TEACHING MATERIAL

FUNCTIONS AND EQUATIONS OF QUADRATIC

Nama : Mella Triana

NPM

: 1013021010

Prodi

: Pendidikan Matematika (B)

FUNCTIONS AND EQUATIONS OF QUADRATIC

A. Functions
1. Definiton
Definition Function
Relation from set A to set B is called a function or mapping, if each element
in set A is assigned to one (and only one) element in set B
Suppose f is a function or mapping from set A to set B, then the function f can be
written
f : AB
Then,
Domain of function f is set A and written as Df,
Co- domain of function f is set B and is written as Kf ,
Range of function f is set of all output A in B and written as Rf ,

Example :
Express wether the following relations are functions or not functions and given
reason!

Figure
a

Figure
b

Answer:
a. Relation in figure a is not a function because there 3 element in domain are
related to two element of kodomain
b. Relation in figure b is a function because every element of set A is related
to only one element of set B
2. Kind of Function
a. Constant Functions

A function f is a constant functions if for every real number x and for

constant k prevails f(x) = k
Example :

Suppose f: R R is a function of f(x) = 4 for every x R

Draw the graph of the function on a cartesian field
Answer :
The graph of the function of f(x) = 4 is

b. Identity Functions
A functions f is an identity function if for every

x Df

x. Identity function is notated as I.

Example :
Suppose f : R R is a function of f(x) = x for every

respects f(x) =

x R . Draw the

graph of the function on a cartesian field

Answer :

c. Linear Functions

A function f is a linear function if for every x R

respect f(x) = ax + b

with a, b R dan a 0
Example :
Draw the graph of the function f : R R when f(x) = 2x + 2
Answer :

d. Quadratic Functions
Let R is a set of real numbers. A function f with f : R R is a quadratic
2
function if f respect f ( x )=ax +bx +c for a ,b Ra 0 . The graph of

quadratic function forms a parabola.

EXERCISE 1.1
1. Draw arrow diagrams from these relations of set A = {a,b,c,d} to set B =
{1,2,3,4}. Which relation bellongs to function or mapping?
f = {(a,1), (b,2), (c,3), (d,4)}
g = {(a,1), (b,1), (c,2), (b,3)}
2. find the domain, co-domain and range of every function in the solution
number 1 above.
B. Quadratic Functions and Graphs
1. Drawing the Graph of Quadratic Functions

The common form of quadratic function is

f ( x )=ax 2 +bx +c for a ,b Ra 0 . Generally, drawing the graph of
quadratic function can be done by following these steps :
a. Point of intersection the graph and the coordinate axis
1) Point of intersection on X-axis
The point of intersection of graph and X-axis is called X- intersection. The
x- intersection can be found if y = f(x) = 0. Is that it is obtained
ax 2+ bx+ c=0 . Abscissa of X intersection can be found from the roots
of the quadratic equation. The number of X-intersection depends on the
value of the discriminant, which is

D=b 24 ac

If D> 0, then the graph crosses X-axis on two different point.

If D= 0,then the graph touches X-axis on one point X.
If D <0, then the graph does not cross or touch X-axis
2) Point of interception on Y-axis (Y-intercept)
The Y- intercept can be found if x = 0 so that it is obtained
y=a(0)2+ b ( 0 ) +c=c . Thus, the point of interception of the graph of
y=ax2 +bx +c

and Y-axis is (0,c) and its position automatically

depends on c value.
If c>0, then the graph crosses positive Y-axis
If c=0, then the graph crosses through the origin (0,0)
If c <0, then the graph crosses negative Y-axis
b. Symmetry axis
b
2
x=
Symmetry axis of parabola f ( x )=ax +bx +c is
2a
c. Maximum or minimum values of function
2
Function f ( x )=ax +bx +c has a minimum value if a >0 and has a
maximum value if a <0 . maximum and minimum value of f(x) are

determined by the formula of

y=

D
4a

d. Vertex

Vertex can be the highest or the lowest point on the quadratic graph. The
2
vertex parabola for function f ( x )=ax +bx +c

is

( b2 a , 4Da )

See the following example to understand the way to draw the graph of
quadratic equation !
EXAMPLE :
2
Draw the graph of quadratic function f ( x )=x 6 x +5

Answer : From the given quadratic function, it can be found coefficient values of
a = 1, b = -6, c = 5.
1) Point of intersection on coordinates axis
X- intersection X y = 0, so
2

x 6 x+ 5 = 0
( x 1) (x 5) = 0
x = 1 or x = 5
so, the X- intercept are (1,0) and (5,0)
Y-intercept Y x = 0, so
2
y = f(0) = 0 6(0)+5 = 5

so, the Y- intersection is (0,5)

2) The equation of symmetry axis is

x=

(6)
=3
2(1)

3) Vertex (Xp , Yp ) =

2
(6) ((6 )24 ( 1 ) ( 5 ))
b (b 4 ac )
,
=
,
=(3,4 )
2a
4a
2(1)
4 (1)

)(

2
Dengan demikian, grafik fungsi y=x 6 x +5 seperti pada gambar dibawah ini

2. Forming Quadratic Functions

a. Forming quadratic function if the graph has X- intersection in (X1, 0)
and (X2, 0) and also passes a particular point
The quadratic function can be written as
y=a ( x x1 ) ( x x2 )
The a- value can be found by subtitusing x and y values from other known
point into the above expression. See the following example to understand
more!
Example :
Find the formula of quadratic function whose graph crosses X-axis on X
(2,0) and (4,0) and passes through point (3,6)!
Answer :
If X- intersections are point (2,0) and (4,0) then the formula of quadratic is
y=a ( x x1 ) (x x2 )
y=a ( x2 )( x4)

Because it goes through point (3,6) then

6=a ( 32 ) (34)

6=a ( 1 ) (1)

a=6
Hence, the formula is
y=6 ( x2 ) ( x4 )=6 x 2+36 x + 48

b. Forming quadratic function if the graph has vertex (Xp, Yp) and passes
through a Particular point
The formula of the quadratic function can be written as :
2

y=a(xx p) + y p
The a-value can be decided
by subtitusing x and y values from other point
passed by the graph into the above formula. For more description, learn the
following example !
Example :
Find the formula of quadratic if the graph has vertex (-2,3) and passes
through point (1,-6)
Answer :
Using the formula
2

y=a(xx p) + y p
For

x p=2 dan y p =3

, we get

y=a( xx p)2 + y p
2

y=a ( x (2 ) ) +3
y=a( x 2+ 4 x +4)+3
Because the graph through point (1,-6) then
2

6=a (1 + 4 (1)+ 4)+3

a= 1
Hence the formula of the quadratic is

y=1(x 2+ 4 x +4 )+ 3
y=x 24 x1

c. Forming quadratic function if the graph passes through three point

(X1 , Y1), (X2 , Y2) dan (X3 , Y3)
The formula of the quadratic function can be written as
2
y=ax +bx +c
The a,b dan c values can be found by subtitusing x dan y values of those
three point into the above formula so that it is obtainde three question with
three variables and then running subtitution or eliminateion operations for
these equations. To understand more, see the example !
Example :
Find the formula of quadratic equation whose graph passes through point
(1,3) , (4,0) and (2, -2) !
Answer :
Let the formula of quadratic is
2

y=ax +bx +c
Through point (1,3), thus 3 = a + b + c
Through point (4,0) , thus 0 = 16 a + 4b + c
Through point (2,-2), thus -2 = 4a + 2b + c
Using elimination or subtitution methods, we get a=2, b=-11 and c= 12.
Therefore, the quadratic formula is
y=2 x 211 x+12

d. Forming quadratic functions if the graph given

A way to form a quadratic function from a given graph is by interpreting the
data which can be read from the graph representation
Example :
find the formula of quadratic function whose graph is shown in the figure!

Answer :
From the figure, it can be seen thaht the graph has vertex on (4,0) and psses
through (0,-2). Therefore, we can use the formula of quadratic function
below
y=a( xx p)2 + y p
y=a ( x4 )2 +0
y=a( x 28 x+ 16)
Because the graph through point (0,-2) then

2=a 16
a=

1
8

Hence the formula of the quadratic is

y=

1 2
( x 8 x +16)
8

y=

1 2
x + x2
8

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EXERCISE
1. Draw the graph of the quadratic function below
y=( x2 )2
a.
b.

y=x 2 +2 x 8

2
2. Given a quadratic function f ( x )=a x + ( 2a ) x +52 a , for any a R .

a. For a= -1, find the vertex of function y = f(x)

b. Draw the graph of the function
3. Find the formula of quadratic function based on these conditions
a. Crossing X-axis on points A (-2,0) and B (1,0) and also crossing Y-axis
on point C(0,6)
b. Touching X-axis on point A(-3,0) and passing point (1,0)

C. Quadratic Equations
1. Standar form of Quadratic equation
Definition
A general form of quadratic in variable x can be written as
ax 2+ bx+ c=0
0a
,b danequation
c R . are
Example
quadratic
For aof
a is :called coeffiecient x2, b is called
2
2 x +8 x +6=0 then a = 2, b = 8 dan c =6
2. Solving quadratic equation
a. Solving quadratic equation by factoring
2
1) Factoring the form of ax + bx+ c with a = 1
2
To factorise the form of ax + bx+ c , let any m and n that satisfy

m+n = b and mn=c. Generally, it can be written

ax 2+ bx+ c=( x +m ) (x+ n)
With
+ n = b and mn
= c of the equation roots
2) Using the sum and
them
multipication
product
2
To factorise the form ax + bx+ c , let any m and n satisfy m + n = b
and mn=ac. Generally it can be written

11

1
2
ax + bx+ c= ( ax+m ) ( a x +n)
a
With m + n = b and mn = ac

EXAMPLE :
Find the solution set of quadratic equations below by factoring!
x 2+2 x15=0
Answer :
2

x +2 x15=0
x 2+2 x15=( x+ m) ( x+ n ) , with m+ n = 2 and mn = -15
The possible m and n values are 5 and -3, thus
2

x +2 x15=0
x
( x+5 ) 3) = 0
x= 5 atau x = 3

so ,the solution set is{ 5,3}

b. Solving quadratic equation by completing the square

Solving quadratic equation by completing the square means changing the
2
2
form of ax + bx+ c=0 into ( x+ p) =q

EXAMPLE :
Find the solution of these following equation by completing the square
x 22 x 4=0
Answer :

12

Start by adding to both sides of the equation, leaving the square term and

linear term alone on the left side. Thus,

x 2 x 4 . Then add

( )
2
2

= 1 to both sides, so the result :

2

x 2 x +1=4+ 1
( x1)2=5
x1= 5

x=1+ 5x=15

c. Solving quadratic equation by using quadratic formula

Suppose x1 and x2 are roots of quadratic equation
2

ax + bx+ c=0 for a 0 . Then the value of x1 and x2 can be determined

by using following quadratic formula :
x 1,2=

b b24 ac
2a

Example :
Using the quadratic equation, solve the following quadratic equation!
x 2+3 x4=0
Answer :
2
x +3 x4=0 a= 1, b= 3 and c = -4
x 1,2=

b b24 ac
2a

x 1,2=

3 9+16
2

x1 = 1 or x2 = -4
3. Roots Quadratic Equation
Based on discriminant value (D = b2 4ac), there are the types of roots :
a. If D > 0, then the quadratic has two different real roots.
b. If D = 0, then the quadratic has two similar real roots

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c. If D < 0, then the quadratic equation does not have any real roots or the
roots are imaginary numbers.
Example : without solving the quadratic equation, find the type of roots of
2x2 + x - 3 = 0 a = 2, b= 1, c = -3
D = b2 4ac = 1 4(2) (-3) = 25 > 0 then the roots of quadratic equation are
two diffetent, real, rational number.
4. Formula of the sum and the product of roots of quadratic equation
2
If x1 and x2 are roots of quadratic equation ax + bx+ c=0 , then the formula

of sum and product of are roots are

x 1+ x 2=

x 1 . x2 =

b
a

c
a

Example :
If x1 dan x2 are the roots of quadratic equation x2 2x 2 = 0, find the value
of
2

x 2 x 1 x 22 + x12 ( x 1+ x 2 ) 2 x 1 x 2 4+ 4 8
+ =
=
=
=
=4
x1 x2
x1 x2
x1 x2
2 2

EXERCISE
1. Find the new quadratic equations whose roots are :
a. 2 and -3
b. 4 dan 8
2. Suppose x1 and x2 are the roots of quadratic equation equation x2 + 2x 2 = 0.
Find the new quadratic equations which roots as follows:
a. 3x1 and 3x2
b. x1 2 and x2 - 2

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