elements
To counter this problem use SST = 0.1~1.0 mm under Contact Card as thickness. The
particles would not pass through shell or solid elements.
Filling SPH particles as a liquid in a tilted container
Make a container in LSPREPOST, tilt it to the required angle using rotate on page 2 and fill
the SPH particles in it using SphGen on page 7 along a certain axis such that it feels as
natural under gravity effect. Example is shown in Fig. 14.1

>^zE&KZ
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F 14.1 Fiilling the co

Fig.
ontainer.
Element fa
ailure criteria
If element erosion is set
s as failu
ure criterion
n then as lo
ong as the failure
f
of elements co
ontinues
t problem
the
m should be
e allowed to
t run. Whe
en no more
e failure occcurs the LS
SDYNA run can be
s
stopped.
2 Analysis
2D
In 2D analyysis shell elements
e
w formulation 13 are
with
e used. Forrmulation 13 stands fo
or plane
s
strain
cond
dition.
*
*Contact_T
Tiebreak_S
Surface_to
o_Surface
In this type
e of contac
ct two partss are tied together.
t
T
They
may separate
s
if the tensile
e failure
s
stress
value in NFLS filed
f
or she
ear failure sttress SFLS
S is encounttered.
SPH to mo
odel foam
W
When
SP
PH is use
ed to mo
odel foam or meta
als instead
d of liquiids the keyword
k
*
*Control_B
ulk_Viscos
sity with deffault parameters shoulld be used to overcom
me instabilityy.
A
Applying
P
Pressure
on
o liquid su
urface
Input presssure value
e in PREF
F field und
der *Contrrol_ALE. The
T
atmosp
pheric presssure is
roughly equal to 101 kPa. It can be conve
erted to GP
Pa as 1.01 e-4 which
h is equal to
t 1 bar
pressure.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Generating
g a new pa
art from a portion
p
of an
a existing
g part
Sometimess it become
es necessa
ary to generate a new
w part from some of th
he elementts of an
existing part. Followin
ng steps are
e needed to
o achieve this
t
objectivve. Let us assume
a
we have a
own in the Fig. 14.2. Sequence of actions page5 > SetD
S
> crea
ate >set_so
olid > by
part as sho
elements
A this poin
At
nt select the
e elements enclosing the elemen
nts in a boxx using buttton area and click
Apply don
ne. An element set iss created. Now
N
click on
o button m
movcpy ass shown in figures.
T
Type
2 in PID field. Select
S
by set
s and in the
t pop up window se
elect the ele
ement set number.
n
A
Again
click apply done. A seco
ond part is generated
g
c
consisting
o element set.
of
s
Fig.
F 14.2 Ge
enerating a PART from
m existing elements.
e

>^zE&KZ
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OUT OF RA
ANGE VEL
LOCITY IN ALE SIMU
ULATION
In ALE sim
mulation ou
ut of range velocity error
e
can be
e avoided by introduccing the ho
ourglass
and assigning it to ALE parts with
h following parameterss;
ery small value. In *Control_A
ALE NADV
V = 10 sho
ould be
IHQ = 4, QM = 0.025 or a ve
s
abrruptly and the
t time ste
ep drops en
normously low. This is named
introduced.. This is if solution
as combating instability.
HOW TO DISPLAY
D
ELASTIC
E
ST
TRAIN VAL
LUES?
Except plastic strain other strain
ns are not displayed. To displayy elastic sttrains the keyword
k
e_Extent_Binary shoulld be includ
ded in the k file. Cha
ange STRFLG value to
t 1. To
*Database
d
display
elasstic strains click STRA
AIN button under
u
page
e 1.
W
WHEN
EOS IS REQU
UIRED?
Please refe
er to mate
erial selecto
or at http:///app.d3view
w.com/d3m
mat/index fo
or this veryy recent
information
n. Only som
me material models req
quire EOS. As an example Johnsson_Cook material
m
model requ
uires the EOS only when solid elements
e
arre used. Fo
or the shelll elements EOS is
not needed
d. Why is it so? This iss because as the solid
d elements are under compression their
d
density
ma
ay increase and EOS is
i the relation between
n the applie
ed pressure
e and the re
esulting
v
volume.
*
*MAT_ADD
D_EROSIO
ON USAGE
Fig. 14.3 Using MAT_ADD_

M
_EROSION
NS
Fig. 14.3 iss the scree
en shot of the
t keyword
d MAT_AD
DD_EROSION. Let uss assume that
t
our
material model
m
1 is the MAT_E
ELASTIC. When erossion criterio
on is used
d material number

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
would remain as 1 as shown in the figure. EXCL field is filled with a value that would be bypassed. In this example when principal stress 1 reaches 0.5 GPa element erosion will happen.
If the eroded elements are to be retained then following procedure should be followed;
Use *CONTROL_CONTACT card. The parameter ENMASS can have three different values.
When this is equal to zero the eroding nodes are removed. For ENMASS = 1, the eroding
nodes of solid elements are retained and continue to be active in CONTACT. For ENMASS =
2, the eroding nodes of solid and shell elements are retained and continue to be active in
CONTACT.
HOW TO USE MAT_084?
Make the model as usual.
Include following text at the end of k file
*Keyword q = cracking
*Database_Binary_d3plot
$ dt/cycle
0.0001
*Database_Binary_d3crack
$ dt/cycle
0.001
*end
When running LSDYNA the Output file field should be appended with the following
.\d3hsp q = cracking
Next run LSDYNA using this k file.
In the post processing session open d3plot file. Next open the d3crack file cracking.
Cracks can be visualized.
Note: Remember that at the input stage for MAT_084 the parameter CONM decides the units.
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT

When a high projectile velocity like 2000 meters per second is used in LSDYNA, it is
advisable to input TSSFAC = 0.25 ( a small value ) under the *Control_Timestep. Also use
SOFT = 2 in CONTACT card by enabling card A.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
HEB AND AIR MODE

ELING
Fig. 14.4
4 Node merrging.
W
When
HEB
B and air arre modeled
d together the duplicatte nodes th
hat are com
mmon to both parts
s
should
be merged
m
tog
gether as sh
hown in Fig
g. 14.4.
COMBATT
TING INSTA
ABILITY IN
N ALE
Especially when
w
simulating explo
osives
*
*CONTROL
L_HOURGLASS
IHQ = 1 QH = 0.1
*
*HOURGLA
ASS
IHQ = 1 QM = 1.0 E -06
T overcom
To
me drop in time
t
step
T
TSSFAC
= 0.1 under *CONTROL_TIMESTEP.
USING *MA
AT_CONCRETE_DAM
MAGE_REL3 (MAT_0
072 R3)
RO = 2.32 E-06 kg/mm
m3
PR = 0.19
A = -0.027
A0
71430 GPa
a = 27.14 MPa
M
(Concrrete Strengtth)
RSIZE = 0..03937 to convert
c
leng
gth units to mm
UCF = 145
5000 to conv
vert stress units to GP
Pa.

>^zE&KZ
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USING *CO
ONSTRAIN
NED_NODA
AL_RIGID_
_BODY
Fig. 14.5
1
Constrrained noda
al rigid bodyy.
T use thiss command
To
d a node set
s is generrated using
g page 5 in
n LSPREPO
OST and th
hen this
node set number is in
nserted in the
t field NS
SID as shown in the Fig.
F 14.5 ab
bove. On applying
a
t
the
load on
o the structure these
e nodes will
w be disp
placed toge
ether like a rigid bod
dy. This
t
technique
c be use
can
ed for exam
mple to join two parts by selectin
ng certain nodes
n
which might
be represe
enting bolts
s holding the
t
two pa
arts togethe
er without actually modeling
m
th
he bolts
physically.
ASTIC_PLA
ASTIC_HY
YDRO MAT
TERIAL
USING ELA
W
When
a co
omparatively
y softer ma
aterial is to contact a hard surfacce, the softt material could
c
be
modeled using
u
this material
m
model. To achieve
a
better resultss it is reco
ommended to use
SECTION_
_SOLID_AL
LE for the solid
s
elemen
nt soft part with eleme
ent formulation ELFOR
RM = 5.
*
*CONTROL
L_ALE with
h following parameters
p
s may be he
elpful
2
10
0.100
CONTACT
T_SLIDING_
_ONLY sho
ould be use
ed if sliding
g is the dom
minant mod
de of deforrmation.
Refer to AL
LE04 example on http:://www.lsdyyna.eu/inde
ex.php?id=3
3999.
HOW TO DISPLAY
D
STRAIN
S
IN VECTOR
V
F
FORM?
Open the d3plot
d
file in
n LSPREPO
OST.
Run the an
nimation unttil the required time.
Click on *V
VECTOR on
n page 1
Select Prin
n.Strain fro
om the drop
p down list.
Click Applyy.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
NECESSARY INPUT TO EXTRACT VIBRATION MODES

To extract the vibration modes of a structure the input file must have following parameters in
it;
CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS
IMASS = 1 (Dynamic analysis)
CONTROL_IMPLICIT_EIGENVALUE
NEIG = 20 (number of Eigenvalues to extract)
CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
IMFLAG = 1 (implicit analysis)
IMFORM = 2 (retain original element formulation)
CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLUTION
NSOLVER = 1 (Linear)
CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLVER
LSOLVER = 0
SECTION_SHELL (if shell structure is to be analysed)
ELFORM = 16 (fully integrated shell element)
HOLE FILL WITH SHELL ELEMENTS

A shell structure with a hole is shown in the Fig. 14.6 below. The hole has to be filled with
shell elements. On page 2 click element generate button ELGen > SHELL > By Fill_Holes.
Click at a node at the inner edge and click Create and Accept. The hole will be filled by shell
elements but the new elements would generate a new part. If this what is desired then no
more action is needed but in case we wish to have only one part then click movcpy on page
2. Set PID = 3. Chose By part and click both parts > Apply. A single part is the result.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig. 14
4.6 Hole filling.
IN POST PROCESSIN
P
NG WHAT DOES PRE
ESSURE MEAN?
M
Pressure = - (V11+V22+V
+ 33) /3
T
This
is calle
ed mean sttress. Posittive pressure stands fo
or compresssion while negative pressure
p
is tensile sttress.
NOTE ON JOHNSON
N COOK MA
ATERIAL MODEL
M
T
Temperatu
re display in JC mode
el is done by displaying extra history variables. Temp
perature
perature ch
hange i.e. ( TR+ Temperature ch
hange )
consists off Room Temperature plus Temp
w
where
TR is Room Te
emperature.
se NEIPS = 6 under extra historyy variables. Click on extra
e
variable #5 to
For shell elements us
d
display
onlyy the temperature cha
ange. In JC
C model the
e increase in temperatture is assu
umed to
be adiabatiic and thus there is no
o heat flow from one element
e
to another
a
(takken from message
m
# 25541 Ya
ahoo LSDY
YNA Group). Von-Mise
es stress iss displayed only when Shear Mod
dulus G
is input for solid eleme
ents, E is used for she
ell elementss.
el input the
e Pressure cut-off valu
ue should be
b negative
e. For exam
mple PC = -0.30 (In JC mode
300MPa).

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
PATH PLO
OT
T plot som
To
me variable
es like stresss or displa
acement etcc. use F11 to toggle to
o ver 3.1 interface.
Using iconss shown in sequence in Fig. 14.7 below firsst display the
t variable
e at a certa
ain time.
Next click icon
i
2, sele
ect Nodal and Along
g Path butttons then click
c
on the model at different
d
locations. Path
P
will be displayed. Click PLO
OT.
Fig. 14.7 Path plot seq

quence.
HOW TO ERASE
E
ELE
EMENTS BUT
B
KEEP THE SURF
FACES TO REMESH AGAIN
T
Toggle
to ver.
v
3.1 of LSPREPO
OST. Click on Geome
etery > Surfface > Fit from
f
Pointss/Mesh.
Next in win
ndow titled as
a Sel. Ele
ements che
eck the boxx prop and
d select An
ng = 45.
Click on the model the elementss of the respective parrt would be highlighted
d. Click on Apply
w
Fit Surface fro
om Points
. Close th
he dialogue
e window.
under the window
Click from the
t main menu
m
FEM > Element Tools
T
> Element Editin
ng >
In the Elem
ment Editin
ng window check delete. In the
e Del. Elem
ment windo
ow click prop and
s
select
Ang
g = 45 . Next clickk on any element
e
in the model, all the ellements wo
ould be
highlighted. Next click
k on the de
elete butto
on at the bo
ottom of Ellement Editting windo
ow. Now
one. Under the File > Save as > Save geometry as > type the IG
GES file
click Accept and Do
name and save.
s
In another session op
pen the IGES file using Open > IGES File
e. You can now re-mesh the
model as a refined or coarse mesh as desirred. An exa
ample is sho
own in the Fig.
F 14.8 below.
b

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig. 14.8 Mesh

hed part conversion to
o IGES and remeshing
g.
FULLY INTE
EGRATED SHELL
S
ELE
EMENTS
Fully integrrated shell element

e
forrmulation ELFORM
E
= 16 is the best to avoid
d hourglas
ss effect.
It is advisab
ble to use this
t
elemen
nt formulatio
on if we can
n afford it.
FILE GLS
STAT
GLSTAT iss generated
d using AS
SCII option and this file containss the total Kinetic
K
En
nergy of
t whole model.
the
m
Mas
ss and veloccity of all th
he nodes is accounted
d for in K.E.=1/2mV2.
FILE MAT
TSUM
T
This
file contains the Kinetic
K
Energy in eacch particula
ar part.
V
VIEWING
CONTAC
CT FRICTIO
ONAL ENE
ERGY[*]
When frictio
W
on is enablled in conta
act treatment using sta
atic or dyna
amic fricitio
on coefficien
nts (FS,
FD in *CON
NTACT), th
he energy dissipated
d
d to frictio
due
on can be recorded and visualize
ed. The
parameter that tellls LS-DYN
NA to ouput
o
the frictional energy is FRCENG in
*
*CONTROL
L_CONTAC
CT. FRCEN
NG by default is set to
o 0 to ignore
e the recorrding and output of
t
the
frictiona
al energy. When FRC
CENG is se
et to 1, LS-DYNA outtputs the frrictional energy as
Surface Energy Dens
sity into a binary
b
data
abase name
e INTerfacce FORce (INTFOR)
(
f
file.
The
INTFOR fille is not output by de
efault and hence to request
r
th
he output, you must use
u
the
keyword *D
DATABASE
E_BINARY_
_INTFOR with
w a frequency of outtput time (D
DT) AND prrovide a
command line argument s=Intfo
orc_file_name. Upon
n completion of the simulation, you
y
can
read the IN
NTFOR file using LS-P
PrePost ussing file/Op
pen/Interfacce Force File option and
a use
FCOMP bu
utton to fring
ge the frictionaly energ
gy.
If you are perfoming a coupled thermal-m
mechanical analysis using the option SOLN
N =2 in
*
*CONTROL
L_SOLUTIO
ON, then this frictiona
al energy can
c
be con
nverted to heat
h
energ
gy to be
included byy the thermal solver.

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
Summary of the steps to output and view frictional energy are included here.
1. Set FRCENG = 1i n Card 4 of *CONTROL_CONTACT
2. Use *DATABASE_BINARY_INTFOR with desired output time interval DT
3. Use s=intforce_file_name as one of the command line arguments when invoking LSDYNA
4. View
the
results
in
LS-PrePost/File/Open/Interface
Force
File
and
FCOMP/SurfaceEnergyDensity to contour the results
*Taken from
HOW TO CONNECT SPH PART TO SOLID ELEMENT PART

Sometimes it is necessary to tie SPH node elements to solid element parts. An example is shown in Fig.
14.9 where an SPH part is constructed close to the solid elements. A node set is made of the one or two
layers of SPH particles next to the solid elements.
Fig. 14.9 Connecting SPH part to Solid element Part

SPH part is connected to the solid part through the node set of SPH particles by using the
CONTACT_TIED_NODES_TO_SURFACE_CONSTRAINED_OFFSET as shown in Fig. 14.10.
SSTYP = 4 stands for node set and MSTYP = 3 is the PART ID.

Z'/EEZ^^
>^zE&KZ
Figg. 14.10 CON

NTACT_TIE
ED_NODES
S_TO_SURF
FACE_CON
NSTRAINED
D_OFFSET

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
CHA
APTER 15
5
USAGE of LOAD BLAST
B
ENHANCED
It is quite well known
n that using ALE for explosionss is the be
est approacch in LS DYNA to
attempt pro
oblems rega
arding bom
mb explosion
n but this command
c
iss more hand
dy and veryy cheap
t obtain some rou
to
ugh resultss. In this chapter the usage
e of the command called
*Load_Bla
ast_Enhanc
ced is explained. To use this command
c
c
construct
a rectangula
ar plate
w dimensions X = 6 meters Y = 4 meters and mesh it as shown
with
n in Fig. 15.1.
er plate me
eshed with 60
6 shell ele
ements in X direction and
a 40 elem
ments in
Fig. 15.1 A 6 X 4 mete
Y direction.
MATERIA
AL PROPE
ERTIES
Provide ma
aterial properties as sh
hown in Fig
g. 15.2. The
e units here
e are kg, meter,
m
pasca
als, and
s
seconds.
T
These
units are differen
nt than in th
he rest of th
his book to utilize the default
d
unitts under
command *Load_Bla
*
st_Enhanc
ced.

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig. 15
5.2 Material propertiess of aluminu
um.
SECTION PROPER
RTIES
Section pro
operties are
e shown in Fig. 15.3.
Fig. 15.3
1
Section
n propertiess for a 2 mm
m thick alum
minum platte.
BOUNDARY COND
DITIONS
Constrain the
t left and right verticcal edges off the plate using
u
the SPC_SET co
ommand on
n a pres
selected
no
ode set mad
de from the
e boundary nodes.
T
TERMINA
ATION TIM
ME & TIME STEP
Set 0.5 secconds the te
ermination time and tim
me step alsso as 0.5. Remember
R
both of these
v
values
have entirely different
d
me
eanings.
*
*LOAD_B
BLAST_EN
NHANCED
D
This comm
T
mand is show
wn in Fig. 15.4.
1
M stan
nds for TNT
T mass of 6 kg. This 6 kg bomb iss
placed 6 meters
m
in fro
ont of the pla
ate with ZB
BO = 6.
Fig.
F 15.4 Ussage of Loa
ad_Blast_En
nhanced co
ommand.
*
*LOAD_B
BLAST_SE
EGMENT_S
SET
This comm
T
mand follows
s the above
e command
d. This referrs to the se
egments wh
hose distorttion and
f
force
and pressure data
d
are to
o be genera
ated. Beforre using th
his comman
nd a segm
ment set
s
should
be genera
ated using
g SET_S
SGMENT on page 5. Dettailed inp
put for
_segment_s
set is show
wn in Fig. 15.5.
load_blast_

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
Fig. 15
5.5 Using Lo
oad_Blast_
_Segment_S
Set.
UN-REFERENCED CURVES
Two curvess must be generated
T
g
u
using
*Defin
ne_Curve even
e
though
h they mayy not be refe
erenced
anywhere. This comm
mand called
d Load_Bllast_Enhan
nced may not work without
w
perrforming
t
this
seemin
ngly unnece
essary taskk.
DATABAS
SE_BINAR
RY_BLSTF
FOR
This comm
T
mand is requ
uired to obtain the forcce and presssure historry on the structures su
ubjected
t blast load generate
to
ed by explossives.
Fig. 15.6 This

T
comma
and outputss the necesssary data including fo
orce and pre
essure app
plied on
the
e structure.
PARTIAL INPUT
A partial inp
put is show
wn below ussed in the in
nput file.
$# LS-DYNA
A Keyword file creat
ted by LS-P
PrePost 3.2 (Beta) - 29Jun201
11(16:05)
$# Created
d on Jul-20-2011 (09
9:56:31)
*KEYWORD
_SPC_SET
*BOUNDARY_
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
*SET_NODE_
_LIST
1
0.000
00
0.00
00
0.0
000MECH
0.00
6
5
1
2
3
4
7
13
14
9
10
1
11
1
12
15
22
17
7
18
1
19
2
20
21
23
25
5
26
2
27
2
28
30
29
31
37
33
3
34
4
3
35
3
36
38
39
41
1
2461
246
62
246
63
24
464
24
465
2
2466
2468
8
2469
247
70
247
71
24
472
24
473
2
2474
2476
6
2477
247
78
247
79
24
480
24
481
2
2482
2484
4
2485
248
86
248
87
24
488
24
489
2
2490

1
8
16
24
32
40
2
2467
2
2475
2
2483
2
2491
>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^

2492
2493
2494
2500
2501
0
*LOAD_BLAST_SEGMENT_SET
1
1
0
*LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED
1 6.000000 3.000000
0.000
0.000
0.000
*DATABASE_BINARY_BLSTFOR
1.0000E-4
0
0
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
1.0000E-4
0
0
0
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
1.500000
0
0.000
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP
0.000 0.500000
0
0.000
0
0
*DEFINE_CURVE
1
0 1.000000
0.000
1.0000000
*DEFINE_CURVE
2
0 1.000000
0.000
1.0000000
*NODE
1
0.000
2
0.000
3
0.000
4
0.000
2495
0
0.500000
0.000
2496
0
2497
0
2498
0
2499
0
6.000000
0.000
01.0000E+20
2
0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.000000
0.000
1.0000000
0.000
0.000
1.000000
0.000
1.0000000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.1000000
0.2000000
0.3000000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
*SECTION_SHELL
1
2 1.000000
2
1
0
0.002000 0.002000 0.002000 0.002000
0.000
0.000
*PART
shell_4p
1
1
1
0
0
0
*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
1 2700.00007.0000E+10 0.340000 2.6700E+8 3.2000E+8
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
*ELEMENT_SHELL
1
1
42
43
2
1
0
2
1
43
44
3
2
0
3
1
44
45
4
3
0
4
1
45
46
5
4
0
5
1
46
47
6
5
0
6
1
47
48
7
6
0
*SET_SEGMENT
1
2336
2081
1826
1571
0.000
2337
2082
1827
1572
0.000
2296
2041
1786
1531
0.000
2295
2040
1785
1530
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.000
1
0
0.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Z'/EEZ^^
>^zE&KZ
CHA
APTER 16
6
Spot Weld
d
In this exam
mple we will
w learn how to generrate 2 beam
m type spott welds on 2 parts. Th
he XML
d
data
for the
e two spot welds
w
is givven in Table
e 16.1.
T
TABLE
16.1

.
X
XML
versio
on of spot weld file
<xxml version
n="1.0">
<W
Welds>
<W
Weld id="100">
<X
X>10.0</X>
>
<Y
Y>5.0</Y>
<Z
Z>1.0</Z>
<PID1>1</P
PID1>
<PID2>2</P
PID2>
<//Weld>
<W
Weld id="200">
<X
X>10.0</X>
>
<Y
Y>10.0</Y>
>
<Z
Z>1.0</Z>
<PID1>1</P
PID1>
<PID2>2</P
PID2>
<//Weld>
<//Welds>

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
The two pa
T
arts to be welded
w
togetther are shown in Fig.. 16.1 with all
a necessa
ary details liike spot
w
weld
coordinates, fixe
ed end of on
ne plate and
d the displa
acement ap
pplied to the
e right hand
d end of
t other plate.
the

Fig.16
6.1. Two pla
ates (PART
T1 and PAR
RT2) to be spot
s
welded
d with weld coordinate
es.
T
The
two plates to be
e welded to
ogether are
e modeled in LS-PRE
EPOST witth their resspective
odels (MAT
T_003 in thiis case) and
d section properties
p
(S
SECTION_
_SHELL). Th
he weld
material mo
information
n is read in by using the spot weld
d icon show
wn in Fig. 16
6.2.

Z'/EEZ^^
>^zE&KZ

Fig. 16.2. Steps

S
required in introd
ducing spott welds.
Once the spot

s
weld symbols
s
appear at the
e required coordinates
c
s the K filess should be
e saved
along with all other ne
ecessary inp
put. For furrther detailss refer to the
e input file spotweld0
01.k.
Run the LS
S-DYNA sollver and check your re
esults

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
CHA
APTER 17
7
LS-D
DYNA MA
ATERIAL MODELS
S

D

D

^

K^
K
K^

MAT_SOIL
M
L_AND_FO
OAM_FAIL
LURE (*MA
AT_005)
MAT_HIGH
M
H_EXPLOS
SIVE_BUR
RN (*MAT_
_008) C4

Z'/EEZ^^
>^zE&KZ
EO
OS_JWL
Note: MAT
T_008 requiires Equatio
on of State (EOS_JWL
L) which is shown in th
he above ta
able.

Note 01:
n
It stands for cut-off stre
ess.
PC values should be negative.
m
mod
del has follo
owing param
meters.
Gruneisen EOS used with this material

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^
C = 1933 m/sec.
m
S1 = -3.49
S2 = 8.19
S3 = -9.6
GAMAO = 0.61
_
_________
__________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
____
CONTACT
T CARD SURF_TO_SU
URF should
d use SOFT
T = 2 underr card A ena
abled.
Hourglass IHQ = 4, QM = 0.1
CONTROL
L_BULK_VISCOSITY Q1 = 1.5, Q2
Q = 0.06
Note 02 :
Shell eleme
ents do nott require EO
OS.
Note 03:
T = 388oK = 114oC, TR = 295oK = 21.85oC
TM
Note 04:
V = 0.0 de
VP
efault.
Poissons Ratio
R
= 0.37
7 seems to be a better choice forr polycarbonate.

Note 01
EN EOS Pa
arameters are
a
GRUNEISE
C = 3940 m/s
m
S1 = 1.489
9
GAMMO = 2.02

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
A = 0.47
Note 02
Conversion from 300oK to oC = 300-273.15 =26.85oC

1. A. Raczy, W.J.Altenhof, A.T. Alpas, An eularian Finite Element model of

the metal cutting process, 8th Int. LS-DYNA Users Conference (Metal
Forming).
2. Ansys/LS-DYNA Users guide, Ansys release 6.0 (2001).

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

/
>
>

/
s

d

>W
W >^

/

>

>

/

E

d
&

&
Z
E

>

E'Et

'Z

&

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

&
ED

/

&

&

Es /s
s

DW
W

&

D
DW

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

&

E

E

D
'/
'
dW

dd

>
&

&
E

'D
d'd

>

&Z
Zt W

Z'/EEZ^^
>^zE&KZ

^

Z

W

&Z
/
>

&dd
d

>dEK /

/s
&
E^

K

K^
d
&>W

>^zE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

&'K^

&&

&/

s

&/

Z'/EEZ^^
>^zE&KZ

&

d

/

d
d

K

>Wd
>W

&

&
>
&
&

&

Z'/EEZ^^
>^zE&KZ

&
&

&&

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^
References
1. LS-DYNA Keyword users manual, Livermore Software Technology Corporation.
2. http://www.dynasupport.com/
3. http://www.varmintal.com/aengr.htm/
4. http://www.lstc.com/lspp/

Ls-Dyna For Begineers

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>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^

Fig. 2.3 Input parameters for a solid cylin

Fig. 2.4 Pla

Fig. 2.6 Projectile

Fig.. 2.8 Assign

Fig. 2.9 Conta

Fig. 2.11 Von-Misess Stresses in the targe

Fig. 3.2 Creating Circular plate

Fig. 3.3 Creating Solid Sphere

Fig. 3.3 Define curve

Fig. 3.4 Bounday_Pr

Fig. 4.1 Disk brake with friction pads.

Fig. 4.2 Generating a meshed square plate.

Fig. 4.3 Part generation

Fig. 4.7 Two

Fig. 4.10 Defin

Fig. 4.11 Other

Fig. 4.12 Temperature profile of the plate and the cylinder.

Fig. 5.1 Displacement iso-surfaces of a bouncing rubber block.

Fig. 5.3 Rigid wall input.

Fig. 5.6 Rubber material model

Fig. 5.7 The PART

Fig. 5.9 Rubbe

Fig. 5.10 Shear stresses in the rubber block on impact.

Fig. 6.3 Applying disp

Fig. 6.4 Constrainin

onstrained tie break co

Fig. 6.6 Plastic sttrain in the two shell pa

LEAD PROJECTILE DEFORMATION

Fig. 7.1 A lead projectile impacted on an aluminum block.

Fig. 7.2 Plastic Kin

Fig. 7.3 Solid

Fig. 7.5 Massive plastic strain in lead projectile.

Fig. 8.1 Construction of a cylindrical pressure vessel.

Fig. 8.2 View the shell normals.

Fig. 8.3 All shell no

Fig. 8.5 Constraint on cylinder edge nodes.

Fig. 8..6 Defining time versuss pressure using DEFINE_CURV

Fig. 8.7 Applying pressure of shell

Fig. 8.8 Von-Mises stress contours of a cylinder with an internal pressure.

Fig. 9.2 SPH

Fig. 9.3 SPH particcles.

Fig. 9.4 The work-piecce (SPH) and the cuttiing tool.

Fig. 9.7 SECTION_

Fig. 10.1 Mode extraction

Fig. 10.2 The cantilever beam of 50 X 50 X 0.50 mm.

Fig. 10.3 The req

Fig. 10.4 Eigen values.

Fig. 11.3 Concrete damage and failure.

Tank Shell Elements

- See Fig. 12.15

Part-Set Node-Set off Water and

Create Nod-Set of water and air for velocity option, as follow:

Material selection *MAT

Section type selectio

- Input the tank node-s

Fig. 13.1 Effect

Fig.. 13.2 Consstruction of the model.

Fig. 13.4 Material

Fig. 13.7 PART set#

Fig. 13.8 SLAVE #2 (concrete) is enclosed

Fig. 13.9 Initial deto

Fig. 13.10 Time

>^zE&KZ'/EEZ^