Figure 05: simulation for the load of 340 MW @ p.f.= 0.

90 &Victoria as slack bus

Results
Table 06: Results of the theoretical part and simulation
Parameter
Magnitude of
voltage in pu
Angle of voltage
in Deg

Bus
Victoria
Kotmale
Biyagama
Victoria
Kotmale
Biyagama

N-R Method
1.05
1.035
0.9690
0.00
-0.78
-5.58

G-S Method
1.05
1.035
0.9722
0.00
0.88
-4.18

Simulation
1.05
1.035
0.9921
0.00
-0.52
-4.22

Simulation part
1. Effect of bus voltage
(a.)

Figure 01: AC load flow when 350 MW load @ p.f.0.85

Table 01. Results When Victoria Bus= 1.02 pu and Kotmale Bus=1pu
Name of the Bus

Type of the Bus

Magnitude of the
Voltage

Angle of the voltage

Victoria

Slack

1.020 pu

0.0

Kotmale

PV

0.9962 pu

0.68

Biyagama

PQ

0.9408 pu

4.73

Comments:
Voltage of Biyagama bus is considerably less. This is due to the large load connected to Biyagama bus.
And Kothmale bus voltage seems to be a lower value because of that load. Therefore, generator
voltages have to be increased.

Table 02. Results When Victoria Bus= 1.05 pu and Kotmale Bus=1pu
Name of the Bus

Type of the Bus

Magnitude of the
Voltage

Angle of the voltage

Victoria

Slack

1.050 pu

0.0

Kotmale

PV

1.000 pu

0.53

Biyagama

PQ

0.9544 pu

4.49

Comments:
As Victoria bus voltage is increased, Biyagama bus voltage has been increased. But still its voltage
considerably less value. To improve the voltage at Biyagama, voltage of Kotmale bus bar has to be increased
since Victoria is at maximum voltage.

(b.)

Figure 02: AC load flow when 350 MW load @ p.f.0.85 & varying Kothmale Voltage

Table 03: Results when victoria bus is kept at 1.05 pu and voltage of Kotmale bus was changed until
voltage of all busses become acceptable.
Kotmale bus Voltage
Magnitude

Kotmale bus Voltage

Angle

Biyagama bus Voltage

Magnitude

Biyagama bus Voltage

Angle

1.000 pu

0.46

0.9436 pu

4.52

1.005 pu

0.55

0.9579 pu

4.48

1.010 pu

0.57

0.9615 pu

4.47

1.015 pu

0.59

0.9651 pu

4.46

1.020 pu

0.61

0.9687 pu

4.45

1.025 pu

0.63

0.9722 pu

4.44

1.027 pu

0.63

0.9741 pu

4.43

3. Effect of Slack bus

(a)

Figure 03: AC load flow for Kotmale slack bus with 1.2 pu and Victoria with 1.0 pu

Table 04: Simulation results

Name of the Bus

Type of the Bus

Magnitude of the
Voltage

Angle of the Voltage

Victoria

PV Bus

1.000 pu

0.89

Kotmale

Slack Bus

1.020 pu

Biyagama

PQ Bus

0.9506 pu

3.95

Comments:
Although Kothmale is the Slack bus its voltage is a lower value when compared with the system with Victoria
as the slack bus. Therefore, Biyagama voltage is a lower value. Both Victoria and kothmale have to be
increased.

(b.)

Figure 04: AC load flow for Kotmale slack bus with 1.2 pu and Victoria voltage varying

Table 05: simulation results when voltage at Victoria bus was changed in 0.005 pu steps to get a better solution

Victoria bus Voltage

Magnitude

Victoria bus Voltage

Angle

Biyagama bus Voltage

Magnitude

Biyagama bus Voltage

Magnitude

1.000 pu

0.89

0.9506 pu

3.95

1.005 pu

0.86

0.9524 pu

3.93

1.010 pu

0.83

0.9542 pu

3.93

1.015 pu

0.8

0.9560 pu

3.92

1.020 pu

0.77

0.9578 pu

3.90

1.025 pu

0.75

0.9596 pu

3.89

1.030 pu

0.72

0.9615 pu

3.89