1

The Grammar
> Master Grammar Enconcept +
>
> Thx. To PNan and PTao

Strategic Structure
Verb Tree
- Special V.
- Tense
- Passive
- Helping V.
- S/V agreement
- Non-finite V.
Noun Tree
- Article
- Genitive a.
- Quantifier
- Other/Another
- Pronoun
- Relative Cl.
Adj./Adv. Tree
Subjunctive
-If
Indirect Speech
Inversion
Connector Tree
Punctuaion
Miscellaneous

2
3
5
6
7
13
15
20
22
27
28
32
33
36
37
39
40
43
46
47
49
50
54
56

S = Subject ()
V. = Verb ()
O = Object ()
C = Complement ()
M = Modifier ()
N. = Noun ()
ProN. = Pronoun ()
a./adj. = Adjective ()
adv. = Adverb ()
prep. = Preposition ()
V1 = v. 1
V2 = v. 2
V3 = v. 3
Ving = v. ing
to INF = Infinitive with to
V.inf = Infinitive without to
Cl. = Clause
DO = Direct Object (=)
IO = Indirect Object (=)
BrE = British English ()
AmE = American English ()
so. = someone ()
sth. = something ()
conn.= connector ( )

Strategic Structure

5
1S+V

V. VI

Im crying.

2S+V+O

V. VT

Hermione raped Harry.

3 S + V + O + O V. VT 2


I gave him this car. ( him car)

4S+V+C
V. LV feel, sound, taste, smell,
become, turn, get, grow, keep, go, come, look, appear, stay, remain,
seem, v.to be
She looks terrific and she smells sweet.

5 S + V + O + C V. O C
find, think, have, get, make, render, like, set, let, leave, keep,
want, consider, regard, open, paint, name, call, appoint, prove,
v.of perception ( see, hear, smell, notice, observe, watch)
These guys like her best.

Strategic Structure
1 Verb
-V. Voice Tense
-V. HV
-Non-Finite V. Ving, V3, Vinf toINF V.

2 Subject & Object S O Noun, Pronoun, Noun

clause, Gerund(Ving), Question word + to INF
*Complement Object
3 Modifier ()
-Prepositional Phrasal
-Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)

-Clause with connector

-Participle (Ving, V3)
-Punctuation , - ; : ()
*Complement Modifier

Verb Tree

Verb 2
1 Finite V. voice tense

2 Non-Finite V.

Verb 3
1 VT (Transitive Verb) = ( ) S +
V + O S + V + O + O
I hate anything that flaps.

2 VI (Intransitive Verb) = ()
S+V
She was crying in the classroom.

3 LV (Linking Verb) = v.to be LV

(O) Complement () S + V + C
It tastes really good.

* V 3 ^^

Special V.
V. Special V.
1 V.
This book interests me.

2 V.to be + Ving
This book is interesting.

3 V.to be + V3
I am interested in this book.

V. annoy/disturb, frustrate, scare, exhaust/tire,

bore, terrify, convince, frighten/thrill/horrify, confuse/puzzle,
embarrass, disappoint, fascinate, amaze/astonish, entertain, excite,
surprise, charm, please/satisfy, irritate, interest, amuse, perplex,
worry, shock

Tense
Form tense
6 form
1 Present
V1
2 Past
V2
3 Future
will/shall + Vinf
4 Continuous
v.to be + Ving
5 Perfect
v.to have + V3
6 Passive
v.to be + V3

Present Simple Tense [ S. + V1 ]

1 General time

Adv. of time always, usually, often, once/twice a ,

times a , never, hardly ever, hardly, barely, scarcely, rarely,
seldom, sometimes, at times, from time to time, occasionally, on
occasions, on and off, now and then, now and again, once in a
while, once in a blue moon
Water boils at 100 degree Celsius.

2 Series of events
- (,
)
Murphy passes to Owen. Owen to Beckham, Beckham back to Owen and
Owen shoots- and its a goal.

-/
You go to that crossroad and turn left.

- (story)

In Act 1, Hamlet meets the ghost of his father.

3 Future Subordinate Clause (cl. with connector)

future
I will call you when I arrive there

4 Simple V. V. continuous simple

(idea)
(like)
know, understand, believe, suppose, agree,
disagree, realize, notice, recognize, forget, remember, recall, like,
dislike, love, hate, detest, prefer, forgive, trust, wish, want, desire,
own, deserve, consist of, hear, think
I love you.

* V. simple
think simple
simple continuous
5
Ladies and gentleman, I name this ship HMS Highlight.

Present Continuous Tense [ is/am/are + Ving ]

1 Around now
Adv. of time now, at the moment, at present
We are reading books at the moment.

2 Describe change process ()

It is getting better and better.

3 Future already decided

I am going to cinema tonight.

4 Background
- background

Jack is walking through the jungle when he meets the lion.

-commentaries
Oxford is drawing slightly ahead of Cambridge now. It is rowing with a
beautiful rhythm. Cambridge is looking a little disorganized.

5
Look! They are playing a concert.
Listen! Harry is quarrelling with Snape.

Present Perfect Tense [ has/have + V3 ]

1
I have just found my lost wallet.

2
I have never liked you.

3
She has been to England.

4 Adv. of time just, yet, already, lately, recently, never,

ever, once, twice, three times, many times, over and over, again
and again, over and over again, so far, up to now, until now, up to
present, until the present, since, for
* never = ()
ever = ()
used to + Vinf =
** since = +
for = +

5 past simple

I have been to that store.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

[ has/have + been + Ving ]
present perfect
1
2
It has been raining. It has rained.

Past Simple Tense [ V2 ]

* used to + Vinf = V2 =
be / get + used to + Ving =

Past Continuous Tense [ was/were + Ving ]

1 (specific past)
I was chatting with Air 9 p.m. last night.

10

past
simple
I was learning everyday last year.

3 (past continuous-past continuous) 2

I was doing my homework, as she was playing games.

4 past simple (past simple-past continuous)

-past continuous =
-past simple =
I was watching the TV while you called me.

Past Perfect Tense [ had + V3 ]

1 past simple (past simple-past perfect)

-past perfect =
-past simple =
After Sylar had raped Claire, he killed her.

2 more past Indirect, If, Wish

She said that she had been there.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense [ had + been + Ving ]

past simple past perfect
( past
perfect )
After Sylar had been raping Claire, he killed her.

11

Future Simple Tense [ will/shall + Vinf]

I will buy this book for you.

> Shall I/we ///

Shall we dance?

> Will //
I will hit you if you do that again.

Future
1 V.to be + to INF
2 is/am/are + going to + Vinf

It is going to snow.

3 is/am/are + Ving
I am seeing PNan tomorrow.

Future Continuous Tense [ will/shall + be + Ving ]

1 Plan = present continuous

Professor Dicey will be giving another lecture next week.

2 Process ()
I will be studying at this time tomorrow.

3 Predict
Dont phone now theyll be having dinner now.
4 Polite enquiries
Will you be staying in this evening?

12

Are you going to stay in this evening? +

Will you stay in this evening, please?

Future Perfect Tense [ will/shall + have + V3 ]

* time cl present simple present

perfect future
He will have save much by the time he has retired.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

[ will/shall + have + been + Ving]
future perfect
future perfect
I will have been teaching for 5 years this summer.

13

Passive
(active voice)
passive voice
Active
> S + V +O ( S V O )
Passive > S + V ( S V )

active passive
1 active
2 V V.to be + V3 tense
Harry raped Draco. > Draco was raped by Harry.

*V.
- Intransitive v. (VI)
passive
Harry arrived at the station.

- Stative V. (states)
(actions)
They have a nice house.

3 by/prep. + active
-by + agent ( )
All the trouble was caused by your mother.

-with + instrument ( agent)

He was shot with a rifle.

-V. prep. ()
Im frightened of my exam score.

passive
1 v. 2 ( S + V + O + O )


- S + V + IO() + DO() IO + V + DO (by S)
She gave him a pen. > He was given a pen (by her).

- S + V + DO() + to + IO() DO + V + to + IO (by S)

She gave a pen to him. > A pen was given to him (by her).

2
It was + v3 + that

14

He believed that he loved her.

>It was believed that he loved her.

3 Infinitive without to ( Vinf ) V.

Vinf active passive
to INF V. V.of perception ( see, hear, smell, notice,
observe, watch), help, make
I saw him come out of that room.
> He was seen to come out of that room.
They made him confess everything.
> He was made to confess everything.

4 There
There + is/are/was/were + V3 + to INF
= It is + V3 + that there + is/are/was/were.
There are thought to be more that 3,000 languages.
= It is thought that there are more than 3,000 languages.
There was said to be disagreement between Joy and me.
= It is said that there was disagreement between Joy and me.

15

Helping Verb
Helping V. voice, tense, mood
V.to be, V.to do, V.to have Modal v.

Modals
Modal v. auxiliary v.

*Modal v. + Vinf
1 Must Have to
-
- BrE
must
have (got) to
I must stop smoking. ()
I have got to stop smoking. ()

* must not =
dont have to =
You dont have to come if you dont want to.
You must not leave this room.

2 Ought to Should
-
She ought to understand.
She should understand

- ought to
> should strong obligation (
)
Guests should vacate their rooms by 10am.

> should v.
I should think this model would sell quite well.

3 Can Could
- (ability, possibility)
(make a request/offer)
Can you speak Japanese? (ability)
It could rain this afternoon. (possibility)
Could I speak to Mark, please? (request)

16

Can I help you? (offer)

I couldnt agree more.

- V.of perception 2 continuous tenses

I can see her walking this way.
Suddenly she realized; she could smell something burning.

* can could tense

be able to + Vinf / manage to +Vinf
You will be able to walk soon.

** could general ability (

) one occasion was/were
able to, managed, succeeded V.of perception

She could speak Chinese. (general ability)

I managed to find a really nice top in the sale. ( I could find)
She could hardly believe her ears. (one occasion )

4 May Might
-may although
You may be the boss, but that is no excuse for doing that.

-may/might + as well = ... ()

Nobody else is going to turn up now, so you may as well go home.

-may/might (possibility)
(uncertainty) present tense
*may might
The peace conference may find a solution to the problem.

- may/might try may present

might past
*Try as I may/might = No matter how hard I try/tried
Try as I might, I failed the exam.

5 Shall
-Shall I/we ask for decisions, instructions (
, ), offer services (), make suggestion
()
*will
Shall we go out for a meal?

-shall
He shall win.

-shall
No player shall move the ball of another.

17

6 will
- future
I will play this game with you.

-
The phone is ringing. Thatll be for me.

7 would
-
Tim would get lost, wouldnt he? Its typical.

- if clause more past

If I were you, I would not go there.

- ( if)
Life wouldnt be worth living without you. (if you werent there)
Nobody would agree with that idea. (if you asked them)

- doubtful (), unlikely ()

Its unlikely that he would rape her.
I doubt whether Helen would know the answer.

8 need dare
need/dare V.
Need you make so much noise?
I neednt go there.
Dare you come and join us?

*need to/dare to v.
Do you need to make so much noise?
I dont need to go there.

** darent

Past modal
modal v. present
past Modal v. + have + V3
1 had to Past must, have to Past Obligation
Sorry Im late; I had to drive my mom to her office.

2 must have + V3
past certainty =
Someone must have taken it.

3 should have + V3 / ought to have + V3

indirect speech should past
I knew that I should write to Jane, but it seemed to difficult.

18

should past was supposed to

She was supposed to be at home but she wasnt.

should have + V3 past regret = /

/
I should have phoned her this morning, but I forgot.
You shouldnt have shouted like that.

4 could have + v3
past ability =
She could have married anybody she wanted to.

*could not have + V3 =

I couldnt have enjoyed myself more. It was a perfect day.

if clause
5 may/might have + V3
past possibility (

PNan is late. She may have missed her train.

might past ability ( )

might have + V3 = could have + V3 ( may BrE)
You were so stupid to try climbing up there. You might have killed yourself.

present future
Ill try to call him, but he may have gone home by now.
By the end of this year, I might have saved some money.

6 cant have + V3
past certainty (
must have + V3)
You cant have lost it.

7 neednt have + V3 didnt need to + Vinf

neednt have + V3
didnt need to + Vinf
You neednt have paid all at once. ()
I didnt need to go to the dentist again, luckily.

19

modal v.
Present
Obligation must
() have to
should (strong)
Ability
can
() could
*(could general
ability )
Possibility can
() could
may
might
Uncertainty may
might
Certainty
-

Regret

Past
had to
could have + V3
( )
might have + V3
may have + V3
might have + V3
must have + V3
()
( =
cant have + V3)
should have + V3
( )

20

Subject and Verb Agreement

1 s/es (V)
s/es (V)
I love you the most.
She loves you the most.

2 V. S
Neither.nor
Either....or
Not only.but also
or
Either I or she is going to lose hope.

3 + N. + V
each
neither of
either of
Either of the girls has to go.

4 one of + N + V
one of + N + relative ProN. + V
the only one of + N + relative ProN. + V
One of my fear is being disposed.
She is one of those who are close to you.
The only one of those who d you love is her.

5 V. S
along with
together with
including
as well as

besides
not
except
excluding

I as well as she am still waiting.

6 + V
every/any/some/no + one/body/thing
each/every a .
Every a man has instinct.

7 A number of + N + V
The number of + N + V
A number of people have told me.
The number of people who does like me is lower.

21

8 collective N. ( ) team, committee, cabinet, family

- V (individuals)
- V (a unit)
Your family like her.
Your family moves to the house next to her.

9 and
- 2 + V
The stress and the fear are buried in me.

- 2 + V
The loser and fool is what I seem to be.

* the the 2

- 2 + V ( Soda and
Whisky / Bread and butter / Peanut butter and jelly)
Soda and Whisky is what I need to forget everything.

10 police
- V
The police prohibit drinking.

- V
A policeman is standing there.

11 the + a./V3 (= /...) +V

The old have to tell me to calm down.

12 + N + V
+ N + V
fraction
some
all

most
half
none

Two thousand bucks is the money that I have got.

13 ///
+ V
(the name of the book/distance/money/time)
All of my money is gonna be spend on guys.
All of those guys are gonna take your place.

22

Non-finite Verb
V. V. ()

N.
1 N. > Ving
The man kicking my brother was arrested yesterday.

2 N. > V3
The boy killed in the accident is Harry.

3 > to INF
I told her about my decision to leave.

*
A life to come =
His wife to be = his future wife

V.
( V. )

Vinf (Infinitive without to)

1 Helping Verb + Vinf
I could swim.

* do + Vinf (really)
I do love you.

2 have/make/let + Vinf
help/know + Vinf/to INF
I let him do my homeworks.

passive to INF
He was made to pay back the money.

**have get
have + so. + do (Vinf) + sth.
get + so. + to do (to INF) + sth.
have/get + sth. + done (V3)
I have my maid wash the dishes.
I get my maid to wash the dishes.
I get/have the dishes washed.

have get get

3 V.of perception + Vinf

23

see/hear/smell/notice/observe/watch + Vinf
Ving
Ving
Vinf
V.of perception + Vinf passive to INF
I see him cross the road and run away.
He was seen to cross the road and run away.

4 why/why not (introduce question

and suggestion)
You are looking tired. Why not take a holiday?

5 parallelism and, except, but, than, as, or,

like to INF to Vinf
Id like to lie down and go to sleep.

6 rather (than)
Rather (than) wait any more, I decided to go home by taxi.

7 All I did was, What I do is Vinf

to INF
All I did was (to) give him a little pain.

to INF (Infinitive with to)

* Infinitive Cl. S, O, C
To make mistake is easy.

** (purpose)
to INF = so as to INF = in order to INF
I sat down to rest.

1 V.
- to INF
attempt
try
happen
pretend
manage
hurry
offer
determine
decide
appear
arrange
agree
deserve
plan
prove
claim
fail
fall

struggle
prepare
refuse
intend
seem
consent
hesitate
demand
begin

Other girls but PNan fail to win Prince Andreas heart.

threaten
care
wait
mean
hope
swear
afford
learn

24

- O + to INf
advice
invite
cause
challenge
command
remind
instruct
get
encourage
teach
cause
command
order
permit

allow
force
warn
lead
ask
forbid

order
persuade
tell
urge
beg
force

The rain caused us to be in an isolated cabin.

- 2 ()
want
ask
would
beg
wish
request
promise
help
choose

like
expect
prefer

I want to rape him. / I want him to rape me.

2 who, what, how, when (Question words)

- N.cl
I dont know what to do.

How shall I tell her? ( How to tell her)

How to lose a guy in ten days

3 past/perfect (real) unreal

past to have + V3
Im glad to have left school.
= Im glad that I have left school.
He was to have become the new ambassador, but he fell ill.

4 V.to be + to INF =
Someone at my age is to be married.

Ving (Gerund / Present Participle)

- N. Gerund
- V./a./adv. Present Participle
* Ving modifier N. 2
A waiting room (waiting N. )
A waiting train (waiting participle )

**Ving N. (gerund) S, o, C
Smoking is bad for your health.
I hate packing.

25

mind
mention
miss
admit
resist
fancy
finish
risk
recollect
object to
be opposed to be used to
admit to
take to
look forward to be accustomed to
do you mind? would you mind? detest
delay
deny
defer
discuss
consider
dislike
feel like
recognize
report
resent
postpone
prevent
pardon
leave off
recommend
recall
be worth
devote (sth.) to understand cant stand
cant bear
cant help
cant resist
compare
complete
confess
be useless
endure
suggest
adore
appreciate
avoid
enjoy
escape
excuse
tolerate
anticipate
be busy
be familiar with give up
forgive
practice
Its no use
Its no good put off
keep on
carry on
imagine
insist on
Would you mind closing the door.

to INF vs VIng
V. to INF Ving
1 try to do =
try doing =
Mummy tries to help me because I have a headache.
She asks me why dont you try taking an aspirin?

2 mean to do =
mean doing =
I mean to get over.
Taking an aspirin means killing my pain.

3 need to do sth. = need doing sth. = sth. need to be done =

I need to go to school.
My shoes need polishing.
They need to be polished before I wear them to school.

4 regret/forget/remember + to do sth. future action ()

regret/forget/remember + doing sth. past action ()
My mom forgets to tell me that she forgot polishing my shoes last night.

5 stop doing sth. =

26

stop to do sth. = ( )
*go on + to INF =
go on + Ving =
I stop playing games.
I stop to read the books.

6 love/hate/like/prefer + to do sth. = future action () /

particular occasion ()
love/hate/like/prefer + doing sth. =
I dont like studying hard.
I like to go shopping now.

7 advise/allow/permit/forbid + doing sth.

= advise/allow/permit/forbid + so. to do
= to be + advised/allowed/permitted/forbidden + to do
Mum advised me to stay home.
She advises staying at home.
I am advised to stay home.

a.
a. + Vinf
1 a. + to INF
Its easy for me to fall in love with the guy.

2 enough : (a.) + enough + to INF =

I found a guy whos smart enough for me to see.

3 too : too + (a.) + to INF =

Its too hard to find a guy to marry me.

prep
prep. Ving
You cant make an omelet without breaking an egg.

** to to INF to prep. + Ving

27

Noun Tree

28

Article
A/An (Indefinite : )
1 N.
-a (consonant sound)
-an (vowel sound)
*

an hour, a uniform, a union, an heir

2 N.
3 a hundred, a thousand, a million
Theres a thousand injured in this accident.

4 proper N. (N. ) common N. (N. )

Hes an Einstein. =
Hes a Superman in this class. =

5 a/an + a/an = per ()

fifty miles an hour

6 N.
A lion is a dangerous animal.
7
Paula is an actress.
Taksin is a Thai.

8 such a =
No one will accept such a bad boy like him.

9 not a/an + N. =
I have not a pound.

The (Definite : )
1
the sun, the world

2
The Social Democrats, The Rolling Stones

3
A boy is standing there. The boy is wearing read T-shirt.

4
Could you pass me the pepper? ()

5
He was the second runner-up of the singing contest.

29

6
the weather, the human race, the sea

7 N. (Relative Cl, Adj Cl, Participial Phrase)

The girl standing there is my sister.
The wallet that I bought last month has been stolen.

8 N. prep. phrase
The water in the Thames is very clean.
He studies at the university of Leeds.

/ a prep.
phrase
She is a girl in this school who loves this teacher.

9 S
The United States of America, The Netherlands

Laos
10
The Pentagon, The White House

11
The export companies in Thailand

12
The Titanic

13
the
The Pacific, Lake Michigan, Caribbean Sea

14 + the
Aragon, the King of Gondor

15
the lungs

16 ( ism)
the Capitalism, the Nazism

17
the Waltz, the Latin

18
the United Kingdom, the Roman Empire

19 the + a. =
the rich, the old

20 the + superaive (comparison )

the best, the biggest

21 the + , the + = ... ..

The more I try, the better the result.

30

No Article
1
spring, summer, winter, fall, autumn

the cold season, the rainy season

2
breakfast, lunch, brunch

3
in July, on Sunday, in 1985

in the 1990s

4
She like the guy playing basketball.

5 ( ics) ,
Mathematics, Economics, English

subject/language
the English subject

6
Wireless Road, Sathorn Road

7 +
Prime Minister Tony Blair
Queen Elizabeth

+ the
Elizabeth the Queen

8
Water is essential for our lives.

9
Women like shopping.

10 kind of / sort of
What kind of man do you like?

11 school, church, bed, prison, market, sea,

hospital
I go to school. ()

the
She goes to the school. ()

12
She has cancer.

a cold, an ache
Ive a headache.

31

13
Lord of the Rings part 3

the
The third part of Lord of the Rings

32

Genitive Adj.
Genitive s s

-s N.
This is Susans house.

-s N.
There are teachers room in this building.

s 2
Louiss Louis

* genitive
Nois and Nids houses are here. ( )
Noi and Nids house is here. ( 2 )

** genitive a. compound a. s
compound a.
a days drive > one-day drive.
five miles walk > five-mile walk

33

Quantifier
1 some / any
-
- N N
- some any // (-)
I have some money.
Do you want any bread?

some > yes any >

Do you want some food? ( yes )
Which is the best? Anything will do. ()

- 2 if cl.
2 few/a few/little/a little
-few/a few + N
-little/a little + N
- a (+) =
- a (-) =
Few people can say that they always tell the truth.
I have little interest in politics
Could I try a little of your wine?

-quite a few (informal) =

Weve got quite a few friends in the village.

3 much/many
-
-much N
-many N
How many girls in this class?
How much sugar you want?

4 every
-
-every + N ( + V )
( everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere)
Every student here has to work hard.

every + ( ).. + N
Theres a meeting every six months.

*everyday (a.) = usual, routine

every day (adv.) =

34

5 neither/neither of
-
-neither + N + V
-neither of + N + V ( V informal)
Can you come on Monday or Tuesday? Im afraid neither day is possible.
Neither of my brothers can sing.

- neither
Which one do you want? Neither.

6 none of
-
-none of + N + V ( V informal)
-none of + N + V
None of my friends is interested.
None of the money is mine.

7 a lot of/lots of/plenty of

-
-a lot of/lots of/plenty of + N + V
-a lot of/lots of/plenty of + N + V
-a lot of lots of
There are a lot of books in the library.
Ive lots of works to do.

8 all/all of
-
- N.
-all + N.
all (of) + Determiner + N
All children can be naughty.
All (of) her children are lovely.

-all + personal pron.

all of us, all of you, all of them

-pron. + all
I have invited them all.
PNan sends her love to you all.

* not all no
not all = ()
no =
Not all birds can fly.
No birds can play chess.

35

9 several/several of
-
- N + V
Several of glasses have been broken.

10 each/each of
-
-each + N + V
-each of + N/plural ProN.(us,them,you) + V
each of + determiner + V
Each new day is different.
Each of them has problems.
Each of these is good.

- adv.
You are each right in a different way.

**each/both/some + of + N. ( the/demonstrative/)
11 both/both of
-
- N. 2
Both (of) my parents like cycling.

-
personal proN. both of
both of us, both of them, bout of you, both of them

12 a + + number/quantity/amount/deal of
-a + + number of + N + V
-a + + quantity/amount/deal + of + N + V
... large/good/great great>good
-deal formal
-a good many = a large number of
A great number of men are after me.
A great deal of money is spent on nonsensical things.

36

Other/Another
3
1
- another + N
another + ..+ N
Though I used to want another 5 guys, now, I dont want another guy.

2
- one
- another
- the other the others
In the past I collected 3 boyfriends. Ones you. Another is Owen. The other
is Mr.Ken.
I had kept 3 boyfriends. Ones you. The others are Own and Ken.

3
- 4 other, others, the other, the others
- N S
- the
There are 6 guys. 3 are handsome. The other guys are awesome. The others
are awesome.

37

Pronoun
proN. N.

1 ProN.
Subject
ProN.
I
We
You

Object
ProN.
me
us
you

Possessive
Adj.
ProN.
my
mine
our*
ours*
your*
yours*

They
them
their*
theirs*
He
him
his
his
She
her
her*
hers*
It
it
its
One**
one
ones
* N. s / s N.
Possessive Adj. pron. N.
**one proN. ()
*** prep. + Obj. ProN.

Reflexive
ProN.
myself
ourselves
yourself
yourselves
themselves
himself
herself
itself
oneself

2 Relative ProN.
-who = ( S O)
Jane is the girl who likes to watch TV.

-whom = ( O)
The woman whom I marry will have a good sense of humour.

-whose > ( possessive relative proN.)

formal determiner
* N + of which / that of/ of which.+ N. = whose
Hes written a book whose name Ive forgotten.
Hes written a book the name of which Ive forgotten.
Hes written a book that Ive forgotten the name of.
Hes written a book of which name Ive forgotten the name.

-which > N. Cl. () that,what,how

He got married again last year, which surprised everybody.

-that > (things) (informal)

This is the room that I was born in.

38

*what ( other nominal relative cl.) N.Cl S,O,C

M
**what N. N.+what = the thing(s) that
What she said made me angry.

39

Relative Clause
Cl relative ProN. N/ProN.
2
Defining/Restrictive Cl.
1 Cl
N
2
,
3 that relative proN.
relative proN.

Non-defining/Non-restrictive Cl.
1 Cl
N
2
,
3 that relative proN.
relative proN.

People who take physical exercise

live longer.

That is Mr. Rogers, who is joining the

firm next week.

Note:
1 prep. relative cl. 2
- relative proN. (more formal)
- relative cl. (less formal)
This is the room in which I was born.
This is the room (that) I was born in.

2 Non-defining Cl. quantifier + of whom/which/whose

formal
They have 3 children, all of whom are studying music.
(=They have 3 children, of whom all are studying music.)

other expressions of quanity A number of

whom, three of which, half of which, the majority of whom, the
youngest of whom
3
Ving > (active)
V3 > (passive)

40

Adjective / Adverb Tree

Difference
1 Adjective
/ N. 2
-Attributive adj. = a. N. former, actual
-Predictive adj. = a. LV awake, able
adj.
* N. N. LV
2 Adverb
V./a./adv./phrase/cl. 6
-Adv. of frequency ( How often) at times, always
-Adv. of time ( When) now, today, in March
-Adv. of duration ( Howl long) up to tomorrow morning
-Adv. of place ( Where) here, to bed, in London
-Adv. of manner ( How) sadly, badly
*Adv. Adj.+ly
-Adv. of certainty ( How sure) certainly, definitely, clearly

41

Comparison
3 ( a./adv.)
1
as..... as
** the same ....(N.) as
not + so/as as
This box is as big as that box.
John has the same height as Mary.
I am not so tall as you

* twice/.....times + as. as

He is twice as tall as you.

2
more .. than
-er than
Im more beautiful than you
PPeachy is fatter than PNan

3 ( 2 )
the most..
the -est
Of all ladies, I am the most beautiful girl.

* er/-est 3 more/most 3

***the more. , the more. = ...
The more I learn, the more I forget.

Word Order
1 a./adv./N.
-a. N.
a. + N.
-a. N. / a. 2 2 N.
a. + a. + N.
These are sexy beautiful girls.

-a. N. / adv. a. ( N.)

adv. + a. + N.

42

These are extremely beautiful girls.

2 Adj. a. N.

-Determiner
-Quantity a.
-Descriptive :

quality
characteristic
size
shape
age
weight
colour
-Nationality:
color
origin
material
-Adj. N./gerund
-Noun
a beautiful old wooden table
a small old black Turkish box

43

Subjunctive

Present Subjunctive
S tense
[ Vinf ] ( be) should + Vinf
express the idea that something important or desirable
(/////) [ not +
Vinf ] V.

desire
require
request
recommend
suggest
advise
insist
beg
propose
prefer
urge
ask
order
demand
command
move()
plead
intend
stipulate() decree()
important
crucial
essential
vital
appropriate
obligatory
preferably
right
better
arrange
direct
It is essential that she run every day.
He ordered that she not make mistakes.

* subjunctive
God bless you.
Long live the King.
Long live the bride and groom.
Be that as it may.

44

So be it.
** BrE [ should + Vinf ] present/past V.

Past Subjunctive
2
more past unreal situations
- unreal present : [ S + V2 ] (past simple)
- unreal past : [ S + had + V3 ] (past perfect)
- unreal future : [ S + would/could + Vinf ] (future in the
past) * would/could S could S
would

1 wish ( ) wish = It would be nice if

I wish I could go there tomorrow.

wish
-wish to + Vinf = would like to do sth.
I wish to see Mr.Simpson, please.

-wish + so. + sth.

We wish you a Merry Christmas.
I wish you all the best.

-wish . would will

I wish you would stop smoking.

2 if only = I wish wish !

If only I was better-looking.

3 as if / as though =
I feel as if you had been with me all the time.
I feel as though I were alone.

4 if (if#2,3,4)
If I were you, I would take that course.

V2
1
Its time
Its high time
Its about time
Its noon

45

Its high hoon

Its high time that you did this work.

2 would rather
prefer would rather
prefer

S + would rather + S + V2
S + would rather + Vinf
I would rather you did your homework.

* prefer
S + prefer + sth. to sth.
S + prefer to + Vinf + rather than + (to) INF

46

if

#0
if + V1, V1
If the temperature reaches 100 degree Celsius, water boils.

#1
if + V1, will + Vinf
If you study hard right now, you will be a doctor.

#2
if + V2, would + Vinf
If I were a bird, I would fly around the would

* V if were V.to be
#3 (, )
if + had + V3, would have + V3
If I studied hard those days, I would have studied medicine.

#4 (, )
if + had + V3, would + Vinf
If I studied hard those days, I would be rich and happy.

* ( , )
if + V2, would have + V3
mixed type
* unreal
could = would be able to ()
might = would perhaps / would probably ()
If I had more money, I could buy a car.
If you asked me nicely, I might get you a drink.

* if / (conditions/
threats) inversion
(formal and literary styles)
#1 > Should + S + V1,
#2 > Were + S, / Were + S + to INF, .
#3 > Had + S + V3, .
*if
-if + will/would = are willing to (polite request) would
will
If you will come this way, Ill take you to managers office.

47

Indirect speech

* that V. ( reply, telegraph, shout)

N.
** promises, agreements, orders,
offers, requests, advice, suggestion
*** Question Word + to INF
I asked her how to make a blueberry cheese cake.

48

Adv. of time & Place

this
> that
these
> those
here
> there
there
> at that place
now
> then
ago
> before / previous
today
> that day
tonight
> that night
tomorrow
> the next day/the following day
yesterday
> the previous day/ the day before
last
> the previous
then
> at that time
the day before yesterday > 2 days before/ 2 days earlier
next
> the following
tense more past
present simple
> past simple
present continuous > past continuous
present perfect
> past perfect
present perfect continuous > past perfect continuous
past simple
> past perfect
past perfect
> past perfect ( !)
future simple
> future in the past (should,would + Vinf)
* past past
** tense more past

/ : She said (that) she loved him.

They said (that) I should rest.
: She asked me if I was free.
I asked whether he can swim.
He wanted to know when I was leaving.
: He ordered her to do his homework.
Ann has offered to baby-sit tonight.

49

Inversion
V. S
1 V S
V. + S + V
- negative & restrictive expression (
(-))
never, rarely, seldom, hardly, scarcely, only, little, no sooner that,
not until
Never have I heard a weaker excuse!
No sooner had I reached the door than I realized that it was locked.

- as, than, so, such

She was very religious, as were most of her friends.
So ridiculous did she look that everybody burst out laughing.

- if clause ( if)
2 V S
V+S
- cl adv. (place/direction)
V + S literary
and descriptive writing ( )
Along the road came a strange procession.
Up into the air went the ballon.

- here, there, sort adverbs

Here comes PNan.
There goes your brother.

-
I love you whispered Harry.
Long live the King. The King live long.

*** ProN. inversion

50

Connector Tree

1
but
yet
nevertheless
on the other hand

still
however
nonetheless

+ Cl

I care for him so bad; nonetheless, I dont love that man.

2 /
though
even though
in spite of
notwithstanding

though
even if
despite

+ Cl
+ Cl

Despite her beauty, she has no boyfriend.

3
on the other hand
in contrast

on the contrary
conversely

+ Cl

Im so pretty. In contrast, shes ugly.

4
while
where

whereas

Im hot whereas shes boring

+ Cl

51

5
while

as

+ Cl

As Im running, shes driving.

6
rather

instead (of)

+ Cl

I dont buy a ring. Instead, I buy shoes.

(=)
whats more
moreover
in addition
apart from
as well as
in addition to
besides

further more
besides

+ Cl

aside from
not to mention
likewise

+N

I love you as well as your family.

** besides (conn.) + Cl/N. =

beside (adv.) =

(=)
on the ground of
as a result of
because of
due to
owing to
because since
seeing that

in consequence of
on account of
by reason of
thanks to
resulting from
for
as
now that

+ N.

+ Cl

Now that I love you, I give you this gift.

(= )
consequently
therefore
thus
so
as a consequence

accordingly
thereby
so that hence
as a result

Youre so warm; as a result I love you.

+ Cl

52

(=/)
for example
i.e.
namely
To illustrate

for instance
like
including

e.g.
such as

+Cl/N.
+N.
+Cl

Theres only one who can win my heart, namely Mr. Doobey Doo.

1
to
in order that
2
lest

in order to
so that

so as to

for fear that

+ Vinf
+ Cl
+ Cl

1 / /
if
in case
should
on condition (that) providing (that)
provided (that)
supposing (that)
in case of
2
as long as
so long as
3
unless ( =if not)

+ Cl
+ N.
+ Cl
+ Cl

1
or
or else
otherwise
+ Cl
2 /
or
that is (to say) in other words + Cl/N
namely
+ N.

by the way

any way

+Cl

53

1
to conclude
to summarize
in summary
in brief
2
finally
lastly
in the end

to sum up
in conclusion
in short

+ Cl

eventually
+ Cl
at last
last but not least (important)

Coffeemate Structure (Correlative Conjunction)

eitheror
... ...
neither.nor
... ...
not only. but (also) .... ...
from.. to
.......
both.and.
... ...
between..and..
....
no sooner than . ... ....( inversion)
***** so + (a./adv.) + that + Cl
such + (N./-) + that + Cl
=
too + (a./adv.) + to + Vinf

Parallelism
and, but, or, as, than, like, except
to INF Vinf

54

Punctuation
1 Period/Full stop .
-
2 Comma
,
- cl. phrase cl. with conn.
-
- direct quotation
- appositive ( N. N.)
3 Question Mark
?
-
4 Exclamation Point !
- (formal)
5 Semicolon
;
- cl. 2

- ( comma )
- however, nevertheless, nonetheless, therefore, thus,
hence, consequently, accordingly, instead, for example
6 Colon
:
-
- direct quotation ( comma)
7 Dash
* (formal)
- (formal semicolon)
- appositive (formal
comma)
8 Apostrophe

-
- 2 (informal)
9 Quotation marks
- direct quotation
-
-/

55

10 Hyphen
- syllables (
)
- compound word

56

Miscellaneous
the first + N
in + /
on + /
at +

most + N.
most of + N.
almost + all/every + N.
almost of + N.
almost + N.
*mostly =
almost =

2 : between . and .
3 : among . , .., and
vs
=
=

no sooner. than by the time
2
- past simple , past perfect.
- present simple/present perfect, future perfect
own
belong to

57

tense think
-opinion () simple
-contemplate decide () simple
continuous

B A
-A lend B
-B borrow from A
economic (a.)
economical (a.)
economy (n.)
economics (n.)
N.
damage (N) = .
(N) =
work (N) =
(N) =
lie lay lain (lying)
=/
lie lied lied (lying)
=
lay laid laid (laying)
=
ly a.
costly, deadly, friendly, likely, lively, lonely, lovely, silly, ugly
adv. a.
a. adv. daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, early,
fast

58

dead (adv.) =
(a.) =
deadly (adv.) =
die (v.) =
death (N.) = .
hard (a./adv.) =
*hard hardly(adv.)=
high (a.) =
highly (adv.) =
sharp (a.) =
(adv.) = punctually (adv.) =
sharply (adv.) =
wrong (a.) = ( adv. informal)
wrongly (adv.)
wide (a.) =
(adv.) =
widely (adv.) =
(expression) wide awake =
fast asleep =
Question Tag
V.
/
He is a boy, isnt he?
She is not there, is she?

59